The PlantLIBRA consumer survey: findings on the use of plant food supplements in Italy

RESEARCH ARTICLE The PlantLIBRA consumer survey: Findings on the use of plant food supplements in Italy Patrizia Restani 1 *, Chiara Di Lorenzo 1 , Alicia Garcia-Alvarez 2 , Gianfranco Frigerio 1 , Francesca Colombo 1 , Franco M. Maggi 1 , Raimon Milà-Villarroel 2 , Lluis Serra-Majem 2,3,4 1Dept. of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, 2Fundacio ´n para la Investigacion Nutricional, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 3Ciber Obn Fisiopatologıa de la Obesidad y la Nutricio ´n, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, 4Institute of Biomedical and Health Research of Las Palmas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain *[email protected] Abstract Background Food supplements, and in particular those containing botanicals (plant food supplements, PFS), have in recent decades been of great interest both to consumers and to food/pharmaceutical industries. Objectives The aim of this paper is to examine replies by Italian consumers to the PlantLIBRA consumers’ survey in order to: 1) assess the behaviour of an Italian population with respect to the use of PFS, and to compare it with that of other 5 countries involved in the whole survey; 2) identify different habits in the 4 Italian cities selected according to their geographical distribution; 3) collect independent information on the actual intake of PFS and consumers’ behaviour. Subjects/setting 397 Italian consumers enrolled, 187 males (49.5%) and 191 female (50.5%). The distribution of subjects among the 4 cities included was: Milan 99; Venice 90; Rome 96 and Catania 96. Results The interest in PFS in Italy is high, the prevalence of "regular" consumers being 22.7%. Some differences were observed between the 4 cities involved: the pattern of use during the year was specific to each city; consumers in Milan reported reasons to use PFS significantly different from those in the whole Italian sample and did not indicate supermarkets as an important place of purchase; respondents from Rome and Catania more frequently used family doctors and pharmacists as a source of recommendation. Some significant difference among cities, sex and age groups were observed when the most frequently used botanicals were ranked. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915 January 11, 2018 1 / 14 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Restani P, Di Lorenzo C, Garcia-Alvarez A, Frigerio G, Colombo F, Maggi FM, et al. (2018) The PlantLIBRA consumer survey: Findings on the use of plant food supplements in Italy. PLoS ONE 13 (1): e0190915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0190915 Editor: Rajesh Arora, Defence Research and Development Organisation, INDIA Received: January 24, 2017 Accepted: December 22, 2017 Published: January 11, 2018 Copyright: ©2018 Restani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data necessary to replicate the reported study findings are included within the paper. Original data (2359 filled questionnaires) and tables of elaborations are available to interested researchers with approval from the Ethics Committee from the University of Barcelona ([email protected] <mailto:cbu[email protected]>), responsible for the survey and the Universitàdegli Studi di Milano ([email protected] <mailto: [email protected]t>) responsible for the whole EU Project. Further information regarding ethics of the study is available from the independent ethical Conclusions The results provide new insights on the socio-economic characteristics and lifestyle of Italian PFS consumers, on their reasons for and pattern of use, and on their behaviour and expectations. The value of this information is not restricted to the specific country (Italy) but allows for a more general evaluation of the pattern of use, according to habits and geographical area. Introduction Food supplements, especially those containing botanicals, named plant food supplements (PFS), have been of increasing interest in recent decades to consumers and food/pharmaceutical industries [1–2]. The relative market has greatly increased in all five continents, becoming an important economic business in the area of human health. The range of products presented in different distribution channels (supermarkets, pharmacy, herbal shops, internet) and their self-prescription raised concerns about the balance between risk and benefit [3–4], and some research projects have been funded to produce reliable data on this topic. Among the others, a European project called PlantLIBRA (Plant Food Supplements: Levels of Intake, Benefit and Risk Assessment) was financed within the 7th Framework Programme under grant agreement n. 245199. The first consideration was the classification (and selection for survey) of categories where botanicals can be present as ingredients: i.e. foods, food supplements, herbal medicinal products (traditional medicine), homeopathic products, cosmetics, etc. In Italy, as well as in European Union (EU), most products containing botanicals are sold as food supplements and regulated under the food law [5–6]; as defined by the project, the category of Plant Food Supplements (PFS) was the only one included in the recruitment of consumers. In agreement with EFSA, in the PlantLIBRA Consumer Survey, "Botanical" meant either raw material or derived preparations made from plants, algae, fungi or lichens (http://www. efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/botanicals). The botanicals to be included in the survey were clearly defined at the outset; PFS were defined as the "foodstuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which are concentrated sources of botanical preparations that have nutritional or physiological effect,alone or in combination with vitamins,minerals and other substances which are not plant-based". Herbal remedies, other medicinal products based on botanicals, herbal teas and juices were excluded [7]. Survey data collection and the main objectives of the consumer survey have been described in a previous paper by Garcia-Alvarez et al [7]. The main goals of this paper were: 1) the assessment of the pattern of PFS use in Italy in comparison with the other 5 European countries (Finland, Germany, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom) involved in the whole survey; 2) the identification of different consumption habits in the 4 Italian cities selected according to their geographical distribution (Milan, Venice, Rome and Catania); and 3) the collection of information to verify the actual intake of PFS and consumers’ behaviour. Materials and methods The PlantLIBRA Consumer Survey was conducted in 6 European countries (Finland, Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom), and recruitment of participants occurred in 4 cities for each country. In Italy, the cities included were selected as a reference The PlantLIBRA consumer survey in Italy PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915 January 11, 2018 2 / 14 adviser of the project PlantLIBRA (Elizabeth K Lund Email: [email protected] <mailto: [email protected]>). After ethical approval is gained, interested researchers may contact Patrizia Restani at [email protected] <mailto:patrizia. [email protected]>, as the coordinator of the whole European project, to provide any original and signed documents. Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) under grant agreement n˚ 245199. It has been carried out within the PlantLiBRA project. This report does not necessarily reflect the Commission’s views or the future policy on this area. The European Commission had no direct say in the project methods or outcome beyond providing funding for material and personnel, and did not directly contribute to the writing of this manuscript. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. for different geographical areas: Milan for northern region, Venice for northern-eastern region; Rome for central region, and Catania for southern region/islands. In order to obtain a sample of approximately 400 Italian consumers (as established), 1951 individuals were pre-screened [7]. Consumers were eligible if in the previous 12 months their PFS consumption was at least 1) one daily dose for at least 2 consecutive or non-consecutives weeks; or 2) one or more doses per week for at least 3 consecutive weeks; 3) one or more doses per week for at least 4 non-consecutive weeks. Eligible consumers completed a detailed questionnaire on PFS usage, providing product/ plant names, form of dosage, frequency of use, reasons for use, adverse effects, places and patterns of purchase and information sources on products. Data on a maximum of five different PFS for each consumer was recorded; when PFS were more than 5, their inclusion was based on the frequency of use. Responders’ socio-demographic data, including age, gender, level of education and employment status, as well as height, weight and health-related lifestyle information, were also collected. Further details on the survey have been published previously [7]. The composition of each PFS was obtained from the label, if available or, when only the name was known, by searching the PFS ingredients in the producers’ website. Ethical aspects Approval of the survey protocols was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy. The approval required submitting all survey material to the members for evaluation. Furthermore, the ethical aspects were considered in the European Commission Consolidated Review Report dated 30 th September 2013 and evaluated as “ethical issues regarding the surveys have been handled appropriately”. Informed consent was obtained from survey participants verbally after they had read the survey information sheet. The data were collected anonymously on paper questionnaires and then transferred to an electronic database; all respondents were assigned an ID number prior to data analyses. Statistical analysis All data were entered into the statistical package Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows v. 18 (IBM Corporation, Somers, NY, USA), which was used for analysis. Respondent data were recorded in a separate database and a number of variables were created and/or recoded to facilitate reporting and analysis. Absolute frequencies and percentages for each of the variable categories were used to describe the qualitative nominal/ordinal and discrete quantitative survey data. In turn, all data have been stratified by gender, age range and country—also using absolute frequencies and percentages and 95% confidence intervals. When describing the association between two qualitative variables (nominal or ordinal), contingency tables were used. The continuous quantitative variables (e.g. BMI, alcohol) were recoded into categorical variables. For details about the statistical analysis and data organization see the paper by Garcia-Alvarez et al [7]. Results Description of the consumer sample Data included in this paper were collected during the main survey of the European Project PlantLIBRA and are here focused on the behaviour and perception of Italian PFS consumers. The PlantLIBRA Consumer Survey included approximately 400 consumers for each country (Finland, Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain, UK) for a total of 2359 individuals. In Italy, the The PlantLIBRA consumer survey in Italy PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915 January 11, 2018 3 / 14 consumers enrolled were 378, 187 males (49.5%) and 191 female (50.5%). Details about sample distribution among the 4 Italian cities are reported in Table 1. The population was ranked in two age groups: 1) 18–59 years including 284 people (75.1%) and 2) >60 years including 94 consumers (24.9%). The distribution of consumers by sex and age groups was established, as inclusion criteria, in the survey protocol [7]. As for the European sample (ES), the high school was the educational level (medium) reached by the majority of Italian consumers involved in the survey (58.7% vs 65.7% of the ES); the lowest level (primary school) was attained by 19.1% of the Italian and 10.6% of the ES. The distribution was similar at local level, and the percentage of people who reached the medium education level ranged between 52.1% (Catania) and 68.8% (Rome). Catania was the city with the highest percentage of graduate consumers enrolled (36.5%). Most of the Italian consumers included were employed (58.5 vs 57.5% of ES); compared to the European one, the Italian sample included fewer retired people (13.2 vs. 21.1%), while students and people doing housework were more represented. Although with some variability for the percentage of students and unemployed persons, the distribution of consumers of the 4 Italian cities among the employment status was similar. Overall and for the 4 cities, approximately 70% of Italian consumers declared their health status as good or very good (Table 2); only two respondents reported it bad (nobody very bad), both located in Catania. Most Italian respondents (87.8%) declared a low/moderate amount of physical activity (Table 2), whereas in the European sample as a whole (ES) it was moderate/ high (81.5%). No significant difference was observed between Italian cities. Despite the lower physical activity, 65.1% of Italian respondents reported a BMI (Body Mass Index) as normal (18.5–25.0 kg/m 2 ), while only 47.1% of the ES fell into this category, and only 5.8% of the Italian sample was obese, versus 15.1% in the ES. Table 1. PlantLIBRA Italian consumer survey sample—socio-economic characteristics, overall and by city. Characteristic All countries Italy Milan Venice Rome Catania n % n % n % n % n % n % Consumer sample Total 2359 100 378 100 96 100 90 100 96 100 96 100 Male 1141 48.4 187 49.5 39 40.6 46 51.1 52 54.2 50 52.1 Female 1218 51.6 191 50.5 57 59.4 44 48.9 44 45.8 46 47.9 Age m±SD 46.4±15.6 44.0±16.2 46.8±15.3 40.43±16.2 45.8±15.7 42.8±17.2 18–59 years 1764 74.8 284 75.1 69 71.9 73 81.1 71 74.0 71 74.0 >60 years 595 25.2 94 24.9 27 28.1 17 18.9 25 26.0 25 26.0 Education a Low 249 10.6 72 19.1 25 26.0 22 24.4 14 14.6 11 11.5 Medium 1549 65.7 222 58.7 54 56.3 52 57.8 66 68.8 50 52.1 High 561 23.8 84 22.2 17 17.7 16 17.8 16 16.7 35 36.5 Employment status Employed 1357 57.5 221 58.5 61 63.5 46 51.1 61 63.5 53 55.2 Retired 498 21.1 50 13.2 13 13.5 10 11.1 15 15.6 12 12.5 Student 187 7.9 47 12.4 5 5.2 14 15.6 12 12.5 16 16.7 Housework 157 6.7 39 10.3 10 10.4 15 16.7 6 6.3 8 8.3 Unemployed 142 6.0 21 5.6 7 7.3 5 5.6 2 2.1 7 7.3 Other 18 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a Low education level = Primary school; Medium education level = High School; High education level = Graduation https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915.t001 The PlantLIBRA consumer survey in Italy PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915 January 11, 2018 4 / 14 Most Italian consumers were non-smokers and approximately 50% of them had never smoked (Table 2). A significant percentage (41.3%) of Italian consumers declared a consumption of an alcoholic beverage more than once a day, compared to the ES (12.6%). The difference observed with the whole survey was probably due to the fact that consumption of wine during meals is considered positively by Italian society and there is consequently no reluctance in declaring it. The large majority of Italians do not use food supplements other than PFS, or complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) such as acupuncture, chiropractic, or massage therapy. Table 2. PlantLIBRA Italian PFS consumer survey—heath-related lifestyle sample characteristics. Overall and by city. Characteristic All countries Italy Milan Venice Rome Catania n % n % n % n % n % n % Self-reported health status Very good 353 15.0 22 5.8 1 1.0 2 2.2 10 10.4 9 9.4 Good 1427 60.5 243 64.3 68 70.8 62 68.9 54 56.3 59 61.5 Neither bad nor good 496 21.0 111 29.4 27 28.1 26 28.9 32 33.3 26 27.1 Bad 70 3.0 2 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2.1 Very bad 13 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMI a Underweight (<18.5 kg/m 2 ) 69 2.9 12 3.2 3 3.1 2 2.2 5 5.2 2 2.1 Normal weight (18.5–25.0 kg/m 2 ) 1116 47.3 246 65.1 63 65.6 55 61.1 66 68.8 62 64.6 Overweight (25.0–30.0 kg/m 2 ) 818 34.7 98 25.9 25 26.0 25 27.8 21 21.9 27 28.1 Obesity (>30.0 kg/m 2 ) 356 15.1 22 5.8 5 5.2 8 8.9 4 4.2 5 5.2 Physical activity b,c Low 436 18.5 141 37.3 46 47.9 47 52.2 24 25.0 24 25.0 Moderate 909 38.6 191 50.5 38 39.6 36 40.0 65 67.7 52 54.2 High 1012 42.9 45 11.9 12 12.5 6 6.7 7 7.3 20 20.8 Smoking habit Never smoker 1100 46.6 181 47.9 52 54.2 44 48.9 36 37.5 49 51.0 Former smoker 544 23.1 85 22.5 16 16.7 13 14.4 33 34.4 22 22.9 Smoker 715 30.3 112 29.6 28 29.2 33 36.7 27 28.1 25 26.0 Alcohol consumption <1 time/day 1398 59.3 116 30.7 17 17.7 35 38.9 30 31.2 35 36.5 1 time/day 296 12.6 156 41.3 51 53.1 40 44.4 36 37.5 28 29.2 Uncertain 665 26.0 106 28.0 28 29.2 15 16.7 30 31.2 33 34.4 Regular use of food supplements (excluding PFS) Yes 767 32.5 63 16.7 15 15.6 16 17.8 25 26.0 19 19.8 No 1536 65.1 311 82.3 80 83.3 72 80.0 70 72.9 77 80.2 Uncertain 56 2.4 4 1.1 1 1.0 2 2.2 1 1.1 0 0 CAM d Usage Yes 947 40.1 96 25.4 25 26.0 24 26.6 21 21.8 26 27.0 No 1412 59.9 282 74.6 71 73.9 66 73.3 75 78.1 70 72.9 Total sample n = 2359 n = 378 n = 96 n = 90 n = 96 n = 96 a BMI = Body Mass Index: weight (kg)/heigh (m 2 ) b Two consumers, one from Germany and one from Italy/Venise, did not reply to this question c IPAQ categories [8] d CAM = Complementary and Alternative Medicine (acupunture, chiropractor, massage therapist, etc.) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915.t002 The PlantLIBRA consumer survey in Italy PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915 January 11, 2018 5 / 14 Pattern of PFS consumption in Italy Similarly to the ES, more than 90% of the Italian subjects consumed one PFS, and only 0.8% (ES 4%) more than two PFS (Table 3). The number of consumers taking one PFS was higher in Central/Southern Italy (Rome 97.9% and Catania 93.8%), where no respondent declared the use of more than two PFS. As in the whole survey, solid forms (capsules, pills, tablets, lozenges) were the most frequently used in Italy, followed by liquid forms, which were more often cited by Venice respondents. Regarding the pattern of use (Table 3), 70% of Italian respondents claimed to use PFS only periodically or when their health status worsened; use "whenever/sporadically" was fairly frequently cited by consumers from Milan (30.2%) and rarely by those from Rome (2%). The percentage of consumers using PFS all the year round was low in the whole survey (4.4% of the ES and 2.6% of the Italian respondents), but the pattern of use during the year showed several interesting differences (Fig 1). While the ES showed a quite constant pattern of use during the year, Italian consumers increased their use of PFS in spring and reduced it in summer; this pattern is particularly evident for males, while no important difference was seen between the two age groups. The pattern of consumption differs among the four Italian cities, with opposite profiles when Venice and Catania are considered. These data suggest that geographical area and climatic conditions can modulate the habits of PFS consumers. With regard to the reasons of use (Table 4), the three most reported items by Italian respondents were, in decreasing order of importance: 1) stomach/digestive function; 2) energy and tonics; and 3) relaxing; the last item was less cited by ES in favour of ‘boosting the immune system’. The ranking of reasons for use in Rome and Catania was similar to the average for all Italian respondents, but for Milan the three most important items were: 1) digestive function, 2) immune system, and 3) hair/skin; and for Venice 1) digestive function, 2) energy/tonics, and 3) body weight control. More details on reasons of use in the whole survey (6 countries), in Italy, and in the four cities are listed in Table 4. The difference between the number of reasons Table 3. PlantLIBRA Italian PFS consumer survey—PFS usage pattern and form, overall and by city. Characteristic All countries Italy Milan Venice Rome Catania n % n % n % n % n % n % Number of PFS used n = 2359 n = 378 n = 96 n = 90 n = 96 n = 96 1 1 975 87 343 90.7 76 79.2 79 87.8 94 97.9 90 93.8 2 289 12.3 32 8.5 16 16.7 11 12.2 2 2.1 6 6.3 3–5 95 4.0 3 0.8 4 4.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Form of PFS a n = 2874 n = 417 n = 116 n = 101 n = 98 n = 102 Capsules 1101 38.3 144 34.5 46 39.7 32 31.7 36 36.7 30 29.7 Pills/Tablets/Lozenges 1057 36.8 126 30.2 29 25.0 25 24.8 33 33.7 39 38.6 Liquid 513 17.9 110 26.4 33 28.4 34 33.7 23 23.5 20 19.8 Ampoules 104 3.6 13 3.1 2 1.7 3 3.0 2 2.0 6 5.9 Other 99 3.4 24 5.7 6 5.2 7 6.9 4 4.1 6 5.9 Pattern of use^ n = 2874 n = 417 n = 116 n = 101 n = 98 n = 102 Whenever/sporadically 568 19.8 73 17.5 35 30.2 15 14.9 2 2.0 21 20.6 Periodically 1072 37.3 172 41.3 33 28.4 45 44.6 54 55.1 40 39.2 Worsening health status 638 22.2 128 30.7 37 31.9 38 37.6 20 20.4 33 32.3 Other reasons 512 17.8 32 7.7 11 9.5 3 3.0 12 12.2 6 5.9 Uncertain 84 2.9 12 2.9 0 0 0 0 10 10.2 2 2.0 a Numbers and percentages are referred to the total PFS used and not to the total consumer samples https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915.t003 The PlantLIBRA consumer survey in Italy PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915 January 11, 2018 6 / 14 for use of PFS given by the responders (in Italy 417) and the number of total counts (549) shows that, generally speaking, more than one reason of use was reported for most PFS. Place of purchase and sources of information In the whole survey and in Italy, the most usual places of purchase were, in decreasing order of importance: 1) health/herbal shops, 2) pharmacy, and 3) supermarket/grocery stores (Table 5). Supermarkets were not as frequently cited by Italian respondents as in the whole survey (7.9% vs. 13.2%), and in Milan was not ranked even at the third position, being cited only three times. As shown in Table 6, the most frequently reported sources of recommendation in Italy were, in decreasing order of citation: 1) herbal shop assistants, 2) friends and relatives, and 3) nobody/myself. Italian consumers cited herbal shop assistants more frequently than the rest of the ES (39.7% vs 15.3%). The special trust in the expertise of these professionals is probably due to the fact that most of them are graduates in "herboristic sciences and technologies", a three-year course offered by the Faculty of Pharmacy. In Rome and Catania, the third item listed was not "nobody/myself" but "pharmacist" and "internet/social groups", respectively. Fig 1. Pattern of PFS use during the year. (A) Italian sample versus whole survey sample; (B) male versus females; (C) younger versus older respondents; (D) data from the 4 Italian cities. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915.g001 The PlantLIBRA consumer survey in Italy PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915 January 11, 2018 7 / 14 Table 4. Reasons of use, overall and by city a,b,c . Europe Italy Milan Venice Rome Catania n % n % n % n % n % n % Stomach/Digestive function 386 13.4 80 19.2 24 20.7 20 19.8 17 17.3 19 18.6 Energy/Tonics 480 16.7 61 14.6 19 16.4 10 9.9 15 15.3 17 16.7 Relaxing 266 9.3 48 11.5 9 7.8 9 8.9 13 13.3 17 16.7 Immune system 578 20.1 38 9.1 17 14.7 7 6.9 5 5.1 9 8.8 Body weight 253 8.8 34 8.2 10 8.6 14 13.9 5 5.1 5 4.9 Sleeping 196 6.8 33 7.9 10 8.6 4 4.0 8 8.2 11 10.8 Hair/skin 309 10.8 32 7.7 15 12.9 7 6.9 4 4.1 6 5.9 Hearth/blood circulation 223 7.8 27 6.5 12 10.3 7 6.9 6 6.1 2 2.0 Joint and bones 258 9.0 26 6.2 8 6.9 2 2.0 12 12.2 4 3.9 Flu/cold 310 10.8 24 5.8 6 5.2 7 6.9 4 4.1 7 6.9 Mood 206 7.2 24 5.8 7 6.0 8 7.9 4 4.1 5 4.9 Antioxidant intake 189 6.6 18 4.3 11 9.5 2 2.0 4 4.1 1 1.0 Memory 236 8.2 17 4.1 5 4.3 5 5.0 4 4.1 3 2.9 Cholesterol 164 5.7 16 3.8 3 2.6 3 3.0 4 4.1 6 5.9 Urinary tract 137 4.8 14 3.4 5 4.3 4 4.0 1 1.0 4 3.9 Vision or hearing 67 2.3 6 1.4 2 1.7 0 0.0 3 3.1 1 1.0 Menopause 168 5.8 5 1.2 4 3.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.0 General health 84 2.9 1 0.2 2 1.7 3 3.0 5 5.1 3 2.9 Other 265 9.2 45 10.8 11 9.5 10 9.9 16 16.3 8 7.8 Uncertain 9 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Total PFS used n = 2874 n = 417 n = 116 n = 101 n = 98 n = 102 Total counts of reasons n = 4784 n = 549 n = 180 n = 122 n = 130 n = 129 Total counts/Total PFS 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.3 a grey cells indicate the three most reported reasons of use b the consumer could indicate for each PFS several reasons of use; percentage are referred to the total PFS used c reasons of use are listed according to the decreasing order of reply coming from the Italian respondents https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915.t004 Table 5. Places of purchase, overall and by city a,b,c . Europe Italy Milan Venice Rome Catania n % n % n % n % n % n % Health/herbal shop 1537 53.5 271 65.0 76 65.5 74 73.3 61 62.2 60 58.8 Pharmacy 781 27.2 99 23.7 28 24.1 13 12.9 24 24.5 34 33.3 Supermarket/grocery store 379 13.2 33 7.9 3 2.6 7 6.9 12 12.2 11 10.8 Internet 197 6.9 13 3.1 4 3.4 3 3.0 1 1.0 5 4.9 Other 186 6.5 10 2.4 5 4.3 1 1.0 2 2.0 2 2.0 Friends/relatives 29 1.0 5 1.2 4 3.4 1 1.0 0 0 0 0 Uncertain 192 6.7 5 1.2 0 0 1 1.0 3 3.1 1 1.0 Gym 36 1.3 3 0.72 2 1.7 1 1.0 0 0 0 0 Total PFS used n = 2874 n = 417 n = 116 n = 101 n = 98 n = 102 a grey cells indicate the three most reported places of purchase b the consumer could indicate several places of purchase for each PFS; percentages are referred to the total PFS used c places of purchase are listed according to the decreasing order of reply coming from the Italian respondents https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915.t005 The PlantLIBRA consumer survey in Italy PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915 January 11, 2018 8 / 14 Consumer perception and behaviour As illustrated in Table 7, Italian respondents believed that consumption of PFS had helped their health always (31%) or sometimes (57%), with an opposite trend in the ES (57% always, 31% sometimes). A certain percentage of consumers (9.4%) was not satisfied with the efficacy of PFS, and replied to the question "Did the PFS help you?"with the items "rarely" of "not at all". Venice and Catania showed the lowest and the highest number of sceptical consumers, respectively. Most Italian consumers had not informed the family doctor (73.6%) or the pharmacist (63.5%) about their use of PFS despite more than 50% of respondents not feeling wellenough informed. Catania consumers had more frequently informed the family doctor (37.3%) or the pharmacist (48%). Only 5 consumers (1.2%) reported adverse effects: 2 from Milan, 1 from Rome and 2 from Catania (Table 7). The cases are summarized below; details and comparison with other countries can be found in the paper by Restani et al. [9]: 1. A consumer with a history of allergic reactions experienced difficulty in swallowing after consumption of a PFS containing Foeniculum vulgare (fennel); 2. A consumer with a history of heart disease described an adverse effect (dizziness) due to a PFS containing Paullinia cupana (guarana); 3. A consumer reported an unspecified adverse effect due to a PFS containing Aloe barbadensis (aloe) and Harpagophytum procumbens (devil’s claw); Table 6. Reported sources of recommendation, overall and by city a,b,c . Europe Italy Milan Venice Rome Catania n % n % n % n % n % n % Health/herbal shop assistant 440 15.3 145 34.8 46 39.7 37 36.6 29 29.6 33 32.4 Friends/relatives 1066 37.1 128 30.7 38 32.8 28 27.7 31 31.6 31 30.4 Nobody/myself 618 21.5 62 14.9 22 19.0 17 16.8 8 8.2 15 14.7 Pharmacist 279 9.7 56 13.4 12 10.3 8 7.9 16 16.3 18 17.6 Family doctor 302 10.5 52 12.5 8 6.9 5 5.0 13 13.3 26 25.5 Internet/social group 179 6.2 13 3.1 1 0.9 1 1.0 0 0 11 10.8 Homeopath 144 5.0 13 3.1 4 3.4 5 5,0 2 2.0 2 2.0 Magazine/newspaper 220 7.7 7 1.7 1 0.9 2 2.0 1 1.0 3 2.9 Nutritionist/dietician 234 8.1 5 1.2 2 1.7 1 1.0 1 1.0 1 1.0 Paramedic personnel d 36 1.3 5 1.2 1 0.9 1 1.0 1 1.0 2 2.0 TV/Radio 59 2.1 4 1.0 0 0 2 2.0 0 0 2 2.0 Gym trainer 8 0.3 4 1.0 2 1.7 0 0 1 1.0 1 1.0 Uncertain 32 1.1 1 0.2 0 0 0 0 1 1.0 0 0 Brochure/Leaflet 37 1.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Books/scientific journals 3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Telemarketing/Network marketing 12 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CAM e Therapist 10 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total PFS used n = 2874 n = 417 n = 116 n = 101 n = 98 n = 102 a grey cells indicate the three most reported sources of recommendation b the consumer could indicate several sources of recommendation for each PFS; percentage are referred to the total PFS used c reported sources of recommendation are listed according to the decreasing order of reply coming from the Italian respondents d including nurses, opticians, physical therapists e CAM = Complementary and Alternative Medicine https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915.t006 The PlantLIBRA consumer survey in Italy PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915 January 11, 2018 9 / 14