Resea ch & expe imen a ion
Rice ca e spe imen azione
U ban egene a ion o Medellin.
An example o sus ainabili y
Ca men de Tomás Medina
Depa men o U ban Planning and Te i o y Planning, Uni e si y o Se illa, ES
Highligh s
• The e is an in insic ela ionship be ween u banism and social wel a e.
• The u ban chaos p omo es he appea ance o a eas lacking u baniza ion, in as uc u e and endowmen s.
• The lack o minimum se ices makes hese a eas unhygienic o li e and ha c ime and ma ginali y g ow in
hem.
• The o ced egene a ion in he ci y has o con empla e he u ban and social pe spec i e, and hus becomes an
example o sus ainabili y.
The ci y o Medellin has su e ed a chao ic u ban g ow h since ea ly wen ie h
cen u y, caused by he echoes o indus ializa ion su e ed in i s his o ical ab-
ic and by he mig a ion o people om he coun yside o he ci y. As a conse-
quence, he cen al a eas we e abandoned and nume ous pe iphe al pieces we e
buil which d owned he adi ional ci y. In his way, he egula and o de ly o ig-
inal ci y became composed mainly o disconnec ed pe iphe al issues, lacking
in o ganiza ion, in as uc u es and minimum se ices, unhygienic ab ics wi h
inhuman li ing condi ions on which delinquency and ma ginali y also g ew, be-
coming he mos dange ous a eas o he ci y.
The u gen solu ion o he p oblems unleashed b ough wi h i he ealiza ion o
a se ies o u ban and social e o ms. The cons uc ion o a new way o anspo
was a de ini i e agen in he sus ainable egene a ion o he ci y. A his poin we
ha e he pu pose o his esea ch ha aims o highligh he ole o me o-cable in
he p ocess o u ban egene a ion, ans o ming Medellín om being one o he
mos dange ous ci ies in Colombia o an example o sus ainabili y.
Recei ed: June 03, 2018
Re iewed: July 27, 2018
Accep ed: Augus 01, 2018
On line: Augus 30, 2018
A icle his o yAbs ac
Copy igh 2018 Ca men de Tomás Medina
Email: [email p o ec ed]
ISSN online 2531-9906 | Open access a icle unde CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 In e na ional License
UPLanD – Jou nal o U ban Planning, Landscape & en i onmen al Design, 3(1), 47-54 [2018]
Keywo ds
Sus ainabili y
U ban deg ada ion
U ban egene a ion
Social ans o ma ion
The Me ocable
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1. In oduc ion
Th oughou he las cen u y, he ci ies o Sou h
Ame ica expe ienced a e iginous g ow h as a
consequence o massi e mig a ion o he inhabi -
an s o he coun yside o he ci y, and o he p o-
cess o indus ializa ion su e ed in hei u ban is-
sues. These e en s gene a ed a gene alized u ban
chaos ha mani es ed i sel in he abandonmen o
he cen al a eas and he cons uc ion o nume -
ous pe iphe al pieces ha p e ending o be u ban
we e a om i . The new pieces we e he an i he-
sis o wha should be a sus ainable ci y, hey we e
dispe sed, lacked o ganiza ion, in as uc u e and
minimum se ices. The si ua ion desc ibed was
agg a a ed in many places by he shape o i s e -
i o y, which accele a ed e en mo e he massi e
u baniza ion o he pe iphe al e i o y and he
sa u a ion o he cen al issues.
The issue is ha he u ban chaos ended up also un-
leashing se ious social p oblems. The cen al a e-
as we e obsole e, wi h a high a e o ma ginali y,
deg aded by c ime, occupa ion o public space o
by p ohibi ed uses. The pe iphe al a eas soon be-
came he mos dange ous a eas o he ci y. Gi en
his si ua ion a ose he need o seek solu ions ha
aimed a u ban and social egene a ion in e en-
ing in bo h he cen al and pe iphe al a eas. Bu
he social and u ban p oblems should no be aced
om di e en poin s o iew, bo h we e closely e-
la ed and i was necessa y o look o a common
way o ac ing.
He nández Aja (2000) de ined u ban egene a ion
as he se o ac ions applied o an u ban c isis a ea
aimed a cu bing he dynamics and decline ac o s
eac i a ing he local capaci y o ace u ban, social
and economic changes. Wi h his wo ds he high-
ligh ed he in insic ela ionship be ween u ban
ans o ma ion, and he economic, demog aphic
and social aspec s o i . On he o he hand, Jacobs,
Cai ns and S ebel (2007, p.610) also spoke o he
inhe en ela ionship be ween u ban and social
ans o ma ion, making special e e ence o he
leading ole o public spaces in i . They a i med
ha i he inhabi an s o he obsole e zones we e
made wi h squa es, eelings o p ope y would
ha e gene a ed ha could´ e caused he imp o e-
men o he socie y and he social in eg a ion.
Cu en ly, egene a ion p ocesses a e conside ed
as essen ial guidelines o building a sus ainable
ci y model ha in eg a es economic, social and
en i onmen al aspec s (Cas illo, Ma esanz, Se-
illa and Sánchez, 2014). In he wo ds o Ba ón:
“U ban sus ainabili y aims o educe po e y and
imp o e in e gene a ional and equi y in o de o
p opose imp o emen s in a b oad sense o he qual-
i y o li e o he inhabi an s”(Ba ón, 2008) . In his
sense, hese p ocesses a e ca ied ou by elo-
ca ing ac i i ies, modi ying uses, o building new
acili ies, ee spaces and in as uc u es, he las
h ee elemen s would play a undamen al ole be-
cause hey ensu e he cohe ence and in eg a ion
o he a ea in ques ion, in he ci y.
ONU Habi a (2013) ga e di e en guidelines o
coun ies ha had o assimila e he s ong popula-
ion g ow h, and s essed he impo ance o be ing
on public spaces, equipmen and in as uc u es
as undamen al ca alys s o u ban egene a ion,
alluding o i s g ea capaci y on ans o ma ion o
he habi a . Le ´s no o ge ha he public space,
in addi ion o s uc u ing he ci y and mee ing
mobili y needs, also con ibu es o he imp o e-
men o social ela ions and communi y li e. This
is why Jaime Le ne , when alking abou egene a-
ion, poin s ou he impo ance o designing public
space, and in his de ini ion o “The u ban acupunc-
u e” he emphasizes i as one o he ins umen s o
cu e he ci y (Le ne , 2006). And Gehl e ines e en
mo e and a i ms ha a ci y is habi able when i
o e s eedom o choice in e ms o mobili y (Gehl,
2008). I is impo an o emphasize ha he lack o
mobili y con ibu es o ma ginaliza ion and social
exclusion (U e a, 2008).
Mobili y is closely ela ed o anspo al hough i is
ob ious ha you do no need o eso o anspo
o ge i . Howe e , anspo a ion is he in as uc-
u e sys em ha ensu es he connec ion be ween
he cen e and he pe iphe y wi h he ac i i ies
o he ci y so he leng h o he dis ances makes i
some imes he only esou ce o acili a e mobili y.
Al hough i is also ue ha he poo quali y o u -
baniza ion o he opog aphy o he e ain make
di icul o adi ional anspo o access ou ly-
ing and obsole e a eas and con ibu es e en mo e
o he isola ion o hese a eas and hei inhabi -
an s in social li e. They educe he possibili ies o
educa ion, heal h ca e, employmen , leisu e, e c.
Fu he mo e, his lack o accessibili y and mobil-
i y make impossible he implemen a ion o hese
public spaces, hinde ing one o he undamen al
p emises o u ban egene a ion. The e o e, mo-
bili y and accessibili y a e undamen al ac o s
o b eak he physical and social ba ie s be ween
he cen al and pe iphe al a eas o he ci y. In his
sense, he in e en ion in he public space, and
he “u ban acupunc u e” h ough he anspo
sys ems, is mani es ed as a success ul op ion o
u ban egene a ion, a icula ion and ein eg a ion
o socie y.
Taking in o accoun he abo e, he pu pose o his
esea ch a ises, which de ails he s udy o he ci y
U ban egene a ion o Medellin 49
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o Medellín, which wen om being one o he
mos dange ous ci ies in Colombia o an example
o u ban egene a ion, hanks o he implemen a-
ion o a success ul sys em o equipmen dis ib-
u ed h oughou he ci y and he cons uc ion o
a new anspo sys em: he me o-cable. Elemen
h ough which no only access and in e connec-
ion was achie ed among he mos disad an aged
a eas o he ci y, ein eg a ion and social cohesion
we e also ensu ed, in addi ion o placing he ci y
as an example o sus ainabili y.
2. Me hod
The esea ch is ca ied ou om a b ie analysis
o he physical en i onmen and he u ban con-
o ma ion o he municipali y o Meddellín, which
is complemen ed wi h a mo e de ailed analysis o
he cu en u ban ci cums ances in gene al and
he me ocable p ojec in pa icula . The opo-
g aphical ques ions a e explained om he con-
sul a ion o di e se ca og aphic and planime ic
sou ces. The s udy o he objec o he esea ch:
he me ocable, is made om a ho ough analysis
o a la ge numbe o scien i ic ex s and consul a-
ion o a ious ins i u ional sou ces ha p o ide
e idence om di e en s udies o wha has been
de eloped in he esea ch.
3. Medellín, ci y, e i o y and
u ban planning
Medellín is loca ed in he Abu á Valley on he
banks o he Medellín Ri e , on he Andes moun-
ain ange. I is pa o a conu ba ion o 10 mu-
nicipali ies ha eaches 3,550,000 inhabi an s,
al hough only abou 2,400,000 a e concen a ed
in i . Topog aphically i egula , wi hin i s u ban
landscape di e en al i udes a e eached, anging
om 1470 m abo e sea le el in he cen al zone,
o 3100 m on a eas o El Rome al, Pad e Amaya o
Las Baldías. Wi h an a ea o 328 km2, he u ban
ab ic is di ided in o 249 o icial neighbo hoods
and wen y ins i u ional a eas, loca ed on bo h
banks o he Medellín Ri e .
The o iginal, o ganized and planned ci y su e ed
a he beginning o he 20 h cen u y a chao ic de-
elopmen lacking in planning mo i a ed by he
p ocess o indus ializa ion ha ook place on he
banks o he Medellín Ri e , and by he mig a o y
mo emen o he inhabi an s om he coun y-
side o he ci y. All his esul ed in a gene alized
abandonmen o he cen al a eas and a massi e
in asion o he pe iphe al e i o y ha demand-
ed new se ices and in as uc u es. Awa e o he
p oblem, he go e nmen en us ed Paul Wiene
and Jose Luis Se wi h a egula o y plan o i s
ans o ma ion in 1950.
Howe e , in he eigh ies he p oblems wo sened
u he , hey began o occupy opog aphically
impossible a eas and un idy g ow hs de eloped,
wi hou ee spaces, equipmen , communica ion
sys ems o basic in as uc u e, a eas whe e es-
iden ial p eca iousness p e ailed and which in-
e connec ion was impossible due, among o he
ac o s, o he opog aphy o he land i sel . This
chaos os e ed he inc ease o ma ginali y and
c ime, which in u n u he enhanced his si u-
a ion. As a esul , many ma ginal neighbo hoods
appea ed, au hen ic u ban ghe os, socially ex-
cluded and wi h unbea able li ing condi ions.
The u gen u ban egene a ion ha he ci y need-
ed culmina ed wi h he ealiza ion o a se ies o
p ojec s in 2004. P ojec s in eg a ed in a p og am
o social, poli ical and educa ional e o ms ha no
only managed o eac i a e he deg aded zones,
bu also con ibu ed o a egene a ion o socie y:
comp ehensi e u ban p ojec s, he ein a e (PUI).
Bu i was no only hese p ojec s ha b ough he
solu ion o he p oblems posed, he inclusion o
he me o-cable as a new anspo sys em ha
in e ela ed u ban in e en ions, achie ed he de-
ini i e in eg a ion o obsole e and pe iphe al a e-
as o he ci y.
The main objec i e o he PUI was o eac i a e he
p oblema ic a eas o he ci y, con ibu ing o he
po en ial and imp o emen o he public space,
based on he p o ision o s a egically loca ed
public acili ies. Th ough he PUI, accessibili y was
imp o ed in all he in e ened a eas, u baniza ion
was imp o ed and he social in eg a ion o he di -
e en u ban a eas was also achie ed. Eche e i
and O sini (2010) de ined hem as “an ins umen
o planning and physical in e en ion in a eas
cha ac e ized by high a es o ma ginali y, seg e-
ga ion, po e y and iolence”.
In eali y, i s objec i es and in e en ion s a e-
gies emind us o hose de ined by Jaime Le ne
(2006) o u ban acupunc u e; hey pu sued he
egene a ion o he social, u ban and physical a e-
as, educing hei ulne abili y. They succeeded in
in eg a ing he a eas in he u ban ab ic, inc eas-
ing accessibili y and e en in e ening in he e i-
o y i sel when ci cums ances so equi e. In he
same way we could say ha he c ea ion o hese
u ban spaces a e inspi ed by he Ba celona eno-
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a ion model (Monclús, 2003). Howe e , i was un-
doub edly he me o-cable ha in e connec ed he
PUI which also managed o elimina e ghe os and
physical ba ie s wi hin he u ban ab ic and be-
came a undamen al piece o u ban egene a ion.
3.1 The me o-cable
The me o-cable is he cable anspo sys em ha
is used in high moun ain po s o mo e a ound he
ski slopes. The applica ion o i s echnology o he
ci y o Medellín mean a simple, as and e icien
implemen a ion and a he same ime economic
and sus ainable. Simple and as due o he ease
o ins alla ion and he low le el o al e a ion o he
u ban ab ic. Since o i s ope a ion only needed o
implan in he ab ic a se ies o pos e s o which
he cables will join h ough which he cabin will
slide; al hough i was used o u banize he s ee s
whe e he line would un and p o ide hem wi h
equipmen and na u al ees ( igu e 1); as well as
enabling some a eas o loca e he s a ions o en y
and exi o he cable ailway. S a ions ha we e lo-
ca ed in he mos ulne able a eas, ac ing as ca a-
lys s o he egene a ion p ocess. Only 16 mon hs
we e used o he cons uc ion o he i s line.
I was e ec i e because ai anspo elimina ed
he physical ba ie s caused by densi ica ion, he
deg ada ion o u baniza ion and he opog aphy
i sel and managed o connec and in eg a e he
obsole e and p oblema ic a eas o he ci y, also
educing he ime o in es in he ans e . And
economic because o he nume ous bene i s ha
o se hei in es men as well as he sus ainabili-
y o he p ojec , because in addi ion o helping o
educe CO2 emissions and he g eenhouse gases
p oduced by he old buses, his helped o inance
pa o he cos s om he in es men .
The i s line (k) was se in o ope a ion in 2004 o
connec wo o he poo es communes o he mu-
nicipali y, San a C uz and Popula , wi h he i s
me o line ha uns pa allel o he Medellín Ri e .
These communes lacked he main in as uc u es
and o a minimum u baniza ion and hey we e
loca ed in an ab up zone wa e ed by nume ous
oughs, eason why hei s ee s had a e y high
slope. I s wea ing was he esul o an “illegal oc-
cupa ion o lands wi h immig an s om he coun-
yside o he ci y”; (Zapa a, 2009).
The access and he ci cula ion we e qui e compli-
ca ed, as a consequence o he lack o u baniza ion
and he own opog aphy o he land, which made
di icul he a i al o he adi ional anspo and
he connec ion wi h he me o-line. Ci cums ances
ha u he emphasized he isola ion and deg a-
da ion o he a eas lea ing hem imbued wi h po -
e y, unemploymen and c ime. They came o be
conside ed he epicen e o he iolence associa -
ed wi h d ug a ic, when Medellín was desc ibed
as he mos iolen ci y in he wo ld in 1992.
The cons uc ion o he k line mean o he com-
munes, a solu ion o he p oblem o anspo , ease
and speed o mo emen , in e connec ion wi h he
es o he ci y, and a de ini i e agen o i s social
e o m. The me o-cable o e came he physical
obs acles and became he di ec ing ec o o he
i s PUI, p ojec s ha buil new public acili ies in
he obsole e zones, choosing o hei loca ion he
same places whe e he me o-cable s a ions had
been buil , and con ibu ing o he in eg a ion o
he new anspo sys em in he u ban ab ic. The
ease o access and he apidi y o i s mo emen
mean ha he wo hou s ha he inhabi an s ini-
ially ook o ge om he pe iphe y o he cen e
o he ci y would be educed wi h i s use o se en
minu es. In addi ion, such i s in luence was on so-
cie y ha di e en s udies co obo a e ha he in-
clusion o he me o-cable in he plo signi ican ly
educed he numbe o homicides and he a e o
iolence was educed by 79%, al hough in no case
managed o e adica e c ime.
The execu ion o he line cos 23 million dolla s,
a p ice ha compa ed o o he anspo sys ems
such as he unde g ound, o he o e -g ound, was
qui e ad an ageous. I could also be said ha i
was economically p o i able because o he sup-
posed bene i s ha led o he local and p i a e
economy. The s a ions became mee ing poin s and
cen e s o egene a ion ha a ac ed he implan-
a ion o new equipmen and businesses which
posi i ely in luenced he economy, expanding he
supply o employmen and imp o ing social cohe-
sion. Comme cial ac i i y inc eased by 40%. Al-
hough i is ue ha no s udy has been ca ied ou
ye o measu e he impac o he new comme cial
ac i i y on he pa icula economy o households,
o o explain whe he unemploymen a es we e
signi ican ly educed. Howe e , i is also ue ha
amilies educed spending on locomo ion sys ems
by no ha ing o pay o he use o di e en ways
o anspo o ge o he cen e , and only ha ing o
pay he me o-cable icke , which was also lowe .
Thus he o e coming o he di e en al i udes o
he land, oge he wi h he imp o emen o he
u baniza ion o he own in as uc u es, he a ail-
abili y o public anspo on hem, he epe cus-
sion on he economy and on he social ans o -
ma ions made a success o he p ojec and soon i
was se in ope a ion, a second line in e connec ing
U ban egene a ion o Medellin 51
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Figu e 1: The Me o.cable. Sou ce: by Gacha187 [CC BY-SA 3.0], om Wikimedia Commons

52 Ca men de Tomás Medina
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o he communes, wi h somewha highe income
le els and a less ab up opog aphy, wi h he me -
o ne wo k. A p esen , h ee lines ope a e, he las
one connec ed o a na u al pa k h ough a s a ion
loca ed in a ma ginal neighbo hood
3. Conclusions
The u ban egene a ion p oposed o he ci y o
Medellín, om he ealiza ion o in eg al u ban
p ojec s in he mos dep essed a eas o he ci y
and om he cons uc ion o he me o-cable as
a new anspo a ion sys em, I helped o alle i-
a e he u ban chaos in which he ci y had been
plunged in he ace o uncon olled u ban g ow h,
he abandonmen o he cen al a eas and he dis-
in eg a ion and disconnec ion o he new pe iph-
e al e i o ies wi h he es o he ci y.
The inclusion o he me o-cable as an u ban ans-
po sys em mean o e coming physical ba ie s,
o e coming he lack o u baniza ion in obsole e
a eas and i s de ini i e in eg a ion in o he ci y,
ensu ing mobili y and social cohesion. The new
anspo sys em eached he mos inaccessible
a eas and ac ed as a ca alys in u ban egene a ion,
punc u ing he mos agile poin s o he ab ic o
ans o m hem in o new public spaces endowed
wi h all kinds o equipmen ha would con ib-
u e o he economic imp o emen o he a ea and
social cohesion. In as uc u es and u baniza ion
we e imp o ed, he in e ela ion o hese a eas
wi h he es o he u ban ab ic was achie ed, he
employmen a e was inc eased and, consequen -
ly, delinquency and ma ginali y dec eased.
Summa izing, eco e ing he wo ds o Ba on in
2008 ega ding wi h wha should be sus ainabil-
i y, Medellín had become an example o sus aina-
ble de elopmen and no only because o he e y
low impac ha he new anspo sys em has
on he en i onmen , bu in wha had been an in-
eg al imp o emen o he quali y o human li e
Figu e 2: Medellín: A Me o.cable in a slum. Sou ce: Max Pixel, CC0 Public Domain
U ban egene a ion o Medellin 53
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and well-being in he daily space. Th ough he im-
p o emen o he public space in gene al and he
new anspo a ion sys em in pa icula , i ´s been
aken place he long-awai ed u ban egene a ion
ha had con ibu ed o social in eg a ion and co-
hesion by lowe ing delinquency and ma ginali y
a es. So impo an and nume ous we e he ben-
e i s o he new anspo a ion sys em ha i was
quickly adop ed by o he ci ies in Colombia and
La in Ame ica such as Rio de Janei o and Ca a-
cas. Inno a ions in mobili y and clima e change
ha e classi ied i as one o he 100 esilien ci ies
o 2016 (Zúñiga, Rod iguez, 2017). Medellín wen
om being one o he mos dange ous ci ies in Co-
lombia o an example o sus ainabili y.
Re e ences
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Alcaldía de Medellín (2006). Gene alidades, Medellín y su población.
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dadano/Plan%20de%20Desa ollo/Secciones/In o maci%C3%B3n%20Gene al/Documen os/POT/medellinPo-
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Alcaldía de Medellín & BID. Medellín (2008). T ans o mación de una ciudad. Medellín, Colombia.
Re ie ed om h p://www.ea i .edu.co/cen os/u bam/Documen s/lib o.pd .
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Wikimedia Commons
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h p://upland.i
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