Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis

Received August 14, 2020, accepted September 4, 2020, date of publication September 14, 2020, date of current version September 24, 2020. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3023546 Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis VÌCTOR M. GARRO ABARCA1, PEDRO R. PALOS-SANCHEZ 2, AND ENRIQUE RUS-ARIAS 3 1School of Computing, Technological Institute of Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica 2Department of Financial Economics and Operations Management, University of Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain 3Department of Financial Economics and Accounting, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain Corresponding author: Pedro R. Palos-Sanchez ([email protected]) This work was supported in part by the Doctorate in Business Management from the Technological Institute of Costa Rica. ABSTRACT Modern developments in technology have changed the way we socialize, communicate and work. Globalization, Information and Communication Technologies, digital culture and the increase in the amount of technology available for online communication mean that more organizations are implementing virtual teams. The growth in the use of virtual teams in organizations has incited researchers to investigate the different aspects, factors and challenges of these teams. This article uses a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis of virtual teams to identify the most relevant articles on the subject. These articles are then thoroughly reviewed and finally, a summary is made of all the research published over a five-year period. The systematic review of literature proposed by Ramey and Rao [1] and enhanced by Pulsiri and Thesenvitz [2] was used to examine the Scopus and Web of Science databases to identify the theories, research problems, research methodologies and results of 2354 studies on virtual teams published between 2015 and 2019. The main topics of the existing research in the field are reviewed, and the main limitations, problems and existing gaps in research are presented. INDEX TERMS Systematic literature review, bibliometric analysis, COVID-19, thematic analysis, virtual teams. I. INTRODUCTION Crises, wars, disasters and epidemics have triggered or accelerated changes in all types of activities, including the ways we live and work. Currently, the COVID-19 outbreak is a global health challenge. Health authorities suggest that ‘‘it is time for businesses, hospitals, schools and citizens to start preparing’’. Many companies have chosen to reduce risks by using remote working or working from home to prevent employees from being in close contact and spreading the virus [3]. Globalization, improvements in information and communication technologies (ICTs), the increase in the number of remote workers and the emergence of computer-mediated groups, have led to changes in how workers communicate and collaborate in organizations. With current technological advances, the knowledge economy and digital culture, The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Jenny Mahoney. new ways of working are appearing in organizations. This study investigates the type known as virtual teams [4]. For this new type of working groups, the physical limits of distance or differences in time-zone are no longer relevant. Other characteristics of teamwork have become more important when working remotely, such as communication, trust, task characteristics, leadership, cohesion and empowerment, all of which have an impact on a team’s performance [5], [6]. However, the number and range of publications available on virtual teams can cause confusion if there is no effective and systematic process for classifying and associating the ideas in them. In addition, advances in information and communication technology means that information is transmitted around the world much faster and this has encouraged academic researchers to produce even more publications and therefore add to the confusion [2]. This excess of information and the confusion caused by it makes a systematic review of the existing literature necessary. The main objective was to find the most important articles VOLUME 8, 2020 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 168923 V. M. Garro Abarca et al.: Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis about virtual teams and their performance in the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases. These articles were then reviewed and summarized, by means of a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis. The article is organized in the following way. Firstly, the fundamental concepts which the research uses are defined and some related research papers are quoted. Then, the inherent methodology of a systematic literature review process and bibliometric analysis are discussed. Following this there is an analysis and discussion of the results, and finally conclusions are drawn. II. CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND This section presents the concepts used in this study and gives a brief explanation of each one. A. VIRTUAL TEAM A virtual team is a geographically dispersed group of individuals who work together to achieve a common goal. ICTs allow each team member to communicate and coordinate from different locations in different time-zones outside the boundaries of the organization [7], [8]. These working groups have been given different names, such as, virtual teams, distributed teams, remote teams, computer-based teams, online teams and cross-site teams, and are used interchangeably in the literature on the subject [9]. B. CLOUD COMPUTING (CC) This technology is usually explained in one of the two following ways. The first does not make any difference between the cloud and the Internet and includes them both in the same concept. Therefore, a reference to cloud computing includes any service available on the Internet. The second explanation takes a wider view and uses the term ‘‘cloud computing’’ to refer to a range of technologies that provide a number of advantages for both the customer and the service provider. This type of technology provides ‘‘economies of scale’’ for Internet services by reducing costs and increasing scalability [10]. The cloud is understood to be all the tools used to store, and possibly process, the information of an organization, but they are not physically positioned at the premises and can only be accessed by connecting to the Internet [11]. Cloud technology is a breakthrough, but it should be adopted in a modular way which allows for the constant reconfiguration of resources and services so that the changing needs of the market can be met [12]. The cloud as a new technology and business model represents progress, but it must be adopted in a modular way which provides a wide range of reconfiguration possibilities, so that resources or services can be accumulated in a flexible manner, in order to meet changing market demands [13]. C. BIG DATA (BD) Big Data (BD) is the result of technological advances that have made the consumer a data source. This means that there is a large number of high-speed and diverse ‘‘data sources’’ available. This has led to the definition of Big Data as the three ‘‘V’’s of Volume, Velocity and Variety by [14]. D. BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE (BI) BI derives from the management of knowledge by companies and is made up of a set of strategies, actions and tools for the creation and administration of knowledge by analyzing the data held by an organization or company [15]. E. COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION (CMC) One of the main changes being seen in organizations, which has been researched on various occasions, is the use of virtual teams in the different departments of an organization [16]. Virtual teams are essential for the success of a knowledge-based organization in a volatile, dynamic and globalized market. In addition, a very important factor is the reliance on collaborative technologies using Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), which provides rapid and effective collaboration and communication channels for team members [17]. Current research is dedicated to finding relationships between the increasing use of virtual teams in organizations, and advances in CMC technologies. These technologies have strongly influenced organizations, not only in the way members of the organization collect, communicate, share, and distribute data, but also in the dynamics of the relationships between team members [18]. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become an important tool for business globalization when designing the working strategies of any type of organizational structure. Modern design methods use CC tools and systems with access to Big Data and BI [19]. Literature on the matter shows that using virtual teams means more efficient work and this creates value for organizations. Other advantages include increased scope, improved response times and the dynamic adaptation of organizations to new situations [8], [20], [21]. Virtual teams also allow companies to make better use of their resources by hiring staff with the necessary experience, regardless of their geographic location. This can improve the overall performance of the organization [22]. A virtual team also helps improve creativity, facilitates the acquisition and exchange of knowledge, and enables organizations to respond faster to market changes [23], [24]. Another line of research, which is similar to the previous one, investigates the importance of CMC technologies by analyzing the factors that influence the efficiency of teams using these CMC technologies compared with traditional face-to-face teams [25], [26]. CMC technologies allow the interaction of virtual teams in several ways, at the same time and place (e.g., email in an office), at the same time and in different locations (e.g. instant messaging), at the same place at different times (e.g., video conference), and at different times in different locations (e.g., online classrooms) [18]. 168924 VOLUME 8, 2020 V. M. Garro Abarca et al.: Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis F. REMOTE WORK Remote Work (RW) is defined as work done at a location far from the company headquarters or factory, where the worker has no personal contact with other co-workers, but is able to communicate with them using modern technology [27]. G. RELATED WORKS As shown in Table 1 SLR and bibliometric analysis have been used in ‘‘several previous research papers’’ [28], [29]. Some of the research papers which use SLR to investigate virtual teams and remote work have been relevant and interesting for researchers and this method of literature review has proven useful and, above all, can be reproduced. TABLE 1. Selected articles about SLR and bibliometric analysis (BA). Clark et al. [29] analyzed 135 articles about engineering, concluding that the relevant factors were empathy, trust and technology. Santos Rocha and Fantinato [28] investigated virtual teams with SLR in order to show that Business Process Management (BPM) is a potential area for the successful use of lineal software products. Nguyen-Duc et al. [30] investigated geographical separation as a relevant factor in the performance of virtual teams, while Yu [31] studied the relationship of global business with virtual teams, and especially the aspects of communication, leadership and trust. Acharya [32] studied remote workers in virtual teams in the area of administration and economy in three cities in India. Charalampous et al. [33] and Donnelly and Johns [34] researched the areas of psychology, business and administration. The first analyzed 63 quantitative, qualitative and mixed studies, finding social isolation to be a negative factor. The second focused on empirical work and concluded that the location of the remote worker appears to be an important factor. Finally, Vayre [35] used the SLR method in a detailed and complete analysis of virtual teams, identifying motivation as a positive factor and family conflict as a negative factor. III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The aim of this research was to use a systematic literature review (SLR) and a bibliometric analysis to investigate virtual teams working on programming projects. To achieve this, the following factors were considered in the methodology. There were no previous articles that used both bibliometric analysis and SLR methods when investigating VT. However, research by Vatananan-Thesenvitz [2] used the CIMO (Context, intervention, mechanism and outcome) model to show the usefulness of literature reviews using BA and SLR. According to these authors, such revisions can be automatic and give an overview of the subject being investigated (bibliometric analysis) and then select the most relevant articles (SLR). Therefore, the benefits of both literature review systems are coupled and the resulting research is more comprehensive. Therefore, this methodology could be used in this research to analyze the factors that affect the performance of VTs, since it analyses a large amount of literature and then selects the most relevant articles with a systematic review. Other research in other areas used a similar methodology, such as Caiado et al. [36] who analyzed the literature on eco-efficiency, Pulsiri, Pulsiri and VatanananThesenvitz [2] and Vallaster et al. [37] who analyzed articles about entrepreneurship. A. JUSTIFICATION OF SLR. THE NEED TO STUDY VIRTUAL TEAMS In recent years, a large amount of research into virtual teams has been published [7], [16], [21], [22], [25], [38]–[49]. However, few articles in the literature provide a comprehensive analysis of cutting-edge research to show where new virtual teams are being used, and where new collaboration and communication technologies have been incorporated into virtual teams. The importance of using the systematic SLR review methodology proposed by Ramey and Rao [1], [31], [50], [51] is based on the following four points: 1) It reduces bias and/or subjective judgment when choosing the search items. 2) It summarizes the results of existing studies and evaluates any inconsistencies with previous studies. VOLUME 8, 2020 168925 V. M. Garro Abarca et al.: Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis 3) It identifies, as far as possible, gaps in knowledge or incongruous or weak findings that can be areas for future research. 4) It provides criteria for new research activities and for maintaining periodic updates on the subject. The prevalence of virtual teams in organizations, the existence of different team structures, the emergence of different CMCs to facilitate communication in virtual teams, and the growing amount of literature investigating a variety of virtual team features requires a careful literature review to understand the current state of research on virtual teams and provide areas for future research. B. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The main aim of this research is to analyze the most important articles about Virtual Teams in the existing literature with bibliometric tools. Two large databases, Scopus and WoS (Web of Science), were used to collect the information. These articles were then systematically reviewed and summarized. The result is a systematic framework with categorized search terms that sorts, structures and gives important information about Virtual Teams for researchers, knowledge engineers and professionals working with virtual teams. This study has the following research questions: •Q1. What are the main areas and topics of current research in virtual teams? •Q2. What are the main constructs that have been investigated in current research on virtual teams? •Q3. What are the gaps in existing research and possible areas for future research? C. SLR PROTOCOL To answer the questions above, a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis were used to find the most important research papers on virtual teams. A systematic review and analysis were carried out which classified and categorized the research papers identified. The dependent, independent and moderator constructs and terms were also analyzed and classified, as shown in table 2. The SLR methodology used in this research was proposed by Ramey and Rao [1], [50]. This methodology was chosen because it is simple to apply, uses well-structured steps and has also been used in several previous research papers about SLR. This methodology is complemented by the ideas in the research by Pulsiri and Vatananan [2], that incorporates automation and bibliometry and consists of the following stages, planning, realization, analysis and synthesis and finally, reporting. The research methodology used is shown in Figure 1 below: The SLR in this study was planned with the topic and research questions that were given in the Research Questions section above, Q1-topics and areas, Q2-constructs, and Q3-gaps in research. The published literature on Virtual Teams was reviewed in order to identify the main research topics in this area, prepare the research terms and define a framework of the constructs to be used in the research. TABLE 2. Main virtual team constructs. FIGURE 1. Research methodology: systematic literature review SLR process. Source: Based on Ramey and Rao [1], [50] and Pulsiri and Vatananan [2]. In the review stage, a thorough search of the literature was carried out using numerous rules and search parameters to identify the most relevant set of articles for the following study. These rules and parameters included the year of publication, the databases in which the document is included, the search keywords and the inclusion and exclusion terms and criteria. The process started with setting the time period covered by the study. The main purpose of the study is to show the current state of research on the subject and so only research papers published between 2015 and 2019 were included. Two of the most highly acknowledged databases, WoS and Scopus, were used to find the initial group of research papers. The SCOPUS database provides the largest database of summarized and indexed articles and the largest source of citations and search terms for finding relevant literature [53]–[55]. 168926 VOLUME 8, 2020 V. M. Garro Abarca et al.: Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis The next step was to define rules with logical connectors to fine-tune the literature search for the terms and keywords used in the research. The search terms and keywords were initially chosen from the results of an exploratory search which included ‘‘virtual team(s)’’ and ‘‘virtual collaboration’’. The keywords and terms for the search were selected from the range of keywords included in the literature found in the exploratory search. During this initial search, the main concept term (i.e. virtual team[s]) was found to have several synonyms. For example, some researchers used the term ‘‘online group’’ and others ‘‘computer-mediated team’’ or ‘‘distributed team’’. Different databases were also found to have different term selection and algorithmic search behavior and these differences affect the search results. To ensure that an exhaustive list of documents was retrieved from the different databases, and to ensure that biases were minimized, the search terms and keywords were organized into several search strings that would work with all of the databases (Table 3). Advanced search features were also applied to maintain the consistency of the results from all the databases. Synonyms of all the words were also included in the terms searched for. In addition, an iterative process was used for the search terms and keywords in the databases, as shown in Table 3 below. The Publish or Perish (PoP) software [56] (www.harzing. com/pop.htm) was used to search for article topics with the keyword ‘‘Virtual Team’’. This software is produced by Research in International Management, and is used to retrieve and analyze academic research articles on the SCOPUS and Web of Science databases, among others. The data was collected on January, 2020. The results of an initial search were collected and put into a file with a bibliographic format ‘‘.BIB’’ using the title and summary references. After this process there were an initial set of 2354 relevant published works that were then used for further analysis. The term ‘‘Virtual Team’’ and its variants were used as the key phrase in the search of the titles, summaries, and keywords of the articles in the databases. The next step was to formulate the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Researchers held collaborative meetings to prepare the criteria. First, exclusion rules were drawn up and subsequently applied to the articles found in the searches. Four limiting rules were applied to the content of documents and related fields: 1) Articles and documents which describe and deal with any aspect of the communication, collaboration and coordination of virtual teams are considered, since the field is multidisciplinary (e.g. technical aspects, behavioral aspects, management, tasks, processes, leadership, knowledge management, etc.). 2) Articles and documents should consider a virtual team as a relationship for communication, collaboration, and coordination between its members. TABLE 3. The database searches used to find relevant articles published between 2015-2019. 3) Articles and documents must provide a clear link or contribution to the different aspects (e.g. problem, research question, method, results, or findings) of communication, collaboration, and coordination in virtual teams. 4) The main objectives and research questions of the articles or documents should be clearly and sufficiently described and explained, and the methodology should propose appropriate steps to address the research problem and answer the research questions. The following criteria (Figure 2) were obtained after using the above rules: FIGURE 2. Number of articles in each stage after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. VOLUME 8, 2020 168927 V. M. Garro Abarca et al.: Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis 1) The results of the research should only include studies published in English, as these are currently the most accessible and disseminated publications worldwide. Studies published in languages other than English were excluded, resulting in 2330 remaining articles. 2) The results of the research should only include research articles and conference documents. 432 documents were therefore excluded, leaving 1898 remaining for analysis. 3) Because the goal was to only consider high-quality publications, only those which had undergone peer review and, for which the complete text was available were included in the results. This criterion was applied to the previous 1898 articles and 342 articles and publications that were not reviewed by peers or for which the full text was not available were excluded. 4) The titles and summaries of all the remaining articles and documents were then analyzed using content-related selection rules. This stage of the process resulted in 724 valid articles (832 were excluded). 5) The full texts of the remaining articles were analyzed using the same content-related selection rules as in step 4, above. This resulted in a total of 585 articles being excluded, which gave a final result of 139 acceptable articles for the analysis. Once the final set of articles and documents for analysis had been obtained, the following stage of the SLR process was to extract and summarize the data. This is a complex and iterative process in which the articles are reviewed in depth allowing similarities and differences to be found, and, limitations and research gaps to be identified for future research in this field of study. The next section describes the data extraction and summary stages in detail. D. PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS PRIOR TO THE SLR A preliminary descriptive analysis was carried out prior to the SLR analysis. The reviewed articles and documents were grouped according to citations, type of publication, language used, and country of publication. This was done to identify the general profile of the different documents found in the bibliographic search. 1) ANALYSIS OF CITATIONS Table 4 above shows the queries used to obtain the articles and documents for this study from the databases. The software with the queries was applied to the data retrieved from the SCOPUS database and the articles and documents were grouped by year, document type, and author. The initial 5-year search range was extended to see how the groups of publications had changed over the years. The difference between the total number of articles found in this search (1782) and those obtained in the search carried out in the complete process (2354) is due to the fact that in this case only the Scopus database was used, since the objective was TABLE 4. ‘‘Virtual Team’’ citation measurements. Scopus database. Year 2020. an initial approximation and the Scopus database contains the largest number of documents about this research topic. The table 4 shows the period of time, 28 years, which was analyzed in the initial review. Also shown are the total number of citations of ‘‘Virtual Team’’, and the number of citations per year, per document and per author. It should be noted that the average number of authors in each publication was 2.64. The h-index (Hirsch index) and g-index proposed by Egghe were then calculated. These are two of the most relevant measures in a bibliometric analysis [57]. The h-index shows the publications of an author that have had the most citations and the g-index shows the number of articles published by an author and the number of citations they have had. An h-g metaindex also exists, which is calculated as the geometric mean of the two indices, but it is not a relevant measurement for this study. 2) DOCUMENTS AND SOURCES The analysis of the Scopus database gave information about two different periods of time. One was the Historical Scopus (‘‘Scopus H’’) and the other was the 5-year Scopus (‘‘Scopus 2015+’’). The information obtained was grouped for the type of scientific document it was, i.e., conference paper, article, book, etc. The source of the document refers to whether it is from a magazine, a document from a congress, a book or a commercial publication. Table 5 also includes more types and sources of document, such as, editorial, note, short survey, errata and indefinite document type. However, these types only have a rating of less than 1% each. It can be seen that the vast majority of the publications were scientific articles, and account for 41,72% of the total number of publications. Documents from conferences were the next largest group (39.93%) and the other types of documents collectively accounted for less than 18% of the total. It is interesting to note the low number of books, that only accounts for about 1% of the publications. The results of the search were grouped into five different types of media source (Table 6). Journals accounted for the largest group (47,43%). The next biggest group, 356 (36,55%), was conference papers. Books accounted for 168928 VOLUME 8, 2020 V. M. Garro Abarca et al.: Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis TABLE 5. Classification according to document type. Scopus database. Year 2020. TABLE 6. Number of publications by source type. Scopus database. Year 2020. almost 10% of the results and there were only 5 commercial publications (0.51%). Table 7 shows the number of documents published in 9 different languages found in the bibliometric study. Most of the documents found were published in English (97.66%). The second most common language was German (1.02%) and the other languages, such as French, Chinese or Spanish, were less than 1% each. Table 8 shows an ordered list of the 20 countries with the most publications. The United States ranks first with a total of 1686 publications, which is more than 40% of the total number of documents. This is followed by the United Kingdom (5.61%) and Germany (5.36%). In the lowest positions are Greece, New Zealand and Norway. IV. RESULTS The articles and documents were obtained from the databases so that they could later be analyzed to find the information about the research topic. A summary of the information found in the documents and articles was then used to answer the TABLE 7. Languages used in publications. Scopus database. Year 2020. TABLE 8. Countries with most publications about virtual teams. Year 2020. research questions defined in the primary and secondary aims. Table 9 below, lists, in descending order, the top 20 Journals in which articles about Virtual Teams were published. The top three were the International Journal of E-Collaboration, IEEE Transactions on Professional VOLUME 8, 2020 168929 V. M. Garro Abarca et al.: Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis TABLE 9. Top 20 publication sources. Year 2020. Communication and the International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organizations. The Journals with the least number of articles published about Virtual Teams were the Information System Journal and, Computers in Human Behavior. The h and g indices were then calculated for the results presented in Table 9 and the last two columns show the rankings for the Journals using these indices. The International Journal of E-Collaboration is in the top position for both indices. However, the International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organizations ranks second for the h-index, but third for the g-index. Team Performance Management takes third place for the h-index and joint-third place with International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organizations for the g-index. Human Resource Management Review can be seen to be the Journal in the lowest position for both of the indices. Specialized journals and those concerned with business administration are in the most highly ranking positions. Figure 3 below shows the number of documents and articles published about Virtual Teams over time. The first of these was published by Cohen in 1991 [58]. Unfortunately, research in this field was not very popular until 1995 with only one (1) article in this research area being published. However, from 1996 to 2010, publications about FIGURE 3. Historical trend of publications about Virtual Teams. Software Publish or Persih. Year 2020 [56]. Virtual Teams increased from 8 to 129 articles published in 2010. After a drop in 2013, there was an increase in 2016, but the number of publications has declined until today, with only a slight increase in 2019. Table 10 shows the details of the results of the ‘‘Virtual Team’’ search including columns for the historical Scopus search with no time limit, and another for the information found on WoS. TABLE 10. Searches for the term ‘‘Virtual team’’. Year 2020. These columns are included for comparison. It can be seen that there are significantly fewer publications in WoS than in Scopus. Articles are clearly the most common type of document found in all the searches. In Wos, Literature Reviews are the second most common, whilst in the historical search on Scopus they are the third. Table 11 gives detailed information about the results of the database search for the term ‘‘Virtual Team’’ and its equivalents. It also includes the results from the Scopus historical search and the search on WoS. Significant differences can again be seen in the results from the two databases, whilst the frequencies of each document type have a similar order to that in Table 9. Table 12 shows the number of documents published about virtual teams for each research area. The largest number of publications are for computer science, business, social sciences and engineering. Virtual teams for medical specialties have the least number of publications. 168930 VOLUME 8, 2020 V. M. Garro Abarca et al.: Working in Virtual Teams: A Systematic Literature Review and a Bibliometric Analysis TABLE 11. Historical search for ‘‘Virtual Team’’ equivalents. ∗Year 2020. TABLE 12. Published topic. Year 2020. Table 13 shows the 20 most relevant keywords used in publications on ‘‘Virtual Teams’’. The most frequently used keywords in publications after ‘‘virtual teams’’ were found TABLE 13. Frequency of word/term. Year 2020. to be ‘‘virtual reality’’ and ‘‘management’’. The terms which were least used were ones related to software and computers. Table 14 shows a coded sample of the 25 most-relevant articles per construct since 2015, in order of number of citations. V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The bibliographic analysis provided a number of results which can be used to answer the research questions: Q1. What are the main topics of current research on virtual teams? This question was answered after the journals that published the largest number of articles had been analyzed and, of course, from the results of the keyword searches for ‘‘Virtual Team’’ and related terms. •The keywords (apart from ‘‘virtual team’’) that appeared the most in the bibliographic search were: virtual reality, management and project management, which shows the importance of the work being done in this area. However, the term ‘‘leadership’’ which describes the performance of the people involved in the areas was one of the terms which appeared least, along with software design, which is an essential element of remote communication. •The journals which published the greatest number of articles in the period studied were specialized in technology and, business administration and management. This demonstrates, once again, the interest that exists for this type of remote work in the two areas mentioned above. 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Prikladinicki, ‘‘Challenges and solutions in distributed software development project management: A systematic literature review,’’ in Proc. 5th IEEE Int. Conf. Global Softw. Eng., Aug. 2010, pp. 87–96. VÍCTOR M. GARRO ABARCA was born in San José, Costa Rica, in 1969. He received the bachelor’s degree in computer science from the Technological Institute of Costa Rica, in 1994, and the master’s degree in project management from the Technological Institute of Costa Rica, in 2010. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in business administration with the Technological Institute of Costa Rica, in 2020. Since 1995, he has been an Associate Professor with the Technological Institute of Costa Rica. His experience includes directing various postgraduate courses, international consulting activities such as an Internet expert, home automation consulting for the energy industry, and collaborations with public and private organizations. He has carried out educational and work virtualization research projects, financed by national and international organizations such as Tec-Virtual, Huascaran, Multimedia Portals, and Universal Medical Records. Mr. Garro Abarca has been a member of the Costa Rican College of Computer Professionals since 1996, and a collaborator in the Technological Research Club of Costa Rica since 2000. PEDRO R. PALOS-SANCHEZ was born in Badajoz,Extremadura, Spain, in1968. He received the B.Sc. degree in computer science from Extremadura University, Spain, the master’s degree in marketing from UOC, Spain, the MBA from Camilo Jose Cela University, Spain, and the Ph.D. degree in business administration from the University of Sevilla, Spain. He has served as a Professor with the University of Extremadura, Pablo de Olavide University, and International University of La Rioja, Spain. He is currently an Associate Professor with the University of Seville, Spain. His experience includes the direction of numerous postgraduate courses and collaborations with private and public organizations. He has participated in research projects. He has participated with different papers, courses, and articles in various conferences and programs on the digital economy, entrepreneurship, and management both nationally and internationally, being his lines of research digital marketing, business organization, and information systems. He has been a guest editor of several international scientific publications. Dr. Palos-Sanchez is a member of the Andalusian College of Computer Professionals and the Economy College of Sevilla. ENRIQUE RUS-ARIAS was born in Extremadura, Spain, in 1969. He received the bachelor’s degree in economics and business administration from the University of Extremadura, Spain, in 1995, and the master’s degree in research in social and legal sciencesfrom the University of Extremadura, in 2010. His experience includes managing several of his own companies and collaborating in public and private projects. He is currently a Researcher with the University of Extremadura, where researching human behavior and general and business economics is one of his main tasks. His main lines of research are entrepreneurship and teleworking or remote work. He combines this activity with that of the Editor in Economipedia magazine. 168940 VOLUME 8, 2020