DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS VOLUME: 12 |NUMBER: 4 |2014 |SPECIAL ISSUE
Ne wo k Deg ada ion E ec s on Di e en Codec
Types and Cha ac e is ics o Video S eaming
Ja osla FRNDA1, Lukas SEVCIK1, Mi osla UHRINA2, Mi osla VOZNAK1
1Depa men o Telecommunica ions, Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing and Compu e Science,
VSB–Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, 17. lis opadu 15, 708 00 Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic
2Depa men o Telecommunica ions and Mul imedia, Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing,
Uni e si y o Zilina, Uni e zi na 8215/1, 010 07, Zilina, Slo akia
ja osla[email p o ec ed], lukas.se [email p o ec ed], mi osla[email p o ec ed], mi osla . [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . Nowadays, he e is a quickly g owing de-
mand o he ansmission o oice, ideo and da a
o e an IP based ne wo k. Mul imedia, whe he we
a e alking abou b oadcas , audio and ideo ansmis-
sion and o he s, om a global pe spec i e is g owing
exponen ially wi h ime. Wi h incoming eques s om
use s, new echnologies o da a ans e a e con in-
ually de eloping. Da a mus be deli e ed eliably and
wi h he ewes losses a such high speed. Video qual-
i y as pa o mul imedia echnology has a e y impo -
an ole nowadays. I is in luenced by se e al ac o s,
whe e each o hem can ha e many o ms and p ocess-
ing. Ne wo k pe o mance is he majo deg ada ion e -
ec ha in luences he quali y o esul ing image. Poo
ne wo k pe o mance (lack o link capaci y, high ne -
wo k load. . . ) causes da a packe losses o di e en
deli e y ime o each packe . This wo k ocuses ex-
ac ly on hese ne wo k phenomena. I examines he
impac o di e en delays and packe losses on he qual-
i y pa ame e s o iple play se ices, o e alua e he
esul s using objec i e me hods. The aim o his wo k
is o b ing a de ailed iew on he pe o mance o ideo
s eaming o e IP-based ne wo ks.
Keywo ds
Delay a ia ion, packe loss, PSNR, SSIM,
ideo quali y assessmen .
1. In oduc ion
The g ow h o he In e ne ne wo k is using mo e and
mo e esou ces o pe o mance analysis. This is simu-
la ed using di e en models. This wo k compa es he
pe o mance o he ne wo k om an expe imen al iew-
poin . The objec i e o his wo k is o analyse a ious
impac s on ansmi ed ideo, such as packe loss, ji -
e , eo de ing. The wo k ocuses on he p esence o
ideo and da a packe s in he ne wo k. I compa es
he impac o da a loss and ou o o de da a. The
esul s show whe he i is be e o ge he packe s in
a di e en o de o comple ely los . I compa es s a ic
and dynamic ideo; a ying quali y o he ansmi -
ed ideo. We compa e he impac o he size o he
ansmi ed da a.
We deal wi h objec i e me hods o he e alua ion
o he quali y o ideos in he wo ks. The e a e many
a ibu es o he ideo image. These can be compa ed;
he e o e, o measu e he exploi s o se e al o he mos
well-known me hods o he e alua ion o image qual-
i y. Each me hod has di e en p ocedu es and di e en
me ic e alua ion sys em. We apply packe loss o e
p ede e mined s eps on s eam. The indi idual objec-
i e me hods will e alua e he cap u ed s eams. The
aim o he pape is o e alua e he impac o loss du ing
ansmission using di e en comp ession echnologies
om se e al di e en pe spec i es.
2. S a e o he A
The ecen ly g owing in e es in eal- ime se ice (such
as audio and ideo) ans e h ough packe ne wo ks
based on IP p o ocol has led o analyses o hese se -
ices and hei beha io in such ne wo ks becoming
mo e in ensi e. Logically, he g ea es emphasis is be-
ing pu on he ans e o oice, since his se ice is
he mos sensi i e o he o e all ne wo k s a us. Bu
on he o he hand, ideo has become he majo i y pa
o all da a a ic sen ia IP ne wo ks. In gene al,
a ideo se ice is one-way se ice (excep e.g. ideo
calls) so ne wo k delay is no such an impo an ac-
o as in oice se ice. Dominan ne wo k ac o s ha
in luence he inal ideo quali y a e especially packe
loss, delay a ia ion and he capaci y o he ansmis-
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sion links [1]. Analysis o ideo quali y concen a es
on he esis ance o ideo codecs o packe loss in he
ne wo k, which causes a e ac s in he ideo [2], [3].
On he o he hand, a ew ac o s s ill lack, such as a
complex iew o ideo pa ame e s on he inal ideo
quali y. In ou p e ious wo ks [4], [7], we ocused on
he quali y o he iple play se ice p edic ion model
implemen a ion, whe e one pa was dedica ed o he
quali y o he ideo se ice.
The main mo i a ion behind his wo k is o ex end
he men ioned compu a ional model and b ing a com-
plex iew o all ideo pa ame e s like codec ype, cha -
ac e and esolu ion, and hei in luence on nega i e
ne wo k ac o s esis ance. In addi ion o packe loss,
we ocused on ano he ne wo k dis up ion phenomenon
called delay a ia ion (also known as ji e ). This phe-
nomenon is e y o en o e looked due o de-ji e bu e
implemen a ion on he ecei ing side, bu o be e
p ocess o ne wo k si ua ion modeling and p edic ion,
i is good o know how i in luences he inal ideo
quali y.
3. Me hodology
3.1. Video P ocessing
1) Size o Digi al Image Da a
The olume o digi al ideo da a is usually desc ibed in
he e minology o bandwid h o ans e a e. Band-
wid h o a classical digi al ideo ansmission wi hou
comp ession is up o hund eds o Mbps. The amoun
o da a o he pic u e signal is highe wi h an inc ease
in esolu ion. The olume o da a is a majo p oblem
in he ansmission, p ocessing, s o age and display o
ideo in o ma ion. Digi al ideo compa ed wi h s a ic
images is e y sensi i e o memo y needed sa ing [5].
S anda d ele ision b oadcas ing has a ame a e o
a leas 25 ps ( ames pe second), [6]. I is su icien
o he delay in pe cep ion o he human eye. E e y
second o he mo ie a esolu ion 1080p (Full HD) o
uncomp essed ideo can ake up o ens o megaby es
o memo y. Video ypically con ains a la ge amoun
o edundan da a. Those can be emo ed using he
app op ia e comp ession algo i hms [5].
2) Video T ansmission
To ans e ideo iles, undamen ally un eliable p o o-
cols a e used. The p inciple consis s in sending and e-
cei ing da a wi hou eedback be ween he sende and
he ecipien .
Fac o s a ec ing he ideo ansmission a e:
•La ency: This is he ime ha elapses be ween
sending a message om he sou ce and adop ion
o he des ina ion node.
•Packe o de : Va iabili y in he packe deli e y
ime o he des ina ion node causes inco ec o -
de .
•Packe loss: This is he a e age numbe o packe s
ha a i e a he des ina ion node due o he s a e
o he ne wo k. I is mos o en exp essed as a
pe cen age.
•Bandwid h: This exp esses he capaci y o he
ansmission channel.
•Delay: This is caused by o e c owding he packe
queue on he ou going in e ace [5].
3) Me hods o E alua ing he Quali y
In he wo k, we used he objec i e me hods - PSNR
and SSIM. Objec i e e alua ion me ic in ol es he use
o he me ic’s compu a ional me hods, which o m a
"sco e" o he quali y o he in es iga ed ideo. These
me hods measu e he physical cha ac e is ics o he
ideo signal, such as he ampli ude, iming and signal-
o-noise a io.
PSNR (Peak signal- o-noise a io) is he a io be-
ween he maximum signal ene gy and noise ene gy.
I is exp essed on a loga i hmic scale because di e -
en signals ha e di e en dynamic anges. PSNR in
decibels is de ined by he o mula [7]:
PSNR = 10 log10
MAX2
I
MSE [dB],(1)
whe e MAX is he maximum alue ha he pixel
can ake (e.g. 255 o 8-bi image) and MSE is he
di e ence be ween wo gay-le el images o ideo se-
quences. Technically, MSE e lec s he di e si y o
he image, while PSNR exp esses i s iden i y. The
s onges PSNR me hod is an easy and as calcula-
ion, which is he eason why i is s ill used e y o en
in scien i ic pape s al hough he co ela ion wi h he
human pe cep ion is wo se han SSIM [6], [8].
The SSIM (S uc u al Simila i y Index) me hod in-
cludes h ee componen s - he simila i y o he in en-
si y, he co esponding con as and he co espond-
ing s uc u e. The combina ion o hese h ee ac o s
o ms one alue. This demons a es he quali y o he
es ideo. This me hod di e s by e alua ing s uc-
u al dis o ion and no e o a e. The main eason
o his di e ence is cha ac e is ic o he human i-
sual sys em. This pe cei ed dis o ion changes in he
s uc u e o he ame much be e han he e o a e.
Since he SSIM me hod achie es a good co ela ion o
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he subjec i e imp ession, a ing is de ined in he in-
e al [0–1], whe e 0 ep esen s he wo s alue and 1
he bes one (iden i y), [7].
3.2. Video Quali y E alua ion
The aim o he measu emen was o simula e he e ec
o packe loss and ji e o he ideo o ma s MPEG-2
and MPEG-4, o de e mine he impac on he esul -
ing image using objec i e me hods o measu ing he
quali y o he ideo and compa ing he esul s. We
made measu emen s o one s a ic and wo dynamic
ideos o 25 seconds. All he mo ies we e measu ed a
a esolu ion o 720×576 (PAL), 1280×720 (HD) and
1920×1080 (Full HD). S a ic ideo was ep esen ed by
TV news (slow mo ion), he i s dynamic ideo by
a space shu le launch and he hi d ideo wi h he
highes bi a e (60 Mbps) by an open sou ce anima ed
mo ie called Big Buck Bunny. The whole p ocess o
measu ing is shown in he Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. To e alu-
a e he quali y we used he me hods SSIM and PSNR.
SSIM co ela es be e wi h he pe cep ion o he hu-
man eye [6]. We e alua ed hese me hods using MSU
VQM Tools. As a i s s ep, we c ea ed a s eam in
he VLC Playe . As o he ideo con en , s eaming
p ocess RTP/UDP/IP me hod wi h MPEG2(TS) and
H.264(MP4) was used.
This b oadcas he ideo s eam on he local com-
pu e in e ace. We cap u ed and sa ed he s eam o
disk using ano he VLC Playe . We sa ed his ans e
ideo and agged i as he o iginal ideo. Ou es ing
scena ios e lec he si ua ion ha can ac ually hap-
pen in he ne wo k. Especially he mobile ne wo ks
capable o using IP a chi ec u e like UMTS and LTE
each high alues o packe loss and delay a ia ion
[10]. Fo he pu pose o se ings o ou scena ios, we
used Linux ool called Ne em. Ne em p o ides Ne -
wo k Emula ion unc ionali y o es ing p o ocols by
emula ing he p ope ies o wide a ea ne wo ks. The
cu en e sion emula es a iable delay, loss, duplica-
ion and e-o de ing [9].
1) Packe Loss
We se he packe loss o 1 on he in e ace using Ne em
and hen epea ed he whole measu emen . Then we
epea ed his s ep o packe loss in inc emen s o 1 %,
2 %, ..., 10 %.
2) Ji e
We se ha 25 % o packe s will be delayed ( esul s o
ou p e ious wo k [4] showed ha app oxima ely 25 %
o all a ic had di e en one-way delay). We epea ed
he measu emen s o 10, 20, 30, 50, 75 and 100 ms
delay a ia ion. By s eaming he ideos, we se he
alue o he de-ji e bu e o 0 in VLC, so ha he
delays we e eal.
Fig. 1: Measu emen p ocedu e.
Tab. 1: Pa ame e s o measu emen s.
Used codecs MPEG-2, MPEG-4 - H.264
Video esolu ion [pixels] 720×576, 1280×720,
1920×1080
E alua ion me hods PSNR, SSIM
Se ing packe loss on local in e ace:
•# cqdisc add de lo oo ne em loss 1 %.
Change packe loss on local in e ace:
•# cqdisc change de lo oo ne em loss
2 %.
This causes ha 2 % (i.e., 2 ou o 100) packe s
a e andomly d opped. Videos o measu emen we e
in hese o ma s, so we did no se any addi ional
anscoding by c ea ing o cap u ing a s eam.
Se ing packe delay on local in e ace:
•# cqdisc add de e h0 oo ne em delay
10 ms eo de 75 % 50 %.
In his example, 75 % o he packe s (wi h a co e-
la ion o 50 %) will ge sen immedia ely, he o he s
will be delayed by 10 ms. In ou case, co ela ion 50 %
means ha he delayed pa o all da a a ic is oscil-
la ed a ound a alue o 25 %. This se ing simula es
he ne wo k pe o mance beha iou mo e exac ly.
Change packe delay on local in e ace:
•# cqdisc change de e h0 oo ne em delay
20ms eo de 75 % 50 %.
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3) E alua ion o he Resul s
By using he p og am MSU VQMT, we compa ed he
o iginal sample and he es ed sample, which included
damage caused by ou se ings. The p og am expo s
esul s in o a CSV o ma , whe e we can ind he alue
o e e y compa ed ame and he o al a e age alue
o he whole ideo.
Fig. 2: Compa ing s eam wi h o iginal ideo.
4. Resul s
The esul s o he measu emen s e i ied ou p edic ion
ha no only he ype o ideo codec has a deg ada ion
impac on ideo quali y. On he o he hand, ideo
esolu ion was no p o en as a signi ican pa ame e o
ideo obus ness.
The mos impo an ac o was shown o be he ideo
code ype. Video codec H.264 (MPEG-4 Pa 10) is
mo e p one o packe loss a e in he ne wo k in as-
uc u e han he olde MPEG-2. Acco ding o he
esul s o he s a ic ideo measu emen s, he e is no
big di e ence be ween he esolu ions used. We de-
ec ed a sligh dec ease in highe esolu ion. Du ing
he s a ic scene, whe e changes we e e y slow, mainly
he P and B ames con ained app oxima ely he same
in o ma ion ega dless o he esolu ion used [8].
The i s es ed dynamic ideo achie ed wo se esul s
han he s a ic ideo. Again, he di e ences be ween
he used esolu ions we e small. All he GOP ames
con ain mo e in o ma ion, so packe loss signi ican ly
a ec s he pic u e dis o ion. Tha is he eason why
dynamic ideo is gene ally mo e sensi i e o da a loss
[5], [8].
The hi d ideo has a dynamic cha ac e , oo, bu a
e y high bi a e compa ed o he p e ious wo ideos.
Pe o mance o his ideo was e y poo . High bi a e
means a lo o in o ma ion con ained in he I, B and
P ames and i s loss causes signi ican deg ada ion o
he ideo quali y.
Fo a be e illus a ion, igu es o he numbe 3 and
4 demons a e he ideo quali y esul s o ull HD eso-
lu ion. This pape ollows on om ou p e ious wo k
[4] and ex ends he ideo p edic ion model ha was
used he e. All hese men ioned esul we e p ocessed
in o he ollowing eg essi e equa ions.
Fig. 3: SSIM esul s o MPEG-2.
Fig. 4: SSIM esul s o MPEG-4(H.264).
4.1. Slow-Mo ion Video
1) MPEG-2
SSIM = α(a+b·(X2)) + β(a+b·√X)+
+γ(a+b·(X2)).(2)
2) MPEG-4
SSIM = α a+b
X!+β1
a+b·X+
+γ(exp(a+b·X)).
(3)
All he necessa y coe icien s a e p esen ed in Tab. 5.
Because measu emen s we e pe o med on wo dy-
namic ideos, he ollowing eg essi e equa ions ep e-
sen a p edic ion model o bo h o hem.
4.2. Dynamic Video wi h O dina y
and High Bi a e
1) MPEG-2
SSIM = α1
a+b·X+β(a+b·ln (X)) .(4)
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Tab. 2: S a ic ideo measu emen s esul s.
Packe loss [%]
PSNR ([dB])/SSIM
720×576 1280×720 1920×1080
MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG-2 MPEG-4
129.20/0.914 23.84/0.805 26.25/0.942 17.87/0.742 27.45/0.905 17.63/0.774
228.73/0.876 15.05/0.688 25.84/0.894 17.36/0.730 23.54/0.885 16.94/0.776
323.320.877 13.21/0.52 22.02/0.839 14.43/0.709 20.86/0.876 15.70/0.673
422.89/0.8 13.90/0.529 20.03/0.830 15.13/0.713 21.28/0.821 13.69/0.648
523.74/0.77 12.72/0.514 14.29/0.743 12.64/0.555 16.69/0.820 14.59/0.450
620.36/0.721 11.34/0.499 14.36/0.726 11.36/0.539 14.84/0.812 11.92/0.362
717.98/0.669 12.12/0.486 13.08/0.707 10.34/0.534 15.53/0.800 12.44/0.255
815.44/0.536 10.33/0.485 12.43/0.660 9.37/0.483 15.53/0.740 10.86/0.225
915.68/0.481 9.96/0.463 13.90/0.658 8.46/0.444 15.51/0.569 11.64/0.205
10 13.40/0.452 8.55/0.362 13.08/0.638 9.77/0.421 12.46/0.481 10.33/0.184
Tab. 3: PSNR and SSIM esul s o i s es ed dynamic ideo.
Packe loss [%]
PSNR ([dB])/SSIM
720×576 1280×720 1920×1080
MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG-2 MPEG-4
121.22/0.864 17.71/0.777 21.75/0.859 16.29/0.736 19.00/0.915 15.90/0.817
219.08/0.830 16.30/0.738 19.27/0.837 15.89/0.750 17.99/0.875 13.59/0.715
319.08/0.746 14.89/0.692 17.90/0.789 14.73/0.745 14.96/0.809 13.25/0.715
418.65/0.754 14.84/0.686 18.23/0.766 14.83/0.714 15.86/0.808 11.51/0.657
517.38/0.716 14.73/0.683 18.37/0.752 14.69/0.699 14.41/0.781 12.24/0.649
616.23/0.711 14.73/0.645 16.07/0.741 15.07/0.663 14.95/0.799 12.62/0.637
715.02/0.706 13.83/0.644 14.83/0.717 13.21/0.582 15.29/0.764 12.97/0.632
815.27/0.709 12.60/0.651 14.73/0.701 12.66/0.545 14.10/0.728 12.15/0.605
914.29/0.693 12.46/0.622 14.83/0.694 10.57/0.502 14.13/0.703 11.46/0.604
10 14.70/0.686 11.65/0.605 14.73/0.678 11.72/0.485 13.20/0.683 12.11/0.582
Tab. 4: PSNR and SSIM esul s o he second dynamic es ed ideo.
Packe loss [%]
PSNR ([dB])/SSIM
720×576 1280×720 1920×1080
MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG-2 MPEG-4
127.0/0.923 21.32/0.695 27.63/0.927 16.10/0.530 24.72/0.806 15.56/0.589
226.51/0.9 17.72/0.551 22.79/0.765 15.75/0.511 22.41/0.737 15.16/0.501
321.59/0.714 15.36/0.446 22.56/0.745 15.30/0.422 22.0/0.694 14.42/0.487
421.26/0.718 15.28/0.447 21.43/0.7 14.92/0.421 22.01/0.699 13.8/0.474
520.73/0.705 15.33/0.441 21.10/0.664 14.04/0.428 19.84/0.614 13.37/0.446
619.97/0.668 15.21/0.405 21.10/0.597 12.05/0.393 18.72/0.589 13.02/0.458
720.07/0.618 14.28/0.338 19.15/0.566 11.46/0.372 18.22/0.564 12.17/0.429
819.14/0.575 14.41/0.333 17.90/0.531 10.91/0.353 17.59/0.558 12.09/0.425
917.97/0.562 11.08/0.303 17.65/0.528 10.91/0.352 18.28/0.552 11.09/0.387
10 17.81/0.493 10.95/0.326 17.29/0.511 10.87/0.326 18.07/0.545 10.70/0.364
Tab. 5: Coe icien s o s a ic ideo.
Coe . MPEG-2 MPEG-4 (H.264)
720×576 1280×720 1920×1080 720×576 1280×720 1920×1080
a0.89957 1.08748 0.9216 0.146704 1.1027 0.08596
b−0.004924 −0.143973 −0.00389 0.528499 0.12312 −0.1839
α1 0 0 1 0 0
β0 1 0 0 1 0
γ0 0 1 0 0 1
2) MPEG-4
SSIM = α(a+b·ln (X)) + β1
a+b·X.(5)
Table 6 and Tab. 7 con ain he coe icien s o hese
wo equa ions. All eg essi e models desc ibed he e
gained an R-squa e ac o (R2) highe han 90 %, which
ep esen s a high le el o e aci y.
The second g oup o measu emen s led o an analysis
o he deg ada ion e ec o delay a ia ion – Ji e .
The esul s o he pe o med es s unco e a c i ical
bounda y o 20 ms. Abo e his alue, a signi ican
educ ion o inal ideo quali y is obse ed. Due o
he p ocess o decomp essing and p ocessing he ideo
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Tab. 6: Coe icien s o MPEG-2 dynamic ideos.
Coe . Lowe bi a e dynamic ideo High bi a e dynamic ideo
720×576 1280×720 1920×1080 720×576 1280×720 1920×1080
a0.858125 0.875076 0.927705 0.9538 0.924954 0.819482
b−0.076882 −0.080159 −0.00389 0.094724 −0.179784 −0.1216
α0 0 0 1 0 0
β1 1 1 0 1 1
Tab. 7: Coe icien s o MPEG-4 (H.264) dynamic ideos.
Coe . Lowe bi a e dynamic ideo High bi a e dynamic ideo
720×576 1280×720 1920×1080 720×576 1280×720 1920×1080
a0.783421 1.12248 0.800991 0.678364 1.8151 00.5818
b−0.073105 0.086301 −0.092020 −0.169198 0.122547 −0.0833
α1 0 0 0 0 0
β0 1 1 1 1 1
s eam on he end use side cos ing some ime, bo h
codecs a e ole an o small delay a ia ion.
Fig. 5: Resul s o delay a ia ion measu emen s, HD esolu ion.
Fig. 6: Resul s o delay a ia ion measu emen s, Full HD eso-
lu ion.
The beha iou o dynamic ideos is app oxima ely
on he same le el, wi h bigge di e ences be ween he
MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 codec when he s a ic ideo was
used.
Typically in he eal wo ld, de-ji e bu e is used
o elimina ion o his phenomenon, bu i is good o
know how big a deg ada ion e ec on ideo quali y has
been caused pa icula ly by he delay a ia ion.
5. Conclusion
The aim o his wo k was o b ing a de ailed iew o
he pe o mance o ideo s eaming o e an IP-based
ne wo k. The measu ed esul s showed he ela ion
be ween he ideo codec ype and bi a e o he i-
nal ideo quali y. These esul s helped us o c ea e
and ex end ou p e ious ma hema ical models o ideo
s eaming beha iou . The second pa o he measu e-
men s was dedica ed o ano he ad e se ne wo k im-
pac on ideo quali y called Ji e . The esul s p o ed
he impo ance o De-ji e bu e implemen a ion no
only o oice se ices bu also o ideo s eaming se -
ices.
Ou u u e wo ks will ocus on wo di ec ions:
Fi s ly, he new gene a ion o ideo codecs such as
H.265 and VP9. Due o he limi a ions o ou e alua-
ion MSU VQMT p og am, we a e cu en ly awai ing
he o icial suppo o hese new ideo codecs. The
second pa will be ocused on analysis o he impac
o secu i y mechanisms, and on he enc yp ion algo-
i hm implemen ed o QoS pa ame e s. Secu i y is a
highly discussed opic nowadays, and p o ocols such as
IPsec, VPN/SSL and SRTP a e becoming mo e and
mo e equen ly used o secu e he con en o oice o
ideo, so compu a ional ma hema ical models should
handle his new si ua ion.
Acknowledgmen
This wo k was suppo ed by G an o he SGS
No. SP2014/72 and was pa ially suppo ed
by he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund in
he IT4Inno a ions Cen e o Excellence p ojec
(CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0070) and by he De elopmen o
human esou ces in esea ch and he de elopmen o
la es so compu ing me hods and hei applica ion
in p ac ice p ojec (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0072) unded by
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he Ope a ional P og amme Educa ion o Compe i-
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Abou Au ho s
Ja osla FRNDA was bo n in 1989 in Ma in, Slo-
akia. He ecei ed his M.Sc. om he VSB–Technical
Uni e si y o Os a a, Depa men o Telecommu-
nica ions, in 2013, and now he is con inuing his
Ph.D. s udy a he same place. His esea ch in e es s
include Quali y o T iple play se ices and IP ne wo ks.
Lukas SEVCIK was bo n in 1989 in Cadca, Slo akia.
He ecei ed his M.Sc in In o ma ics om he Facul y
o Managemen Science and In o ma ics, Uni e si y o
Zilina, in 2013. Now, he is con inuing his Ph.D. s udy
a he Depa men o Telecommunica ions, VSB–
Technical Uni e si y o Os a a. His esea ch in e es s
include Quali y o T iple play se ices and IP ne wo ks.
Mi osla UHRINA was bo n in 1984 in Zilina,
Slo akia. He ecei ed his M.Sc and Ph.D. deg ees
in Telecommunica ions om he Depa men o
Telecommunica ions and Mul imedia, Uni e si y o
Zilina, in 2008 and 2012, espec i ely. Nowadays, he
is an assis an lec u e a he men ioned Depa men
o Telecommunica ions and Mul imedia. His esea ch
in e es s include audio and ideo comp ession, TV
b oadcas ing (IPTV. DVB-T, DVB-H) and IP ne -
wo ks.
Mi osla VOZNAK is an associa e p o esso
a he Depa men o Telecommunica ions, VSB–
Technical Uni e si y o Os a a. He ecei ed his Ph.D.
in elecommunica ions, and his disse a ion hesis
was en i led “Voice a ic op imiza ion wi h ega d
o speech quali y in ne wo ks wi h VoIP echnology”
in 2002. Topics o his esea ch in e es s a e Nex
Gene a ion Ne wo ks, IP elephony, speech quali y
and ne wo k secu i y.
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