Abs ac
The in e es abou Sma Ci y concep has in-
c eased in ecen yea s. In ac , Sma Ci ies is ex-
pec ed o imp o e ci yzens li e expe ience by d i -
ing he nex digi al e olu ion, mo ing om he
pe sonal a ea (mobile compu ing, sma home) o
he u ban a ea (collec i e compu ing and collec i e
in elligence). Bu he de elopmen o Sma Ci ies
is no being as as as expec ed. Se e al p oblems
need o be unde aken in o de o achie e he ob-
jec i es o he pa adigm. This pape p esen s an
app oach o add ess one o hese p oblems: o o -
ches a e he pla o m ha is equi ed o ga he ing
in o ma ion abou ci y, s o e i in a model and ena-
ble i o exploi a ion. The he e ogenei y o he po-
en ial da a sou ces a ailable and he complexi y o
he in o ma ion na u e and s uc u e, make i a non-
i ial ask ha ha e o be sol ed be o e comme -
cial solu ions appea and p o ide speci ic and non-
in e ope able solu ions.
1. In oduc ion
Acco ding o Unied Na ions, mo e han 50 pe cen o all
people, 3.3 billion li ed in u ban a eas. By 2030 his num-
be is expe ed o be inc eased un il 5.5 billion. This u ban
g ow h a e impulse go e men s o look o solu ions and
sma e ways o manage and o ganize ci ies.
A he same ime, e olu ion o elec onics is inc easing i s
capabili ies and changing he way in which humans in e ac
wi h echnology. Compu ing de ices a e becoming pa o
ou daily li e.
Bu now, hese de ices jump om pe sonal en i onmen o
he ci y a ea, imp o ing he way in which humans and ci y
in e ac , and c ea ing sma ci ies.
Se e al de ini ions o sma ci y can be ound in bibliog-
aphy:
• The use o sma compu ing echnologies o make
he ci ical in as cu u e compone s and se ice o
a ci y mo e in elligen , in e connec ed, and e i-
cien .
• A ci y well pe o ming in a o ma d-looking way
in economy, people, go e nance, mobili y, en i-
onmen , and li ing, buil on he sma combina ion
o endowmen s and ac i i ies o sel -decisi e, in-
dependen and awa e ci izens.
• A ci y s i ing o make in sel “sma e ” (mo e e -
icien , sus ainable, equi able, and li able).
• A ci y ha moni o s and in eg a es condi ions o all
o i s c i ical in as uc u es, e en majo buildings,
can be e op imize i s esou ces, plan i s p e en-
i e main enance ac i i ies, and moni o secu i y
aspec s while maximizing se ices o i s ci izens.
• An ins umen ed, in e connec ed and in elligen
ci y. Ins umen a ion enables he capu e and in e-
g a ion o li e eal-wo ld da a h ough he use o
senso s and o he de ices. In e connec ed means
he in eg a ion o hose da a in o a compu ing pla -
o m and he communica ion o such in o ma ion
among he ci y se ices. In elligen e e s o he
inclusion o complex analy ics, modeling, op imi-
za ion and is ualiza ion o he ope a ional business
p ocesses o make be e ope a ional decisions.
• A ci y whe e he ICT s eng hen he eedom o
speech and he accessibili y o public in o ma ion
and se ices.
F om hese de ini ions, can be emphasized some key con-
cep s ela ed o sma ci ies: in as uc u e, communica ions,
compu ing, in o ma ion, echnology, se ices, e icience,
ci izens, sus ainabili y, li able, quali y o li e, in eg a ion,
esou ces, op imiza ion and accesibili y.
An app oach o a e e ence model o a sen ien sma ci y
José I. Sánchez-Venzalá
Compu e Languages and
Sys ems Dep
Uni e si y o Se ille
[email p o ec ed]
A. Fe nández-Mon es
Compu e Languages and
Sys ems Dep
Uni e si y o Se ille
[email p o ec ed]
J.A. O ega
Compu e Languages and
Sys ems Dep
Uni e si y o Se ille
[email p o ec ed]
AITA 2013
42
Sma Ci ies ha e been iden i ied as one o he cen al opics
in Eu opean Resea ch P og am because o i s po en ial, and
i s decisi e con ibu ion o quali y o li e in coming yea s.
The e olu ion o he pa adigm will c ea e also an eme ging
ma ke a ound i , and p o ide an impo an impulse o
economy.
Eu opean Commission a i ms ha he e is a need o each a
high le el o ag eemen a an indus ial le el o o e come
he inc easing ma ke agmen a ion caused by isola ed
pa ial o speci ic solu ions ( e ical), comme cial o ien ed,
ha al eady exis s in he sma ci y ini ia i es.
Sma Ci y concep is expec ed o be an impo an economic
engine in coming yea s, because o he implica ions ha i s
de elopmen has o people, bussiness and adminis a ions.
In ac , he pa adigm implies a join e o be ween hem.
The p ojec Eu opean Sma Ci ies iden i ies six sma ness
dimensions o sma e alua ion: economy, people, go e n-
ance, mobili y, en i onmen and li ing.
The pa adigm will imp o e ci ies in each one o hese di-
mensions.
• In o ma ion and communica inos ne wo ks
• Enginee ing
• Ene gy and cooling ne wo ks
• Responsible mobili y
• Dis ibu ion o d inking wa e
• Sma building managemen
• Was e collec ion and eco e y
• Public ligh ing ne wo ks
• Ga den ci y
• Was ewa e eco e y
• Ene gy managemen
These dimensional de elopmen s will be ansla ed in mo e
conc e e bene i s o socie y as a e he ollowing ac s:
• Reducing esou ce consup ion: ene gy, wa e ,
hence CO2 emissions
• Op imizing in as uc u e u iliza ion, and so im-
p o ing quali y o li e
• De eloping new se ices o ci izens (collec i e,
eal- ime ci y in o ma ion, o ecas ing, heal h mon-
i o ing, bussines oppo uni ies)
• Imp o ing comme cial ela ionships o p o ide s
and consume s
Acco ding o Ga ne , in 2012 he e we e 143 sma ci y
p ojec s ongoing along he wo ld. Dis ibu ed as ollow:
No h Ame ica (35), Sou h Ame ica (11), Eu ope (47), Asia
(40) and he Middle Eas & A ica (10). Bu he numbe is
g owing.
Resea ch p og ams a e d i ing his end and spend la ge
amoun s on his issue o encou age he c ea ion o a ma ke
o s eng hen business in ol emen and sma ci ies de el-
opmen .
Ne e heless, because o he ea ly s age in which Sma
Ci ies a e, he challenges o a sma ci y a e e y gene al
[Ba y, 2012]:
• A new unde s anding o u ban p oblems
• E ec i e and easible ways o coodina e u ban
echnologies
• Models and me hods o using u ban da a ac oss
sap ial and empo al scales
• De eloping new echnologies o communica inos
and dissemina ion
• New o ms o u ban go e nance and o ganisa ion
• De ining c i ical p oblmes ela ing o ci ies,
anspo , and ene gy
• Risk, unce ain y and haza d in he sma ci y
Bu no only exis challenge in sma ci y design, ye also
abou esea ch in sma ci y:
• To ela e he in as uc u e o sma ci ies o he
ope a ional unc ioning and planning h ough
managemen e, con ol and op imiza ion
• To explo e he no ion o he ci y as a labo a o y
o inno a ion
• To p o ide po olios o u ban simula ion which
in o m u u e designs
• To de elop echnologies ha ensu e equi y, ai -
ness and ealise a be e quali y o ci y li e
• To de elop echnologies ha ensu e widesp ead
pa icipa ion
The objec i e o his pape is o desc ibe a e e ence model
o he a chi ec u e o a sma ci y ha de elops in e ope a-
bili y (se ice composi ion hinking) and in as uc u e
in eg a ion (mul iple-de ice pla o m, ne wo ks and in e-
Figu e 1 - Sma Ci ies dimensions
Wo kshop on Ambien In elligence o Telemedicine and Au omo i e
43
g a ed da a cen e ). This is, o o ches a e he in o ma ion
ga he ing, p ocessing, publica ion and use.
2. Backg ound
Se e al Sma Ci ies p ojec s a e p esen ed, analyzing espe-
cially how hei unc inonali y is o ganized.
The sma ci y de elopmen py amid [Al-Hade e al., 2009]
is an example o unc ionali y o ganiza ion o sma ci y.
The e e ence model p oposed in his pape uses a simila
app oxima ion in he low laye s, bu is signi ican ly di e -
en in op laye s.
A se ice o ien ed a chi ec u e, in his case, o sma ci y
geospa ial managemen can be ound in bibliog aphy [Al-
Hade e al., 2009a]. I seeks an e icien esou ce planning,
managemen and quali y o se ice.
O he p oposal o an in eg a ed se ice managemen plan-
o m, called ISMP [Jungwoo e al., 2011], di ides i in h e
laye s: In as uc u e componen (senso s and ac ua o s),
Middlewa e (Ga eway se ice, Mobili y manage , Ubiqui-
ous in o ma ion, Ope a ion managemen and In eg a ed
da abase) and Se ice.
A low le el a chi ec u e o moni o ing public spaces is
p oposed in SOFIA p ojec [Filipponi e al., 2010]. I ol-
lows an e en d i en a chi ech u e, collec ed o m wi eless
senso ne wo ks, and use wo main building blocks:
Knowledge P ocesso s and Seman ic In o ma ion B oke s.
I has an agg ega ion and co ela ion sys em o c ea e e en
o a high le el abs ac ion. This way, an In e ope abili y
Open Pla o m manages he e ogeneous da a sou ces.
3. Re e ence Model
The e e ence model p oposed (Figu e 2) is o ganized in
ou le els, which di ide esponsibili y o unc ionali y
implemen a ion.
In he i s laye , called In as uc u e Le el, esides he
complexi y o o manage he e ogeneous senso s, and o he
eal wo ld in o ma ion sou ces, deployed in he u ban spac-
es.
The e is a co e ea u e in his laye , which is U ban Com-
munica ions Abs ac ion. In o he wo ds, how o connec
he huge numbe o elemen s deployed along he ci y (sen-
so s, ac ua o s, ga eways, e c). The speci ica ion o a WSN,
in example, will eside in his le el.
The second laye , called In o ma ion Le el, agg ega es and
consolida es in o ma ion ga he ed. Da a is gene a ed and-
collec ed ha e o be o ches a ed in o de o build a sus ain-
able model ha could be exploi ed by se ices and applica-
ions.
Basically in his le el esides a eal wo ld model o s o e he
da a in a use ul way and he p ocedu es o ans o m plain
in o ma ion, ga he ed om sou ces, in da a. The sou ces o
he in o ma ion o each dimension a e he e ogeneous, and
complica ed o agg ega e. I is necessa y a p ocess o en ich
wi h seman ic in o ma ion he da a ga he ed. The Uni ied
U ban In o ma ion Model will s o e he eno mous quan i y
o in o ma ion gene a ed, o be exploi ed by se ices in he
nex le el. This le el should be able o measu e, op imize,
con ol and moni o complex sys ems om u ban li e.
Open Da a philosophy encou age gu e men al anspa ency
and open inno a ion o sma ci ies, gi ing ee access o
da a e ie ed along he ci y. I empowe s use d i en inno-
a ion h ough open da a pla o m s a egy. This se o da a
would be a his le el.
The hi d le el, called Se ice le el, by ollowing SOA
a chi ec u e, de ines a sui o open and s anda dized ena-
ble s o acili a e he composi ion o in e ope able sma ci y
se ices. This ecosys em allows p o iding se ices o high-
le el applica ions. This is, an open u ban se ice de elop-
men , which supply in e ope abili y be ween applica ions
and se ice le els, and hus ano he key ea u e in he pla -
o m design.
In he op, applica ion le el is ubica ed. These applica ions,
use se ices p o ided in he p e ious laye , o implemen s
complex ask o e ci y en i onmen .
Figu e 2 - Vision o he e e ence model p oposed
AITA 2013
44
4. Conclussions
Sma Ci ies a e on he ack. The pa adigm is no ye o al-
ly de ined, bu sma ci ies a e s a ing o implemen i and
a e going o be e y much mo e in nex yea s.
The succes ul de elopmen o Sma C i es pa adigm will
equi e a uni ied ICT in as uc u e o allow a sus ainable
g ow h.
The e olu ion o he pa adigm will c ea e a bussiness oppo -
uni y in an eme ging ma ke . I will impulse he economy,
and will cons i u e a esea ch oppo uni y.
In o ma ion will be in he hea o he ci y. Da a adquisi ion
and sha ing will play a c ucial ole in he game. Da a man-
agemen will be a complex ask and he u ban in o ma ion
model is one key aspec in he design.
Whole people implica ed: esea che s, en e pises, ci izens,
go e men s, e c, ha e o ow in he same di ec ion, p o id-
ing ho izon al and in e ope able solu ions. In ac , se ice
in e ope abili y is essen ial o he good de elopmen o
applica ions.
A e e ence model is necessa y o o ches a e how he e-
sponsabili ies and unc ions a e di ided among he solu ion
in a mo e e icien , scalable and sui able way, ha suppo
new gene a ions o se ices ha ha e no been de ined ye .
5. Fu u e Wo k
The Re e ence Model has o inc ease he de ail speci ica ion
le el, by explaining le els sepa a ely and de ining he cha -
ac e is ics and singula i ies o hem.
A demos a ion implemen a ion is also needed in o de o
alida e and show he u ili y o he e e ence model.
Re e ences
[Al-Hade e al., 2009] Al-Hade , M., Rodzi, A., Sha i , A.
R., & Ahmad, N. (2009). Sma Ci y Componen s A -
chi ic u e. 2009 In e na ional Con e ence on Compu-
a ional In elligence, Modelling and Simula ion, 93–
97. doi:10.1109/CSSim.2009.34
[Filipponi e al., 2010] Filipponi, L., Vi ale i, A., Landi, G.,
Memeo, V., Lau a, G., & Pucci, P. (2010). Sma
Ci y: An E en D i en A chi ec u e o Moni o ing
Public Spaces wi h He e ogeneous Senso s. 2010
Fou h In e na ional Con e ence on Senso Technolo-
gies and Applica ions, 281–286.
doi:10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2010.50
[Nam and Pa do, 2011] Nam T., Pa do T (2011). Concep-
ualizing Sma Ci y wi h Dimensions o Technology,
People, and Ins i u ions. P oceedings o he 12 h An-
nual In e na ional Con e ence on Digi al Go e nmen
Resea ch (dg.o 2011), Sun, 12 Jun 2011,
[Al-Hade e al., 2009a] Al-Hade , M., Rodzi, A., Sha i , A.
R., & Ahmad, N. (2009). SOA o Sma Ci y Geospa-
ial Managemen . 2009 Thi d UKSim Eu opean Sym-
posium on Compu e Modeling and Simula ion, 6–10.
doi:10.1109/EMS.2009.112
[Jungwoo e al., 2011] Jungwoo, L., Songhoon, B., &
Choonhwa, L. (2011). Building an In eg a ed Se ice
Managemen Pla o m o Ubiqui ous Ci ies. Compu-
e , 44(6), 56-63.
[Ba y, 2012] Ba y, M., Axhausen, K. W., Gianno i, F.,
Pozdnoukho , a., Bazzani, a., Wachowicz, M., …
Po ugali, Y. (2012). Sma ci ies o he u u e. The
Eu opean Physical Jou nal Special Topics, 214(1),
481–518. doi:10.1140/epjs /e2012-01703-3
Wo kshop on Ambien In elligence o Telemedicine and Au omo i e
45