Sustainable Conservation of Architectural Heritage to Reduce Environmental Impact: The Morocco Pavilion on Cartuja Island in Seville

Citation: Castilla, M.V.; Lopez, F. Sustainable Conservation of Architectural Heritage to Reduce Environmental Impact: The Morocco Pavilion on Cartuja Island in Seville. Heritage 2024,7, 3851–3866. https:// doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080182 Academic Editors: Daniela Fico and Daniela Rizzo Received: 20 June 2024 Revised: 17 July 2024 Accepted: 22 July 2024 Published: 24 July 2024 Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). heritage Article Sustainable Conservation of Architectural Heritage to Reduce Environmental Impact: The Morocco Pavilion on Cartuja Island in Seville Manuel V. Castilla *,† and Francisco Lopez † Higher Polytechnic School, University of Seville, 41011 Sevilla, Spain *Correspondence: [email protected] †These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: The architectural heritage of a particular place, in most cases, is characterised by vernacular and unique constructions that have been adapted to local climate conditions. For this purpose, specific materials and construction methods have traditionally been used that, in addition to the durability of the construction, also allow for the consideration of the energy efficiency of the building itself. The present intersection of climate change and architecture has led to new exposure to the external agents for which constructions were designed, forcing, in most cases, a review of building envelopes and very costly proposals. From the point of view of efficiency, intervention strategies with passive measures are proposed that not only improve the energy performance and maintenance of buildings themselves, but also lower the overall energy consumption. Using a heritage case study of the city of Seville, the Moroccan Pavilion, at Expo 92, this work includes an analysis and proposal of effective action through a methodological study of energy efficiency. The problem of high energy consumption during the summer months in Seville is tested in the Pavilion. The results indicate an urgent need for renovation, and among different options, new intervention measures are recommended as an alternative to consumption based on knowledge and tradition; moreover, passive construction elements are proposed in accordance with the climatic reality of the environment for optimal conservation in new climate scenarios. Keywords: passive architecture; heritage construction; Expo 92; energy consumption; sustainable construction; architectural heritage; the Morocco Pavilion; Seville; Cartuja Island 1. Introduction Great international events, such as world expos, Olympic Games, and international summits, provide unique opportunities for showcasing innovative architecture on a global stage [ 1 ]. This paper examines the role of singular architecture in such events, focusing on a case study and design principles that contribute to environmental success. Singular buildings built for large international events are usually designed with the intention of breaking out of the routine of local design. Often, they are designed to be models and references that show the cultural identity of a town and its architectural culture, acting as a reflection of architectural know-how. The Expo 92 Universal Exhibition in Seville was a great showcase of architectures designed to adapt to new environments (with greater or lesser success), reflecting every country and culture that participated in it [2]. In the specific case study of the Morocco Pavilion on La Cartuja Island in Seville, we encounter a building with low energy efficiency. This pavilion, designed with curtain wall solutions, represents a clear example of a construction not adapted to its environment, with increasingly longer and more intense summer periods every year. This paper presents a time-based study of its boundary conditions and possible interventions and recommendations from a regenerative and sustainable perspective. Heritage 2024,7, 3851–3866. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080182 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage Heritage 2024,73852 We understand that the countries in immediate proximity to the host city had no difficulty in implementing an efficient product adapted to the environment. Climate and implementation methods could easily be extrapolated from these countries. The rationale behind developing this architectural design is to decrease buildings’ environmental impact, improve the quality of the built environment, and increase the thermal comfort of buildings’ occupants and its performance [3]. Examples from other latitudes, for which climatic rigor forced decisions to be made, should be considered, as they were not always achieved successfully. It should be possible to maintain a comfortable range of conditions without resorting to the provision of artificial cooling by using measures such as shade, thermal mass air movement, lighting controls, and low-energy lighting [4]. In this way, the need to use passive measures in architecture with vernacular elements, such as mashrabiya, cannot be overlooked. Mashrabiya works perfectly as a protection device from direct sunlight and effectively reduces heat gain, especially during hot seasons. In the current era, various shapes derived from mashrabiya can be found on the façades of buildings in various countries around the world. Also, several studies and applications have submitted new designs and proposals for the development of mashrabiya, either using different materials instead of wood, such as aluminium, steel, ceramics, or glass-fibre-reinforced concrete (GRC), or incorporating interactive techniques for opening and closing [ 5 ]. Moreover, this knowledge can be applied to modern buildings by combining the mashrabiya concept with new solutions, improving the design according to users’ needs in line with modern building systems in hot climates. Additionally, it could be effective to use this method in temperate climates, leading to thermal comfort periods [5]. An understanding of urban resilience in urban studies and planning is critical in analysing and combating the impacts of climate change in cities in the Global South [6]. 2. Literature Review Numerous attempts have been made to explain the concept of sustainability, introduced by the Brundtland Commission in their 1987 report, “Our Common Future” [ 7 ]. Consequently, various definitions have emerged to describe what constitutes sustainable architectural design. In the 1990s, the building sector began to acknowledge its significant environmental impact [ 8 ]. Since then, a crucial shift has occurred in the way buildings are designed, constructed, and operated to reduce their environmental footprint [9]. Initial ideas in construction must consider the very functioning of a building by considering its adaptation to external agents, its massiveness, and its final use. It must be understood that, until recently, structural and technical energy resources were used without sustainable limits and with the direct application of technologies. The concept of efficiency suggests that technology is not everything, and that production and consumption must be balanced [ 10 ]. It would be unfeasible to reach a balance without the use of passive measures [11]. This approach reduces the need for artificial lighting, thereby lowering energy consumption and enhancing occupant well-being. Effective passive lighting design incorporates various elements, including window placement, skylights, light shelves, reflective surfaces, and shading devices, to optimize natural light distribution while minimizing glare and heat gain [12]. 2.1. Vernacular Culture/Architecture The Islamic tradition, and consequently ours, is reflected in the architecture of the pavilion on its different fronts, although this challenges its operation on its southwest front, as shown in Figure 1a,b. The use of water, which is also a traditional and vernacular measure closely linked to Islamic tradition, requires technology for its operation [ 13 ]. The disuse of this measure in the pavilion creates a problem for its skin and façade. Heritage 2024,73853 Heritage 2024, 7 3853 2.1. Vernacular Culture/Architecture The Islamic tradition, and consequently ours, is reflected in the architecture of the pavilion on its different fronts, although this challenges its operation on its southwest front, as shown in Figure 1a,b. The use of water, which is also a traditional and vernacular measure closely linked to Islamic tradition, requires technology for its operation [13]. The disuse of this measure in the pavilion creates a problem for its skin and façade. (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) South elevation of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain); (b) Southwest corner of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain). 2.2. Passive Measures Passive measures in buildings are those directly associated with the envelope of the construction, including its materiality, thickness and orientation [14]. Through these measures, vernacular architecture has achieved adaptation to the environment and local conditions without the need for extreme energy inputs. This historical wisdom has been proven to reduce the added costs of maintaining basic comfort conditions when the environment and the building are not prepared for it. All shading devices play a crucial role in architectural design by controlling the amount of sunlight that enters a building, thereby enhancing occupant comfort, reducing glare, and minimizing energy consumption for cooling [15]. This literature review explores the various types of shading devices, their historical context, modern advancements, and the principles guiding their effective implementation. 2.3. Islamic Shading Elements Islamic architecture is renowned for its intricate and functional designs, particularly in the use of shading devices [16]. These elements are essential in hot and arid climates where controlling sunlight and promoting natural ventilation are crucial for comfort [17]. Islamic shading devices are not only practical but also contribute to the aesthetic and cultural value of the architecture. Shading devices in Islamic architecture were developed to address the harsh climatic conditions, primarily in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as in some countries of the Mediterranean Sea [18,19]. Key historical shading devices include: 1. Mashrabiya (ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺸﻣ): This is a traditional wooden lattice screen used in windows and balconies. The mashrabiya allows light and air to pass through while providing privacy and reducing heat gain. Often intricately carved, they add decorative value to the building façade. They can also refer to wooden or metal screens used to cover windows, similar to the concept of blinds. These can be adjusted to control the amount of light and air entering a room [20,21], as shown in Figure 2a. Figure 1. (a) South elevation of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain); (b) Southwest corner of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain). 2.2. Passive Measures Passive measures in buildings are those directly associated with the envelope of the construction, including its materiality, thickness and orientation [ 14 ]. Through these measures, vernacular architecture has achieved adaptation to the environment and local conditions without the need for extreme energy inputs. This historical wisdom has been proven to reduce the added costs of maintaining basic comfort conditions when the environment and the building are not prepared for it. All shading devices play a crucial role in architectural design by controlling the amount of sunlight that enters a building, thereby enhancing occupant comfort, reducing glare, and minimizing energy consumption for cooling [ 15 ]. This literature review explores the various types of shading devices, their historical context, modern advancements, and the principles guiding their effective implementation. 2.3. Islamic Shading Elements Islamic architecture is renowned for its intricate and functional designs, particularly in the use of shading devices [ 16 ]. These elements are essential in hot and arid climates where controlling sunlight and promoting natural ventilation are crucial for comfort [ 17 ]. Islamic shading devices are not only practical but also contribute to the aesthetic and cultural value of the architecture. Shading devices in Islamic architecture were developed to address the harsh climatic conditions, primarily in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as in some countries of the Mediterranean Sea [18,19]. Key historical shading devices include: 1. Mashrabiya (  éJ K .Qå Ó ): This is a traditional wooden lattice screen used in windows and balconies. The mashrabiya allows light and air to pass through while providing privacy and reducing heat gain. Often intricately carved, they add decorative value to the building façade. They can also refer to wooden or metal screens used to cover windows, similar to the concept of blinds. These can be adjusted to control the amount of light and air entering a room [20,21], as shown in Figure 2a. 2. Riwaq (  @ðP ): A riwaq is a covered arcade or portico that surrounds courtyards and open spaces in mosques and palaces [ 22 ]. The arcades provide shaded walkways and cool resting areas, protecting occupants from direct sunlight, as shown in Figure 2b. 3. Muqarnas (  Q ®Ó ): This decorative element is a form of architectural ornamented vaulting, often used in domes, half-domes, and entrances. While primarily decorative, muqarnas structures also cast intricate shadows, contributing to the control of light and heat [23], as shown in Figure 3a. Heritage 2024,73854 4. Courtyards (  ám ): Central courtyards in Islamic architecture are surrounded by high walls or buildings, creating shaded areas. These courtyards often contain water features, which further help to cool the air [24], as shown in Figure 3b. Heritage 2024, 7 3854 2. Riwaq ( ﻕﺍﻭﺭ): A riwaq is a covered arcade or portico that surrounds courtyards and open spaces in mosques and palaces [22]. The arcades provide shaded walkways and cool resting areas, protecting occupants from direct sunlight, as shown in Figure 2b. (a) (b) Figure 2. (a) Mashrabiya. The Hall of Comares (Alhambra, Granada, Spain); (b) Riwaq. Court of the Lions (Alhambra, Granada, Spain). 3. Muqarnas (ﺺﻧﺮﻘﻣ): This decorative element is a form of architectural ornamented vaulting, often used in domes, half-domes, and entrances. While primarily decorative, muqarnas structures also cast intricate shadows, contributing to the control of light and heat [23], as shown in Figure 3a. 4. Courtyards (ﻦﺤﺻ): Central courtyards in Islamic architecture are surrounded by high walls or buildings, creating shaded areas. These courtyards often contain water features, which further help to cool the air [24], as shown in Figure 3b. (a) (b) Figure 3. (a) Muqarnas. Hall of the Abencerrajes (Alhambra, Granada, Spain); (b) Courtyards. Court of the Gilded Room (Alhambra, Granada, Spain). Key Features and Principles: 1. Ventilation and Airflow: Islamic shading devices are designed to enhance natural ventilation. The mashrabiya, for example, promotes airflow while blocking direct sunlight, creating a cooler indoor environment [25]. 2. Thermal Comfort: By reducing heat gain, these devices help maintain comfortable indoor temperatures [26]. The materials used, such as wood and stone, also have thermal mass properties that contribute to temperature regulation. 3. Aesthetic Integration: Shading devices in Islamic architecture are not just functional; they are also highly decorative. The intricate designs and patterns of mashrabiya screens and muqarnas add visual interest and cultural significance to the buildings. 4. Privacy: Islamic shading devices often provide privacy for occupants while still allowing light and air to pass through [27]. This is particularly important in residential Figure 2. (a) Mashrabiya. The Hall of Comares (Alhambra, Granada, Spain); (b) Riwaq. Court of the Lions (Alhambra, Granada, Spain). Heritage 2024, 7 3854 2. Riwaq ( ﻕﺍﻭﺭ): A riwaq is a covered arcade or portico that surrounds courtyards and open spaces in mosques and palaces [22]. The arcades provide shaded walkways and cool resting areas, protecting occupants from direct sunlight, as shown in Figure 2b. (a) (b) Figure 2. (a) Mashrabiya. The Hall of Comares (Alhambra, Granada, Spain); (b) Riwaq. Court of the Lions (Alhambra, Granada, Spain). 3. Muqarnas (ﺺﻧﺮﻘﻣ): This decorative element is a form of architectural ornamented vaulting, often used in domes, half-domes, and entrances. While primarily decorative, muqarnas structures also cast intricate shadows, contributing to the control of light and heat [23], as shown in Figure 3a. 4. Courtyards (ﻦﺤﺻ): Central courtyards in Islamic architecture are surrounded by high walls or buildings, creating shaded areas. These courtyards often contain water features, which further help to cool the air [24], as shown in Figure 3b. (a) (b) Figure 3. (a) Muqarnas. Hall of the Abencerrajes (Alhambra, Granada, Spain); (b) Courtyards. Court of the Gilded Room (Alhambra, Granada, Spain). Key Features and Principles: 1. Ventilation and Airflow: Islamic shading devices are designed to enhance natural ventilation. The mashrabiya, for example, promotes airflow while blocking direct sunlight, creating a cooler indoor environment [25]. 2. Thermal Comfort: By reducing heat gain, these devices help maintain comfortable indoor temperatures [26]. The materials used, such as wood and stone, also have thermal mass properties that contribute to temperature regulation. 3. Aesthetic Integration: Shading devices in Islamic architecture are not just functional; they are also highly decorative. The intricate designs and patterns of mashrabiya screens and muqarnas add visual interest and cultural significance to the buildings. 4. Privacy: Islamic shading devices often provide privacy for occupants while still allowing light and air to pass through [27]. This is particularly important in residential Figure 3. (a) Muqarnas. Hall of the Abencerrajes (Alhambra, Granada, Spain); (b) Courtyards. Court of the Gilded Room (Alhambra, Granada, Spain). Key Features and Principles: 1. Ventilation and Airflow: Islamic shading devices are designed to enhance natural ventilation. The mashrabiya, for example, promotes airflow while blocking direct sunlight, creating a cooler indoor environment [25]. 2. Thermal Comfort: By reducing heat gain, these devices help maintain comfortable indoor temperatures [ 26 ]. The materials used, such as wood and stone, also have thermal mass properties that contribute to temperature regulation. 3. Aesthetic Integration: Shading devices in Islamic architecture are not just functional; they are also highly decorative. The intricate designs and patterns of mashrabiya screens and muqarnas add visual interest and cultural significance to the buildings. 4. Privacy: Islamic shading devices often provide privacy for occupants while still allowing light and air to pass through [ 27 ]. This is particularly important in residential architecture, where maintaining a private indoor environment is culturally significant. Contemporary architects continue to draw inspiration from traditional Islamic shading devices, incorporating their principles into modern designs; these designs include: • Al Bahar Towers (Abu Dhabi, UAE): These towers feature a dynamic façade with a responsive mashrabiya system [ 28 ]. The shading screens open and close based on the Heritage 2024,73855 sun’s position, reducing solar heat gain and glare while maintaining natural light and views, as shown in Figure 4a. • (KAPSARC) (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia): Designed by Zaha Hadid Architects, this complex uses geometric shading devices inspired by Islamic patterns. These elements provide effective sun control and enhance the building’s aesthetic [29]. • Doha Tower (Doha, Qatar): Designed by Jean Nouvel, the tower features a complex façade with aluminium mashrabiya elements [ 30 ]. These screens control sunlight and provide a unique visual identity that reflects traditional Islamic architecture, as shown in Figure 4b. Heritage 2024, 7 3855 architecture, where maintaining a private indoor environment is culturally significant. Contemporary architects continue to draw inspiration from traditional Islamic shading devices, incorporating their principles into modern designs; these designs include: • Al Bahar Towers (Abu Dhabi, UAE): These towers feature a dynamic façade with a responsive mashrabiya system [28]. The shading screens open and close based on the sun’s position, reducing solar heat gain and glare while maintaining natural light and views, as shown in Figure 4a. • (KAPSARC) (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia): Designed by Zaha Hadid Architects, this complex uses geometric shading devices inspired by Islamic patterns. These elements provide effective sun control and enhance the building’s aesthetic [29]. • Doha Tower (Doha, Qatar): Designed by Jean Nouvel, the tower features a complex façade with aluminium mashrabiya elements [30]. These screens control sunlight and provide a unique visual identity that reflects traditional Islamic architecture, as shown in Figure 4b. (a) (b) Figure 4. (a) Mashrabiya system in Al Bahar Towers (Abu Dhabi, UAE); (b) Aluminium mashrabiya elements in Doha Tower (Doha, Qatar). 2.4. Benefits of Islamic Shading Elements 1. Energy Efficiency: By reducing the need for artificial cooling and lighting, these devices contribute to significant energy savings. 2. Enhanced Comfort: Effective shading and ventilation improve thermal comfort for occupants, making indoor environments more liveable [31]. 3. Cultural Continuity: Incorporating traditional shading elements preserves cultural heritage and provides a sense of continuity in modern architecture. 4. Aesthetic Value: The intricate designs of Islamic shading devices enhance the visual appeal of buildings, adding depth and texture to façades. 3. Methodology In the reviewed literature, various measures exist for evaluating the environmental suitability of cultural heritage sites [32]. Some methodologies concentrate on the fluctuations in the microclimate throughout the year. Nonetheless, it is important to emphasize the need for a proper study that incorporates new parameters, aspects, and indices that impact the preservation of these highly sensitive heritage structures [33]. 3.1. The Moroccan Pavilion in Seville Located on the Isla de la Cartuja, the Moroccan Pavilion in Seville is part of the architectural ensemble planned for the International Expo’ 92 Exhibition. It is also adjacent to the most historic area of the island, next to the walls that enclose El Real Monasterio de la Cartuja, a significant architectural piece in Seville. This unique monastery’s architecture Figure 4. (a) Mashrabiya system in Al Bahar Towers (Abu Dhabi, UAE); (b) Aluminium mashrabiya elements in Doha Tower (Doha, Qatar). 2.4. Benefits of Islamic Shading Elements 1. Energy Efficiency: By reducing the need for artificial cooling and lighting, these devices contribute to significant energy savings. 2. Enhanced Comfort: Effective shading and ventilation improve thermal comfort for occupants, making indoor environments more liveable [31]. 3. Cultural Continuity: Incorporating traditional shading elements preserves cultural heritage and provides a sense of continuity in modern architecture. 4. Aesthetic Value: The intricate designs of Islamic shading devices enhance the visual appeal of buildings, adding depth and texture to façades. 3. Methodology In the reviewed literature, various measures exist for evaluating the environmental suitability of cultural heritage sites [ 32 ]. Some methodologies concentrate on the fluctuations in the microclimate throughout the year. Nonetheless, it is important to emphasize the need for a proper study that incorporates new parameters, aspects, and indices that impact the preservation of these highly sensitive heritage structures [33]. 3.1. The Moroccan Pavilion in Seville Located on the Isla de la Cartuja, the Moroccan Pavilion in Seville is part of the architectural ensemble planned for the International Expo’ 92 Exhibition. It is also adjacent to the most historic area of the island, next to the walls that enclose El Real Monasterio de la Cartuja, a significant architectural piece in Seville. This unique monastery’s architecture housed Carthusian monks and later served as an iconic ceramics and porcelain factory during the 19th century and much of the 20th century; its location is shown in Figure 5. Heritage 2024,73856 Heritage 2024, 7 3856 housed Carthusian monks and later served as an iconic ceramics and porcelain factory during the 19th century and much of the 20th century; its location is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Location plan of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain). This historic boundary described above, and the building’s architecture, make the pavilion a bridging construction and, in some way, a “gentle transition” to the more contemporary architecture of the other pavilions around the Cartuja. On the other hand, its freestanding architecture, while making it a unique piece visible from all sides, also exposes it to external elements. Therefore, its envelope is key to its interior comfort and functionality. The building, with 5000 m2 of constructed area over four levels (basement, ground floor, first floor, and second floor), has a layout developed around an interior courtyard with a gallery ambulatory that organizes the space, as shown in Figure 6. Its envelope is defined as a skin separated from all the interior constructed elements, designed to withstand external weather agents. Figure 6. Transverse cross-section and ground-floor zoning plan of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain). Figure 5. Location plan of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain). This historic boundary described above, and the building’s architecture, make the pavilion a bridging construction and, in some way, a “gentle transition” to the more contemporary architecture of the other pavilions around the Cartuja. On the other hand, its freestanding architecture, while making it a unique piece visible from all sides, also exposes it to external elements. Therefore, its envelope is key to its interior comfort and functionality. The building, with 5000 m 2 of constructed area over four levels (basement, ground floor, first floor, and second floor), has a layout developed around an interior courtyard with a gallery ambulatory that organizes the space, as shown in Figure 6. Its envelope is defined as a skin separated from all the interior constructed elements, designed to withstand external weather agents. Heritage 2024, 7 3856 housed Carthusian monks and later served as an iconic ceramics and porcelain factory during the 19th century and much of the 20th century; its location is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Location plan of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain). This historic boundary described above, and the building’s architecture, make the pavilion a bridging construction and, in some way, a “gentle transition” to the more contemporary architecture of the other pavilions around the Cartuja. On the other hand, its freestanding architecture, while making it a unique piece visible from all sides, also exposes it to external elements. Therefore, its envelope is key to its interior comfort and functionality. The building, with 5000 m2 of constructed area over four levels (basement, ground floor, first floor, and second floor), has a layout developed around an interior courtyard with a gallery ambulatory that organizes the space, as shown in Figure 6. Its envelope is defined as a skin separated from all the interior constructed elements, designed to withstand external weather agents. Figure 6. Transverse cross-section and ground-floor zoning plan of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain). Figure 6. Transverse cross-section and ground-floor zoning plan of Moroccan Pavilion. Isla de la Cartuja (Seville, Spain). Nowadays, this unique pavilion is part of the architectural heritage of the city of Seville and the preserved ensemble from the Exhibition Expo’92, aiming to be a refer- Heritage 2024,73857 ence in Seville’s heritage. After numerous failed renovations, action is needed, and a new restoration project has been approved with a particular focus on energy efficiency and sustainability. 3.2. Climate Data for Seville The city of Seville in southern Spain experiences a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Here is a detailed look at the climatic data (source AEMET, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología): 3.2.1. Temperature Seville experiences significant temperature variations throughout the year: • Winter (December to February): Average temperatures range from 5.9 ◦ C to 17 ◦ C. The coldest month is January, with temperatures ranging from 5.9 ◦C to 15.4 ◦C. • Spring (March to May): Temperatures increase from an average of 14.2 ◦ C in March to 26.7 ◦C in May. • Summer (June to August): This period is characterized by high temperatures, averaging from 25.7 ◦ C to 35.3 ◦ C. July and August are the hottest months, with maximum temperatures often exceeding 35 ◦C. • Autumn (September to November): Temperatures gradually decrease from an average of 30.6 ◦C in September to around 18.8 ◦C in November. 3.2.2. Humidity Humidity in Seville varies across the year: • Winter: The highest relative humidity, around 75%, is observed in December and January. •Summer: The lowest humidity levels occur in July, with an average of 39%. 3.2.3. Solar Radiation Seville enjoys a high number of sunshine hours, particularly in the summer: • Winter: Average daily sunshine hours range from 6.5 to 8 hours in December and January. • Summer: The average daily sunshine hours peak in July, with approximately 12.7 h of sunshine per day. 3.2.4. Rainfall Precipitation in Seville shows a marked seasonal pattern: • Winter: The wettest months are October through December, with rainfall reaching up to 77 mm in December. • Summer: The driest period is between July and August, with almost negligible rainfall. 3.3. Building Skin (Epidermis) Due to the importance of implementing passive measures in this research, it is essential to know and describe the building’s complete envelope. Given its heritage nature, it is crucial to maintain and complement it with non-invasive intervention measures. The building has a star-shaped form with several entrances, although currently, only one is operational for daily use, as shown in Figure 6. There is another direct access to the basement that connects the auditorium with the exterior plaza where some events take place. It is a building of high artistic and craftsmanship value, both in its exterior and interior. This greatly limits our possibilities for intervention without sacrificing artistic elements, whether acting on the envelope or the interior. Regarding exterior enclosures, there are primarily two types. On the ground floor and first floor, the entire building features a curtain wall envelope with some external lattice Heritage 2024,73858 elements adorning certain corners, interspersed with non-functional fountains. Although from the outside it may appear that a percentage of the façades are on the ground floor and first floor, from inside, we can observe that everything is external to the curtain wall, which serves as the element separating the interior from the exterior, as shown in Figure 6. 3.4. Energy Performance Evaluation 3.4.1. Energy Audit of the Moroccan Pavilion to Assess Its Current Energy Performance A comprehensive energy assessment has been conducted, documenting various features of the building’s envelope, including its walls, ceilings, floors, doors, windows, and skylights. For each of these elements, the area and thermal resistance (R-value) have been measured and estimated. Additionally, the rate of air leakage or infiltration through the building envelope has been examined, with particular attention paid to the quality of windows and doors. The aim of this study was to quantify the building’s overall thermal performance. The assessment also evaluated the efficiency, physical condition, and programming of mechanical systems, such as the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment [34,35]. 3.4.2. Integrated Model Decision The integrated model proposed in Figure 7consists of two distinct phases, each with specifically selected decision factors [ 34 – 36 ]. The first phase is the analysis phase, followed by the simulation and materialization phase, which is supported by a decision support system. This approach can also be effectively applied to any other building requiring intervention and climate control, particularly in the context of new scenarios. Heritage 2024, 7 3858 It is a building of high artistic and craftsmanship value, both in its exterior and interior. This greatly limits our possibilities for intervention without sacrificing artistic elements, whether acting on the envelope or the interior. Regarding exterior enclosures, there are primarily two types. On the ground floor and first floor, the entire building features a curtain wall envelope with some external lattice elements adorning certain corners, interspersed with non-functional fountains. Although from the outside it may appear that a percentage of the façades are on the ground floor and first floor, from inside, we can observe that everything is external to the curtain wall, which serves as the element separating the interior from the exterior, as shown in Figure 6. 3.4. Energy Performance Evaluation 3.4.1. Energy Audit of the Moroccan Pavilion to Assess Its Current Energy Performance A comprehensive energy assessment has been conducted, documenting various features of the building’s envelope, including its walls, ceilings, floors, doors, windows, and skylights. For each of these elements, the area and thermal resistance (R-value) have been measured and estimated. Additionally, the rate of air leakage or infiltration through the building envelope has been examined, with particular attention paid to the quality of windows and doors. The aim of this study was to quantify the building’s overall thermal performance. The assessment also evaluated the efficiency, physical condition, and programming of mechanical systems, such as the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment [34,35]. 3.4.2. Integrated Model Decision The integrated model proposed in Figure 7 consists of two distinct phases, each with specifically selected decision factors [34–36]. The first phase is the analysis phase, followed by the simulation and materialization phase, which is supported by a decision support system. This approach can also be effectively applied to any other building requiring intervention and climate control, particularly in the context of new scenarios. Figure 7. Integrated model, Decision Support System. 3.4.3. Conceptual Phase In previous studies, during what can be seen as a conceptual phase, the following improvement measures were considered: • Lighting control in the perimeter zone of exposure. • Inclusion of heat recovery units in the ventilation system. • New heat pump and replacement of Air Handling Units (UTAs). • Replacement of the curtain wall. • Roof insulation (including the cost of demolishing the slope formation and adding new waterproofing). • Perimeter shading element in the exterior area to reduce solar incidence on the curtain wall. Figure 7. Integrated model, Decision Support System. 3.4.3. Conceptual Phase In previous studies, during what can be seen as a conceptual phase, the following improvement measures were considered: •Lighting control in the perimeter zone of exposure. •Inclusion of heat recovery units in the ventilation system. •New heat pump and replacement of Air Handling Units (UTAs). •Replacement of the curtain wall. • Roof insulation (including the cost of demolishing the slope formation and adding new waterproofing). • Perimeter shading element in the exterior area to reduce solar incidence on the curtain wall. In conclusion, all these measures alone have not been sufficient to achieve the objectives in the simulation. 3.5. D Virtual Simulation and Data An integrated sustainable model concept has been developed from advancements in different fields such as modelling, simulation, computer networking, image processing, and multimedia representation [ 37 ]. This audit has explored these areas within the architectural process to address the growing complexity in collecting data, including the architectural Heritage 2024,73859 CAD model, prototypical systems, and the modelling of the building according to all gathered information [ 38 – 40 ]. Ultimately, the sustainable integrated environment has become a key framework for achieving sustainable development goals in heritage building conservation [ 41 ]. Sustainable design renovations, a relatively new concept, aim to improve the quality of obsolete constructions by minimizing the negative impacts and optimizing the use of natural resources. 3.5.1. The 3D Model The geometric model of the building has been constructed directly from the TeKton3D TK-CEEP modeler, based on the CAD model created from the original building plans executed in AutoCad software by Autodesk. Once the 3D geometry is defined, the monthly demand data are obtained through the simulation of the building model using specific software [ 42 , 43 ]. For generating the model, the data collected in phases 1 and 2 of the audit (preliminary information and data measured during the building visit) are used, estimating and calculating some of the variables when necessary [ 44 , 45 ]. The following sections list the data required for the construction of the thermal model; see Table 1. Table 1. Thermal model data. Data Main Façade Basement Wall Building Roof Thermal Resistance (m2◦K/W) 0.384 0.179 0.573 Overall Mass (kg) 311.20 611.24 407.50 Total Thickness (m) 0.1856 0.2628 0.3451 Thermal Transmittance (W/m2◦C) 1.804 0.753 1.403 Colour Medium – Medium The main openings of the building are: • Doors: Their thermal transmittance has been introduced according to the material they are made of, and their absorption coefficient based on their colour (light, medium, dark, or black). This information has been estimated based on observations during the building visit. • Glazed openings (windows): The total energy transmittance of the opening, with mobile shading devices (blinds, curtains, etc.) activated, is obtained through the program using values collected in the Building Technical Code (CTE) based on observations and data gathered during the building visit. Assumed from the information provided by the property and on-site inspections, the HVAC systems are responsible for generating heat transfer fluids for room climate control. The following systems have been defined: • Direct expansion systems (using refrigerant fluids), such as VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) or multi-split systems. • Air conditioning systems: These are air handlers that discharge into an air duct network, such as UTAs or Rooftops. • Water condensation systems: Used to temper water from chiller condensers or heat pumps. 3.5.2. Energy Consumption Once constructed, the model is validated with the actual consumption of the building by comparing the model’s results with the measurements taken from historical invoices. The total annual energy consumption of the building is 162,116 kWh, of which 60,244 kWh is allocated to “other uses”. Therefore, the remaining consumption (101,872 kWh) is allocated to heating, lighting, ventilation, and Domestic Hot Water (DHW), in the proportions shown in Figure 8. Heritage 2024,73866 34. Barrelas, J.; Silva, A.; de Brito, J.; Tadeu, A. Effects of Climate Change on Rendered Façades: Expected Degradation in a Progressively Warmer and Drier Climate—A Review Based on the Literature. Buildings 2023,13, 352. [CrossRef] 35. Stagrum, A.E.; Andenæs, E.; Kvande, T.; Lohne, J. Climate change adaptation measures for buildings—A scoping review. Sustainability 2020,12, 1721. [CrossRef] 36. Silva, H.E.; Henriques, F.M.A.; Henriques, T.A.S.; Coelho, G. A sequential process to assess and optimize the indoor climate in museums. Build. Environ. 2016,104, 21–34. [CrossRef] 37. Iwaro, J.; Mwasha, A. The impact of sustainable building envelope design on building sustainability using Integrated Performance Model. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2013,2, 153–171. [CrossRef] 38. Thompson, B.P.; Bank, L.C. Use of system dynamics as a decision-making tool in building design and operation. Build. Environ 2010,45, 1006–1015. [CrossRef] 39. Rodríguez, F.; Fernández, G. Sustainable Engineering: New Objectives for Construction Projects. Rev. Ing. Constr. 2010,25, 147–160. 40. Halog, A.; Manik, Y. Advancing Integrated Systems Modelling Framework for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment. Sustainability 2011,3, 469–499. [CrossRef] 41. Li, D.H.W.; Lau, C.C.S.; Lam, J.C. Predicting daylight illuminance by computer simulation techniques. Light. Res. Technol. 2004, 36, 113–128. [CrossRef] 42. Wood, T. Climate analysis using autodesk ecotect weather tool and solar tool. In Proceedings of the AIA Montana Annual Fall Conference, Bozeman, MT, USA, 30 September 2010. 43. Castilla, M.V. Architectural Heritage Analysis of the Yuanying Guan Pavilion: Construction and Signification. Heritage 2023,6, 2421–2434. [CrossRef] 44. Wang, H.; Zhai, Z. Advances in building simulation and computational techniques: A review between 1987 and 2014. Energy Build. 2016,128, 319–335. [CrossRef] 45. Ochoa, C.E.; Aries, M.B.C.; Hensen, J.L.M. State of the art in lighting simulation for building science: A literature review. J. Build. Perform. Simul. 2011,5, 209–233. [CrossRef] 46. Cabeza, L.F.; Castell, A.; Medrano, M.; Martorell, I.; Pérez, G.; Fernández, I. Experimental study on the performance of insulation materials in Mediterranean construction. Energy Build. 2014,42, 630–636. [CrossRef] 47. Ghosh, A.; Neogi, S. Energy efficient building facade design strategies for composite climate of India: A review. Front. Archit. Res. 2017,6, 283–295. 48. Baetens, R.; Jelle, B.P.; Gustavsen, A. Properties, requirements and possibilities of smart windows for dynamic daylight and solar energy control in buildings: A state-of-the-art review. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011,94, 87–105. [CrossRef] 49. Aksamija, A. Sustainable Facades: Design Methods for High-Performance Building Envelopes; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015. 50. Granadeiro, V.; Correia, J.R.; Leal, V.M.S.; Duarte, J.P. Envelope-related energy demand: A design indicator of energy performance for residential buildings in early design stages. Energy Build. 2013,61, 215–223. [CrossRef] Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). 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