QUOC, V. D. e al. VOLUME: 23 |NUMBER: 2 |2025 |JUNE
Resea ch A icle
PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS BETWEEN
CONVENTIONAL AND HAIRPIN WINDING
CONFIGURATIONS OF V-SHAPED IPMSM
Vuong Dang QUOC 1,2, Dinh Bui MINH1,2, Hung Bui DUC1,2, Phi Do CHI3,∗
1Labo a o y o High pe o mance elec ic machines (HiPems)
2School o Elec ical and Elec onic Enginee ing, Hanoi Uni e si y o Science and Technology, No.1, Dai Co
Vie S ee , Hai Ba T ung Dis ic , Hanoi, Vie Nam
3Elec ical-Elec onic Enginee ing, Cao Thang Technical College, Vie Nam
uong.dangquoc@hus .edu. n, dinh.buiminh@hus .edu. n, hung.buiduc@hus .edu. n,
doc[email p o ec ed]
∗Co esponding au ho : Phi Do CHI; doc[email p o ec ed]
DOI: 10.15598/aeee. 23i2.240904
A icle his o y: Recei ed Sep 03, 2024; Re ised Oc 05, 2024; Accep ed No 29, 2024; Published Jun 30, 2025.
This is an open access a icle unde he BY-CC license.
Abs ac . In e io pe manen magne synch onous
mo o s (IPMSMs) ha e been used ex ensi ely in he
anspo a ion, indus ial, medical, and mili a y ields
ecen ly because o hei many bene i s, including high
powe densi y, high o que, and high ope a ional econ-
omy. Howe e , cu en s udies ha e mainly ocused
on using adi ional windings o hese mo o s, ne-
glec ing he po en ial imp o emen s in mo o pe o -
mance ha could be achie ed wi h di e en winding
ypes. The e o e, i is c ucial o e alua e he pe o -
mance o hese mo o s when using di e en winding
s uc u es. This pape p esen s a combina ion o an-
aly ical echnique and ini e elemen me hod o com-
pa e he elec omagne ic pa ame e s (back elec omo-
i e o ce (EMF), ou pu powe and o que, and em-
pe a u e ise) o IPMSMs wi h con en ional and hai -
pin winding con igu a ions. The alida ed me hod is
hen applied o a p ac ical V-shape IPMSM wi h con-
en ional and hai pin winding con igu a ions.
Keywo ds
In e io pe manen magne synch onous mo o
(IPMSM), V-shape o o con igu a ion, hai pin
winding ype, analyical model, ini e elemen
me hod.
1. In oduc ion
In e nal Pe manen Magne Synch onous Mo o s
(IPMSMs) ha e been widely used in he anspo a-
ion, indus ial, medical, and mili a y sec o s due o
hei nume ous ad an ages, such as high o que, high
powe densi y, and high ope a ional e iciency. How-
e e , mos p io esea ch has ocused on IPMSMs wi h
con en ional windings [1–5]. This is a pa ial assess-
men o he po en ial imp o emen s in mo o pe o -
mance ha could be achie ed by employing di e en
ypes o windings. The e o e, i is c ucial o e alu-
a e how well a mo o pe o ms when using a ious
winding con igu a ions. In e e ence [1], he IPMSM
wi h con en ional winding ype was p esen ed. In his
s udy, e e y componen o he magne ic lux chan-
nels was included in he model, pa icula ly he leak-
age lux pa hs su ounding he pe magnen magne s
(PMs). The esul s showed ha he wid h o he i on
b idge and he le el o i on sa u a ion signi ican ly in-
luenced he dis ibu ion o he magne ic ield inside
he mo o . The alidi y o he analy ical model was
con i med by he nume ical esul s. In e e ence [2],
an enhanced analy ical echnique o compu ing he
cogging o que and magne ic ield in su ace-moun ed
PMSMs (SPMSMs) ha akes in o accoun any eccen-
ic o o o m was p esen ed. Based on he subdo-
main model, he supe posi ion concep o he ec o
po en ial, and he su ace-cu en app oach o he pe -
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manen magne (PM), he expec ed magne ic ield in
he su ace-moun ed PM machines was discussed. In
e e ence [3], he elec omagne ic pe o mance o he
IPMSM wi h a ∇+U PM con igu a ion was compa ed
o he no mal V + ∇shape o EV applica ions. Fo
his s uc u e, he pape used he ini e elemen analy-
sis (FEA) o maximize basic ai -gap lux densi y while
minimizing o al ha monic dis o ion (THD). In e e -
ence [4] a no el me hod was de eloped o an asymme -
ical V- ype o o con igu a ion o educe he cogging
o que and o que ipple. The o que ipple and cog-
ging o que we e also compa ed o hose o he base-
line model. The esul s demons a e ha adop ing
he p oposed o o conside ably educes bo h he cog-
ging o que and o que ipple. In e e ence [5], his
esea ch p oposed an asymme ic o o IPMSM wi h
s ong o que pe o mance and g ea demagne iza ion
p e en ion capaci y. Two ac o s make up his pape ’s
main con ibu ion. To inc ease he o que densi y and
abili y o p e en demagne iza ion, a unique asymme -
ic o o wi h a shi ed magne axis is p esen ed. In
e e ence [6], he ac ional-slo concen a ed-winding
(FSCW) PMSM was ho oughly examined o i s ad-
an ages and disad an ages. This pape discussed he
heo y and design o FSCW PMSMs. The compa a-
i e di e en ypes o machines, aul - ole ance o o
losses, pa asi ic e ec s, and IPMSM and SPMSM we e
also pe o med. In e e ence [7], he au ho s desc ibed
h ee-phase machine designs wi h ocused windings.
The i s sec ion shows s uc u es wi h a egula slo
dis ibu ion and analyzes hei pe o mance, as well as
a me hod o inding he windings. In e e ence [8], he
pape explained how o de elop high-pe o mance pe -
manen magne machines wi h concen a ed windings.
In e e ence [9], a consequen -pole (CP) PM machine
wi h an asymme ic magne ic pole (AMP) s uc u e
was p oposed o p oduce dec eased o que ipple and
unipola leakage lux. In e e ence [10], a s udy exam-
ined wo con igu a ions o win h ee-phase windings
based on he Toyo a P ius’s IPMSM 2010. I was dis-
co e ed ha in he cons an o que ange, a winding
s uc u e wi h single-laye ull-pi ched (SF) windings
can imp o e a e age o que while dec easing o que
ipple. The elec omagne ic p ope ies o he wo wind-
ing opologies we e compa ed, wi h one winding se
ac i a ed and he o he open-ci cui ed.
As p esen ed abo e, up o now, he e ha e been
many s udies on imp o ing he elec omagne ic pa am-
e e s o IPMSM and SPMSM using di e en me hods.
Howe e , compa ing and e alua ing he elec omag-
ne ic pa ame e s o IPMSM wi h a V-shape o o ype
when using con en ional windings and Hai pin wind-
ings has no been p esen ed be o e. In his esea ch,
a coupling o analy ical MATLAB so wa e and he
FEA is p oposed o IPMSM wi h con en ional and
hai pin winding con igu a ions. Fi s ly, an analy ical
MATLAB so wa e is i s de eloped o de ine he ini-
ial/ equi ed pa ame e s o he p oposed mo o . Nex ,
he FEA is p esen ed o simula e and e alua e elec-
omagne ic pa ame e s, such as he back elec omo-
i e o ce (EMF), ou pu powe , o que ipple, cogging
o que, and empe a u e ise o he IPMSM. The ob-
ained esul s will gi e he elec omagne ic imp o e-
men s o hai pin windings compa ed o con en ional
windings. The alida ed me hods a e applied o he
p ac ical IPMSM wi h a V-shape o o con igu a ion.
2. Analy ical Backg ound
The exp ession o elec omagne ic o que (Te) has
been calcula ed based on he s a o and o o diam-
e e , powe in e e ol age, and cu en s:
Te=π
2D2Ls kσ, (1)
whe e Ls k is he s ack leng h, Dis he o o diam-
e e , and σ=L/D is de ined o he inne o o be-
ween 0.8 and 1.25. When he o o is spun, he ini e
elemen g id au oma ically adjus s, and o que p edic-
ion is pe o med o any s a o - o o ela i e posi ion.
To ob ain accep able p ecision while a oiding e o s
b ough on by elemen dis o ion, he impac o he
mesh has been s udied. The mo o symme y allows
o he simula ion o only one pole.
The equa ions below exp ess he s eady-s a e s a o
ol age in he d-q o a ing e e ence ame [11–13]:
d=Rid−ωLdiq,(2)
q=Riq+ωLdid+λmω, (3)
λd=Ldid+λm, λq=Lqiq+λm,(4)
whe e Ris he winding esis ance pe phase, and Ld,
Lqa e he di ec and quad a u e axis induc ances, λm
is he linkage lux o PM along he d- and q- axes,
is he elec ical speed, and d,id, q,iqa e he di-
ec and quad a u e axis componen s o he a ma u e
cu en and e minal ol age, espec i ely. The well-
known e m “Te” is de ined as [14], [15].
Te=3
2p[ϕmid+ (Ld−Lq)idiq(5)
Acco ding o ma hema ical e ms, he cogging
o que (Tcog) is de ined as ollows and is classi ied as a
componen o he magne ic o que [15]:
Tcog =−1
2ϕ2dR
dθ (6)
whe e θis he o o angle, Ris he o al eluc ance
h ough he lux channels, and ϕmis he magne lux
c ossing he ai gap. The cogging o que (Tcog) will
be ze o i he eluc ance Rdoes no change while he
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o o u ns. Acco ding o his heo y, by adjus ing he
V-shaped o o ’s s uc u al a iables ha in luence he
eluc ance R, he Tcog can be inc eased. When i comes
o o que ipple (T ipple), a small misma ch be ween
he back EMF o machine and he cu en o en causes
i . I is impo an o achie e a sinusoidal back EMF
wa e o m and sinusoidal ai -gap lux densi y because
he windings o he IPMSM a e powe ed by h ee-phase
sinusoidal cu en s. The e o e, i is c ucial o conside
he ai -gap lux densi y Bg, which is ep esen ed as
ollows [16,17]
Bg=ϕg
Ag
=µ0
Fg
lg
(7)
In his equa ion, lg ep esen s he ai gap equi alen
leng h, Ag ep esen s he ai gap’s c oss-sec ional a ea,
µ0 ep esen s acuum pe meabili y, and Fg ep esen s
he ai gap magne omo i e o ce. Since he elec ical
angle “θ” anges be ween -90°and 90°, he equai on (7)
can be w i en as a pe iodic unc ion.
Bg=Bmax cos θ=µ0
Fg
lg(θ)(8)
whe e Bmax is he maximum ai -gap lux densi y. As
shown in equa ion (8), a sinusoidal ai -gap lux den-
si y dis ibu ion can be ob ained a maximum alue a
he d-axis poin by se ing θequal o ze o. Fu he -
mo e, in he pe ec scena io, he ai -gap lux densi y
changes sinusoidally as θchanges. Subsequen ly, he
ai -gap equi alen leng h lgdepends on he θ. The use
o V-shaped PM o o s wi h a ying ai -gap equi a-
len leng hs, i is an e icien way o educe bo h he
Tcog and T ipple. This is accomplished by c ea ing a
sinusoidal ai -gap lux densi y wa e o m and he Tcog.
Thus, he T ipple is de ined as [18–20]:
T ipple =−Tmax −Tmin
Ta e age
100% (9)
whe e Tmax is he maximum o que, Tmin is he mini-
mum o que, and Te e age is he a e age o que.
3. Fini e Elemen Analysis
In his pa , he FEA is applied o a double V-
shaped (VV-shaped) IPMSM wi h he hai pin wind-
ing con igu a ion o analyze elec omagne ic pa ame-
e s (magne ic lux ield, back EMF, ou pu powe , ou -
pu o que, cogging o que and empe a u e ise). The
inpu pa ame e s o he p oposed machine a e gi en
ully in Table 1. The s a o and o o lamina ions o
he mo o wi h model Ai ways U5 P emium 2020 a e
poin ed ou in Figu e 1.
Tab. 1: Inpu pa ame e s o VV-shaped IPMSM wi h hai pin
winding con igu a ion.
No Pa ame e s Value Uni
1 Inpu powe 150 kW
2 Hai pin Winding 15.729 kg
3 Co e o o o 7.542 kg
4 Pe manen magne 1.644 kg
5 Sha 1.43 kg
6 End cap 1.44 kg
7 Vol age 350 VDC
8 Numbe o pole pai 8 pole
9 Slo s o s a o 48 slo s
10 Diame e o sha 52 mm
11 Ou e diame e o o o 147.6 mm
12 Inne diame e o s a o 149 mm
13 Leng h o ai gap 0.7 mm
14 S ack leng h o s a o 116 mm
15 S ack leng h o o o 116.6 mm
Fig. 1: S a o ( op) and o o (bo om) lamina ions o mo o
(Model: Ai ways U5 P emium 2020).
The modeling o he p oposed mo o wi h he VV-
shaped IPMSM wi h p = 4 is p esen ed in Figu e 2.
The de ailed hai pin winding s uc u e is poin ed ou
in Figu e 3. The dis ibu ion o magne ic lux densi y
is shown in Figu e 4. I can be seen ha he magne ic
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lux densi y nea he ba ie s is he highes , wi h a
alue o 2.103 T compa ed o o he egions. Because
he magne ic lux densi y due o he cu en in he
a ma u e windings, was signi ican ly diminished based
on he p esence o he b idge space om he lux ba ie
and also he angle be ween wo ba ie s. The inidca ion
o ba ie angle has been s ill a challenge o esea che s
and designe s, so a .
Fig. 2: Model o he p oposed mo o wi h VV-shaped IPMSM.
Fig. 3: F om he le o igh sides: model o con e ional and
hai pin winding con igu a ion.
Figu e 5 shows he dis ibu ion he back EMF wa e-
o ms o con en ional and hai pin winding con igu a-
ions, which a e close o sinusoidal wa e o ms. I
can be isualized ha he ampli ude o he back EMF
wa e o m o bo h cases is qui e simila , i.e., 113.5 V
and 114.9 V o he con en ion hai pin windings, e-
spec i ely.
The compa ison o powe be ween con en ional and
hai pin winding con igu a ions is shown in Figu e 6.
I is clea ha wi hin he speed ange o 1500 pm o
5000 pm, he hai pin winding has a highe capaci y
han ha o he adi ional winding. Speci ically, a a
speed o 5000 pm, he powe ou pu is 195 kW o hai -
pin winding and 180 kW o he con en ional winding.
When he speed is g ea e han 6000 pm, he powe
o he wo cases is almos unchanged.
Fig. 4: Dis ibu ion o magne ic lux densi y in o o and s a o .
Fig. 5: Back EMF wa e o m o con en ional and hai pin wind-
ing con igu a ions.
Fig. 6: Powe compa ison o con en ional and hai pin winding
con igu a ions.
Figu e 7 illus a es he compa ison o elec omag-
ne ic o que be ween con en ional and hai pin wind-
ing con igu a ions. Simila ly o he powe ou pu , in
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he speed ange om 0 pm o 5000 pm, he elec o-
magne ic o que o he hai pin winding is g ea e han
ha o he con en ional winding. A he speed o 5000
pm, he o que is 360 N.m o he con en ional wind-
ing and 375 N.m o he hai pin winding. In he same
way, a he g ea e speed o 5000 pm, he elec omag-
ne ic o que o he wo cases a e qui e s able.
Fig. 7: Elec omagne ic o que compa ison o con en ional and
hai pin winding con igu a ions.
Fig. 8: To que and e iciency o hai pin winding con igu a ion.
Ano he impo an esul s on he o que and e i-
ciency o he hai pin winding is p esen ed ia he map
shown in Figu e 8. I shows ha a a ange o speed
om 5000 pm o 6000 pm, he e iciency can each
app oxima ely 95%. This also means ha he high e -
iciency can each a low speed and low o que. Figu e
9 illus a es he empe a u e ise o bo h con en ional
and hai pin winding con igu a ions. The empe a u e
a he cen e o he con en ional winding is highe han
ha o he hai pin winding, wi h a ange om 30°C o
60°C. The maximum empe a u e o 110.70C is nea o
he connec ion o he winding, while in he o o he
empe a u e is abou 75.90C. The minimum empe a-
u e is on he sha o mo o . Addi ionally, a compa i-
son o he elec omagne ic p ope ies o con en ional
and hai pin windings, showing ha he elec omag-
ne ic powe , o al losses, and e iciency o he hai pin
winding a e highe han hose o he adi ional wind-
ing.
a. Con en ional winding.
b. Hai pin winding.
Fig. 9: Tempe a u e ise o con en ional (a) and hai pin wind-
ing (b) con igu a ions.
4. Conclusion
In his esea ch, bo h analy ical model and FEA has
been p oposed o compa e wo ypes o windings (con-
en ional and hai pin windings) o he VV shapes-
IPMSMs. The ob ained esul s on he back EMF,
elec omagne ic o que, ou pu powe , cogging o que,
o que ipple, e iciency and empe a u e ise ha e
poin ed ou he ad an ages o using he hai pin wind-
ing compa ed o he con en ional winding as shown
in Table 2. Howe e , hai pin winding also has some
disad an ages compa ed o egula windings, ha is,
he Tcog and T ipple o hai pin winding a e la ge han
ha o con en ional winding. Finally, conside ing he
ad an ages o he hai pin winding echnology, no el
design concep s o imp o ing mo o pe o mance a e
p esen ed. The ob ained solu ions allow o each he
bene i s o he hai pin winding echnology while simul-
aneously esol ing i s limi a ions.
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QUOC, V. D. e al. VOLUME: 23 |NUMBER: 2 |2025 |JUNE
Tab. 2: Compa ison o elec omagne ic pa ame e s be ween he con en ional and hai pin windings.
Pa ame e s Hai pin Con en ional Nm
Maximum o que 348.57 344.28 Nm
To que ipple [%] 7.4182 6.0042 %
Cogging o que 7.766 4.0963 Nm
Speed 5677 5975 pm
Elec omagne ic powe 150040 148206 Wa s
Inpu Powe 155654 141757 Wa s
Ou pu Powe 152340 139927 Wa s
To al losses (on load) 1827.3 1830.1 Wa s
E iciency 98.043 95.617 %
Sha To que 355.41 345.64 Nm
Au ho Con ibu ions
V.D.Q. and P.D.C. de eloped he analy ical model
and ini e elemmen me hod o he con en ional and
Hai pin winding con igu a ions o V-Shaped IPMSM.
D.B.M. pe o med he simula ion o he p oposed mo-
o . H.B.D. checked and analysed esul s o he
manusc ip . All au ho s con ibu ed o he inal e -
sion o he manusc ip .
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