Ci a ion: Jako le , S.; Eglynas, T.;
Jusis, M.; Voznak, M.; Pa ila, P.;
To a ek, J. De ec ing Physical
Impac s o he Co ne s o Shipping
Con aine s du ing Handling
Ope a ions Pe o med by Quay
C anes. J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
jmse11040794
Academic Edi o s: Yassine Ami a ,
Ma eusz Zaja¸c and Tomisla Roži´c
Recei ed: 12 Ma ch 2023
Re ised: 23 Ma ch 2023
Accep ed: 4 Ap il 2023
Published: 7 Ap il 2023
Copy igh : © 2023 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Jou nal o
Ma ine Science
and Enginee ing
A icle
De ec ing Physical Impac s o he Co ne s o Shipping
Con aine s du ing Handling Ope a ions Pe o med
by Quay C anes
Se gej Jako le 1,2,*, Tomas Eglynas 1, Mindaugas Jusis 1, Mi osla Voznak 1,2 , Pa ol Pa ila 1,2
and Ja omi To a ek 1,2
1Ma ine Resea ch Ins i u e, Klaipeda Uni e si y, He kaus Man o S . 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Li huania
2Depa men o Telecommunica ions, VSB—Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, 17, Lis opadu 2172/15, Po uba,
708 00 Os a a, Czech Republic
*Co espondence: se [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
This s udy aims o add ess he p oblem o p ope shipping con aine damage de ec ion
du ing he hooking p ocedu e pe o med by quay c anes and hei hooking mechanisms. We adop ed
he Impac s De ec ion Me hodology (IDM), de eloped p e iously, o de ec epea ed impac s on
he same a eas o he con aine . These concu en impac s indica e alse hooking p ocedu es, which
esul in dange ous me al de o ma ions in hese a eas o e sho pe iods o ope a ional ime. This
applica ion in ends o e i y i his me hodology is adap able in eal-li e applica ions o de ec hese
speci ic e en s. Ou main esul s indica e ha mo e han hal o handling p ocedu es a e ca ied ou
wi h a highe isk o s uc u al damage o he con aine s due o hese epea ed impac s, which can
each up o i e concu en impac s in some case s udies.
Keywo ds: accele a ion; senso ; shipping con aine ; secu i y; physical impac
1. In oduc ion
1.1. P oblem S a emen
Con aine handling and anspo a ion, pa icula ly du ing ans-shipmen s, is a
challenging echnological challenge ha has no been ully sol ed up o his poin [
1
].
The majo i y o he con aine s being anspo ed oday a e ou -o -da e, and e en he
newe con aine s a e being de eloped ollowing olde ou da ed s anda ds, making hem
unsui able o sma au onomous and highly secu ed ope a ions. This p esen s a signi ican
challenge o he companies and he enginee s wo king on he epai s [
2
]. The sp eade ’s
as e eloci y and high o ce impac s on he co ne s o he con aine s when hey a e
hooked by quay c anes (QC) om AGVs o he inside o he con aine ships; hese a e
he mos impo an physical e ec s ha happen du ing con aine ans-shipmen in po
ope a ions [
3
]. The esul s o con inuous impac s nea he hooking mechanism om he
ou side a e shown in Figu e 1a below, while he esul s o con inuous impac s by he
sp eade om he in e io o he con aine a e shown in Figu e 1b. Gi en ha QCs a e un
by human ope a o s, mis akes will ine i ably occu du ing he wo k low. The hooking
p ocedu e has a echnical p oblem. Due o he ope a o ’s lack o he a o emen ioned
expe ience and he unique and unp edic able en i onmen al condi ions ha exis jus
be o e he inal hooking s age, i is impossible o p ecisely di ec he sp eade hooking ods
o he con aine ha is in he ship’s hull (o unde nea h he c ane) o hook i .
Consequen ly, ce ain a eas o he con aine a e p one o damage due o impac s.
Figu e 2below shows he ope a ional en i onmen o he hooking echnique and he
con aine ’s mo emen di ec ion. Due o a ious ci cums ances, he sp eade hooking
mechanism is no dynamic, which makes i impossible o a ach i simul aneously o all
ou ixa ion poin s.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/jmse11040794 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/jmse
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 2 o 19
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 o 20
(a) (b)
Figu e 1. Resul s o he sp eade hooking mechanism’s impac on he con aine ’s inco ec hooking
loca ions. He e igu e (a) shows he esul o he con inuous impac s on he ex e io pa o he con-
aine , and (b) shows he esul o hese impac s on he in e io pa o he con aine .
Consequen ly, ce ain a eas o he con aine a e p one o damage due o impac s.
Figu e 2 below shows he ope a ional en i onmen o he hooking echnique and he con-
aine ’s mo emen di ec ion. Due o a ious ci cums ances, he sp eade hooking mecha-
nism is no dynamic, which makes i impossible o a ach i simul aneously o all ou
ixa ion poin s.
Figu e 2. Diag am showing he pa h aken by he con aine du ing expe imen al case s udies.
Figu e 3 below schema ically shows he poin s o impac and hei cause. The con-
aine swings unp edic ably, causing de ia ion in he X-axis mo emen . This esul s in he
con aine being s uck by he hooking mechanism close o he ixa ion poin , causing se-
e e damage o he me al s uc u e al eady shown in Figu e 1. This happens due o a i-
ous ac o s, such as wea he condi ions, human ac o s, dynamic p ope ies o he con ol
mechanisms, dynamics o he c ane s uc u e, and he lines holding he con aine , among
o he s. These impac s occu andomly and canno be p edic ed, no can hey be a oided
Figu e 1. Resul s o he sp eade hooking mechanism’s impac on he con aine ’s inco ec hooking
loca ions. He e igu e (
a
) shows he esul o he con inuous impac s on he ex e io pa o he
con aine , and (b) shows he esul o hese impac s on he in e io pa o he con aine .
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 o 20
(a) (b)
Figu e 1. Resul s o he sp eade hooking mechanism’s impac on he con aine ’s inco ec hooking
loca ions. He e igu e (a) shows he esul o he con inuous impac s on he ex e io pa o he con-
aine , and (b) shows he esul o hese impac s on he in e io pa o he con aine .
Consequen ly, ce ain a eas o he con aine a e p one o damage due o impac s.
Figu e 2 below shows he ope a ional en i onmen o he hooking echnique and he con-
aine ’s mo emen di ec ion. Due o a ious ci cums ances, he sp eade hooking mecha-
nism is no dynamic, which makes i impossible o a ach i simul aneously o all ou
ixa ion poin s.
Figu e 2. Diag am showing he pa h aken by he con aine du ing expe imen al case s udies.
Figu e 3 below schema ically shows he poin s o impac and hei cause. The con-
aine swings unp edic ably, causing de ia ion in he X-axis mo emen . This esul s in he
con aine being s uck by he hooking mechanism close o he ixa ion poin , causing se-
e e damage o he me al s uc u e al eady shown in Figu e 1. This happens due o a i-
ous ac o s, such as wea he condi ions, human ac o s, dynamic p ope ies o he con ol
mechanisms, dynamics o he c ane s uc u e, and he lines holding he con aine , among
o he s. These impac s occu andomly and canno be p edic ed, no can hey be a oided
Figu e 2. Diag am showing he pa h aken by he con aine du ing expe imen al case s udies.
Figu e 3below schema ically shows he poin s o impac and hei cause. The con aine
swings unp edic ably, causing de ia ion in he X-axis mo emen . This esul s in he
con aine being s uck by he hooking mechanism close o he ixa ion poin , causing se e e
damage o he me al s uc u e al eady shown in Figu e 1. This happens due o a ious
ac o s, such as wea he condi ions, human ac o s, dynamic p ope ies o he con ol
mechanisms, dynamics o he c ane s uc u e, and he lines holding he con aine , among
o he s. These impac s occu andomly and canno be p edic ed, no can hey be a oided by
using he same mechanics, con ol s a egies, and ope a o s o he handling ope a ions.
Due o ha sh wo king condi ions, high op imizing cos s o he hea y machine y, and
no ye well-de eloped con ol echnologies, hese impac s will con inue and will cause
many mo e losses in he long- e m pe spec i e due o he inc easing numbe o con aine
ans-shipmen s in he wo ld.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 3 o 19
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 20
by using he same mechanics, con ol s a egies, and ope a o s o he handling ope a-
ions.
Figu e 3. Schema ics o he impac s’ causes.
Due o ha sh wo king condi ions, high op imizing cos s o he hea y machine y, and
no ye well-de eloped con ol echnologies, hese impac s will con inue and will cause
many mo e losses in he long- e m pe spec i e due o he inc easing numbe o con aine
ans-shipmen s in he wo ld.
1.2. Analysis o Ad ancemen s
In close collabo a ion wi h Klaipeda con aine e minal ep esen a i es, a p elimi-
na y in es iga ion e ealed ha hese consequences a e he mos signi ican and pe sis-
en , leading o longe ansi delays, highe epai cos s, and a la ge isk o subsequen
damage o su ounding wo ke s and con aine s [4,5]. This pape ca ies on he eam’s
esea ch e o s in he a ea o physical impac de ec ion (accele a ion signal ex ac ion,
p e-p ocessing, sma analy ics, and ans e as esul ) a speci ic imes and loca ions o
con ac , du ing con aine handling ope a ions ca ied ou by he sp eade o he quay and
ya d c anes. The new applica ion is ensu ed o ha e he highes le el o adap abili y, ac-
cu acy, and s abili y. Jako le e al. [6] in oduced a no el me hodology o impac de ec-
ion du ing inne hull ope a ions wi h loaded con aine s. The goal o his pape is o u -
he de elop he esea ch ounda ion and widen he scope o de ec ion, speci ically e-
ga ding he hooking acciden s ha pose se ious sa e y conce ns o shipping companies,
as well as o ensu e ha he issues hey add ess a e handled app op ia ely in line wi h
applicable sa e y egula ions and as e ec i ely as is echnologically possible in he highly
demanding wo k en i onmen . Based on he ex ensi e lis o de ec ion esul s, he goal o
his pape was ealized.
To inc ease he secu i y o he logis ics, he sa e y o he echnical p ocesses, and he
sa e y o he ca go, new, emo e, and ime-e ec i e con aine inspec ion echniques a e
essen ial. Theo e ically, simila p oblems may be add essed om a me hodological pe -
spec i e i he emphasis is placed on he measu emen o ib a ion signals a he han on
pinpoin ing he loca ion o he impac . Such cases include ul asound inspec ion, sma
isual inspec ion o es o con aine damage, and he sea ch o he esonance equency
o a ma e ial in he case o con inuous pulsa ions induced on he me al s uc u e o he
con aine walls ha could esul in i s collapse i ce ain h eshold alues a e me . Capac-
i i e senso s a ached o sel -oscilla ing ci cui s, o ins ance, could be used o de ec me al
Figu e 3. Schema ics o he impac s’ causes.
1.2. Analysis o Ad ancemen s
In close collabo a ion wi h Klaipeda con aine e minal ep esen a i es, a p elimina y
in es iga ion e ealed ha hese consequences a e he mos signi ican and pe sis en , lead-
ing o longe ansi delays, highe epai cos s, and a la ge isk o subsequen damage o
su ounding wo ke s and con aine s [
4
,
5
]. This pape ca ies on he eam’s esea ch e o s
in he a ea o physical impac de ec ion (accele a ion signal ex ac ion, p e-p ocessing,
sma analy ics, and ans e as esul ) a speci ic imes and loca ions o con ac , du ing
con aine handling ope a ions ca ied ou by he sp eade o he quay and ya d c anes. The
new applica ion is ensu ed o ha e he highes le el o adap abili y, accu acy, and s abili y.
Jako le e al. [
6
] in oduced a no el me hodology o impac de ec ion du ing inne hull
ope a ions wi h loaded con aine s. The goal o his pape is o u he de elop he esea ch
ounda ion and widen he scope o de ec ion, speci ically ega ding he hooking acciden s
ha pose se ious sa e y conce ns o shipping companies, as well as o ensu e ha he
issues hey add ess a e handled app op ia ely in line wi h applicable sa e y egula ions
and as e ec i ely as is echnologically possible in he highly demanding wo k en i onmen .
Based on he ex ensi e lis o de ec ion esul s, he goal o his pape was ealized.
To inc ease he secu i y o he logis ics, he sa e y o he echnical p ocesses, and
he sa e y o he ca go, new, emo e, and ime-e ec i e con aine inspec ion echniques
a e essen ial. Theo e ically, simila p oblems may be add essed om a me hodological
pe spec i e i he emphasis is placed on he measu emen o ib a ion signals a he han
on pinpoin ing he loca ion o he impac . Such cases include ul asound inspec ion, sma
isual inspec ion o es o con aine damage, and he sea ch o he esonance equency o a
ma e ial in he case o con inuous pulsa ions induced on he me al s uc u e o he con aine
walls ha could esul in i s collapse i ce ain h eshold alues a e me . Capaci i e senso s
a ached o sel -oscilla ing ci cui s, o ins ance, could be used o de ec me al de o ma ions
in s uc u es unde di e en s esses o by mo e in-dep h analysis o he s uc u e’s ini ial
ib a ion [
7
]. Ano he esea ch end is he adop ion o expensi e de eloped solu ions;
Chuan e al. [
8
] we e able o measu e wi h p ecision he delay in a i al imes be ween wo
connec ed senso s and he p opaga ion o impac noise h ough he ma e ial by adjus ing o
he model o ib a ion o a igh memb ane [
9
]. Ye , au o-de ec ing o po en ial damages
in he hea y anspo a ion indus y has been p io i ized be o e by se e al au ho s, mos
no ably by Molodo a e al. [
10
], who p esen ed an au oma ic me hod o de ec ing ailway
su ace de ec s, called “squa s”, using axle box accele a ion (ABA) measu emen s on ains,
and Wiseman [
11
] sugges ed a sa e y ool o an incessan inspec ion o “SkyT an” acks by
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 4 o 19
employing digi al su eillance echnology. The damage de ec ion is done manually by isual
inspec ion on-si e, a e a c i ical e en , o jus as pa o a egula check [
12
]. I he inspec ion
o he ship is done egula ly, he isk o e ical cell guides damage caused by con aine s
in he la e anspo a ion p ocess can be a oided. Ye , his de ec ion me hod is no only
ime-consuming and labo -in ensi e bu also places high demands on specialized pe sonnel
wo king aboa d he ships [
13
]. Many esea che s a e s udying me hods and de eloping
complex senso y sys ems [
14
] o assis o eplace manual in as uc u e inspec ion aboa d
ships, including op ical de ices, lase scanne s, e c. Applicable digi al signal p ocessing
algo i hms a e a ho spo o da a science esea ch [
15
,
16
]. He e, Gab iel e al. [
17
] ocused on
he de ec ion o impac s and laws o s uc u es in ai bo ne ehicles wi h an in oduced
elec onic S uc u al Heal h Moni o ing (SHM) p o o ype in which he analy ical pa
was based on he p opaga ion o ul asound acous ic wa es. O he esea che s such as
And zej and Sand is [
18
] explo ed he e ec i eness o damage iden i ica ion in composi e
pla es using damage indices based on smoo hing polynomials and cu ele ans o m, and
Qian e al. [
19
] in es iga ed he echnical and compu a ional possibili ies o ea ly aul
de ec ion o o o unbalance yielding incipien ub-impac aul s in he ini ial s age based on
he de e minis ic lea ning me hod. Finally, Na alino Daniele e al. [
20
] demons a ed s a e-
o - he-a impac de ec ion echniques o ae ospace s uc u al componen s, combining
he mos p omising echniques cu en ly a ailable: he i s one was ela ed o impac s
inducing low- equency ib a ions based on Neu al ne wo ks (NN), while he second
one was ela ed o he de ec ion o impac s inducing highe - equency s ess wa es based
on an acous ic sou ce localiza ion app oach. In all ela ed case s udies, he de ec ion
o me al s uc u e de o ma ion is mos ly done by employing isual inspec ion, i he e
exis s he possibili y o inspec he a ea o impac closely, o be su e ha a ce ain e en
happened [
12
]. Howe e , his is s ill an eme ging ield. Applicable in a eal ope a ional
en i onmen , digi al signal p ocessing sys ems and us wo hy algo i hms a e a ho spo
o da a science esea ch [
15
,
16
] and will emain so in he coming decades and will closely
co ela e wi h he means o deli e ing sa e y and secu i y o con aine handling ope a ions
and o ans-shipmen s [21].
Rega ding he sa e y and secu i y o he con aine s and he ca go, a ew esea ch e o s
ha e been epo ed in he li e a u e [
21
]. Howe e , none o he ea lie publica ions co e he
use o accele a ion pa ame e s o ind impac s while handling ac ions a e being pe o med.
The ma e ials, ype, and shape o he in as uc u e, he speed o he handling p ocedu es,
he mass o he con aine , he physical cha ac e is ics o he suspension sys em, as well as
he inclusion o he human ac o , and he gene al dimensionali y o he es -si e, all ha e
an impac on he pa e ns o con aine sway and na u al ib a ions o me al s uc u es.
The esea ch g oup has pa ially deal wi h simila ma e s in se e al esea ch p ojec s
ecen ly, de eloping in elligen con aine sys em componen s and pa ame izing he e -
iciency, sa e y, and secu i y o handling p ocedu es o he po ope a ions, esul ing in
se e al high-impac publica ions [
6
,
22
–
24
]; ye , de ec ion o he impac s o he exac po-
si ions o he con aine s uc u e using ib a ion c i e ia o any o he e alua ion c i e ia
has no been analyzed be o e, ei he by he au ho s o by any o he esea ch g oup. I is a
no el opic o he enginee ing communi y as well as a huge oppo uni y o companies o
s a sol ing hese c i ical p oblems. The e o e, his pape aims o de elop a no el uni ied
impac de ec ion sys em and me hod, and his pape he ea e will summa ize he esea ch
indings o ou g oup using he da a se s collec ed using he echnological equipmen om
ou p e ious s udies, while de ec ing he abo emen ioned impac s.
1.3. De ini ion o he Dynamics
Figu e 4depic s one o he egis e ed c ane sp eade pa hs in one hooking (handling)
cycle. The da a we e ob ained using a digi al accele a o eco ding de ice a ached o
he sp eade , based on which he accele a ion alues and he pa h o he sp eade we e
calcula ed. The sp eade pa h consis s o se e al ypical s ages:
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 5 o 19
-
S a ing wi h poin one, he sp eade is unhooked om he p e iously anspo ed
con aine ;
-
Then going o poin six, he e ical lowe ing o he sp eade owa ds he con aine begins;
-
Ending wi h poin se en, he sp eade inally ouches he con aine , which is ollowed
by he physical hooking o he con aine using he con ac poin s.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 20
uni ied impac de ec ion sys em and me hod, and his pape he ea e will summa ize he
esea ch indings o ou g oup using he da a se s collec ed using he echnological equip-
men om ou p e ious s udies, while de ec ing he abo emen ioned impac s.
1.3. De ini ion o he Dynamics
Figu e 4 depic s one o he egis e ed c ane sp eade pa hs in one hooking (handling)
cycle. The da a we e ob ained using a digi al accele a o eco ding de ice a ached o he
sp eade , based on which he accele a ion alues and he pa h o he sp eade we e calcu-
la ed. The sp eade pa h consis s o se e al ypical s ages:
- S a ing wi h poin one, he sp eade is unhooked om he p e iously anspo ed
con aine ;
- Then going o poin six, he e ical lowe ing o he sp eade owa ds he con aine
begins;
- Ending wi h poin se en, he sp eade inally ouches he con aine , which is ol-
lowed by he physical hooking o he con aine using he con ac poin s.
In his s udy, we examined only he p ocesses occu ing a e he six h s age o he
ull cycle.
Figu e 4. Con aine c ane sp eade ajec o y in one handling cycle.
Figu e 5 depic s one o he many e ical posi ions o he sp eade calcula ed based
on he eco ded accele a ions o e ime. I can be assumed ha in he 3 d second, he
ope a o slows down he lowe ing p ocess o he sp eade a ge ing he exac ship’s con-
aine sha . F om he 16 h second, he sp eade is again lowe ed down wi h inc eased
speed un il i eaches he con aine a he s a o he 22nd second.
Figu e 4. Con aine c ane sp eade ajec o y in one handling cycle.
In his s udy, we examined only he p ocesses occu ing a e he six h s age o he
ull cycle.
Figu e 5depic s one o he many e ical posi ions o he sp eade calcula ed based on
he eco ded accele a ions o e ime. I can be assumed ha in he 3 d second, he ope a o
slows down he lowe ing p ocess o he sp eade a ge ing he exac ship’s con aine sha .
F om he 16 h second, he sp eade is again lowe ed down wi h inc eased speed un il i
eaches he con aine a he s a o he 22nd second.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 20
Figu e 5. The way o he sp eade in he dimension o he Z-axis: Example A.
A mo e de ailed cou se o e en s is e ealed by he eco ded accele a ions o he
sp eade along he e ical Z-axis, which a e p esen ed in Figu e 6. Looking a he g aph,
we can assume ha he sudden inc ease in accele a ion a he s a o he 12 h second
ma ks he beginning o he sp eade ajec o y wi hin a con aine sha o he ship. The
sudden change a he 23 d second is e y likely o ma k he ini ial physical con ac wi h
he con aine , and he ollowing small de ia ions a e a consequence o he wo k o he
hooking mechanisms. In his example, he ope a o success ully hooked he con aine on
he i s y.
Figu e 6. Sp eade accele a ions along he A-axis: Example A.
Howe e , success ully hooking sequences a e no casual. This is illus a ed in Figu e
7, showing he pa h o he sp eade . I is isible ha he e a e epea ed a emp s o hook
he con aine in he pe iod be ween 3.5 and 5.5 s.
Figu e 5. The way o he sp eade in he dimension o he Z-axis: Example A.
A mo e de ailed cou se o e en s is e ealed by he eco ded accele a ions o he
sp eade along he e ical Z-axis, which a e p esen ed in Figu e 6. Looking a he g aph,
we can assume ha he sudden inc ease in accele a ion a he s a o he 12 h second
ma ks he beginning o he sp eade ajec o y wi hin a con aine sha o he ship. The

J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 6 o 19
sudden change a he 23 d second is e y likely o ma k he ini ial physical con ac wi h he
con aine , and he ollowing small de ia ions a e a consequence o he wo k o he hooking
mechanisms. In his example, he ope a o success ully hooked he con aine on he i s y.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 20
Figu e 5. The way o he sp eade in he dimension o he Z-axis: Example A.
A mo e de ailed cou se o e en s is e ealed by he eco ded accele a ions o he
sp eade along he e ical Z-axis, which a e p esen ed in Figu e 6. Looking a he g aph,
we can assume ha he sudden inc ease in accele a ion a he s a o he 12 h second
ma ks he beginning o he sp eade ajec o y wi hin a con aine sha o he ship. The
sudden change a he 23 d second is e y likely o ma k he ini ial physical con ac wi h
he con aine , and he ollowing small de ia ions a e a consequence o he wo k o he
hooking mechanisms. In his example, he ope a o success ully hooked he con aine on
he i s y.
Figu e 6. Sp eade accele a ions along he A-axis: Example A.
Howe e , success ully hooking sequences a e no casual. This is illus a ed in Figu e
7, showing he pa h o he sp eade . I is isible ha he e a e epea ed a emp s o hook
he con aine in he pe iod be ween 3.5 and 5.5 s.
Figu e 6. Sp eade accele a ions along he A-axis: Example A.
Howe e , success ully hooking sequences a e no casual. This is illus a ed in Figu e 7,
showing he pa h o he sp eade . I is isible ha he e a e epea ed a emp s o hook he
con aine in he pe iod be ween 3.5 and 5.5 s.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 20
Figu e 7. Sp eade ajec o y along he Z-axis: Example B.
Analysis o he accele a ion alues in Figu e 8 gi es mo e de ailed esul s. A he s a
o he 1s second, he ini ial impac occu s when he sp eade impac s he con aine wi h
accele a ion, which in u n is ollowed by o he a emp s o hook he con aine —wi h
o he impac s. This is obse ed om he s a o he 3.5 h second, whe e unsuccess ul
sp eade -lowe ing p ocesses occu , ending wi h a seconda y impac a he s a o he 5 h
second.
Figu e 8. Sp eade accele a ions along he Z-axis: Example B.
To ca y ou se ious con aine damage assessmen s, i is necessa y o ace he impac
e en s, ei he small o big, as demons a ed ea lie . Companies ha ing eal- ime e en -
based in o ma ion would be able o immedia ely epai mino damages o he hooking
mechanisms o he con aine s, p olonging hei usage wi hou hal ing he anspo a ion
cycle o each sepa a e ca go.
2. Me hodology
2.1. Impac De ec ion Me hodology: In oduc ion
Fo he egis a ion o epea ed impac s o he sp eade in o he con aine s, a me hod
was adop ed, namely, he Impac s De ec ion Me hodology (IDM), which is based on he
analysis o he e ical accele a ion pa ame e . In gene al e ms, he IDM signal p ocessing
algo i hm embedded in he sys em is p esen ed in Figu e 9. This me hod was ini ially
Figu e 7. Sp eade ajec o y along he Z-axis: Example B.
Analysis o he accele a ion alues in Figu e 8gi es mo e de ailed esul s. A he
s a o he 1s second, he ini ial impac occu s when he sp eade impac s he con aine
wi h accele a ion, which in u n is ollowed by o he a emp s o hook he con aine —wi h
o he impac s. This is obse ed om he s a o he 3.5 h second, whe e unsuccess ul
sp eade -lowe ing p ocesses occu , ending wi h a seconda y impac a he s a o he
5 h second.
To ca y ou se ious con aine damage assessmen s, i is necessa y o ace he impac
e en s, ei he small o big, as demons a ed ea lie . Companies ha ing eal- ime e en -
based in o ma ion would be able o immedia ely epai mino damages o he hooking
mechanisms o he con aine s, p olonging hei usage wi hou hal ing he anspo a ion
cycle o each sepa a e ca go.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 7 o 19
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 20
Figu e 7. Sp eade ajec o y along he Z-axis: Example B.
Analysis o he accele a ion alues in Figu e 8 gi es mo e de ailed esul s. A he s a
o he 1s second, he ini ial impac occu s when he sp eade impac s he con aine wi h
accele a ion, which in u n is ollowed by o he a emp s o hook he con aine —wi h
o he impac s. This is obse ed om he s a o he 3.5 h second, whe e unsuccess ul
sp eade -lowe ing p ocesses occu , ending wi h a seconda y impac a he s a o he 5 h
second.
Figu e 8. Sp eade accele a ions along he Z-axis: Example B.
To ca y ou se ious con aine damage assessmen s, i is necessa y o ace he impac
e en s, ei he small o big, as demons a ed ea lie . Companies ha ing eal- ime e en -
based in o ma ion would be able o immedia ely epai mino damages o he hooking
mechanisms o he con aine s, p olonging hei usage wi hou hal ing he anspo a ion
cycle o each sepa a e ca go.
2. Me hodology
2.1. Impac De ec ion Me hodology: In oduc ion
Fo he egis a ion o epea ed impac s o he sp eade in o he con aine s, a me hod
was adop ed, namely, he Impac s De ec ion Me hodology (IDM), which is based on he
analysis o he e ical accele a ion pa ame e . In gene al e ms, he IDM signal p ocessing
algo i hm embedded in he sys em is p esen ed in Figu e 9. This me hod was ini ially
Figu e 8. Sp eade accele a ions along he Z-axis: Example B.
2. Me hodology
2.1. Impac De ec ion Me hodology: In oduc ion
Fo he egis a ion o epea ed impac s o he sp eade in o he con aine s, a me hod
was adop ed, namely, he Impac s De ec ion Me hodology (IDM), which is based on he
analysis o he e ical accele a ion pa ame e . In gene al e ms, he IDM signal p ocessing
algo i hm embedded in he sys em is p esen ed in Figu e 9. This me hod was ini ially
de eloped by he au ho s using his o ical da a o he de ec ion o he ue h esholds
and was discussed in de ail in [
6
]. The p oposed me hod o de ec ing c ane sp eade
impac s in o a con aine consis s o se e al s ages: il e ing he signal, inding peak alues
in he il e ed signal using s a is ical analysis, selec ing he h eshold s eps, dis inguishing
po en ial momen s o impac s (e en s) using he h eshold alue, excluding he ac ual
c i ical impac e en s by g ouping all he po en ial e en s, and de e mining epea ed
impac s in he same a ea.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 20
de eloped by he au ho s using his o ical da a o he de ec ion o he ue h esholds and
was discussed in de ail in [6]. The p oposed me hod o de ec ing c ane sp eade impac s
in o a con aine consis s o se e al s ages: il e ing he signal, inding peak alues in he
il e ed signal using s a is ical analysis, selec ing he h eshold s eps, dis inguishing po-
en ial momen s o impac s (e en s) using he h eshold alue, excluding he ac ual c i ical
impac e en s by g ouping all he po en ial e en s, and de e mining epea ed impac s in
he same a ea.
Figu e 9. Flowcha o he p oposed solu ion o e en da a de ec ion.
The IDM me hod uses a h eshold de ec ion algo i hm, which de ec s he desi ed op-
imal h eshold le el o be used as a s a ing poin o impac de ec ion, he e en e-
quency, which co esponds o 100% a his poin . While he algo i hm is based on he
me hod p o ided ea lie , he IoT sys em di e s, wi h he de ec ion uni moun ed on he
co ne o he con aine , nea e o he impac poin . The ollowing Figu e 10 demons a es
he used IoT amewo k wi h he ha dwa e module, including he digi al accele ome e ,
as well as he main e alua ion c i e ia in he expe imen al en i onmen . While o he com-
pu a ional and elec onic elemen s a e hidden in his esea ch, hey a e discussed in he
p e ious wo k by he au ho s.
Ve i ica ion model logic includes he IDM ma h logic wi h a ying accep able accel-
e a ion pa ame e h eshold alues. P edic ion accu acy in his case depends on he ac-
cep able il e ing echnique. The ca ego ies o each impac can be classi ied in o se e al
impo an e en s: ben , den , o hole in he s uc u e. O cou se, an impac o dina y can
gene a e li le o no none ha m o he me al su ace; he e o e, impac s eng h and eloc-
i y a e c ucial ac o s in his kind o es ima ion in eal- ime.
When he c ane anspo s i s sp eade , i ib a es a i s cha ac e is ic na u al e-
quency. Since he ib a ion ampli ude is small compa ed o he leng h o he lines holding
he con aine , he cu e o he ib a ion in he plane is close o he sinusoid. When as-
sessing he leng h o he sp eade lines, he equency o ib a ion is low. Howe e , du -
ing handling phases, he sp eade is a ec ed by ex e nal o ces, o example, ansi ional
p ocesses o winding o he sp eade lines o con ac o lines wi h ex e nal s uc u es,
which complemen he ange o mo emen o he sp eade wi h componen s o di e en
equencies.
Figu e 9. Flowcha o he p oposed solu ion o e en da a de ec ion.
The IDM me hod uses a h eshold de ec ion algo i hm, which de ec s he desi ed
op imal h eshold le el o be used as a s a ing poin o impac de ec ion, he e en
equency, which co esponds o 100% a his poin . While he algo i hm is based on he
me hod p o ided ea lie , he IoT sys em di e s, wi h he de ec ion uni moun ed on he
co ne o he con aine , nea e o he impac poin . The ollowing Figu e 10 demons a es
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 8 o 19
he used IoT amewo k wi h he ha dwa e module, including he digi al accele ome e ,
as well as he main e alua ion c i e ia in he expe imen al en i onmen . While o he
compu a ional and elec onic elemen s a e hidden in his esea ch, hey a e discussed in
he p e ious wo k by he au ho s.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 20
Figu e 10. Impac s de ec ion amewo k used in he s udy.
The speeds and accele a ions o he sp eade ’s anspo a ion p ocess a e limi ed, so
he equency o he sp eade ’s swing should be low. In he gene alizing spec um o e -
ical accele a ion (Figu e 11), compiled by analyzing he 102 cycles in he pe iod o in e -
es , he componen s o he low- equency accele a ion signal domina e. I can be said ha
he spec um up o 5 Hz is la enough.
Figu e 11. Accele a ion spec um along he Z-axis.
We a e in e es ed in e en s when he sp eade comes in o con ac wi h a con aine o
o he ex e nal s uc u es. Du ing con ac , he di ec ion o mo emen o he sp eade
changes, which is also e lec ed in a sha p change in he alue o i s accele a ion; o ex-
ample, in Figu e 12 (3 d agmen a he 23 d second o Figu e 6), a imes amps 1 s, 1.1 s,
e c., hese changes in he accele a ion spec um “gene a e” highe equency componen s.
Figu e 10. Impac s de ec ion amewo k used in he s udy.
Ve i ica ion model logic includes he IDM ma h logic wi h a ying accep able accele a-
ion pa ame e h eshold alues. P edic ion accu acy in his case depends on he accep able
il e ing echnique. The ca ego ies o each impac can be classi ied in o se e al impo an
e en s: ben , den , o hole in he s uc u e. O cou se, an impac o dina y can gene a e li le
o no none ha m o he me al su ace; he e o e, impac s eng h and eloci y a e c ucial
ac o s in his kind o es ima ion in eal- ime.
When he c ane anspo s i s sp eade , i ib a es a i s cha ac e is ic na u al equency.
Since he ib a ion ampli ude is small compa ed o he leng h o he lines holding he
con aine , he cu e o he ib a ion in he plane is close o he sinusoid. When assessing he
leng h o he sp eade lines, he equency o ib a ion is low. Howe e , du ing handling
phases, he sp eade is a ec ed by ex e nal o ces, o example, ansi ional p ocesses o
winding o he sp eade lines o con ac o lines wi h ex e nal s uc u es, which complemen
he ange o mo emen o he sp eade wi h componen s o di e en equencies.
The speeds and accele a ions o he sp eade ’s anspo a ion p ocess a e limi ed,
so he equency o he sp eade ’s swing should be low. In he gene alizing spec um o
e ical accele a ion (Figu e 11), compiled by analyzing he 102 cycles in he pe iod o
in e es , he componen s o he low- equency accele a ion signal domina e. I can be said
ha he spec um up o 5 Hz is la enough.
We a e in e es ed in e en s when he sp eade comes in o con ac wi h a con aine
o o he ex e nal s uc u es. Du ing con ac , he di ec ion o mo emen o he sp eade
changes, which is also e lec ed in a sha p change in he alue o i s accele a ion; o
example, in Figu e 12 (3 d agmen a he 23 d second o Figu e 6), a imes amps 1 s, 1.1 s,
e c., hese changes in he accele a ion spec um “gene a e” highe equency componen s.
A glance a he spec og am (Figu e 13, whe e he da ke he ed colo , he s onge
he signal) o he accele a ion shown in g aph 6 con i ms ha a he 23 d second, he e was
an impac on he con aine : he accele a ion signal domina es he spec um sec ion. On his
basis, i would be possible o de e mine whe he he e was con ac be ween he sp eade
wi h he con aine .
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 9 o 19
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 20
Figu e 10. Impac s de ec ion amewo k used in he s udy.
The speeds and accele a ions o he sp eade ’s anspo a ion p ocess a e limi ed, so
he equency o he sp eade ’s swing should be low. In he gene alizing spec um o e -
ical accele a ion (Figu e 11), compiled by analyzing he 102 cycles in he pe iod o in e -
es , he componen s o he low- equency accele a ion signal domina e. I can be said ha
he spec um up o 5 Hz is la enough.
Figu e 11. Accele a ion spec um along he Z-axis.
We a e in e es ed in e en s when he sp eade comes in o con ac wi h a con aine o
o he ex e nal s uc u es. Du ing con ac , he di ec ion o mo emen o he sp eade
changes, which is also e lec ed in a sha p change in he alue o i s accele a ion; o ex-
ample, in Figu e 12 (3 d agmen a he 23 d second o Figu e 6), a imes amps 1 s, 1.1 s,
e c., hese changes in he accele a ion spec um “gene a e” highe equency componen s.
Figu e 11. Accele a ion spec um along he Z-axis.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 o 20
Figu e 12. Shock momen s along he Z-axis du ing mo emen in he hull o he ship.
A glance a he spec og am (Figu e 13, whe e he da ke he ed colo , he s onge
he signal) o he accele a ion shown in g aph 6 con i ms ha a he 23 d second, he e
was an impac on he con aine : he accele a ion signal domina es he spec um sec ion.
On his basis, i would be possible o de e mine whe he he e was con ac be ween he
sp eade wi h he con aine .
Figu e 13. Accele a ion spec og am along he Z-axis.
2.2. De ec ion o Impac E en s: Backg ound
As was al eady no ed, impac s c ea e highe - equency componen s in he accele a-
ion signal; hence, hese oscilla ions a e isola ed o u he s udy wi h he aid o a high-
equency il e (high-pass il e ). He e, a il e ha has he lowes possible phase dis o -
ions, a cons an delay o e he equency ange, and a mono onic ampli ude esponse
ac oss he ange o passing equencies is equi ed o educe he dis o ion o he signal
o u he analysis (1).
𝐻󰇛𝑧󰇜=󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜=𝑏
+𝑏
𝑧 +𝑏
𝑧 +⋯+𝑏
𝑧. (1)
whe e N— he il e ow and b— he coe icien s ha a e ob ained using he GNU Oc a e
unc ion “ i 1”.
Figu e 12. Shock momen s along he Z-axis du ing mo emen in he hull o he ship.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 o 20
Figu e 12. Shock momen s along he Z-axis du ing mo emen in he hull o he ship.
A glance a he spec og am (Figu e 13, whe e he da ke he ed colo , he s onge
he signal) o he accele a ion shown in g aph 6 con i ms ha a he 23 d second, he e
was an impac on he con aine : he accele a ion signal domina es he spec um sec ion.
On his basis, i would be possible o de e mine whe he he e was con ac be ween he
sp eade wi h he con aine .
Figu e 13. Accele a ion spec og am along he Z-axis.
2.2. De ec ion o Impac E en s: Backg ound
As was al eady no ed, impac s c ea e highe - equency componen s in he accele a-
ion signal; hence, hese oscilla ions a e isola ed o u he s udy wi h he aid o a high-
equency il e (high-pass il e ). He e, a il e ha has he lowes possible phase dis o -
ions, a cons an delay o e he equency ange, and a mono onic ampli ude esponse
ac oss he ange o passing equencies is equi ed o educe he dis o ion o he signal
o u he analysis (1).
𝐻󰇛𝑧󰇜=󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜=𝑏
+𝑏
𝑧 +𝑏
𝑧 +⋯+𝑏
𝑧. (1)
whe e N— he il e ow and b— he coe icien s ha a e ob ained using he GNU Oc a e
unc ion “ i 1”.
Figu e 13. Accele a ion spec og am along he Z-axis.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 16 o 19
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 20
Figu e 24. His og am o he maximum ampli udes o he e en s.
3. Resul s and Discussions
The ollowing Figu e 25 demons a es he esul s o he adop ion o he p oposed
me hodology wi h he selec ed op imum alues om he p e ious sec ion and is shown
in Figu e 8, whe e he seconda y impac s a e ma ked wi h squa es.
Figu e 25. P ima y and seconda y impac s along he Z-axis (he e he ed ci cles indica e he ini ial
impac s and he ed squa es indica e he seconda y impac s).
The me hodology con i med he p ima y p edic ions: a he s a o he 5 h second, a
second impac occu ed due o sp eade ajec o y change and he s a o he second
hooking p ocedu e. The ollowing Figu e 26 shows he his og am o po en ial impac
e en s ob ained a e p ocessing 102 cycles wi h he p oposed me hodology, indica ing all
he c i ical impac s du ing he a o emen ioned handling ope a ions pe o med onboa d
he con aine ship (while mo ing he con aine along he e ical cell guides inside he
ship owa ds he con aine s).
Figu e 24. His og am o he maximum ampli udes o he e en s.
3. Resul s and Discussion
The ollowing Figu e 25 demons a es he esul s o he adop ion o he p oposed
me hodology wi h he selec ed op imum alues om he p e ious sec ion and is shown in
Figu e 8, whe e he seconda y impac s a e ma ked wi h squa es.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 20
Figu e 24. His og am o he maximum ampli udes o he e en s.
3. Resul s and Discussions
The ollowing Figu e 25 demons a es he esul s o he adop ion o he p oposed
me hodology wi h he selec ed op imum alues om he p e ious sec ion and is shown
in Figu e 8, whe e he seconda y impac s a e ma ked wi h squa es.
Figu e 25. P ima y and seconda y impac s along he Z-axis (he e he ed ci cles indica e he ini ial
impac s and he ed squa es indica e he seconda y impac s).
The me hodology con i med he p ima y p edic ions: a he s a o he 5 h second, a
second impac occu ed due o sp eade ajec o y change and he s a o he second
hooking p ocedu e. The ollowing Figu e 26 shows he his og am o po en ial impac
e en s ob ained a e p ocessing 102 cycles wi h he p oposed me hodology, indica ing all
he c i ical impac s du ing he a o emen ioned handling ope a ions pe o med onboa d
he con aine ship (while mo ing he con aine along he e ical cell guides inside he
ship owa ds he con aine s).
Figu e 25.
P ima y and seconda y impac s along he Z-axis (he e he ed ci cles indica e he ini ial
impac s and he ed squa es indica e he seconda y impac s).
The me hodology con i med he p ima y p edic ions: a he s a o he 5 h second,
a second impac occu ed due o sp eade ajec o y change and he s a o he second
hooking p ocedu e. The ollowing Figu e 26 shows he his og am o po en ial impac
e en s ob ained a e p ocessing 102 cycles wi h he p oposed me hodology, indica ing all
he c i ical impac s du ing he a o emen ioned handling ope a ions pe o med onboa d he
con aine ship (while mo ing he con aine along he e ical cell guides inside he ship
owa ds he con aine s).

J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 17 o 19
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 o 20
Figu e 26. His og am o po en ial impac s (e en s).
Resul s indica e ha he numbe o o e all impac s du ing hese p ocedu es is qui e
la ge, eaching up o 30 impac -induced ib a ions in mos cases (26.6%). The ollowing
his og am o eco ded impac s acco ding o he Z-axis (Figu e 27) indica es ha a leas
one impac e en occu s a each new handling ope a ion when he sp eade impac s he
con aine in he inne sha o he ship, meaning ha he me hodology de ec s he ini ial
hooking p ocedu es well.
Figu e 27. His og am o de ec ed impac s (e en s).
Almos 75% o all handling p ocedu es a e pe o med in blind condi ions, eaching
up o i e impac s a a single p ocedu e, which in u n esul s in me al de o ma ions o
di e en so s, o a leas s ongly in luences he cons uc ion in eg i y and sa e y in u u e
ope a ions. I can be a gued ha epea ed impac s a e no a a e phenomenon, and hey
occu qui e egula ly. Wi h hese p ecise expe imen al measu emen s, he algo i hm de-
ec ed enough impac s o he same a eas o each co ne o add ess he necessi y o in- ime
de ec ion and long- e m S uc u al Heal h Moni o ing. All o he impac s we e de ec ed
wi h a high deg ee o accu acy using he p esen ed s ep-by-s ep de ec ion me hodology
and senso y echnical means. The p oposed me hodology is he e o e sui able o be used
o de ec hese impac s in an almos eal- ime manne i used app op ia ely and wi h su -
icien compu a ional powe o he inne logic o manage he analy ics in due ime. The
ollowing Figu e 28 summa izes all he de ec ed impac s and highligh s he epea ed
Figu e 26. His og am o po en ial impac s (e en s).
Resul s indica e ha he numbe o o e all impac s du ing hese p ocedu es is qui e
la ge, eaching up o 30 impac -induced ib a ions in mos cases (26.6%). The ollowing
his og am o eco ded impac s acco ding o he Z-axis (Figu e 27) indica es ha a leas
one impac e en occu s a each new handling ope a ion when he sp eade impac s he
con aine in he inne sha o he ship, meaning ha he me hodology de ec s he ini ial
hooking p ocedu es well.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 o 20
Figu e 26. His og am o po en ial impac s (e en s).
Resul s indica e ha he numbe o o e all impac s du ing hese p ocedu es is qui e
la ge, eaching up o 30 impac -induced ib a ions in mos cases (26.6%). The ollowing
his og am o eco ded impac s acco ding o he Z-axis (Figu e 27) indica es ha a leas
one impac e en occu s a each new handling ope a ion when he sp eade impac s he
con aine in he inne sha o he ship, meaning ha he me hodology de ec s he ini ial
hooking p ocedu es well.
Figu e 27. His og am o de ec ed impac s (e en s).
Almos 75% o all handling p ocedu es a e pe o med in blind condi ions, eaching
up o i e impac s a a single p ocedu e, which in u n esul s in me al de o ma ions o
di e en so s, o a leas s ongly in luences he cons uc ion in eg i y and sa e y in u u e
ope a ions. I can be a gued ha epea ed impac s a e no a a e phenomenon, and hey
occu qui e egula ly. Wi h hese p ecise expe imen al measu emen s, he algo i hm de-
ec ed enough impac s o he same a eas o each co ne o add ess he necessi y o in- ime
de ec ion and long- e m S uc u al Heal h Moni o ing. All o he impac s we e de ec ed
wi h a high deg ee o accu acy using he p esen ed s ep-by-s ep de ec ion me hodology
and senso y echnical means. The p oposed me hodology is he e o e sui able o be used
o de ec hese impac s in an almos eal- ime manne i used app op ia ely and wi h su -
icien compu a ional powe o he inne logic o manage he analy ics in due ime. The
ollowing Figu e 28 summa izes all he de ec ed impac s and highligh s he epea ed
Figu e 27. His og am o de ec ed impac s (e en s).
Almos 75% o all handling p ocedu es a e pe o med in blind condi ions, eaching
up o i e impac s a a single p ocedu e, which in u n esul s in me al de o ma ions
o di e en so s, o a leas s ongly in luences he cons uc ion in eg i y and sa e y in
u u e ope a ions. I can be a gued ha epea ed impac s a e no a a e phenomenon, and
hey occu qui e egula ly. Wi h hese p ecise expe imen al measu emen s, he algo i hm
de ec ed enough impac s o he same a eas o each co ne o add ess he necessi y o in- ime
de ec ion and long- e m S uc u al Heal h Moni o ing. All o he impac s we e de ec ed
wi h a high deg ee o accu acy using he p esen ed s ep-by-s ep de ec ion me hodology
and senso y echnical means. The p oposed me hodology is he e o e sui able o be used o
de ec hese impac s in an almos eal- ime manne i used app op ia ely and wi h su icien
compu a ional powe o he inne logic o manage he analy ics in due ime. The ollowing
Figu e 28 summa izes all he de ec ed impac s and highligh s he epea ed impac du ing
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023,11, 794 18 o 19
he sp eade lowe ing p ocess owa d he con aine in he inne sha s o he con aine ship.
J. Ma . Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 o 20
impac du ing he sp eade lowe ing p ocess owa d he con aine in he inne sha s o
he con aine ship.
Figu e 28. Compa ison o he o al numbe o de ec ed impac s among he en i e da a se .
The esul s show ha he p oposed me hodology can iden i y c i ical physical im-
pac s, and in ou case s udies, we managed o de ec up o i e impac s a a single handling
cycle, meaning ha he sp eade con inuously impac ed he same me al pla e o he co ne
o he con aine nea he hooking a ea, g adually de o ming he me al s uc u e due o
con inuous momen um s ess. In o he case s udies, we managed o de ec a highe num-
be o impac s in almos hal o he case s udies, anging be ween one and ou impac s in
mos cases, indica ing ha almos 50% o he handling p ocedu es a e less e icien in
e ms o collision a oidance, due o he unp edic able human e o ac o and chao ic dy-
namics o he p ocess due o ex e nal en i onmen al in luences. The esul s also show ha
he p oposed solu ion can iden i y c i ical impac s in each case s udy.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, S.J. and T.E.; me hodology, S.J., T.E. and M.V.; so wa e,
P.P. and J.T.; alida ion, M.J. and P.P.; o mal analysis, S.J. and T.E.; in es iga ion, M.J. and M.V.;
esou ces, M.J.; da a cu a ion, T.E.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, S.J. and P.P.; w i ing— e-
iew and edi ing, M.V. and J.T.; isualiza ion, T.E., P.P. and J.T.; supe ision, S.J.; p ojec admin-
is a ion, S.J.; and unding acquisi ion, S.J. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion
o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch was unded by he Klaipeda Uni e si y p ojec JKSMART. This p ojec has
ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund (p ojec No. 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-
03-0001) unde a g an ag eemen wi h he Resea ch Council o Li huania (LMTLT).
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : No applicable.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Re e ences
1. Chang, C.H.; Xu, J.; Song, D.P. An Analysis o Sa e y and Secu i y Risks in Con aine Shipping Ope a ions: A Case S udy o
Taiwan. Sa . Sci. 2014, 63, 168–178. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.11.008.
2. Sepeh i, A.; Vandchali, H.R.; Siddiqui, A.W.; Mon ewka, J. The Impac o Shipping 4.0 on Con olling Shipping Acciden s: A
Sys ema ic Li e a u e Re iew. Ocean Eng. 2022, 243, 110162. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110162.
3. Eglynas, T.; Jusis, M.; Jako le , S.; Senulis, A.; Pa ila, P.; Gudas, S. Resea ch o Quay C ane Con ol Algo i hm wi h Embedded
Sway Con ol Sub-Rou ine. In P oceedings o he 2019 27 h Telecommunica ions Fo um (TELFOR), Belg ade, Se bia, 26–27
No embe 2019; pp. 17–20. h ps://doi.o g/10.1109/TELFOR48224.2019.8971115.
Figu e 28. Compa ison o he o al numbe o de ec ed impac s among he en i e da a se .
The esul s show ha he p oposed me hodology can iden i y c i ical physical impac s,
and in ou case s udies, we managed o de ec up o i e impac s a a single handling
cycle, meaning ha he sp eade con inuously impac ed he same me al pla e o he co ne
o he con aine nea he hooking a ea, g adually de o ming he me al s uc u e due o
con inuous momen um s ess. In o he case s udies, we managed o de ec a highe numbe
o impac s in almos hal o he case s udies, anging be ween one and ou impac s in mos
cases, indica ing ha almos 50% o he handling p ocedu es a e less e icien in e ms o
collision a oidance, due o he unp edic able human e o ac o and chao ic dynamics
o he p ocess due o ex e nal en i onmen al in luences. The esul s also show ha he
p oposed solu ion can iden i y c i ical impac s in each case s udy.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, S.J. and T.E.; me hodology, S.J., T.E. and M.V.; so wa e,
P.P. and J.T.; alida ion, M.J. and P.P.; o mal analysis, S.J. and T.E.; in es iga ion, M.J. and M.V.;
esou ces, M.J.; da a cu a ion, T.E.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, S.J. and P.P.; w i ing— e iew
and edi ing, M.V. and J.T.; isualiza ion, T.E., P.P. and J.T.; supe ision, S.J.; p ojec adminis a ion,
S.J.; and unding acquisi ion, S.J. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o
he manusc ip .
Funding:
This esea ch was unded by he Klaipeda Uni e si y p ojec JKSMART. This p ojec has
ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund (p ojec No. 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-03-
0001) unde a g an ag eemen wi h he Resea ch Council o Li huania (LMTLT).
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : No applicable.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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Eglynas, T.; Jusis, M.; Jako le , S.; Senulis, A.; Andziulis, A.; Gudas, S. Analysis o he E iciency o Shipping Con aine s
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Jako le , S.; Eglynas, T.; Jusis, M.; Gudas, S.; Jankunas, V.; Voznak, M. Use Case o Quay C ane Con aine Handling Ope a ions
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Jako le , S.; Eglynas, T.; Voznak, M.; Jusis, M.; Pa ila, P.; To a ek, J.; Jankunas, V. De ec ing Shipping Con aine Impac s wi h
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Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e:
The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he indi idual
au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o MDPI and/o he edi o (s). MDPI and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .