Oţoiu, Ad ian; Manea, Daniela Ioana; Pa aschi , Do el Mihai; Ș e an, Alexand a
A icle
The ole and po en ial o blockchain echnology o he
ood p ocessing indus y: A scoping e iew
Am i ea u Economic
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
The Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Oţoiu, Ad ian; Manea, Daniela Ioana; Pa aschi , Do el Mihai; Ș e an, Alexand a
(2025) : The ole and po en ial o blockchain echnology o he ood p ocessing indus y: A scoping
e iew, Am i ea u Economic, ISSN 2247-9104, The Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies,
Bucha es , Vol. 27, Iss. 69, pp. 504-517,
h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2025/69/504
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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AE
The Role and Po en ial o Blockchain Technology
o he Food P ocessing Indus y: A Scoping Re iew
504 Am i ea u Economic
THE ROLE AND POTENTIAL OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY: A SCOPING REVIEW
Ad ian Oțoiu1, Daniela Ioana Manea2, Do el Mihai Pa aschi 3
and Alexand a Ș e an4
1)3)4) Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies, Romania
2) Bucha es Uni e si y o Economic S udies and Ins i u e o Na ional Economy,
Romania
Please ci e his a icle as:
Oțoiu, A., Manea, D.I., Pa aschi , D M. and Ș e an,
A 2025. The Role and Po en ial o Blockchain
Technology o he Food P ocessing Indus y:
A Scoping Re iew. Am i ea u Economic, 27(69),
pp. 504-517.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.24818/EA/2025/69/504
A icle His o y
Recei ed:.29 Decembe 2024
Re ised: 15 Feb ua y 2025
Accep ed: 17 Ma ch 2025
Abs ac
Th ough i s mul iple applica ions such as aceabili y and op imiza ion o he ood supply
chain, achie ing ood sa e y and educing ood was e o implemen ing sma con ac s,
blockchain echnology is p o ing i s use ulness in he ood p ocessing and dis ibu ion
indus y. S imula ed by he cu en ad ances and he high in e es in his ela i ely ecen ly
eme ged opic, cha ac e ized by a limi ed numbe o implemen a ions in he ood indus y,
he pape aims o conduc a bibliome ic scoping e iew. This ype o analysis p o ides an
o e iew o he aspec s, applica ions and echnical de ails o he implemen a ion o his
echnology in he ood sec o . A su ey o he ele an li e a u e, s ill in i s in ancy, e eals
ecen solu ions and implemen a ions ha ha e he po en ial o exe a majo in luence on
de elopmen s in he ield. In con as o exis ing e iew- ype analyses, his pape
inco po a es he key aspec s o blockchain echnology implemen a ion ela ed o ood
p ocessing, dis ibu ion, aceabili y and p icing.
The pape summa izes he bene i s bu also he challenges ela ed o he adop ion o
blockchain echnology in ag i- ood, p o iding a comp ehensi e pe spec i e on he s a e o
he a and i s essen ial ole in ensu ing sus ainable ag icul u al p oduc ion, educing ood
was e, imp o ing ood secu i y and in eg a ing in o a ci cula and esilien economic
amewo k. The e o e, blockchain-based echnologies e eal hemsel es as impo an ools
o implemen ing he EU’s “Fa m o Fo k” s a egy.
Keywo ds: blockchain, ag i- ood supply chain, scoping e iew, Pla o m E he eum, sma
con ac s, Ag icul u e 5.0
JEL Classi ica ion: Q1, O13, O32, G38
Co esponding au ho , Daniela Ioana Manea – email: [email p o ec ed]
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any
medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. © 2025 The Au ho (s).
Food Ma ke Shi s – Challenges o Food Chain Ac o s
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Vol. 27 • No. 69 • May 2025 505
In oduc ion
The ad en o digi aliza ion, known as he ou h indus ial e olu ion o Indus y 4.0 is
synonymous wi h he eme gence o se e al new echnologies. Technologies like, a i icial
in elligence, in e ne o hings (IOT), senso echnology, 3-D p in ing, e olu ionising he
way known asks a e ca ied ou , hus gene a ing and empowe ing o new business
p ac ices, ools and echnologies (Öz emel and Gu se , 2018; Zhou and Le Ca dinal, 2019).
Due o hei no el capabili ies, and esul s ha g ea ly su pass he exis ing echnologies and
p ocesses, he e is a majo d i e o ake ad an age o hem h ough di usion in a a ie y o
ields: manu ac u ing, medicine, e c. (Schwab, 2017).
Sma ag icul u e and digi al ans o ma ion in ood p oduc ion and consump ion a e
al eady being pu in o p ac ice (Hassoun, e al., 2024). D one echnology and senso s a e
inc easingly used (Hassoun, e al., 2024) amid a s agnan o declining labo o ce.
The quali y and eliabili y o ood p ocessing and dis ibu ions ha e always been a majo
sou ce o conce n o bo h ich and poo na ions. While he ocus and issues may di e ,
anging om insu icien ood supply and ood sho ages among some o he poo es
na ions, o he need o ensu e a quali y supply o ood which will no endange public
heal h and enable ci izens o de eloped coun ies o lead heal hy, p oduc i e li es, he need
o ensu e aceabili y o ood- ela ed ag icul u al p oduc s h oughou he dedica ed
p oduc ion and supply chains is one o he op conce ns (FAO, 2024). These, and
sus ainabili y objec i es aimed a educing he impac o ag icul u e and ood p oduc ion on
he en i onmen h ough imp o ing he e iciency and educing was e in he ood
p oduc ion and supply chain, and comba ing ood aud a e key ene s o Eu opean Union’s
Fa m o Fo k s a egy (EC, 2020).
The e a e o he aspec s, o e -p oduc ion, ha es ing and b eeding p ac ices ha e se
conce ns abou he quali y o he ood ha is being p oduced and consumed, Fai p ac ices
and aceabili y o add ess hem, also wi h espec o ai ade p ac ices (FAO, 2024).
New echnologies ha e showed p omise in e ms o achie ing a highe quali y o ood and
a mo e e icien supply chain. Senso echnology and IOT ha e made ood p oduc ion and
dis ibu ion be e , by ensu ing ha op imal p oduc ion, s o age and dis ibu ion condi ions
a e achie ed, hings ha a e c i ical in si ua ions de ined by ood sho ages, p oduc ion and
anspo a ion bo lenecks (Tang, e al., 2024). These ad ancemen s a e likely o imp o e
he o e all pe o mance o he ood p oduc ion and deli e y, and help inc ease ood
secu i y, especially in places in which his is a majo conce n (Tang, e al., 2024).
Howe e , hese echnologies a e no he only ones which can imp o e he quali y and
e iciency o he ood chain. Blockchain echnology has ecei ed a lo o a en ion la ely in
e ms o aceabili y o he o igin and mo emen o ood „ om a m o o k” (Vu, e al.,
2023). Aside om he aspec s conce ning aceabili y a i ually e e y s ep o he
p oduc ion p ocess, he echnology has p o en i sel use ul in pa icula o small ope a o s
( a me s, p oduce s, dis ibu o s) no only o asce ain he quali y o hei p oduc s, bu also
o engage in sma con ac s, which allows au oma ic ma ching be ween business- o-
business (B2B) buye s and selle s, wi h sizeable posi i e impac in ma ching supply and
demand, and he e o e educing ood was e, add essing supply dis up ions and ensu ing
mo e equi able p ices o bo h p oduce s and consume s (Land and Si aj, 2021).
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Conside ing hese aspec s, he main con ibu ion o he pape is o p o ide a comp ehensi e
o e iew on he impo ance, ele ance and speci ic challenges o implemen ing blockchain
echnology in ag icul u e (BTA) and ood p ocessing, aking in o accoun he no el y o he
ield ha has eme ged and de eloped o e he las 10 yea s, as well as he ew
implemen a ions known a p esen .
In iew o he no el y, he ea ly s age o knowledge, he limi a ions imposed by he ew
specialized implemen a ions, he esea ch ques ion is o iden i y he mos ele an issues
eme ging in he li e a u e on BTA, e ealed by he p esen bibliome ic summa y analysis.
The p ac ical aspec s o implemen a ion a e also pu sued, usually add essed in a icles
ocusing mainly on echnical aspec s, omi ing he igo ous ea men o aspec s speci ic o
he ag i- ood indus y.
The esea ch is s uc u ed in i e sec ions. The in oduc o y sec ion is ollowed by he
sec ion explaining he elemen s o he blockchain me hodology essen ial o unde s anding
he implemen a ions discussed in he analysis sec ion. The hi d sec ion de ails he speci ic
me hodology used o e iew a icles, consis ing o making a ele an selec ion o academic
pape s based on objec i e c i e ia. The ou h sec ion uses co-appea ance analysis o
iden i y he main implemen a ions and ea u es o BTA based on he con en o he selec ed
ele an pape s. The concluding sec ion summa izes he main elemen s e ealed by ou
analysis, discusses hei ele ance in he con ex o he cu en s a e o knowledge and
exis ing conc e e implemen a ion.
1. Blockchain echnology and key ele an ea u es
Blockchain echnology o e on o he new echnologies mainly due o he ad en o
c yp ocu encies. Thei main inno a ion consis s in he exis ence o a decen alized ledge
o ansac ions, g ouped in blocks ( igu e no. 1), which con ain bo h cu en ansac ion
da a, and hashes and da a coming om p e ious ansac ions (Gigan i, e al., 2024). Thus, a
chain o ansac ions which con ain and alida e ansac ions se e al imes is o med, wi h
he in o ma ion s o ed in se e al mining no es, wi h he p ope y o being immu able by
design (Me cal e, 2020).
The Blockchain echnology has eme ged a he o e on o new echnologies mainly due o
he eme gence o c yp ocu encies. The main inno a ion lies in he exis ence o a
decen alized ledge o ansac ions, g ouped in o blocks, which con ain bo h cu en
ansac ion da a and hash unc ions, espec i ely da a om p e ious ansac ions (Gigan i,
e al., 2024). Thus, a chain o ansac ions is o med (Figu e 1), alida ed se e al imes, he
in o ma ion being s o ed in se e al ansac ion p ocessing nodes hos ed on compu e s o
se e s, wi h he p ope y o being immu able, which implies ha i can ne e be modi ied
o dele ed du ing he exis ence o he blockchain s uc u e (Me cal e, 2020).
The E he eum ne wo k appea s e y o en in he BTA li e a u e as i allows deploymen
and execu ion o sma con ac s. Sma con ac s a e compu e p og ammes ha can be un
on he E he eum ne wo k, and execu e when speci ic condi ions a e me (Me cal e, 2020).
These allow seamless execu ion o ansac ions, e.g... o ce i y ag icul u al goods (Gigan i,
e al., 2024), au oma ic paymen s o supplie s once deli e y and con i ma ion o he p oduc
condi ions a e a ailable (Vu, e al., 2023), and a e s o ed in he blockchain he same
immu able way as ansac ions do (Me cal e, 2020).
Food Ma ke Shi s – Challenges o Food Chain Ac o s
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Vol. 27 • No. 69 • May 2025 507
Adop ion o BTA depend, among o he ac o s on i s abili y o be use - iendly and allow a
wide ange o pa icipan s o access in o ma ion and engage in ansac ions (Tang, e al.,
2024). Fo hem, w i ing and implemen ing a sma con ac is o en ou o each as i
equi es speci ic knowledge. The e o e, he e is a need o on end use in e aces ha
allow pa icipan s o moni o and engage in ansac ions (Kechagias, e al., 2023).
Figu e no 1. S uc u e o he blockchain
Sou ce: Gigan i e al., (2024)
As a echnological enable o ag icul u e, blockchain implemen a ions o en go hand in
hand wi h IOT echnology. Thus, da a om senso s, in eg a ed in sma de ices, can
p o ide eal- ime da a on ood p oduc s a di e en s ages a he supply chain, ed in o he
blockchain (Tang, e al., 2024) and complemen ansac ion da a wi h in o ma ion abou
s o age condi ions, loca ion, quali y, c op managemen , o name a ew (Rehman, e al.,
2023). This in o ma ion can also be used as inpu o sma con ac s, enhancing hie
applicabili y and usabili y (Peng, e al., 2023).
2. Me hodology
The esea ch app oach chosen is scoping e iew. This op ion, simila o o he e iew ypes
has a sys ema ic cha ac e due o he use o a me hodology based on speci ic c i e ia (Page,
e al., 2021). Scoping e iews emphasize he examina ion o complex issues, o which he
li e a u e is ela i ely uns uc u ed, hus being he mos app op ia e op ion o he pu pose
o achie ing an o e iew o he BTA ield as a s a ing poin o iden i ying a eas/niches
wi h genuine esea ch po en ial, sui able o u he sys ema ic app oaches (Go lieb, e al.,
2020). Also, in o de o achie e an exhaus i e o e iew o BTA, i was deemed necessa y
o complemen exis ing e iew app oaches ocused on mo e specialized opics ha ing a
much na owe scope.
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508 Am i ea u Economic
The pape adhe es o he PRISMA 2020 c i e ia o sys ema ic li e a u e e iews (Page, e
al, 2021). The P e e ed Repo ing I ems o Sys ema ic e iews and Me a-Analyses
(PRISMA) me hodology consis o a checklis o i ems needed o iden i y a sys ema ic
e iew, s a ing om he i le and abs ac o he p esen a ion o sea ch and selec ion
s a egies, me hods o analyse da a and syn hesize esul s, along wi h cha ac e is ics and
isk biases conside ed in he esea ch. Howe e , he au ho s o he pape ha e de e mined
ha ce ain elemen s canno be conside ed ele an . The easons o his we e he ac ha
PRISMA ocuses on heal h ca e/li e sciences esea ch, and he pe cep ion ha he no el y
o he opic (p edominan ly e iew- ype a icles based on cu en in o ma ion on blockchain
echnology implemen a ions in ag icul u e published a e 2022) would no p o ide a
su icien basis o an o e ly es ic i e app oach wi h ega d o he exis ence o possible
gaps and biases in he li e a u e. Also, he limi a ions imposed by he edi o ial policy
weigh ed in a ou o including ac ual in o ma ion and signi ican indings ins ead o some
o he i ems which will enhance compliance wi h he PRISMA 2020 c i e ia. The Scopus
da abase, used in almos all he e iew a icles selec ed o in-dep h analysis (e.g. Gigan i,
e al., 2024, Thi ukuma an, e al., 2024, Chia aluce, e al., 2024), was chosen o ge ing
bibliome ic da a.
An ini ial in es iga ion using he e ms "blockchain" AND (" ood" OR "ag icul u e"), as
well as simila combina ions using a ian s o hem (e.g. block-chain, ag i, "ag i- ood"),
conduc ed on No embe 17, 2024, e ealed a la ge numbe o a icles, o e 40,000. The
equency o i ems by yea o publica ion e ealed ha he ele an li e a u e is almos
exclusi ely concen a ed in he 2016-2024 pe iod. The analysis o a sample o pape s
e ealed ha he e ms "blockchain", "ag i ood", " ood indus y", o simila wo ds we e
jus men ioned, wi hou any de ailed analysis being ca ied ou o discussed. The e o e, we
in oduced c i e ia o selec pape s ha ac ually analyse and discuss implemen a ions o
blockchain echnologies in he ood indus y, simila o Chia aluce, e al. (2024) while
e aining he condi ions ha include he o iginal keywo ds. In o de o ensu e a inal
ele an selec ion, only pape s whose abs ac s include i ems ha speci ically e e o
blockchain echnologies in he ag i- ood con ex we e chosen. Figu e 2 also de ails he
o he selec ion c i e ia used by he au ho s and he esul s ob ained.
Figu e no. 2. Documen selec ion and e iew low
Fo he bibliome ic analysis we used he so wa e package VosViewe , e sion 1.6.20, as
employed in mos o he e iew a icles selec ed o his analysis. Bibliome ic analysis is
Food Ma ke Shi s – Challenges o Food Chain Ac o s
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Vol. 27 • No. 69 • May 2025 509
ca ied ou h ough mapping co-occu ences be ween keywo ds ( ep esen ed as nodes)
based on hei s eng h, coun ed h ough appea ances and links be ween hem. The op ions
used we e: 1) keywo ds/ e ms as he uni o analysis, highligh ed as nodes 2) ull coun ing,
use ul in iden i ying he equency o occu ence o e ms 3) e en ion o e ms wi h a leas
10 occu ences 4) elimina ion o e ms conside ed i ele an (e.g. "a icle", " esea ch") 5)
use o ne wo k isualiza ions, whe e he equency o co-occu ences de e mines he size o
he nodes, and he numbe o links e lec s he in luence o a e m on he o he keywo ds 6)
o ma ion o clus e s con aining a minimum o 7 e ms 7) ob aining balanced clus e
s uc u es o which he a io o he numbe o e ms be ween he la ges and smalles
clus e is a maximum o 2 o 1 8) using he s eng h o associa ion be ween e ms as a
no maliza ion me hod 9)using he equency o occu ence as weigh ing me hod o
de e mine he size o nodes/ e ms.
The bibliome ic analysis was pe o med in wo s ages: 1) co-occu ence analysis o 236
pape s based on i les, abs ac s and keywo ds, and 2) co-occu ence analysis using he
co puses build om he me hodology, esul s and conclusions sec ions o 26 e iew a icles
om jou nals anked Q1 o Q2 in WOS. Thi app oach was chosen ollowing he
e alua ion o he esul s ob ained in Phase 1, whose high deg ee o gene ali y did no allow
o a comp ehensi e o e iew o he s a e o knowledge, speci ic applica ions and p oblems
ela ed o he implemen a ion o BTA.
3. Analysis and discussion
The i s s ep o he co-occu ence analysis was ca ied ou on he Scopus ci a ion
in o ma ion ( i le, abs ac , keywo ds) a ailable o he 236 pape s. Using he hesau us
ea u e, we ha e applied common labels o simila i ems e.g. ag i- ood, ood indus y, and
elimina ed i ems ha we e i ele an e.g. a icle, e iew, esea che . To imp o e he
ele ance o isualiza ions, he wo ds "ag ibusiness" and "blockchain" we e omi ed as hey
appea in almos all documen s, hus dis o ing by equency o he impo an co-
occu ences ele an o he BTA domain. The esul ing clus e s uc u e has ou clus e s,
wi h 676 links, o a o al link s eng h o 2615, g ouping a o al o 41 i ems. The esul s in
igu e 3 p o ide a basic o e iew o he main ea u es o he blockchain li e a u e de o ed
o he BTA li e a u e.
The ed clus e (13 keywo ds) gi es an o e iew o BTA links wi h o he hemes a a
b oad, concep ual le el. Thus, apa om being ela ed o salien gene al issues such as
sus ainabili y o he ag icul u e ood supply chain (AFSC), ood secu i y, ood was e, BTA
is o en discussed in conjunc ion o o he inno a i e echnologies such as in e ne o hings
(IOT), big da a and a i icial in elligence.
The g een clus e (13 keywo ds) which is he o he mos impo an clus e , e eals he
pe cei ed ea u es and bene i s o BTA. Thus accoun abili y, ood o igin, and aud
iden i ica ion appea o be di ec ly ela ed o he ood- ela ed p oduc s, ma ke s and
consume conce ns. In u n, he e ec i eness o his echnology is also closely ied o wo
main ea u es o BTA, namely sma con ac s and immu abili y o ( eco ded) ansac ions,
as key ea u es o a blockchain ledge ( e m no isible in igu e 3, bu belonging o his
clus e ).
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Figu e no. 3. VOS iewe co-occu ence analysis on ci a ion in o ma ion
The blue clus e (8 keywo ds) g oups ea u es ele an o ac ual BTA adop ion, in eg i y,
scalabili y, p i acy and secu i y, as key ea u es o an e ec i e blockchain ne wo k.
The yellow clus e (7 keywo ds) somewha less impo an in e ms o he in o ma ion
p o ided, highligh s he main elemen s ela ed o he ole o BTA in ood dis ibu ion
ne wo ks, ele an o mos o he ac o s in ol ed in he AFSC: a me s, p oduce s,
in e media ies and ade s: cos s, da abase ope a ionaliza ion and p o i abili y.
Al hough he esul s p o ided a comp ehensi e o e iew o he BTA domain, highligh ing
links wi h o he knowledge domains, pe cei ed bene i s, ela ed echnologies and
cha ac e is ics ela ed o i s adop ion, i was conside ed, a e inspec ing he opics o he
pape s and keywo ds, ha many ele an i ems we e no cap u ed by his clus e s uc u e:
implemen a ions ecognized o hei iabili y and ope abili y, as well as speci ic
echnological challenges, which, i missed, could lead o a dis o ed, pa ial pic u e o he
ield.
The e o e, i was ound necessa y o deepen he analysis and conclusions eached in s ep 1.
Thus, he me hodology chosen o s ep 2 sough o achie e he main esea ch objec i e, ha
is, o ob ain an o e iew o BTA as exhaus i e as possible. Fo his pu pose, he en i e
con en o 26 e iew a icles was used, which, unlike o he ields, ep esen a majo sou ce
o in o ma ion due o he no el y o his indus y and he lack o o mal e e ences in he
academic li e a u e. (Za bà, e al., 2024). Ou choice was also guided by he he e ogenei y
o he o he 190 i ems, guided by he he e ogenei y o he 190 esea ch a icles, which, by
pu suing pa icula aspec s o he BTA heme, may lead o biases inhe en in pa ial
Food Ma ke Shi s – Challenges o Food Chain Ac o s
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Vol. 27 • No. 69 • May 2025 511
co e age o a heme a an ea ly s age. In compa ison, e iew a icles a e dis inguished by a
be e co e age o he BTA heme, a e mo e sui able o building an exhaus i e o e iew
( he aim o his a icle), as hey a e be e sui ed o he design o a clus e s uc u e ha , in a
i s phase, selec s keywo ds wi h a minimum numbe o occu ences (10 in ou case).
An inspec ion o he 40 a ailable e iews included in he inal selec ion o pape s (see
igu e no. 2) e ealed he ac ha mos o hem ha e been published since 2022. Mo eo e ,
pape s olde ha ha da e we e ocusing on he po en ial bene i s o BTA in he con ex o
Indus y 4.0, and less on p ac ical aspec s such as success ul use cases (e.g. wine indus y)
o implemen a ion solu ions (e.g. E he eum ne wo k).
Thus, we chose o pe o m a con en - ocused bibliome ic analysis o 26 e iew pape s,
published since 2022 in p es igious jou nals a ed Q1 o Q2 in Cla i a e/Web o Science o
Scopus da abases, e.g. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, Food Con ol, Compu e s and
Elec onics in Ag icul u e, B i ish Food Jou nal, Ag icul u e. We ha e buil a co pus o
hei con en by selec ing only he body o he pape s which con ained ele an in o ma ion:
in-dep h desc ip ion o he BTA ield, analysis esul s, conclusions and discussion sec ions.
Consequen ly, we ha e expanded he hesau us o exclude i ems ha we e no ele an o
he opic (e.g. esea ch me hodology de ails) and me ged wo ds ha we ound, a e a
p elimina y analysis, e e ed o ele an i ems (e.g. hings e e ed in mos cases o IOT).
The esul s o he second s ep o he co-occu ence analysis, p esen ed in igu e 4, was used
o guide us in syn hesizing he mos impo an ea u es o he BTA li e a u e. The au ho s'
objec i e was no o ocus on a e iew o a pa icula aspec o he adop ion o blockchain
echnology applica ions (BTA), e.g. he wine indus y, o he blockchain echnologies used
o implemen a ion, bu o gi e a b oad (scoping) o e iew o he BTA knowledge as a
s a ing poin o any esea ch connec ed o i in a meaning ul way.
Figu e no. 4. VOS iewe co-occu ence analysis on ele an co pus in o ma ion
