75
Inżynie ia Mine alna — S yczeń – Cze wiec 2020 Janua y – June — Jou nal o he Polish Mine al Enginee ing Socie y
h p://doi.o g/10.29227/IM-2020-01-43
1) VSB-Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, 700 13 Os a a-Výško ice, Lumí o a S . 13, Czech Republic;
email: sa ka.k oco[email p o ec ed]
Technical In as uc u e Inc easing Resis ance
in he Na u al En i onmen
Šá ka KROČOVÁ1)
Abs ac
The na u al en i onmen has i s speci ic pa e ns ha a human mus ake in o accoun du ing ealisa ion o any echnical in as uc-
u e o he wo ld coun ies. Unde es ima ing he dange s ha can a ise om na u al phenomena has o en se ious consequences. Fo
some cons uc ions o echnical in as uc u e, especially hei line cons uc ions, he e will be a high numbe o ope a ional acciden s
wi h ex emely nega i e impac on he supplied egions wi h ene gy o d inking wa e . O he ypes o echnical in as uc u e o
example in nuclea powe ha e a po en ial o c ea e a na u al eme gency h ea en he en i onmen no only in he coun y o hei
disloca ion bu also in he long e m o change li ing condi ions in en i e egions.
The ollowing a icle deals wi h his issue in a su cien basic ange sugges s cha ways and means o ecognize he h ea o dange and
hen based on isk analysis o elimina e he consequences o an accep able le el.
Keywo ds: echnical in as uc u e, sys em esis ance, isk, isk analysis, consequences elimina ion
In oduc ion
When cons uc ing any echnical wo k, he designe mus
ake in o accoun local na u al condi ions. Acco dning o di -
e en egions and clima ic zones, he building in ques ion may
ha e di e en unc ional cha ac e is ic and sa e y pa ame e s
and condi ions. These di e ences a e mani es ed no only on he
objec abo e he g ound bu especially on he line cons uc ions.
The objec o line s uc u e mus mee he speci ied pa am-
e e s o esis ance o he e ec o no mal na u al in luence and
a he same ime acco ding o he speci ic condi ions o i s dis-
loca ion in he a ea, o he condi ions ha ha e he po en ial
o a ise only pe iodically a di e en in e als. In Eu ope hese
include in pa icula loods, landslides, soil load-bea ing ins a-
bili y, like unde mining, and wa e condi ions. Also in some
egions seismic in luences o a ying in ensi y and p obabili y
o hei occu ence a e p esen as well.
When assessing hem i is necessa y o s a wi h his o -
ical eco ds as well as geophysical, clima ic and hyd ological
knowledge o he en i onmen . Failu e o unde es ima ion o
his in o ma ion e y o en educes he esis ance o buildings
and hei assemblies, inc eases ope a ing cos s and also sho -
ens he buildings li e.
1. Po en ial o na u e eme gencies and hei nega i e conse-
quences
In o de o build an objec o line s uc u e in any coun y,
such as Eu ope, he building´s in es o mus ecpec local legis-
la i e (building law, wa e law,..) o he loca ion o he building
as well as he common EU legisla ion. Thei adhe ence inc eases
he esis ance o buildings o he e ec o ax ao dina y e en s
and in pa icula p o ec s he o iginal na u al en i onmen .
Howe e some objec s and line s uc u es o echnical and
anspo in as uc u e (wa e wo ks, b idge s uc u es, secu-
i y elemen s) mus be also buil in a eas wi h an inc eased isk
isk o eme gencies o a na u al cha ac e :
• loodplains o ecipien s,
• e i o y wi h seismic ak i i y,
• signi ican ly sloping a eas in moun ain loca ions.
In p ac ice, he abo e-men ioned na u al haza ds a e o en
simul aneously ampli ied by concu en an h opogenic sa e y
in luences in indus ial a eas o e i o ies h ough which ce -
ain ypes o pipelines (oil pipelines, anspo o chemicals,
was ewa e a men by he indus y) pass. The highes p oba-
bili y o occu ence o an ex ao dina y e en and ex en o ex-
ensi e consequen ial damages a e buildings which mus be o
echnical easones (g a i y wa e in low) loca ed in he lood
a eas o he ecipien s such as was ewa e ea men plan s, see
Fig. 1. and o he wa e wo ks, e en ually anspo in as uc-
u e cons uc ion.
As a ule in he case o anspo in as uc u e cons uc-
ions he e is no pe namen o long- e m educ ion in u ili y
alues o subsequen seconda y damage. They a e designed
and buil o high esis ance o he e ec o na u al in luences
caused by loods. A simila s a emen applies o a la ge pa o
he wa e wo ks (dams, ainwa e and was ew e ou le s).
Speci ic wa e wo ks wi h ela i ely complex echnolo-
gies such as sewage ea men plan s, was ewa e pumping
s a ions, moni o ing sys ems, ha e a low deg ee o na u al
lood esis ance. Since hey a e o i eplaceable impo ance
in he a ea and i he na u al en i onmen p o ec ion, i is
always necessa y o coun on he isk o buildings looding
and hein echnologies and o p epa e o an ex ao dina y
e en , o example in he manne speci ied in chap e 3 in his
a icle.
The po en ial o o he eme gencies caused by na u al phe-
nomena is di e en depending on he ype o acili y and i s
loca ion in he a ea. To a undamen al ex en , na u al e en s
on he echnical in as uc u e cause he ollowing condi ions:
• b eaks and c acks in pipe sys ems du ing landslides,
Submission da e: 12-01-2020 | Re iew da e: 17-04-2020
76 Inżynie ia Mine alna — S yczeń – Cze wiec 2020 Janua y – June — Jou nal o he Polish Mine al Enginee ing Socie y
• ounda ion s uc u al join s dis up ion o building
s uc u es,
• spo and a ea co osion o me alic ma e ials deposi ed
in he g ound,
• in ex eme cases he des uc ion o objec s ucu es.
Taken oge he he abo e e en s can se iously unde mine he
gene al in as uc u e o whole egions o a numbe o days o
e en weeks. Howe e he sel -p epa a ion p e en ion o add ess-
ing he di e en kinds o na u al in luences on echnical in a-
s uc u e mus esul om isk analysis using app op ia e me hods
and op imizing ways o ecognising he ea s in ques ion.
2. Means and me hods o eme gencies ecogni ion
Cu en knowledge and possibili ies o echnology can be
de ec ed in ime by a numbe o po en ials haza ds [2] In hei
p ac ical applica ion, echnical ools o p ojec managemen
and managemen need o be pu in he place. One way o p o-
ceed wi h isk analysis is o use an app op ia e analysis me hod.
The ollowing is he echnical in as uc u e o which he e-
gion is la ge ly dependen on ope abili y and eliabili y.
Al eady in he i s enginee ing isk analysis phase o
de elop isk checklis in acco dance wi h he o e all concep
included in he mind map, see Table 1 and 2 which indica e
weaknesses and s eng hs o he sys em.
Subsequen ly om he p ima y in o ma ion om he
checklis he isk analysis need o be con inued using o ex-
ample he FMEA me hod h ough a sequen ial s ep in ol ing
a isk ma ix. The ma ix can aké a ious o ms. One o he
al ena i e o m and s uc u e op ions o he ma ix is shown
in he ollowing Figu e 2.
F om he ma ix ou pu he indi idual ela ionships mus al-
ways be su icien ly clea om he poin o iew o he ex ao di-
na y isk e en s, i s p obabili y and consequences o he opea -
ing sys ems o assessed ope a ing se . O cou se, he o he ways
o enginee ing isk analysis can also be used in p ac ice. Howe -
e each used me hod mus ha e he ou pu s su icien ly unde -
s andable o he use , o example he s a e adminis a ion, he
municipal au ho i ies and also he in as uc u e manage s [4].
3. Possibili ies o echnical esidence inc easing in he a ea
The esilence o each echnical in as uc u e is always
based on he knowledge o he en i onmen in which is loca -
ed and p e en i e p epa dness o deal wi h eme gencies. This
knowledge will esul om he isk analysis pe o med be o e
any cons uc ion on he echnical in as uc u e. F om a p ag-
ma ic poin o iew i is ad isable o inc ease he esilence o he
subjek in as uc u e in wo s eps.
Inc easing he in as uc u e buildings esilence
Unde g ound o o e g ound buildings ha e almos always
a majo impac on he eliabili y o ene gy supplies o d inking
wa e o he egion in ques ion. Thei pu pose is o inc ease o
dec ease he hyd aulic and echnical pa ame e so he sys ém
o o accumula e he aspo ed medium. These objec s can be
ela i ely well p o ec ed om he e ec s o an h opogenic in-
luences. Subs an ially mo e complica ed, be o e he occu ence
o na u al phenomena, depending on he di e en ypes dislo-
ca ion o objec s uc u es.
To inc ease he in as uc u e buildings ope a ional esis-
ance can be done o example:
• always know in de ail he s abili y o he soil en i on-
men unde he building and i s weaknesses when
changing clima ic condi ions,
• knowledge o he isk objec looding and po en ial
le els o looding a di e en le els o isk,
Fig. 1. Des uc ion o gas ank due o loods in Os a a in 1997 [1]
Fig. 2. Model o MU isk a e ma ix and i s consequences in echnical in as uc u e [3]
Rys. 1. Zniszczenie zbio nika gazu z powodu powodzi w Os awie w 1997 . [1]
Rys. 2. Model macie zy s opy yzyka MU i jego konsekwencje dla in as uk u y echnicznej [3]
77
Inżynie ia Mine alna — S yczeń – Cze wiec 2020 Janua y – June — Jou nal o he Polish Mine al Enginee ing Socie y
• p oposes based od p e ious poin s, o sugges building
ounda ion in a way ha a oids he educ ion o i s
s a ic s abili y in c isis si ua ions,
• a he al e na i e haza d men ioned o allow he eme -
gency h ea ,easy and apid e acua ion o h ea ened
echnology elemen s,
• o inco po a e ope a ional and handling ules in o
s a egic objec buildings and in gene al also in o c isis
managemen pla s o ele an egion.
Inc easing he line cons uc ion building in as uc u e
Line s uc u es o echnical in as uc u e a e almos al-
ways ex emely h ea ened by na u al in luences. The in ensi y
and p obabili y o hein occu ence a ises om he ype o e -
i o y, i s geological cha ac e and clima e zone in which he
in as uc u e is loca ed. Fo example o inc ease he esis ance
o line s uc u es o he na u al en i onmen e ec s:
• physicochemical p ope ies knowledge o he soil in
which he co osion en i onmen inducing he s eel
piping sys em o he echnical in as uc u e a e ound,
• in a haza dous en i onmen o inc ease he passi e
and ac i e means o p o ec ing he equipmen in ques-
ion o he highes a ainable le el,
• in he ex emely sloping a eas, impleme ho izon al s ess
elie emelem s on he pipe sys em (compensa o s),
• in o loodplains, be o e i s beggining and ens, place
shu o al es on he pipeline, allowing o quick shu -
down o he a ea in ques ion, in case o an akciden
caused by na u al in luences,
• in c i ical a eas wi h uns able subsoil, edis ibuce he
dis ibu ion sys em wi h a back-up pipeline, allow-
ing he anspo o he speci ied eme gency quan i y
medium,
• o ha e a kon ol and moni o ing sys em in place o
enable emo e moni o ing and subsequen ope a ional
managemen o c isis p ocesses.
The abo e-men ioned basic and o he measu es ha e he
po en ials o subs an ially inc ease he esilence o buildings
and line s uc u es o echnical in as uc u e. In he upcom-
ing new clima ic condi ions in Eu ope, pe iodically eccu ing
in ense inciden s can be almos assu ed which will a ec he
echnical in as uc u e ope a ing sys ems eliabili y [5]. Mos
coun ies in he wo ld ha e al eady su icien s ien i ic in o ma-
ion on he isk and wi h app op ia e in e na ional coope a ion
also he means by which he haza d can be app op ia ely and
economically elimina ed o he ex en easible.
4. In e na ional coope a ion and p e en coo dina ion o
eme gencies in echnical in as uc u e
The subs an ial pa especially he ene gy in as uc u e o
he wold is no buil o i s own speci ic s a e bu has an in e na-
ional cha ac e . In many cases i con e s he medium in ques-
ion o se e al s a es o he poin o consump ion. In he yea s
o come his o m o in e na ional coope a ion can be expec ed
o deepen. Due o he lengh o pipe sys ems con e ing media
o powe lines, he occu ence likelihood o especially na u al
eme gencies inc eases wi h he pipe sys ems lengh . Fo exam-
ple o educe he occu ence likelihood:
• ca y ou he ollowing measu es on he dis ibu ion
sys ém om new disco e ed ene gy sou ces o anspo he
ele an commodi y o he consump ion des ina ion
– in he isk sec ions o he p oduc ou e endange ing i s
own ope a ion o seconda ily he na u al en i onmen o
build speci ic moni o ing sys ems enabling apid ecogni-
ion o he eme gency occu ence,
Tab. 1. Selec ion o ulne abili y checklis – gas supply o he egion
Tab. 2. Selec ion o ulne abili y checklis – d inking wa e sou ces o consume
Tab. 1. Wybó lis y kon olnej poda ności na zag ożenia – dos awa gazu do egionu
Tab. 2. Wybó lis y kon olnej poda ności na zag ożenia – ź ódła wody pi nej dla konsumen a
78 Inżynie ia Mine alna — S yczeń – Cze wiec 2020 Janua y – June — Jou nal o he Polish Mine al Enginee ing Socie y
– ca y ou he ansmission o in o ma ion by he cu en
mos e icien ansmission echnology and moni o ing
equipmen ,
– he pu chase o his echnice by in e na ional ag émen ,
ega dless o he eal in e na ional poli ical si ua ion and
o ien a ion o he s a e in which he deposi s o necessa y
ene gy a e loca ed,
• o implemen new elemen s o passi e and ac i e
p o ec ion, equipmen agains exis ing na u al in luences on
ope a ing sys ems on exis ing p oduc ion and especially dis i-
bu ion sys ems,
• o use s ic ly he la es clima e knowledge in he new
21s cen u y global clima e condi ions, based on he OSN con-
clusions o educe he a ious ypes o haza ds o ope a ional
in as uc u e sys ems.
The inc eased numbe o haza ds h ea ening he ansna-
ional echnical p oduc ion and dis ibu ion equipmen can no
longe be sol ed only segmen ally. In e na ional coope a on
and coo dina ion o ac i i ies will no only inc ease he po en-
ial and p obabili y o a success ul solu ion bu will also sa e
economic cos s esul ing om he implemen a ion o secu i y
measu es [6].
Conclusion
F om he a icle i is clea ha new h ea s o echnical in-
as uc u e and inc easing hein esilence o he e ec s o na -
u al phenomena o an h opogenic e en s can no longe be ad-
d essed by local means. Such solu ions would no be only cos ly
o he s a e conce ned, bu would also lack a highe le el o
dimension. In mos cases such coope a ion al eady exis s be-
ween s a es. Howe e new clima ic h ea s and esul ing con-
sequences a e clea ly sol able only by means o he examples
gi en in se e al cases in his a icle. The aim o he a icle is o
ini ia e, among o he hings, a discussion o he issue and hus
o he new solu ions o exis ing and deepening p oblems in in-
as uc u e ope a ing sys ems.
Acknowledgmen s
This wo k was suppo ed by he esea ch p ojec VI20152019049
„RESILIENCE 2015: Dynamic Resilience E alua ion o In e ela -
ed C i ical In as uc u e Subsys ems“, suppo ed by he Minis y
o he In e io o he Czech Republic in he yea s 2015–2019.
Li e a u a – Re e ences
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2. KAVAN, S., MUDROCHOVA, S. SpecialT ainingo B igadeMembe s on a So wa e T aining Simula o . In 5 h
In e na ional Mul idisciplina y Scien i ic Con e ence on Social Sciences & A s, Con e ence P oceedings. SGEM
In e na ional, Mul idisciplina yScien i icCon e ence on Social Science and A s. Volume 5, Issue 3.5 Educa ion and
Educa ionalResea ch. Bulga ia, 2018. ISBN 978-619-7408-57-7. ISSN 2367-5659. DOI: 10.5593/sgemsocial2018/3.5
3. up a eno dle ČSN EN 31010 Managemen izik – Techniky posuzo ání izik
4. BERNATIK, A., SENOVSKY, P., SENOVSKY, M., a D. REHAK. (2013). Te i o ial isk analysis and mapping. Chemi-
cal Enginee ing T ansac ions, 31, 79-84.
5. KROCOVA, S. 2017 Indus ial Lanscape in he Pe iod D ough .Inženie aMine alna 2017 ol. 39. No. 1 p 39-32
ISSN 1803-569-8X.
6. KAVAN, Š., BREHOVSKÁ, L. Coope a iono Sou h Bohemia and C oss-Bo de Regionswi h a Focus on Ci il P o ec ion.
In Klímo á, V., Ží ek, V. (eds.) 19 h In e na ional Colloquium on RegionalSciences. Con e enceP oceedings. B no :
Masa yko a uni e zi a, 2016. pp. 907-914. ISBN 978-80-210-8273-1. DOI: 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-8273-2016-117.
In as uk u a echniczna zwiększająca opo ność wś odowisku na u alnym
Ś odowisko na u alne ma swoje specy iczne wzo ce, k ó e człowiek musi wziąć pod uwagę p zy ealizacji dowolnej in as uk u y
echnicznej k ajów świa a. Niedocenianie zag ożeń, k ó e mogą wynikać ze zjawisk na u alnych, ma częs o poważne konsekwencje.
Wp zypadku niek ó ych kons ukcji in as uk u y echnicznej, zwłaszcza ich kons ukcji liniowych, wys ępuje duża liczba wy-
padków ope acyjnych, k ó e mają wyją kowo nega ywny wpływ na egiony zaopa ywane wene gię lub wodę pi ną. Inne odzaje
in as uk u y echnicznej, na p zykład wene ge yce jąd owej, mogą po encjalnie s wo zyć na u alny s an zag ożenia, zag ażając
ś odowisku nie ylko wk aju, ale akże wpe spek ywie długo e minowej imoże wywołać zmiany wa unków życia wcałych egionach.
Poniższy a ykuł zajmuje się ym p oblemem wzak esie pods awowym, p oponuje sposoby ozpoznawania zag ożenia, anas ępnie
ozwiązania opa e na analizie yzyka wcelu z edukowania konsekwencji do akcep owalnego poziomu.
Słowa kluczowe: in as uk u a echniczna, odpo ność sys emu, yzyko, analiza yzyka, eliminacja sku ków