INCOR Basis-Infrastrukturen und Services einer inklusiven Katastrophenresilienz im Iran. Abschlussbericht der Definitionsphase

Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 Karsten Fehn, Alexander Fekete, Chris Hetkämper, Alex Lechleuthner, Celia Norf, Ompe Aimé Mudimu, Ulf Schremmer INCOR Basis-Infrastrukturen und Services einer inklusiven Katastrophenresilienz im Iran. Abschlussbericht der Definitionsphase INCOR Basic Infrastructures and Services for Enhancing Inclusive Community Disaster Resilience in Iran. Final report of the definition phase Edited by Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas 2 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 This document is published within the series 'Integrative Risk and Security Research'. All publications can be downloaded from http://opus.bszbw.de/fhk/doku/publizierte_Schriftenreihen.php. Despite thorough revision the information provided in this document is supplied without liability. The document does not necessarily present the opinion of the editors. EDITION NOTICE Editors of Series Karsten Fehn (Prof. Dr. iur. Dr. rer. medic.) Alexander Fekete (Prof. Dr.-Ing.) Chris Hetkämper (B.Eng.) Alex Lechleuthner (Prof. Dr. med. Dr. rer. nat.) Ompe Aimé Mudimu (Prof. Dr.-Ing.) Celia Norf (M.Sc.) Ulf Schremmer (Prof. Dr.-Ing.) TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences Institute of Rescue Engineering and Civil Protection Betzdorfer Str. 2 50679 Cologne Germany www.irg.th-koeln.de Editorship of Series - contact: [email protected] Editors of this Volume Alexander Fekete (Prof. Dr.-Ing.) Asad Asadzadeh (Dr.-Ing.) Mahsa Moghadas Contact Chris Hetkämper Email: [email protected] Phone: + 49 (0) 221 8275 4253 Web: http://riskncrisis.wordpress.com Recommended Citation Full Volume Fekete, Alexander; Asadzadeh, Asad, Moghadas, Mahsa (Eds.) INCOR Basis-Infrastrukturen und Services einer inklusiven Katastrophenresilienz im Iran. Abschlussbericht der Definitionsphase. INCOR Basic Infrastructures and Services for Enhancing Inclusive Community Disaster Resilience in Iran. Final report of the definition phase. Integrative Risk and Security Research, 2/2019, 64 pages. Recommended Citation Sections Author's Surname, First Name (2019): Title. In: Fekete, A.; Asadzadeh, A., Moghadas, M. (Eds.) INCOR BasisInfrastrukturen und Services einer inklusiven Katastrophenresilienz im Iran. Abschlussbericht der Definitionsphase. INCOR Basic Infrastructures and Services for Enhancing Inclusive Community Disaster Resilience in Iran. Final report of the definition phase. Integrative Risk and Security Research, 2/2019, Page Reference. ISSN: 2366-4029 Cologne, October 2019 3 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 With contributions from: Mehmet Akdogan, Kambod Amini Hosseini, Mohsen Ashtiany, Meisam Basira, Roland Baumhauer, Jacqueline Begerow, Christian Büdel, Victor Diefenbach, Nico Grebner, Johannes Gust, Timo Heyn, Solmaz Hosseinioon, Mohamm ad Kazem Jafari, Mohamdreza Javdi e Yegahne, Ali Ashgar Kamalizadeh Bijan Khazai Theo Kötter, Arash Malekian, Sepehr Marzi, Adel Mohseni, Zohreh Mousaviun, Alireza Noory, Abbas Ostad Taghizadeh, Ahmad Sadeghi, Simone Sandholz, Reza Sarvati, Ulf Siefker, Birgit Terhorst, Tobias Ullmann, Martin Voss, Martina Wilde, Esfandiar Zebardast Acknowledgements: Many more individuals were involved especially during our workshops and we would like to thank them all and apologise that we mainly list here those instrumental in developing the proposals for INCOR. 4 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Inhaltsverzeichnis 1a. Inhalt des INCOR Projekts ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas, Victor Diefenbach 1b. Content of the INCOR project ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas, Victor Diefenbach 2a. Hintergrund und Konzeption des INCOR Projekts - Basis-Infrastrukturen und Services einer inklusiven Katastrophenresilienz im Iran ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas 2b. Background and Conception of INCOR Project - Basic Infrastructures and Services for Enhancing Inclusive Community Disaster Resilience in Iran ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas 3. Synergy between resilience and inclusive thinking in basic infrastructures and services (BIS) planning . 29 Asad Asadzadeh 4. Co-Designing German Iranian Partnerships: Basic Infrastructures and Services for Inclusive Community Disaster Resilience in Iran (INCOR Project). Iranian-German Expert Workshops Series ......................................... 31 Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas 5. Opportunities for Strengthening the German Contributions to the Sendai Framework, the SDGs, and the New Urban Agenda. Report from the German-Iranian Partnership – Project INCOR ............................................ 54 Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh 5 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 1a. Inhalt des INCOR Projekts Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas, Victor Diefenbach Projekttitel: Basis-Infrastrukturen und Services einer inklusiven Katastrophenresilienz im Iran. - Basic Infrastructures and Services for Enhancing Inclusive Community Disaster Resilience in Iran (INCOR) Projektkoordination: Prof. Dr. Alexander Fekete. TH Köln Mitarbeit: Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas, Victor Diefenbach BMBF Fördermaßnahme "Internationales Katastrophenund Risikomanagement – IKARIM Projektdauer: 6 Monate, 2018 1. Aufgabenstellung Im Oktober 2017 hat das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) die Ausschreibung Internationales Katastrophenund Risikomanagement (IKARIM) im Rahmen des Programms "Forschung für die zivile Sicherheit" der Bundesregierung (2012-2017) veröffentlicht. Ziel ist der Transfer von Wissen und die Bildung internationaler Partnerschaften im Bereich des Katastrophenrisikomanagements. Der Iran mit seiner Anfälligkeit für zahlreiche Naturkatastrophen war eines der Schwerpunktländer der Ausschreibung, da er für zahlreiche Naturgefahren anfällig ist und mindestens drei Partner seit mehreren Jahren in Katastrophenrisikobewertungsund Resilienzstudien (Univ. Würzburg, Univ. Bonn IGG und TH Köln) arbeiten. Die Erfahrungen, die durch die jüngsten Studien des Teams zur Antragsentwicklung im Iran (THK und IGG) gewonnen wurden, zeigten, dass ein integratives Rahmenwerk für die angemessene Bewertung, Management und Steuerung der Resilienz der Bevölkerung bei Katastrophen fehlt. In diesem Kontext ist es das Ziel INCORs, Methoden, Prozesse und Instrumente zu etablieren, um die Resilienz gegenüber Naturkatastrophen in iranischen Städten zu erhöhen. INCOR untersucht inhaltliche Risiken für lebenswichtige Infrastrukturen (Wasserversorgung, Energie, Transportund Straßennetz) bzgl. Naturgefahren, und einen Wechsel weg von einem reaktiven hin zu einem proaktiven Ansatz für die zukünftige Katastrophenvorsorge. 2. Durchführung Die erste Phase von INCOR war der Aufbau eines Kernteams für das Projekt. Unter der Leitung von Prof. Fekete (TH Köln) haben drei MitarbeiterInnen (Co-AutorInnen dieses Beitrags) an der Entwicklung des vollständigen Antrags, der Organisation von Telefonkonferenzen, Workshops und der Berichterstattung über die erbrachten Arbeiten während der Definitionsphase gearbeitet. Kontakte zu möglichen Partnern im Iran bestanden bereits, auch wurden weitere Partner auf deutscher Seite bzgl. Ihrer bisherigen Kenntnisse über das Land, Inhalt der Aufgabenstellung und Interesse ausgewählt. Durch Vorarbeiten der Konsortialleitung, Vorkenntnisse der Feldarbeit im Iran und die Ansiedlung an der TH Köln als neutraler wissenschaftlich/ akademischer Organisation konnten viele Kontakte, Anbahnungsmaßnahmen und inhaltliche Berichtsstellung erfolgreich geplant und angegangen werden. In der zweiten Phase bildete INCOR eine Gesprächsplattform mit 18 deutschen und iranischen Wissenschafts, Praxisund Managementorganisationen, um besser zu verstehen, was wirklich für die adäquate Entwicklung, Messung und Implementierung von Katastrophenresilienz erforderlich ist. 6 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Dementsprechend organisierte das Kernteam im Juni, Juli und August 2018 drei Telefonkonferenzen, um Ideen, Bedürfnisse und Möglichkeiten besser zu teilen, zu erörtern und zu verknüpfen. Im nächsten Schritt wurden Workshops in Köln, Teheran und Karaj durchgeführt. Rund 15 deutsche und 100 iranische Experten fanden sich zusammen, um sich über das Projekt gemeinsam zu Beraten. Der erste Workshop fand am 6. und 7. September 2018 in Köln statt, der zweite vom 15. bis 17. September in Teheran und der dritte am 18. September in Karaj. Diese Workshops trugen dazu bei, die Kernideen des INCORProjekts auszuarbeiten, die Ziele und Visionen der Stakeholder zu definieren und die Ergebnisse aus den frühen Phasen zu verifizieren. Zu den Zielen der Workshops gehörten a) die Identifizierung von Kooperationspartnern und die Aufnahme der Zusammenarbeit, b) die Erörterung und Konsolidierung der Bedürfnisse vor Ort und der Möglichkeiten der DRR, um raumbezogene und konkrete F&E-Lösungen für die zentralen Herausforderungen im Iran zu entwickeln, und c) die Identifizierung und Beratung über die nächsten Schritte zu den spezifischen Arbeiten der einzelnen Partner im Rahmen eines dreijährigen Projekts. Während der Workshops in Teheran und Karaj führten die Partner auch Befragungen und Besuche vor Ort durch, um die bestehenden Lücken und Herausforderungen der Katastrophenrisikoplanung und -umsetzung in den Fallstudiengebieten besser zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Basisinfrastrukturen und -dienste (abgekürzt als BIS) das entscheidende Element sind, das bei der Stärkung der Resilienz der Gemeinschaft bei Katastrophen in den Studiengebieten im Vordergrund stehen muss. INCOR strebt einen Beitrag zu internationalen Entwicklungsrahmen an, insbesondere zum Sendai Rahmenwerk für Katastrophenvorsorge 2015 - 2030 (SFDRR). Die Absicht ist es, zu verstehen, wie die Ergebnisse von INCOR zur Umsetzung der SFDRR beitragen können. Der entwickelte Bericht zeigt auch, wie INCOR zu anderen globalen Rahmenwerken wie den Zielen für nachhaltige Entwicklung (SDGs) und der Neuen Urbanen Agenda (Habitat III) beitragen kann. Veröffentlichungen Moghadas, Mahsa; Asadzadeh, Asad; Vafeidis, Athanasios; Fekete, Alexander, Kötter, Theo (2019). A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Available online 2 February 2019, 101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101069 Moghadas, Mahsa; Fekete, Alexander; Asadzadeh, Asad and Theo Kötter (2018) A theoretical framework for building the risk-resilience of basic infrastructures and services using Open Data. Conference Proceedings – Short Paper. IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience. 10/12/2018 – 12/12/2018, Barcelona, Spain:1-5. 7 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 1b. Content of the INCOR project Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas, Victor Diefenbach Project title: Basic Infrastructures and Services for Enhancing Inclusive Community Disaster Resilience in Iran (INCOR) Project Coordination: Prof. Dr. Alexander Fekete. TH Köln Cooperation: Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas, Victor Diefenbach BMBF Funding Measure "International Disaster and Risk Management - IKARIM Project duration: 6 months, 2018 1. Task In October 2017, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) published the call for proposals International Disaster and Risk Management (IKARIM) as part of the Federal Government's "Research for Civil Security" programme (2012-2017). The aim is to transfer knowledge and form international partnerships in the field of disaster risk management. Iran, with its vulnerability to numerous natural disasters, was one of the priority countries in the call for proposals because it is susceptible to numerous natural hazards and at least three partners have been working for several years in disaster risk assessment and resilience studies (Univ. Würzburg, Univ. Bonn IGG and TH Köln). The experience gained from the recent studies of the team on application development in Iran (THK and IGG) showed that an integrative framework for the appropriate assessment, management and control of the resilience of the population in the event of disasters is lacking. In this context, the aim of INCOR is to establish methods, processes and instruments to increase resilience to natural disasters in Iranian cities. INCOR investigates content risks for vital infrastructures (water supply, energy, transport and road networks) regarding natural hazards, and a shift from a reactive to a proactive approach for future disaster preparedness. 2. Implementation The first phase of INCOR was the creation of a core team for the project. Under the leadership of Prof. Fekete (TH Köln) three staff members (co-authors of this contribution) worked on the development of the complete proposal, the organisation of telephone conferences, workshops and the reporting on the work done during the definition phase. Contacts to possible partners in Iran already existed, also further partners on the German side were selected regarding their previous knowledge about the country, contents of the task and interest. Through the preparatory work of the consortium management, prior knowledge of field work in Iran and the establishment of the TH Köln as a neutral scientific/academic organisation, many contacts, initiation measures and content reporting could be successfully planned and tackled. In the second phase, INCOR formed a discussion platform with 18 German and Iranian scientific, practical and management organisations in order to better understand what is really necessary for the adequate development, measurement and implementation of disaster resilience. Accordingly, the core team organised three telephone conferences in June, July and August 2018 to better share, discuss and link ideas, needs and opportunities. 8 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) The next step was to hold workshops in Cologne, Tehran and Karaj. Around 15 German and 100 Iranian experts met to discuss the project. The first workshop took place on 6 and 7 September 2018 in Cologne, the second from 15 to 17 September in Tehran and the third on 18 September in Karaj. These workshops helped to elaborate the core ideas of the INCOR project, to define the goals and visions of the stakeholders and to verify the results from the early phases. The objectives of the workshops included (a) identifying and starting cooperation partners, (b) discussing and consolidating local needs and DRR capabilities to develop spatial and concrete R&D solutions to key challenges in Iran, and (c) identifying and advising on the next steps in the specific work of each partner in a three-year project. During the workshops in Tehran and Karaj, the partners also conducted interviews and field visits to better understand the existing gaps and challenges in disaster risk planning and implementation in the case study areas. The results showed that basic infrastructure and services (abbreviated as BIS) are the key element to strengthen community resilience to disasters in the study areas. INCOR aims to contribute to international development frameworks, in particular the Sendai Framework for Disaster Reduction 2015 - 2030 (SFDRR). The intention is to understand how the results of INCOR contribute to the implementation of the SFDRR. Publications Moghadas, Mahsa; Asadzadeh, Asad; Vafeidis, Athanasios; Fekete, Alexander, Kötter, Theo (2019). A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Available online 2 February 2019, 101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101069 Moghadas, Mahsa; Fekete, Alexander; Asadzadeh, Asad and Theo Kötter (2018) A theoretical framework for building the risk-resilience of basic infrastructures and services using Open Data. Conference Proceedings – Short Paper. IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience. 10/12/2018 – 12/12/2018, Barcelona, Spain:1-5. 9 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 2a. Hintergrund und Konzeption des INCOR Projekts - BasisInfrastrukturen und Services einer inklusiven Katastrophenresilienz im Iran Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas I. Einleitung Kürzlich stattgefundene Erbeben im Iran (Kermanshah Erbeben in 2017 sowie das Bam Erdbeben in 2003) unterstreichen erneut, wie exponiert die Gesellschaft des Irans gegenüber Naturgefahren ist. Diese Erfahrungen zeigen, dass kaskadierende Ausfälle Kritischer Infrastrukturen (hier als Basis-Infrastrukturen und Dienstleistungen - BIS - bezeichnet) dramatische Einflüsse auf die Reaktion und Erholung von betroffenen Gemeinschaften haben können. Zudem ergeben sich Konflikte auch im Alltag, wenn es keinen gerechten Zugang zu BIS für Teile der Bevölkerung, vor allem arme Menschen in urbanen Regionen gibt. Vor diesem Hintergrund erkennen internationale akademische und politische Kreise den wachsenden Bedarf an integrativen und resilienten Infrastrukturen und Dienstleistungen im Kontext eines verbesserten Katastrophenrisikomanagements. Diese Infrastrukturen bestehen aus drei Hauptbereichen: Assets, Wissen und Institutionen. INCOR untersucht Risiken für lebenswichtige Infrastrukturen (Wasserversorgung, Energie, Transportund Straßennetz) bzgl. Naturgefahren, und unterstützt damit den Wechsel weg von einem reaktiven hin zu einem proaktiven Ansatz für die zukünftige Katastrophenvorsorge durchzuführen. Stand der Wissenschaft Der Iran liegt an einer Hauptverwerfungslinie zwischen der arabischen und eurasischen Platte und hat in der Vergangenheit eine Vielzahl Erdbeben erlebt. Das gravierendste dieses Jahrhunderts ereignete sich 2003, als ein Erdbeben mit einer Magnitude von 6.6 die Stadt Bam traf und circa 30.000 Menschen starben. Im Jahr 2017 starben mindestens 600 Menschen bei einem Erdbeben in Kermanshah (das weltweit gravierendste Erdbeben in diesem Jahr bislang) und es wurden um die 10.000 Menschen verletzt. Mehr als 90% der Städte des Landes befinden sich in Erdbebengebieten, einschließlich der Megastadt Teheran mit rund 13 Millionen Einwohnern [1]. Laut Swiss Re [2] ist Teheran Erdbeben stark ausgesetzt und ist weltweit auf Stufe 6 der gefährdetsten Städte im Hinblick auf die Größe der städtischen Bevölkerung, die von einer oder mehreren Naturgefahren betroffen sein könnte. Eine Million Menschen könnten getötet und 70% der Stadt schwer beschädigt werden, wenn ein Erdbeben wie von Haiti die Stadt erschüttert [3]. Laut dem Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (2015) ist der Iran eines der Länder, das sich einer Finanzierungslücke gegenübersieht und einen Stresstest seiner fiskalischen Resilienz nicht bis zu einem Verlust eines 1-in-100-Jahren Ereignisses bestehen würde, wenn es nicht über Ressourcen verfügt, um sich gegen schwere Katastrophen wie Erdbeben zu puffern1. Seismische Wissenschaftler haben vor kurzem gewarnt, dass die Zahl der verheerenden Erdbeben in der ganzen Welt im Jahr 2018 stark ansteigen könnte und offensichtlich ist der Iran einer der potenziellen Kandidaten2. Mehr als 90% der Städte des Landes befinden sich in Erdbebengebieten, einschließlich der Megastadt Teheran mit ihren rund 13 Millionen Einwohnern. Laut Swiss Re (2013) ist Teheran stark vom Erdbeben betroffen und wird weltweit als die sechst1 http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2015/en/gar-pdf/GAR2015_EN.pdf 2 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/18/2018-set-to-be-year-of-big-earthquakes 16 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Der Iran hat sich darin bezüglich Forschungsstandards, internationaler Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, Ausstrahlungsbedeutung und Hebelwirkung innerhalb der Region, aber auch insbesondere durch die hohe Anzahl und Bedeutung von Naturgefahren und entsprechender Erfahrung damit für künftige Kooperationen als besonders geeignet herausgestellt. Partner THK-IRG: Institut für Rettungsingenieurwesen und Gefahrenabwehr der Technischen Hochschule Köln: Dieses Institut ist Forschungspartner und Leiter des Projektkonsortiums. Mit dem Know-how in der Forschung zu kritischen Infrastruktursystemen, Risikobewertung, Analyse von Vulnerabilität und Resilienz sowie partizipativen Ansätzen in Risk Governance im internationalen Kontext sichert dieser Partner den Dialog zwischen allen Partnern und übernimmt die wissenschaftliche Führung in den Multi-Risk-Ansätzen. Prof. Fekete hat mehrere Projekte (u.a. BMBF) bereits koordiniert arbeitet seit 2002 über den Iran. UB-IGG: Institut für Geodäsie und Geoinformation an der Universität Bonn hat einen starken Hintergrund in Stadtund Regionalplanung, urbaner Resilienz, urbanen Risiken, kommunaler Katastrophenresilienz, sowie der Entwicklung theoretischer Rahmenbedingunge n als Basis für die Operationalisierung des Konzepts urbaner Resilienz durch Verbundmaßnahmen im Kontext multipler Risiken (Deutschland) und im Zusammenhang mit der Erdbebengefahr (Teheran, Iran). Das Institut wird mit seinem starken Fokus auf urbane Gemeinschaften und seinem Know-how bei der Entwicklung eines integrierten konzeptionellen Rahmens für resilienzintegrative BIS und der Operationalisierung des Konzepts in den Untersuchungsgebieten zu dem Projekt beitragen. UW - Universität Würzburg - Institut für Geographie und Geologie hat eine lange Tradition und Erfahrung mit Arbeiten im Iran, u.a. in Bereichen wie Geomorphologie, Klima, Bodenkunde, Fernerkundung und Naturgefahren wie Dürren, Überschwemmungen, Erdrutschen, aber auch Urbanität und Raumplanung. Für INCOR wird die UW wichtiges Know-how zu Naturgefahren verursachenden Prozessen, Landnutzung und Erosion, aber auch Maßnahmen zur Minderung solcher Prozesse beisteuern. Physische und anthropogene Faktoren werden integriert, um den INCOR-Ansatz umfassender zu gestalten. Räumliche Beobachtungsund Bewertungsmethoden unter Verwendung von GIS, aber auch von Fernerkundungsdaten werden eingesetzt - zunächst in der Definitionsphase, um Fallstudienspezifika zu identifizieren und später Daten für die Analysen bereitzustellen. Ein Hauptkapital der UW ist die langjährige Erfahrung im Iran mit Feldarbeit und lokalen Kontakten, die nicht nur die Grundlagenarbeit im Projekt fördern, sondern auch helfen, eine langfristige Zusammenarbeit aufzubauen. United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) ist weltweit führend in der Risiko-, Vulnerabilitätsund Anpassungsforschung im Kontext globaler Veränderungen. Die Abteilung für Schwachstellenanalysen, Risikomanagement und adaptive Planung (VARMAP) wird mit ihrem Fokus auf städtische Gebiete und ländlichstädtische Verknüpfungen und Expertise bei der Bewertung gesellschaftlicher Verwundbarkeit und Anpassungsfähigkeiten beitragen. empirica ag – Research and Consulting ist eine unabhängige Beratungsfirma für Wirtschaft und Sozialwissenschaften und arbeitet an der Schnittstelle zwischen Forschung, Politik und Investment. Kunden sind öffentliche und private Einrichtungen in den Bereichen Demographie, Wohnungsmarkt, Städte und Regionen, benachteiligte Stadtteile und sozioökonmische Auswirkungen von Infrastrukturen. 17 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 CoFA – Hochschule für Bildende Künste an der Universität Teheran: Diese Universität ist die älteste und renommierteste Universität im Iran und Hochschule für Stadt planung ist als Exzellenzzentrum für Stadtplanung und nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung (CEUPSUD) bekannt. Mit einem beträchtlichen Hintergrund in den Bereichen soziale Vulnerabilität und städtische Lebensqualität (nationale und lokale Ebene) wird dieser Partne r zu sozialen Faktoren beitragen, die für die inklusive Planung im Projekt berücksichtigt werden können. TDMMO - Teheran Disaster Mitigation und Management Organisation: TDMMO ist in Zusammenarbeit mit der Zentralregierung in Teheran für das städtische Risikomanagement zuständig. Dieses Institut ist das verantwortliche Zentrum für die Vorbereitung und Durchführung von Katastrophenrisikoprojekten und hat verschiedene Projekte mit internationalen Institutionen wie JICA, UNDP und der Weltbank durchgeführt. Di eser Partner wird dazu beitragen, den tatsächlichen Bedarf in der Definitionsphase zu ermitteln und die verschiedenen BIS-Bereiche während des gemeinsamen Projekts zu koordinieren. IIEES – International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology: beinhaltet die Abteilungen Seismology, Geotechnical Engineering, Structural Engineering, Risk Management, Graduate Studies, Information Technology, und International Relations. IIEES engagiert sich bei der Implementierung national und internationaler Proje kte bei effektiven Maßnahmen zum Schutz von Leben und Gütern gegenüber Naturrisiken. Hauptziele von IIEES sind die Förderung von Forschung, Technologien und Bildung in allen Aspekten der Seismologie und praxisrelevante Maßnahmen um Erdbebenrisiken zu reduzieren sowie die Entwicklung einer Sicherheitskultur im Umgang mit Erdbeben, Verwendete Literatur [1] K.G.A. M, Amini Hosseini, Disaster Risk Management Profile Tehran , Iran, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, IIEES, Tehran, 2005. http://www.alnap.org/resource/7116. [2] L.S.O.H.P. Sundermann, Mind the risk A global ranking of cities under threat from natural disasters, (2013) 30. www.swisste.com. [3] A. Asadzadeh, T. Kötter, D. Weiss, The multi-scale patterns of urban disaster resilience: Case study of Tehran City, Iran, 6th Int. Disaster Risk Conf. 2016, Davos, Switz. (2016). www.grforum.org. [4] UNISDR, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030, Third World Conf. Disaster Risk Reduction, Sendai, Japan, 14-18 March 2015. (2015) 1–25. doi:A/CONF.224/CRP.1. [5] S. Eybpoosh, A.A. Haghdoost, E. Mostafavi, A. Bahrampour, K. Azadmanesh, F. Zolala, Examining non-structural retrofitting status of teaching hospitals in Kerman against disasters, Electron. Physician (ISSN. 9 (2017) 4434–4439. doi:10.14661/2015.971-976. [6] D. Welle, Kermanshah earthquake, popular donations and distrust of the regime; Tours in the webs, (2017). http://www.dw.com/fa-ir/ ﮫﻟﺰﻟز-هﺎﺸﻧﺎﻣﺮﮐ-یﺎﮭﮑﻤﮐ-ﻣدﺮﻣﯽ-ویدﺎﻤﺘﻋﺎﯿﺑ-ﮫﺑ-مﺎﻈﻧ-ﯽﺘﺸﮔ-رد-ﺎﮭﮭﮑﺒﺷ /a-41428896. [7] A. Clark-Ginsberg, B. Aguirre, T. Birkland, K.E. Browne, S.L. Cutter, A. Oliver, et al., Urban challenges and opportunities for FEMA during the Trump administration, 2017. http://www.aaroncg.me/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Urban-challenges-andopportunities-for-FEMA-during-the-Trump-administration.pdf. [8] S.L. Cutter, The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the USA, Nat. Hazards. 80 (2016) 741–758. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1993-2. [9] D. Alexander, What can we do about earthquakes ? Towards a systematic approach to seismic risk mitigation, in: NZSEE Conf., 2012: pp. 1–16. http://www.nzsee.org.nz/db/2012/Paper001.pdf. [10] UN-Habitat, 18 – Urban Infrastructure and Basic Services, Including Energy, Habitat III Issue Pap. 2015 (2015) 0–9. https://www.habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/issuepapers. 18 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) [11] Improving infrastructure outcomes through better capital allocation, McKinsey Co. (2017). https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/ourinsights/improving-infrastructure-outcomes-through-better-capital-allocation (accessed November 30, 2017). [12] UNFCCC, Progress tracker Work programme resulting from the relevant requests contained in decision 1 / CP . 21, 2016. http://unfccc.int/files/paris_agreement/application/pdf/pa_progress_tracker_200617. pdf. [13] United Nations, Sustainabel Development Goals, 2015. doi:10.1007/s13398-014-01737.2. [14] United Nations, New Urban Agenda, 2017. http://habitat3.org/wpcontent/uploads/New-Urban-Agenda-GA-Adopted-68th-Plenary-N1646655-E.pdf. [15] C. Bach, S. Bouchon, A. Fekete, J. Birkmann, E. Duchemin, B. Barroca, Adding value to critical infrastructure research and disaster risk management: the resilience concept, Surv. Perspect. Integr. Environ. Soc. 6 (2013). [16] G. Pescaroli, D. Alexander, Critical infrastructure, panarchies and the vulnerability paths of cascading disasters, Nat. Hazards. 82 (2016) 175–192. doi:10.1007/s11069-0162186-3. [17] Birkmann, T. Welle, W. Solecki, S. Lwasa, M. Garschagen, Boost resilience of small and mid-sized cities, Nature. 537 (2016) 605–608. http://www.nature.com/news/boostresilience-of-small-and-mid-sized-cities-1.20667. [18] S.L. Cutter, L. Barnes, M. Berry, C. Burton, E. Evans, E. Tate, et al., A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters, Glob. Environ. Chang. 18 (2008) 598–606. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013. [19] J. Xu, Z. Wang, F. Shen, C. Ouyang, Y. Tuc, Natural disasters and social conflict: A systematic literature review, Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 17 (2016) 38–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.04.001. [20] Fekete A (2011) Common Criteria for the Assessment of Critical Infrastructures. Int J Disaster Risk Sci.2:15-24. [21] Fekete, A. & Fiedrich, Frank (Eds.)(2018) Urban Disaster Resilience and Security. Addressing Risks in Societies. The Urban Book Series, Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-686059. 518 p. 19 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 2b. Background and Conception of INCOR Project - Basic Infrastructures and Services for Enhancing Inclusive Community Disaster Resilience in Iran Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh, Mahsa Moghadas Introduction Recent earthquakes in Iran (Kermanshah earthquake in 2017, as well as the Bam earthquake in 2003) highlighted once again how susceptible many communities in Iran are to natural hazards. The experience gained revealed that cascading failures of critical infrastructures (termed here basic infrastructures and services - BIS) in both inherent and adaptive capacities can dramatically affect response and recovery levels of affected communities. Additionally, there is a widespread perception that social capital and trust can be declined when there is no equitable access to BIS for all citizens, especially for urban poor. With this background, international academic and policy circles acknowledge the increasing need for an integrated resilient-inclusive basic infrastructures and services (BIS) for better disaster risk management and social conflict reduction. BIS represent both antecedent (inherent) and adaptive capacities and are made up of three major parts of assets, knowledge and institutions. While the antecedent condition or static state of BIS are often analyzed in disaster studies, the adaptive or dynamic process of BIS are neglected. To tackle this challenge, INCOR will focus on interacting BIS to find out the interdependencies in their spatiality and temporality to shift from a reactive model to a proactive approach in order to preparing for future crises. Equally important, the Kermanshah example showed that existing BIS planning and management systems do not provide equitable and fair access to all citizens. This project therefore, will consider resilience and inclusion as the two major characteristics of basic infrastructures and services (BIS) in disaster risk planning and management. Since resilience and inclusion are abstract concepts, translating them into BIS requires an interdisciplinary and a multi-sectoral attitude on three levels: first, by focusing on conceptualizing three key interlinked concepts of basic information and services (BIS), resilience, and inclusion. Second, by focusing on interacting basic infrastructures and services to find out the spatiotemporal relations of them, and third, by socializing the concept of basic infrastructure and services as a common research object. State of the art Iran sits on a major fault line between the Arabian and Eurasian plates and has experienced a number of deadliest earthquakes in the past. The deadliest this century occurred in 2003 when a magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck the city of Bam, killing some 30,000 people. In 2017, an earthquake in Kermanshah (the world’s deadliest earthquake so far this year) killed at least 600 people and injured around 10,000 people. More than 90% of country’s cities are located on earthquake faults including the Megacity of Tehran with around 13 million inhabitants [1]. According to Swiss Re [2], Tehran is highly exposed to earthquake and is ranked as the sixth vulnerable city to earthquake worldwide with regard to the size of urban population that could be hit by one or more natural hazards. One million people may be killed and 70% of the city can be heavily damaged if an earthquake like Haiti shakes the city [3]. 20 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) According to Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (2015), Iran is one of the countries face a financing gap and would not pass a stress test of its fiscal resilience to a 1-in-100-years loss, if does not have the resources to buffer against sever disaster losses such as earthquakes5. Seismic scientist have recently warned there could be a big increase in numbers of devastating earthquakes around the world for 2018 and obviously Iran is one of the potential candidate6. More than 90% of country’s cities are located on earthquake faults including the Megacity of Tehran with around 13 million inhabitants. According to Swiss Re (2013), Tehran is highly exposed to earthquake and is ranked as the sixth vulnerable city to earthquake worldwide with regard to the size of urban population that could be hit by one or more natural hazards7. JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) in 2000 has developed four scenarios for total building damage and human fatality in Tehran and estimated that in the worst scenario, 55% of building damage and around 500,000 human casualties can be happened8. These scenarios highlight one again how susceptible is Iran in general, and in particular, Tehran to earthquake hazard, and consequently, how are basic infrastructures and services (BIS) critical for mitigation and recovery in time of an adverse event. However, due to complexity of BIS, and dynamic concept of both resilience and inclusion terms, the scenarios will be expanded in full proposal period, in close cooperation with local partners who are involved in disaster risk management and planning. Existing gaps and demand Human communities need a resilient system in order to prepare for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to actual or potential adverse events in timely and efficient manner (UN 2015: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction). The systems that contribute to resilience of a community are basic infrastructures and services (e.g. mobility, energy, water, sanitation, building systems, communication; etc.). The importance and demand for such ‘critical infrastructure’ to be maintained during and after disasters is increasingly underlined at international level (EC 2008, UN 2015, SDGs). While Iran is a leading nation in some structural and non-structural preparedness (e.g. standard building codes, infrastructural planning, risk information, etc.), recent earthquakes highlighted that existing systems are not sufficient yet to resist, respond and mitigate the effects of shocks. At the same time, when the benefits of infrastructure services are not shared broadly, also disaster management and recovery activities are less sustainable, durable, and resilient. For instance, infrastructural deprivation was a significant cause of a social trust gap between population and government after the Kermanshah earthquake in November 2017. Therefore, interruptions of infrastructure services can attenuate the absorptive capacity or the recovery degree of communities, and equally important, can reduce social capital or increase social conflicts at hazard-affected communities. Urban planning and disaster management has a long tradition in Iran and our project partners in Iran have identified a great demand to continue and expand the planning processes on the backdrop on continued natural hazard risks and increasing population concentrations exposed to potential disasters, such as the next “big one” earthquake to strike the capital, Tehran or another area. 5 http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2015/en/gar-pdf/GAR2015_EN.pdf 6 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/18/2018-set-to-be-year-of-big-earthquakes 7http://www.swissre.com/library/expertisepublication/Mind_the_risk_a_global_ranking_of_cities_under_thr eat_from_natural_disasters.html 8 http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11611753_01.pdf 21 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 Against this backdrop, and for the first time in Iran, this project will focus on basic infrastructures and services disaster resilience in systematically and integrated way. The overall goal is to underpin an innovative planning system for infrastructure and urban planning to face risks, and as such, to explore policies for expanding equitable access to infrastructure services and making the benefits more inclusive and sustainable. This meets national as well as international demands for creating synergies between sustainable development goals (SGDs) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Despite structural building codes and land-wide adoption of high standards in road and building construction, Iranian cities and settlements remain at risk. Especially basic infrastructures and services (BIS) are transforming to be part of problem instead of being part of the solution as experienced in recent Kermanshah earthquake. On the one hand, basic infrastructures and services have not been seen as a network system in current planning system and thus, the interdependencies and the spatial-temporal relations of them were not enough understood. On the other hand, the fair and equitable access to BIS was not guaranteed for all population. It is assume that people along with BIS participate in different phases of risk management including preparedness, response, and adaptation. However, social and infrastructural inequalities put these assumptions in doubt and cause to break social trust as reported from Kermanshah earthquake. Against this background and for the first time in Iran, this project will focus on basic infrastructures and services (BIS) in systematically and integrated way. The overall goal is to identify the functions and failures of BIS in their spatiotemporal contexts and relations in order to underpin an innovative planning system to face upcoming risks, and as such, to explore policies for expanding equitable access to BIS and making the benefits more inclusive and sustainable. Resilience and inclusive thinking and link to basic infrastructures and services (BIS): The Benjamin Franklin axiom that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” is as true today as when Franklin advised Philadelphia's fire-fighters in 1736 [7]. A series of prominent natural and technical disasters suggest that there is a vital need to shift our focus from a reactive response to a proactive mitigation [8,9]. Such shift predisposes us to develop our understanding of what, when, and where basic infrastructures and services (BIS), as backbone of communities, need to be put in place and how they can be addressed to prevent and mitigate the effects of natural hazards [10]. At the same time, basic infrastructures and services (BIS) are challenged by increased complexity and rapid changes in world dynamics (e.g. rapid urbanization along with growing urban informality, growing gap between demand and supply, social conflict, etc.). Such challenges highlight the need for optimizing capital allocation and providing equitable access to resources for all citizens, especially the poor [10,11]. With this background, international academic and policy circles have acknowledged the need to create resilience and inclusive communities [4,12–14]. While the term resilience has received attention from hazard scholars, inclusion has only recently become a popular aspirational term in development discourse. Therefore, an integrated resilience-inclusive BIS is yet to be developed for disaster risk planning and management. Integrated resilience and inclusive basic infrastructure and services (BIS): Despite the increasing international awareness of the link between interdependencies of BIS and disaster resilience, most of research initiatives continue to focus on individual systems or the technical interrelations (static results) of BIS [15]. Rather, BIS are complex networked systems that manifest various spatial-temporal relations 22 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) (dynamic processes) in communities [16]. Embracing BIS as a complex and dynamic concept helps for better understanding of how the inherent and adaptive resilience (e.g. robustness, redundancy, flexibility, etc.) of them can attenuate the impacts of a hazard and provide rapid response and recovery [17,18]. Equally important, the increasing gap between demand and supply of BIS, as well as the inaccessibility, and unaffordability of them attenuate not only the resilience degree of societies but also leads to social conflict [19]. Integrated resilient-inclusive BIS can therefore be a comprehensive approach for realization of human security and rights in the context of natural and technical hazards (see Figure 2, next page). To perform this task, INCOR will integrate innovations stemming from resilience concepts currently burgeoning in the field of disaster risk management with the field of infrastructure, which combines both paramount disaster-related recovery capabilities as well as everyday living conditions for modern civilisations. Community resilience then finally adds also the perspectives of the people, their conditions and perceptions of natural hazard risks and their dependence on basic infrastructure. In order to enable such conceptual integration, it is codesigned and carried out in close collaboration with all partners especially, those that are involving in disaster risk management in Iran. Goals Developing integrated resilient & inclusive basic infrastructures and services: INCOR argues that basic infrastructures and services (BIS) need a multi-sectoral approach and an interdisciplinary collaboration, and therefore, will help to build and boost existing collaboration between German and Iran through joint transdisciplinary research, integrating academic, administrative and private sector. Practically, urban planners and decision makers from Iran will be linked to technological key solutions (e.g. seminars, workshops, etc.) developed by German enterprises that allow the co-design of resilient-inclusive basic infrastructures and services. Conceptually, INCOR aims at centring on three key interlinked concepts of basic infrastructures and services (BIS), resilience, and inclusion to understand how their integration can be addressed to meet both disaster risk management and social conflict reduction. 23 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 Fig. 1: Creation and implementation of the inclusive-resilient BIS: synergies between basic infrastructure, resilience and inclusive approaches BIS, as the backbone of urban communities, provide not only functions well during non-crisis periods, but also prepare flexibility in response during, and adaptability after disasters. They are highly contextdependent (temporal and spatial) characteristics in communities and reflect multiple spatial-temporal interactions. Furthermore, they are complex systems and made up not only physical or assets, but also consist of three major parts of assets, knowledge, and institutions. Therefore, integrating BIS with resilience and inclusive thinking can be addressed to shift from a reactive action to a proactive approach (anticipate and cope with future shocks), and to attenuate the social gaps induced by inequitable access to BIS. The goal is to contribute to the Sendai Process in DRR (Sendai Targets A1-D1, and G1) as well as to the SDGs (especially Goals 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, and 16), with also being accordance with the New Urban Agenda (Habitat III) that emphasises on equitable access to BIS, especially for the poor. A holistic approach toward inclusive-resilient BIS also necessitates the focus on interdependencies between sectors and thereby generate dialogue between local and international actors. The obtained results are conceptual and practical solutions that are need-based and mitigation-centered and encompass long-term attitude, and inclusive process for BIS planning in the context of natural hazards. 24 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Fig. 2: Analytical development process of INCOR The following figure shows the methodology of resilient-inclusive BIS: From conceptualizing to operationalizing the concept and identifying hotspots (deficits, issues, and problems). Fig. 3: Categories and conceptual components 25 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 Specifically, INCOR intends to address the main goal of the Sendai Framework (disaster prevention and reduction through inclusive inherent and adaptive capacities to increase preparedness, recovery, and thus strengthen community resilience). It also touches the six out of 17 targets of the 2030 Agenda for SDGs (creating inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable communities), as well as the one of the most important targets of Habitat III (equitable and fair access to BIS for all). Conceptually, INCOR views resilience and inclusion as two major characteristics of basic infrastructures and services (BIS) in risk planning and management and will help to develop an integrated resilient-inclusive BIS framework, and as such, an innovative strategy and planning practice for further planning and development of BIS. Methodologically, INCOR will apply a hybrid (qualitative and quantitative) approach for operationalizing the integrated concept of resilient-inclusive BIS. It will focus on interacting basic infrastructures and services to find out the interdependencies (spatial-temporal) of them through location-based or geospatial information systems (GIS) and spatial data infrastructure (SDI). Then, the focus will be placed on understanding the linkage between equitability, affordability, and accessibility of BIS (using in-depth interviews with planners, stakeholders, etc.) for the realization of inclusive factors for BIS. Expected outcomes will be a holistic theoretical framework as proxies for resilient-inclusive BIS systems, a composite measure (indices) to understand an empirical evidence of what increases or inhibits community resilience, and innovative planning practices for both urban and regional planning. Fig. 4: Objectives and innovations of the project 32 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) 1 Workshops Overview The general layout and ambition of the workshops series were to conduct a co-design approach, where German and Iranian partners from the relevant institutions could co-create the project. This internationally accepted approach and its overall design are described in the following sections. 1.1 Background and Objectives The German and Iranian experts and stakeholders gathered in the second INCOR workshops to discuss the core ideas and underlying assumptions of the project, as well as complete the shared findings of the first workshops (6-7th Sept. 2018) in Cologne. The overarching topic of these workshops was to find out how basic infrastructures and services (BIS), as the backbone of urban communities, can contribute to increase the disaster resilience level of the cities to natural hazards. According to UNISDR (2017) resilience has been defined as “The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions through risk management”. Likewise, critical infrastructure refers to “The physical structures, facilities, networks and other assets which provide services that are essential to the social and economic functioning of a community or society. In addition, UN Habitat III highlighted that “infrastructure has evolved to a more increasingly system based understanding which consists of networks of assets, knowledge and institutions“. A key consideration in addressing the challenges associated with natural hazards in Iran is how cities cope with and shift from short-term emergency response to a long-term adaptation and transformation. Thus, the question of whether resilience thinking can engage multiple stakeholders and create a common ground for action still needs to be investigated. INCOR project argues that integrating basic infrastructures and services (BIS) planning with disaster and risk management, as well as urban planning and development can play a critical role in shaping cities facing unexpected shocks. The integrated form of planning needs to focus on proactive and future-oriented solutions and creates common ground for action and implementation. In addition, efficient disaster risk management is the function of working across various levels and trustbased partnership between stakeholders and decision-makers. Therefore, there is a vital need to foster international dialogue and cooperation. In this regard, due to the differences and similarities between Germany and Iran in the experience, hazard context and planning system for disaster risk reduction (DRR), Research and development (R & D) cooperation leads to learning from and with each other that will result in jointly develop and implement solutions for disaster prevention, management and recovery. With the intention of contribution to the Sendai Framework, the SDGs and the Habitat III the outcome of this workshops and the first one in Cologne is the full project proposal. The Proposal has been drafted based on the local needs and beyond the current state of the science and implemented projects in Iran by proposing a common ground framework and from planning to action. The general goal is to contribute to the Sendai Framework the SDGs Habitat III. The objectives of the workshops included: • Identification of cooperation partners and collaboration set up • Discussing and consolidating the local needs and opportunities for DRR in order to develop regionspecific and concrete R & D solutions to the key challenges in Iran • Identifying and discussing the next steps about the specific work of each partner in 3-year project 33 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 1.2 Workshops Materials Several documents were developed to conduct the workshops. • Workshops Agendas: The workshops agendas are included in Appendix A. • Participant Lists: The list of all workshops participants are included in Appendix B. • Workshops Presentations and Handouts: The workshops presentations and handouts provided information on IKARIM funding program by BMBF, INCOR content (before and after the workshops) and the participants’ expertise and their potential contribution to INCOR. The presentations and handouts used in the workshops are sent to all participants. 1.3 INCOR: Underlying Assumption To frame the discussions, workshops participants were presented with information on INCOR in general and BIS in particular. Then the component of the resilience framework was presented based on the outcomes of Cologne workshops. • INCOR: Creation and implementation of inclusive-resilient BIS. Why resilience and why inclusive planning? • BIS: BIS consist of “delivery of safe water, sanitation, waste management, social welfare, transport and communication facilities, energy, health and emergency services, schools, public safety, and the management of open spaces” (Habitat II). • The outcome of Cologne workshops: o Multi hazard approach: earthquake, flooding, landslide and hazardous facilities o Scenarios: worst case and low disruptive event as well as cascading effects o The analysis components with regard to their dependencies on infrastructure:  City level: (emergency management institutions, urban planning institutions and infrastructure operators);  Buildings/sites level (fire departments, emergency operation centers, schools, hospitals, public buildings, evacuation areas and open spaces;  People (residential, mobile commuters, etc.) o Resilience model: based on the improvement of existing definitions and disaster risk studies based on a participatory approach o Case studies: Tehran (D1, D10 or D22) and Karaj city as well as the daily flux of commuters between the two cities o Added value: Information dissemination and participation: modeling, toolbox or application for identified end users (decision makers or people) o Monitoring: A mechanism system for what to do, how and by whom (demonstrations of early success) 34 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Figure 1: Group photo of the first workshops series in Cologne; photo credit: Ms. Zohreh Mousavian 35 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 2 Workshops Discussions This section summarizes the discussions of the five-day workshops with the five Iranian partners. The following sections were developed using participant inputs, discussions and recorded notes. By design, several workshops at different institutions were held, in order to enable the inclusion of as many experts as possible, and in order to gather different institutional perspectives, existing capabilities and needs. 2.1 International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) After introductory part and given presentation by IIEES experts about their works and projects contributing to DRR, first, a model was proposed: “Basic elements and algorithms for resilience modeling to develop a decision support tool in INCOR”. The proposed model includes type of hazards, resilience factors, estimation of resilience, improvement measures, and elements under analysis (physical, social, economic, organizational and capacity). For detailed content, please refer to the specific presentation. Figure 2: The proposed resilience model by IIEES 36 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Next, participants involved in developing and designing of a primary model for a resilience toolbox as the outcome of the INCOR project. The development of model as well as the toolbox has been based on the combination of exciting knowledge on risk assessment in Iran. The added-value of resilience assessment in INCOR will be co-designed and assessed by participation of all stakeholders and experts. For detailed content, please refer to the given handout and the specific presentation. Then, all participants discussed about the roles and responsibilities in INCOR based on IIEES idea as follows: • Project core members o Planning o Coordination and supervision of the progress o Integration of the results o Sharing information and results to all partners • Academic institutions o Assessment the contribution of different elements o Developing models (different components by different institution) o Preparing necessary algorithms • Local authorities o Providing information about their requirements o Implementation the model o Applying the results and providing feedbacks • Assisting Companies o Developing software o Providing appropriate technologies o Data gathering and process Figure 3: Architecture of the resilience toolbox 37 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 2.2 School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran (CoFA) After introductory part and given presentation by CoFAs’ professors about different type of plans at different level of development, urban planning system in different scales, and land policies in Iran the gaps and the needs of disaster resilience thinking into planning were discussed. Integrating of resilient-inclusive thinking into urban planning can play a critical role in shaping cities facing unexpected shocks and conflicts induced by natural disasters, and forming a new planning system that is mitigation-centered and future-oriented (resilient), and grounded in the values (inclusive). The summary of the discussion is as below: • Need for transformation: Although seismic hazard micro zoning map of Iran has been developed for not only the provinces but also some metropolitan areas and cities such as Tehran and Tabriz, existing planning system in different levels (spatial plan, master plan, detailed plan, action plan and revitalization plan) are not hazard based, future oriented and designed based on prevention strategies. • Need for an integrated approach: The lack of cooperation and integration between the responsible organizations for formulation of planning strategies and policy making in the field of DRR, urban planning and environmental studies leads to formulation of planning strategies and policy making in the context of urban and environmental studies, cause conflict, duplication or inactivity among stakeholders and existing plans. • Need for participatory approach: Public participation and community-based approach should take into consideration to guarantee a successful implementation phase. This can be done by investigation of the possible incentives (pull and push factors) and proper way of communications (value of lost) to engage people from the beginning. • Need for concrete definitions: There is no unified conceptual discourse or definition on disaster resilience and inclusive city in Iran. Moreover, there is no national definition or specific elements for Critical Infrastructures and Services. In this regard, there are just some information about CIs in the Passive Defensive (Padafand gheyreh amel) strategies, which is not particular and clear. Therefore, CIs definition should be clarify based on international definitions and in the context of the project. Figure 4: Group photo at the IIEES in Tehran; photo credit: Ulf Siefker 38 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) 2.3 Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization (TDMMO) After introductory part and given presentation by TDMMO experts about their projects and activities on identifying Tehran expected natural hazards, vulnerability assessments, enhancing urban resilience, activities for risk assessment and development of mitigation plan, gaps and expectations were discussed. The following general recommendations were made by TDMMO on how to effectively develop the project proposal: • Multi-Hazard approach • Hazard zonation • Improving exposures identification and modeling • Precision and updating of vulnerability assessments • Capacity assessment • Promoting existing and ongoing risk modeling • Measuring Tehran resiliency • Benchmarking and evaluation the effects of DRR measures Figure 5: Photos at the CoFA in Tehran; photo credit: Ulf Siefker 39 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 The details of the discussion as well as the gaps and needs are highlighted in figure 6. Moreover, the necessity of developing a flood risk map for Tehran was highlighted, in which the flash flood experience in Germany, models and methods can be compared with Iranian ones as well as the needed costs and resources. Figure 6: The gaps and expectations defined by TDMMO Figure 7: Photos at the TDMMO in Tehran; photo credit: TDMMO 40 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) 2.4 Karaj Municipality and Tehran Research and Planning Center (TRPC) 2.4.1 Karaj Municipality After introductory part and given presentation by experts at the Karaj municipality about their projects and activities, main concerns and gaps were discussed as follows: • Karaj has the highest urban growth rate during the recent decades resulting in high pressure on CIs. The city is prone to earthquake, flooding, dust storms, landslide and land subsidence. The municipality wants to integrate DRM maps into urban planning. • Since there are many immigrants in the city, the cultural and economic differences need to be considered in DRM and future regional strategies. • Imbalanced growth and expansion of urban areas in the city as well as marginal settlements close to the city increased gap between current and expected level of basic services and infrastructures. • The interdependency of water systems, transportation networks and the flux of commuters (day and night time) between Tehran and Karaj are potential sources of problems and solutions and is vital to consider that in the future plans to have functional cities, particularly at the time of any destructive event in each city. • The information on built environment as well as potential hazards and risk in Karaj has been updated recently and will be available to the project. Additionally, the results of the project can be implemented and verified in the city at different scale, due to commitment of the all deputies of the Karaj municipality in the project. Figure 8: Group photo at the Karaj Municipality in Karaj; photo credit: Ulf Siefker 41 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 2.4.1 TRPC After introductory part and given presentation by TPRC experts about the existing and under development plans, the discussion conducted as follows: Q: Resilience is a new term in urban planning which contextualizing and fitting that in planning can arise conflicts. Why resilience and not sustainable development? What are their differences? A: Cities are facing the increasing number of hazards and disaster. These two concepts are not contradictory in urban development process but resilience is future oriented based on risk analysis, lessons learned and experience. Inclusiveness is also focuses on participatory planning. Q: What are the problems in developing countries for conducting such projects? A: For instance in Jakarta, Indonesia, we had a project on flood vulnerability assessment. The target group was fishermen and low income class. The government wanted to have a strategy for relocating those people from the flood prone zones to the built community housing out of the flood zone, which can provide them better quality of life. Since this strategy was not formulated with the participation of that community, after a while they went back to their former type of housing next to the coast. Another example in Indonesia, is "the last mile problem" which is a term used for how to inform people and institutions for rescue and relief. Therefore, based on these two experiences we need to organize workshops for public participation and different canonizations from the beginning. Q: We have learned that there are many high quality studies on DRR in Tehran. How we can use them in master plan? What are the limitations and problems? How we can contribute? A: There are different plans, but the problem is the enforcement for implementation. The fragmentation in decision-making process as well as existing corruption and lobby-ism in skipping the regulations make those plans unsuccessful. Q: In implementation phase, land policies and tenure are important for developing CIs. Are these policies clear? A: since land policies are fundamental, the Ministry of Road and Urban Development is revising them for two different type of cities (new towns and cities under development) based on crisis management and an integrated approach. Figure 9: Photos at the TRPC in Tehran; photo credit: TRPC 48 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Appendix B.1: Participant List in Tehran (Main) Surname, Name Email Affiliation Amini Hosseini, Kambod [email protected] International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) Asadzadeh, Asad [email protected] University of Bonn Institute for Geodesy and Geo-information (IGG) Ashtiany, Mohsen [email protected] om International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) Basirat, Maysam [email protected] TRPC Tehran Research Planning Center Begerow, Jacqueline jacqueline.begerow@giz. de GIZ Global Initiative Disaster Risk Management (GIKRM) Büdel, Christian [email protected] University of Würzburg Institute of Geography and Geology (UW) Fekete, Alex [email protected] TH Köln -University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Rescue Engineering and Civil Protection Heyn, Timo [email protected] Empirica AG Research and Consulting Hosseinioon,Solmaz solmaz.hosseinioon@gma il.com Freelancer, Consultant Khazai, Bijan [email protected] Geophysical Institute (GPI) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Kötter, Theodor [email protected] University of Bonn Institute for Geodesy and Geo-information (IGG) Mohseni, Adel [email protected] IGMC Iran Grid Management Co. Moghadas, Mahsa [email protected] University of Bonn Institute for Geodesy and Geo-information (IGG) Noory, Alireza [email protected] TRPC Tehran Research Planning Center Ostad Taghizadeh, Abbas [email protected] om Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Sadeghi, Ahmad [email protected] Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization (TDMMO) Siefker, Ulf siefker@geophotodigital. GeoPhoto Digital 49 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 de Voss, Martin [email protected] FU Berlin Disaster Research Unit (DRU) Wilde, Martina [email protected] University of Würzburg Institute of Geography and Geology (UW) Zebardast, Esfandiar [email protected] University of Tehran College of Fine Arts (CoFA) 50 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Appendix B.2: Iranian Participants in Tehran Workshops (Daily) 1st day at the IIEES Prof Mohsen Ashtinay, Advisor, Earthquake Eng. Research Center, IIEES Dr Kambod Amini Hosseini, Risk Management Research Center, RMRC, IIEES Mr Ali Bakhtiari: National Disaster Management Organization, NDMO Dr Navab Merikhi: UN HABITAT Dr Laya Abbasi: UN HABITAT Dr Yasamin Izadkhah: RMRC, IIEES Dr Babak mansouri: Emergency Management Dept., RMRC, IIEES Dr Hooman Motamed: RMRC, IIEES Prof Mohammad Reza Ghayamghamian, RMRC, IIEES Dr Morteza Bastami: Earthquake Eng. Research Center, IIEES Dr Anooshirvan Ansari: Seismology Research Center, IIEES Dr Ebrahim Haghshenas: Vice president, IIEES Dr Mahmoud Hosseini: Earthquake Eng. Research Center, IIEES Mr Farokh Parsizadeh: RMRC, IIEES Dr Solmaz Hosseinioon: Resilience Expert Mrs Naimeh Govahi: IIEES Mr Amir Chavoshy: Ph.D. candidate, IIEES Dr Mohammad Sasani: Karaj Municipality Dr Vahid Bahadoran: Karaj Municipality Dr Mohsen Mojezi: TDMMO Mr Hesam Shamshiri: TDMMO Ms Sara Keshani: TDMMO Dr. Alireza Noori: TPRC Dr. Maysam Basirat: TPRC Dr. Manafee: TPRC 2nd day at the CoFA Prof Ahmadi: Urban design Prof Kermanshahi: Transportation Prof Aminzadeh: Urban design Prof Parsi: Social studies and urban geography Prof Noorain: GIS Prof Azizi: Land policy and management, housing and infrastructure Dr Arefi: Engineering faculty, RS Sara Keshani: TDMMO Vahid Bahadoran: Karaj Municipality 51 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 3rd day at the TDMMO Prof. Khankeh: Ministry of Health and Medical Education Hesam Shamshiri: Hazard and crisis manager, TDMMO Fatemeh Saleh: Head of disaster mitigation and risk reduction deputy, TDMMO Sarah Keshni: Disaster risk reduction, TDMMO Rahim Norouzi: Early warning system, geologist, geophysicist, TDMMO Nima Navadegan: Civil engineer, structural engineering, TDMMO Mohsen Mojezi: Civil engineering, EQ, TDMMO Gudarz Goodarznia: Head of ICT, TDMMO Sakineh Mohammadi: Information manager, TDMMO Ms Sadeghi: GIS, TDMMO Shaboo Vazirpour: Head of preparedness management, TDMMO Azizilah Salimitari: Spatial disaster management, TDMMO 4th day at the Karaj Municipality Mr Ahmadi Pargoo: Deputy of Urban Planning, Karaj Municipality Mr Khodabandehloo: Urban Planning Dept., Karaj Municipality Mr Javaheri: Technical Office, Urban Planning Dept. Mr Bayat: Urban Regulation and Codes Dept., Karaj Municipality Mr Bahadoran: Head of Risk Management Project, Karaj Municipality Dr. Sasani: Urban Planning Dept., Karaj Municipality Dr. Arash Malekian, University of Tehran Dr Amini Hosseini: IIEES Prof Ghayamgahmian: IIEES Dr Haghshenas: IIEES Ms Rakhshandeh: IIEES 4th day at the TRPC Amin Shafiei: Social studies Hashem Aram: Social and cultural planning Mahmoud Abyaneh: Public policy, CIs, master plan Noosha Dabiri Mehr: Media, social studies Mahdieh Omidi: Urban planner Bijan Abrishami: ICT manager Attieh Talebi: Technical consultant for civil protection Abdolreza Karbasi: Environmental studies Amir Reza Rafiei: Urban design and planning Fereshte Sheibani: Infrastructure management and urban development 52 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Appendix B.3: Participant List in Cologne Surname, Name Email Affiliation Amini Hosseini, Kambod [email protected] International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) Asadzadeh, Asad [email protected] University of Bonn Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation (IGG) Ashtiany, Mohsen [email protected] International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) Diefenbach, Victor [email protected] TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Rescue Engineering and Civil Protection Fekete, Alex [email protected] TH Köln -University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Rescue Engineering and Civil Protection Gust, Johnnes [email protected] PREEVENT Plant and Operational Safety Herzog, Christopher christopher.herzog.hh@gmail. com Hamburg Wasser Company Heyn, Timo [email protected] Empirica AG Research and Consulting Hosseinioon,Solmaz [email protected] m Freelancer, Consultant Kötter, Theo [email protected] University of Bonn Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation (IGG) Moghadas, Mahsa [email protected] University of Bonn Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation (IGG) Mousaviun, Zohreh [email protected] m Independent Consultant Müggenburg, Eva [email protected] City Drainage Operations Cologne GmbH Sandholz, Simone [email protected] United Nations University Bonn Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) Wannewitz, Mia [email protected] United Nations University Bonn Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) 53 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 Wilde, Martina [email protected] University of Würzburg Institute of Geography and Geology (UW) Zebardast, Esfandiar [email protected] University of Tehran College of Fine Arts (COFA) 54 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) 5. Opportunities for Strengthening the German Contributions to the Sendai Framework, the SDGs, and the New Urban Agenda. Report from the German-Iranian Partnership – Project INCOR Alexander Fekete, Asad Asadzadeh Introduction In an era that the risks and vulnerabilities induced by natural hazards are globally rising and human communities are experiencing a multitude of high impact disasters, there is a greater need than ever before for resilience to ensure that our communities are able to anticipate, absorb, recover, and learn quickly from adverse events. Resilience is all about dealing with change, adapting and transforming in response to change, and has been the central focus of international policy discourses on disaster risk reduction and management over the past decade (Simonsen et al. 2014; Cutter 2016). Whether it is the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR 2015), the Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG 2015), the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (United Nations 2015), the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC 2015) or the New Urban Agenda (UN-Habitat III 2016), resilience is a common construct in all frameworks. This convergence presents unprecedented opportunities toward tackling the ongoing or emerging challenges in all countries and emphasizes the importance of resilience thinking and shifting away from managing crises to proactively reducing risks (IRDR 2017; United Nations 2017). Furthermore, resilience thinking has the unprecedented capacity to attract a wide variety of global, regional and local stakeholders to engage in disaster risk reduction and management (Rockefeller Foundation 2018; ICLEI 2018; Resileince Alliance 2018). While discourses and discussions on resilience are ongoing and evolving, these global resilience actors highlight and call for the integrated, multi-level, multi-stakeholder, dynamic, and adaptive approach for resilience at the global, national, and local levels (UN Habitat 2017). For instance, the IKARIM - International Disaster and Risk Management – call, announced by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), aims at co-developing and implementation of innovative and action-oriented solutions in the fields of disaster prevention, disaster management and restoration in order to strengthen the resilience within selected African and Asian countries (BMBF 2017). While one goal is to strengthen Germany´s contribution to achieve the Sendai goals in DRR, it also intends to bridge the gap between civil security program solutions and international insights on disaster risk reduction and management. Within the IKARIM call, INCOR – Basic Infrastructures and Services for Enhancing Inclusive Community Disaster Resilience – project focuses on the role of basic infrastructures and services (BIS) in advancing and supporting community disaster resilience in Iran. The importance of basic infrastructures and services for disaster risk reduction and resilience has been acknowledged in the Sendai Framework, SDGs, and the New Urban Agenda (Bhatia 2017). Therefore, the overall goal of INCOR is to contribute to the post – 2015 development frameworks, especially to the Sendai Framework. This report will indicate how INCOR can contribute to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and other global resilience frameworks. The first section details the contribution of INCOR’S idea for implementing the Sendai Framework. 55 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 The second section examines how INCOR can contribute to implementing other resilience frameworks, namely the Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda, and the third section concludes. Section 1: INCOR’s Contribution to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk reduction (SFDRR) The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is the first global policy framework of the United Nations’ post – 2015 agenda and the most relevant international commitment toward DRR (AitsiSelmi et al. 2015). It is the main guiding framework for facilitating international strategies for disaster risk reduction and resilience, as well as linking successful national strategies on disaster and risk reduction to international challenges and opportunities of DRR (Jovanović et al. 2016). The framework builds on its processor, the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015), and includes a strong emphasis on disaster risk management (DRM), as opposed to disaster management (Henstra & Thistlethwaite 2017). In the reduction of disaster risk as an expected outcome, a goal focused on preventing new disaster risk, reducing existing risk, and strengthening resilience, as well as including primary responsibility for preventing and reducing disaster risk with all-of-society and all-of-state institutions engagement (UNISDR 2018a). The Sendai Framework’s central goal is “the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries”. Underpinning this, the Framework includes seven global targets and four Priorities of Action for member states (see tables 1 and 2). Global progress on the implementation of the Sendai Framework is measured through an online monitoring system, which was launched in March 2018 in Bonn, Germany and provides an online platform for Member States to report on progress against the seven global targets and 38 indicators (UNISDR 2018b). INCOR Alignment with the Sendai Framework As noted, the overall goal of INCOR is to contribute the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR - Sendai Targets A-F, especially to Goal D on infrastructure). The target D aims at “substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, and increasing and developing their resilience by 2030” (UNISDR 2015). The Sendai Framework refers to critical infrastructure in Priority for Action 4 as accounting for “water, transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, educational facilities, hospitals, and other health facilities”. Furthermore, critical infrastructures are defined as “the physical structures, facilities, networks and other assets which provide services that are essential to the social and economic functioning of a community or society” (UNISDR 2017). They are increasingly considered as the fundamental enabling force and delivery vehicle of resilient urban areas (UN-Habitat 2015), which guarantee the preparedness and recovery level of urban communities in time of an adverse event (Serafinelli et al. 2017; Woitsch et al. 2018; Fekete 2018). Therefore, INCOR will focus on basic infrastructures and services (BIS) as an instrument to support and advance community disaster resilience in the context of natural hazards and contribute to the Sendai Framework through delivering insights from the case studies in Iran, namely megacities of Tehran and Karaj. Table 1 demonstrates how INCOR finds its visions and missions in alignment with the Sendai Framework Global Targets. 56 Fekete, A, Asadzadeh, A & Moghadas, M (Eds.) Table 1: INCOR Contributions to the Sendai Global Targets and its main Indicators - Overview Sendai Framework Global Targets Potential Indicators (INCOR Portfolio) Target A: Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000 global mortality between 2020-2030 compared with 20052015 Number of deaths caused by different hazard scenarios (high, medium, low earthquake and flood scenarios) Number of deaths based on age, sex, disability, etc. Number of deaths based on location of residence (urban districts, neighborhoods) Number of deaths caused by disruption of critical infrastructures and their services Target B: Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global figure per 100,000 between 2020-2030 compared with 2005-2015. Number of injured or disable population based on different hazard scenarios and place of residence Total number of people that need to be evacuated and relocated in each hazard scenarios as well as the place of residence Number of residential building that can be destroyed, damaged Number of people that can be affected due to disruption of basic infrastructures and services Number of population that would need emergency needs based on each hazard scenarios and place of residence Target C: Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global GDP by 2030 Total economic losses caused by damage to physical assets such as housing, educational facilities, health, energy, power lines, telecommunication, transportation in each hazard scenarios and place of residence Target D: Substantially reduce dis aster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030. Spatial analysis of exposure to hazards for basic infrastructures (including health, educational, transportation, water, and power line) Vulnerability analysis of basic infrastructures as well as their interdependencies, cascading, Analyzing opportunities and limits of advancing analysis by including Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) Target E: Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020. Developing place-based solutions for basic infrastructure and services that is mitigation-centered and ensures i nclusiveness, as well as implementation of findings in two Iranian megacities Analyzing the opportunities and limitation of Integrating resilience thinking into existing urban planning process (master and detailed plan) Conducting gap analysis of existing disaster risk models and resilience in the case study areas to avoid duplication and having added values 57 Integrative Risk and Security Research Volume 2/ 2019 Sendai Framework Global Targets Potential Indicators (INCOR Portfolio) Target F: Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this framework by 2030 Co-operation with German-Iranian partnership, joint workshops (twice a year), staff exchange, joint paper resulted from different work-packages of INCOR, holding the 8th international conference on seismology and earthquake (SEE) by IIEES, from 11-13 November 2019 in Tehran. Target G: Substantially increase the availability of and access to multihazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030. Strengthening context-specific risk assessments, information, which are open access and easy to communicate with all end users. To encourage the adaptation of DRR principles, the Sendai Framework proposes a set of four priorities for action that pave the way to the successful implementation of disaster risk reduction and management. Table 2 indicates these priorities, existing challenges, and how INCOR will contribute to meeting the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in Iran. Table 2: Sendai Framework Priorities for Action and INCOR’s Alignments Sendai Framework Priorities for Action INCOR Alignment and Contributions Priority 1: Understanding disaster risk Challenges: Different type and sources of risk information including exposure, hazard characteristics, and vulnerability data Lack of open risk information and communication (e.g., lack of digitalization and collabo rative platform for advancing risk analytics for performance optimization, monitoring, cost-benefit analysis as well as vulnerabilities assessment) Lack of standardized assessment frameworks for risk measurement Opportunities: Strengthening evidence-based and context-specific risk assessments, information, and communication that are up to dated and open data for all end-users (the high capacity of IIEES) Developing integrated, standardized (hybrid), multi-hazard and scale (urban-rural), collaborative (Iran-Germany), and technically proficient (geospatial-based) risk assessment framework. 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