162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
Lu sk Human De elopmen Ins i u e o he Open
In e na ional Uni e si y “Uk aineˮ
Fields o esea ch: philology, philosophy, psychology,
cul u al science, coun y s udy.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all81-07
CATEGORY OF REPETITION
IN LINGUISTIC DISCOURSE
Ka ojimosi ka ego ija ling is iniame disku se
ANNOTATION
The a icle deals wi h he phenomenon o ca ego ies, ype desc ip ion o linguis ic ca e-
go ies in he s uc u e o he language, as well as he his o y o hei s udy. Due o he ac
ha mode n science is cha ac e ized no only by he o ma ion o new concep s, bu also by
en iching he con en o long-exis ing ones, he emphasis is made on he ca ego y o ep-
e i ion. This ca ego y is unde s ood as he objec i e egula i y inhe en in all objec s and
phenomena o he ma e ial wo ld in o de o ep oduce he objec o phenomenon pa ially
o comple ely. The ca ego ical s a us o epe i ion o igina es om he abili y o abs ac and
i is ansmi ed by a sys em o language means. The usage o his e m and he new con-
cep ual scheme o analysis allows us o desc ibe he he e ogeneous linguis ic phenomena
ha unde lie he epe i ion.
KEYWORDS: ca ego y, linguis ic ca ego ies, ca ego y ype, epe i ion, language
uni s, discou se, philosophy, me hodology.
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje analizuojamas ka ego ijų enomenas, ap ašomos ling is inių ka ego ijų ūšys
i jų y imo is o ija. Kadangi šiuolaikiniame moksle ne ik o muluojamos naujos są okos,
be i plečiamas seniai susi o ma usių są okų u inys, akcen u ampa ka ojimosi ka ego i-
ja. Ši ka ego ija sup an ama kaip objek y us dėsningumas, būdingas isiems ma e ialaus
pasaulio objek ams i eiškiniams bei leidžian is uos objek us a eiškinius a ku i iš dalies
a ba isiškai. Ka ojimosi ka ego ijos s a usas p asideda nuo galimybės, eda abs aha imo
link i iš eiškiamas kalbinių p iemonių sis ema. Šio e mino a osena i nauja koncep uali
S aipsniai / A icles 163
Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se
analizės schema leidžia ap ašy i ski ingus kalbinius eiškinius, ku ie suda o ka ojimosi
pag indą.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: ka ego ija, ling is inės ka ego ijos, ka ego ijų ūšys, ka ojimasis,
kalbos iene ai, disku sas, iloso ija, me odologija.
1. INTRODUCTION
In mode n philosophical and scien i ic discou se, an inc easing numbe o
signs p o e ha science is on he e e o a quali a i ely new s age o i s de elop-
men , which, wi h a ce ain deg ee o con en ionali y, can be called pos -ne-
oclassical. One o he mos impo an ea u es o pos -neoclassical science is
associa ed wi h he ansi ion o he knowledge o complexly o ganized, mul-
i-le el sys ems. Language, being such a sys em, e lec s he p ocesses and phe-
nomena ha occu bo h wi hin a single language and beyond i .
In gene al linguis ics he scien i ic concep o language “as a se o ca ego ies
and ules” (Будагов 1980: 126), which de ined he concep ual sphe e o he
s udy o linguis ic ca ego ies a he beginning o he 21s cen u y, was widely
used.
De ining he concep and gi ing a ca ego y ank o i is an impo an s ep in
he s udy, aimed p ima ily a es ablishing he s a us and place o he ca ego y
in he sys em.
Ca ego ies a e ideal en i ies o human consciousness ha acqui e meaning
and p ac ical ealiza ion in language – hence hei close connec ion wi h lin-
guis ic o ms.
Linguis ic ca ego ies play a signi ican ole in he unc ioning o he lan-
guages o e he wo ld, i espec i e o hei ypological s uc u e and o igin, and
such ca ego ies include he ca ego y o epe i ion (he ea e CR).
The p oblem o s udying o epe i ion as a esul o ep oduc ion o a linguis-
ic o speech uni , in whole o pa ly, has always been ele an o science and
has i s o igins in ancien he o ic. In mode n imes, he ac i e s udy o epe i-
ion as a linguis ic phenomenon began in he middle o 1950s. The la ges num-
be o s udies in linguis ics, o e wo hund ed, is ela ed o ex (Москальчук
2003: 22).
The linguis ic aspec s o he ca ego y o epe i ion ha e been and s ill a e
one o he cen al p oblems o mode n linguis ics. They do no exhaus hei
heo e ical and p ac ical po en ial, bu encou age a cons an sea ch o a new
pe spec i e.
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
164 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
The main pu pose o he a icle is o p esen a new concep ual scheme o
he analysis o CR. Acco ding o his pu pose, he main asks a e
o desc ibe he ypes o linguis ic ca ego ies;
o ep esen he his o y o hei s udy;
o de ine CR;
o name he uni s o he language sys em ha o m he CR;
o ind ou he place o he CR in he language sys em;
o jus i y he necessi y o he use o he e m CR o he e ogeneous
epe i ions.
2. CONCEPT OF CATEGORIES
IN LINGUISTICS
The p ocess o lea ning linguis ic ca ego ies began in ancien imes. I was
based on he logical and seman ic p inciple, because o which objec s, p ocesses
and hei p ope ies we e in he ocus o a en ion. In linguis ic eali y ca ego-
ies o pa s o speech we e dis inguished: noun and adjec i e, e b and ad e b.
In he classical adi ion, pa s o speech began o be conside ed in a new,
onomasiological pe spec i e (con en , o m, unc ion) and om he s andpoin
o he heo y o nomina ion (pa s o speech wi h ull and incomple e nomina-
ion), ha imply he dialec ic o hei cogni ion.
A signi ican place in he his o y o science is occupied by he heo y o Ol-
eksand Po ebnia abou he o ma ion o linguis ic ca ego ies in he s uc u e o
language. The scien is was he i s o in oduce he concep o “g amma ical
ca ego y” in o Uk ainian g amma , using i in ela ion o such phenomena as a
e b, noun, ense, numbe , pe ec and impe ec o m, anima eness and inani-
ma eness, 3 d pe son, ins umen al case (Потебня 1958: 38–45, 82–83).
In he wo ks o Le Shche ba exp essed he idea ha “ he exis ence o any
g amma ical ca ego y is de e mined by he close, inex icable connec ion o i s
meaning and all o mal ma ke s” (Щерба 1957: 65). Fu he de elopmen o
hese ideas can be ound in I an Meshchanino ’s wo ks. In ela ion o concep-
ual ca ego ies, he esea che concluded ha hey con ey “in he language i sel
he concep s exis ing in a gi en social en i onmen ” (Мещанинов 1978: 238).
Je zy Ku yłowicz no ed ha he ca ego ies o case ( o a noun), ime ( o
a e b), deg ees o compa ison ( o adjec i es) can be conside ed as he mos
impo an pa o he mo phological s uc u e o he language, hey o m he
co e o any desc ip i e g amma and a e o p ima y in e es o a philologis
(Курилович 1965: 428).
S aipsniai / A icles 165
Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se
Aleksand Bonda ko in he book “Theo y o mo phological ca ego ies” p e-
sen ed he expe ience o cons uc ing a sub heo y o mo phological ca ego ies
on an induc i e conc e e-linguis ic basis. The au ho ʼs app oach o special e -
minological iden i ica ion is aluable (Бондарко 1976: 10).
One o he mos s udied ypes o linguis ic ca ego ies a e g amma ical ones,
which “gene alize g amma ical meanings ha a e co ela i e in con en and
me hod o exp ession and combine hem in o a single sys em” (Курилович
1962: 14).
I is necessa y o dis inguish g amma ical ca ego ies om he lexical and
g amma ical ca ego ies, which a e g oups o wo ds wi hin a ce ain pa o wo ds.
They a e cha ac e ized by a common seman ic ea u e, he p esence o absence
o a o mal mo phological exp ession, he in e ac ion wi h ela ed g amma ical
ca ego ies, he p esence o absence o a se ies o o ms inside he ca ego y.
Lexico-g amma ical ca ego ies a e o ms o hinking ha e lec any aspec s
o objec i e ac i i y in ou minds. The o ma ion o no ms o g amma ical ca -
ego ies occu ed a he same ime as he s udy o concep ual ones, which a e
iden i ied wi h seman ic no ms o ega ded as di e en aspec s o he same
objec .
The ques ion emains unclea wha exac ly should be assigned o seman ic
ca ego ies. Consequen ly, he classi ica ion o he linguis ic ca ego ies o he
h ee bina y ypes was p oposed, which is based on p i a i e opposi ions. The
i s ype includes uni e sal ca ego ies inhe en in all o mos languages o he
wo ld, and non-uni e sal, o he o he – o mal-seman ic ca ego ies, di id-
ed in o ou g oups: p ope g amma ical, lexical-g amma ical, seman ic, lexi-
cal-seman ic and concep ual; he hi d ype is o med by explici and implici
ca ego ies (Колоїз 2006: 76).
The wo ks o o eign schola s we e in ac i e use in gene al linguis ics. The
b ainwa es abou he na u e o he ca ego ies belong o Joseph Vend yes, who
a i med: “g amma ical ca ego ies and logical ones e y a ely co e each o he ;
almos ne e he numbe o he i s and second does no coincide” (Вандриес
20012: 112).
Leona d Bloom ield conside ed ca ego ies o pa s o speech, in lec ional
o ms, syn ac ic ca ego ies cha ac e is ic o di e en languages o he wo ld. He
emphasized ha , ne e heless, pa s o speech should no be s udied in ela ion
o di e en phenomena o he eal wo ld, bu only in hei unc ions in he syn-
ac ic s uc u e o he English language (Блумфилд 1968: 297).
O o Jespe sen, in his “Philosophy o G amma ”, poin ed ou ha non-lan-
guage ca ego ies, which a e independen o he andom ac s o exis ing lan-
guages, “a e uni e sal because hey apply o all languages, al hough hey a e
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
166 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
a ely exp essed in hese languages in a clea and unambiguous way” (Есперсен
20022: 58).
In mode n Wes e n linguis ics, in e es in language ca ego iza ion has in en-
si ied a e he scien i ic esea ch o Eleano Rosch (Rosch 1978). The app oach
based on he p o o ypes by Geo ges Kleibe (Kleibe 2003) and John Taylo
(Taylo 20033) is widely used. Howe e , such an app oach has been easonably
c i icized by William C o and Alan C use (C o 2004). Resea che s a Law-
ence Ba salou (Ba salou 2003), William C o , and Alan C use (C o 2004)
ha e p oposed imp o ed ca ego iza ion models, based on which Je ome Feld-
man o mula ed new es ic ions ha human na u e imposes on ca ego iza ion
p ocesses (Feldman 2006).
A b ie excu sion in o he his o y o he s udy o linguis ic ca ego ies allows
us o make ce ain ha he philosophical base o linguis ic me hodology is made
up o he ca ego ies o classical dialec ics. In his ega d, he main me hodolog-
ical ask is o sol e such issues, i s ly, how he ca ego ies a e mani es ed in he
unc ioning and de elopmen o he language, and, secondly, wha he language
gi es o hei o ma ion, de elopmen and unde s anding (Алефиренко 2005:
329).
Ca ego ies, being he ideal mo phogenesis o consciousness, ha e meaning
and p ac ical implemen a ion in he language. A i s , hey a e o med uncon-
sciously in human ac i i y and only hen a e e lec ed in he language. The p o-
cess o o ming ca ego ies is closely connec ed wi h he o ma ion and cons an
de elopmen o he human language, and he ques ion o a sys em o scien i ic
ca ego ies in a ious b anches o knowledge, including linguis ics, emains es-
sen ial o science.
Ca ego y is a key concep in linguis ics. On he one hand, a ca ego y has a
sys emic and s uc u al con en as a de e mining componen o he ho izon al
and e ical cons uc ion o he in e p e i e model o a language. On he o he
hand, his concep is me hodological, i is a ool o cognizing and classi ica-
ion o linguis ic ma e ial. Linguis ic ca ego ies a e a p ojec ion o no only he
mechanism o cogni ion, bu also human consciousness.
The e is a wide and na ow unde s anding o he ca ego y in linguis ics. In a
wide unde s anding a ca ego y is conside ed as any g oup o linguis ic elemen s,
dis inguished on he basis o some gene al p ope y, and as a ce ain ea u e
ha is undamen al o he di ision o homogeneous linguis ic uni s in o classes,
membe s o which ha e he same meaning o his ea u e (Булыгина, Крылов
1990: 385).
The di e ences in he use o he e m “ca ego y” in mode n concep s o
g amma ical heo y we e poin ed ou by John Lyons. This e m “is o en used

S aipsniai / A icles 167
Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se
like he e ms “class” o “se ” o ep esen any g oup o elemen s seen in he
desc ip ion o speci ic languagesˮ (Лайонз 1978: 286).
The al eady ci ed Zhanna Koloiz sugges s o unde s and a linguis ic ca ego y
as “ he abs ac gene ic concep , which includes species ea u es and is a o m
o e lec ion o he mos gene al laws o objec i e eali y in he minds o people”
(Колоїз 2006: 74).
Since a he p esen s age o esea ch he e is no adequa e de ini ion o he
e m “ca ego y,” he e is no gene ally accep ed classi ica ion o linguis ic ca e-
go ies a he p esen s age o esea ch.
3. THE PHENOMENON OF REPETITION
In ecen decades, epe i ion has been in ol ed in sol ing ca ego iza ion
p oblems. Using he e m “ epe i ion”, we he eby ecognize he quan i a i e
deg ee o ealiza ion o a phenomenon, ac ion, objec , sign, s a e wi hou e-
s ic ion. Quan i a i e de e mina ion dis inguishes epe i ion p ocess om ep-
e i ion insel on a scale o “mo e – less”.
The heme o epe i ions ha a ose in he ancien wo ld (Античные 1996:
280–285) has been en iched o e he cen u ies by empi ical ma e ial ha e-
qui es e hinking and sys ema iza ion. Despi e signi ican achie emen s in he
s udy o a ious aspec s o epe i ions, hei p oblems emain ele an and e-
qui e a numbe o heo e ical p oblems sol ing ha would make possible o
pene a e he mechanisms o he language unc ioning.
The ca ego ical s a us o epe i ion, he ea u es o he exp ession o epe i-
ions, on he one hand, in philosophy and science and, on he o he hand, in
e e yday consciousness and li e a y wo ks, a e o mula ed in he s udies o spe-
cialis s om di e en ields o knowledge.
Language, like hinking, e lec s he eal wo ld by i s own means and ex-
a-linguis ic eali y, which is con ained in speci ic meanings, linguis ic abs ac-
ions o wo ds and g amma ical o ms. Tha is why he language e lec s no on-
ly objec s, bu also hei inhe en connec ions. Since he connec ions be ween
he phenomena o eali y as i is, ha e a dialec ical dependence, hen linguis ic
eali y is also cha ac e ized by de elopmen o dialec ics.
Mode n linguis ics has an unde s anding o epe i ion as a p ocess and i s
esul , ha is, epe i ion uni .
In o al monologue, he e a e many epe i ions o sounds, syllables, wo ds,
ph ases and sen ences. Mos ly hey a e unin en ional and a ely used as a spe-
cial echnique o emphasizing hough . Some o hem a e ela ed o he uno -
icial ans o ma ion o he in e nal speech in o he ex e nal o o he simple
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
168 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
sounding o he in e nal speech, i you do no wan o ind o he wo ds o he
objec o in luence. The e a e many pleonasms and au ological exp essions.
Speake s, i hey do no pay special a en ion o i , do no hea in hei speech
he wo ds used wi h he same oo , anapho o epipho a.
The epe i ions in he dialogic speech a e p o oked by spon anei y, he need
o espond immedia ely o he p e ious u e ance o he add essee. Since e-
lec ion is minimized, he o ma ion and exp ession o hough occu s almos
simul aneously wi h he ansmission o he add essee. Func ional ea u es o
dialogical epe i ions gi e he eason o di ide hem in o wo g oups. The i s
con ains epe i ions o na a i e sen ences ha do no cause a speech esponse;
hey mus be ega ded as mechanical, unconscious ep oduc ion o a p e ious
ema k. This ype o epe i ion is based on echolalia – an unconscious epe-
i ion o o he pe son’s wo ds, which lacks subjec i e-modal meanings o he
speake and does no elucida e any in o ma ion.
The second g oup o dialogic epe i ions include such ema ks ha con ey
subjec i e-modal meanings and seek new in o ma ion. In addi ion, his g oup
can be di ided in o wo subg oups. The i s is a epe i ion o exclama ion, in-
e oga i e and na a i e sen ences ha begin wi h he wo ds “yesˮ o “noˮ. The
sen ences o his subg oup do no ca y new in o ma ion, hey include objec-
ions, doub s, dissa is ac ion, e c. The second subg oup is o med by ema ks
ha a e domina ed by in ellec ual in o ma ion.
W i en speech is mo e gene alized and logical han o al, i is no spon ane-
ous, i can be edi ed, so he epe i ions used in i should be p ope ly e alua -
ed. Unconscious use o epe i ion leads o hei edundancy, is pe cei ed as a
speech de ec caused by ocabula y po e y, inabili y o use synonymy. Con-
scious use allows o use epe i ion as a s ylis ic de ise. I comes om a olk a-
di ion known o all peoples o he wo ld. An example o he conscious use o
epe i ion is a is ic speech, in which he au ho demons a es he dep h o un-
de s anding o he mul i unc ionali y o his phenomenon.
In spoken language, he e is o en a epe i ion o wo ds, due o he lack o
speech cul u e o he speake . I is di icul o choose he igh wo d and a pe -
son does no da e o exp ess opinion clea ly, illing he meaning ul pauses wi h
uni s ha do no ha e any meaning: well, yeah, so, ha is. Such epe i ions a e
called ille wo ds.
Clichés a e well-known in e e yday speech, because in o dina y commu-
nica ion ac s we y o use eady-made e ique e o mulas o g ee ings, wishes,
goodbyes, e c. The appea ance o he cliché is ela ed o he equency and ep-
e i ion o he speech si ua ion.
S aipsniai / A icles 169
Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se
High- equency uni s in a speech o in a sepa a e ex a e called “key wo dsˮ;
hey a e included in he speake ’s ac i e ocabula y and a e illus a i e o im-
po an concep s.
4. REPETITION CATEGORY
The p esence o ca ego iza ion in he language should be seen in he pos-
sibili y o abs ac ion. The basis o ca ego iza ion is “ he abili y o he human
mind o isola e om he phenomena o he su ounding eali y, om he low
o in o ma ion any common, ai ly s able ea u es ha a e egula ly epea ed in
some backg ound en i onmen ” (Манерко 2000: 39).
In linguis ics, he ques ion o CR om aspec ological poin was conside ed
by Olga G eko a o he i s ime (Грекова 1979: 37–48) and Galina Pano a
(Панова 1979: 8). The essence o epe i ion is o con ey a deg ee o measu e,
quali y, ac ion ela i e o he no m (ze o deg ee o measu emen ). The linguis-
ic aspec s o CR ha e been and emain one o he cen al p oblems o mode n
linguis ics.
Linguis ic epe i ion is an ex emely wide ange o heo e ical p oblems in i s
spec um. I co e s esea ches o on ology, epis emology and a he same ime
he in e ac ion o epe i ion wi h o he language ca ego ies: quan i y, in ensi y,
quali y, aspec uali y. The decisi e componen o unde s anding o he essence
o epe i ion in a language is he iden i ica ion and comp ehensi e analysis o
he ea u es o i s o mal ep esen a ion, syn ac ic implemen a ion, he o ma-
ion o a seman ic scope and in luence on he ac ual di ision o a sen ence.
The linguis ic aspec s o he epe i ion ca ego y we e and s ill a e one o
he cen al p oblems o mode n linguis ics. Being a he junc ion o allied and
noncon iguous disciplines, he p oblems o epe i ion no only do no exhaus
hei heo e ical and p ac ical po en ial, bu , on he con a y, encou age a con-
s an sea ch o a new pe spec i e in he s udy. I ʼs no coincidence as a back as
1843, he Danish hinke , heologian and philosophe Sø en Kie kegaa d w o e:
“Repe i ion is a new ca ego y ha emains o be in oduced” (Керкегор 1997:
30–31).
Among he ca ego ies ha a e on he ma gins o scien i ic esea ch, o a
long ime he e was a ca ego y o epe i ion. Howe e , now i is one o hose
language ca ego ies, he in e es in s udying o which is g owing, since i is as-
socia ed wi h such basic philosophical concep s as quali y, quan i y, ex end,
deg ee, which a e essen ial cha ac e is ics o any phenomenon. The essence o
epe i ion is he ans e o ex end o deg ee, quali y ex end, ex end o ac ion
compa ed o he no m ( ha is, a e e ence poin o a ze o deg ee o ex end).
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
The concep ual scope o he ca ego y o epe i ion lies in i s on ological na-
u e, because i no only e lec s he objec i e wo ld, bu is an in eg al pa o
i s being (Pakholok 2019: 104–113).
P ocess o epe i ion ac s as an objec i e eali y ha a pe son unconsciously
assimila es while gaining expe ience. The abili y o epea can be in e p e ed in
e ms o he a che ype o human consciousness.
The philosophical basis o epe i ion is he law o he ansi ion o quan-
i a i e changes o quali a i e ones. In linguis ics, i inds display a he le el
o seman ics, since an elemen epea ed wice o se e al imes acqui es a new
meaning.
The ca ego y o epe i ion is included in he ca ego y o lexical and g am-
ma ical ca ego ies, ha is, he meaning o he deg ee ex end, quali y ex end,
ac ion ex end is exp essed by lexical and g amma ical means, and he unc-
ional-seman ic epe i ion ca ego y is cha ac e ized by he uni y o o m and
con en .
In mode n imes he ca ego y o epe i ion, which is conside ed as a uni-
e sal language ca ego y ha o ganizes he communica ion p ocess, co e s he
psychological, linguis ic and communica i e-p agma ic aspec s o communica-
i e ac i i y; pa icipa es in he implemen a ion o he in o ma i e and ad e -
ising unc ion o ex s; p o ides hei p agma ic-communica i e e ec i eness.
Mode n science is cha ac e ized no only by he o ma ion o new concep s,
bu also by en iching he con en o long-exis ing ones, expanding he scope o
hei applica ion. A he p esen s age o he linguis ics de elopmen , new op-
po uni ies open up o ui ul esea ches, bo h gene al heo e ical, undamen-
al, and applied, which a e a he c oss oads o a ious sciences, in pa icula ,
na u al and echnical, and a e ela ed o scien i ic knowledge as a whole, in all
b anches.
In he ca ego y o epe i ion as a ca ego y o consciousness, in addi ion o
he adi ional logical o m, a pe cep ual o m o ca ego iza ion is dis inguished.
The pe cep ual comp ehension o epe i ion is domina ed by logical ca ego i-
cal con en , howe e , i is no exhaus i e o he pe cep ual image o ime. The
uni e sal cha ac e is ics o epe i ion a e eco ded in logical ca ego ies; in he
pe cep ual ision o ime hey ake he o m o subjec i e being. Pe cep ual ca -
ego iza ion, in con as o logical ca ego iza ion, has i s own cons an con en ,
seman ic con en and s uc u ed subca ego y o ganiza ion, which gi es i a ull
ca ego ical s a us.
Pe cep ual epe i ion can be de ined as he in e nal empi ical o ganiza ion
o human sensa ions, in which objec i e empo al eali y is e lec ed. The ca -
ego ical na u e o pe cep ual ime lies in he ac ha , wi h all he indi idual
a iabili y o he imagina i e pe cep ion o ime, a cons an uni e sal con en is