An approach to a reference model for a sentient smart city

Abs ac The in e es abou Sma Ci y concep has in- c eased in ecen yea s. In ac , Sma Ci ies is ex- pec ed o imp o e ci yzens li e expe ience by d i - ing he nex digi al e olu ion, mo ing om he pe sonal a ea (mobile compu ing, sma home) o he u ban a ea (collec i e compu ing and collec i e in elligence). Bu he de elopmen o Sma Ci ies is no being as as as expec ed. Se e al p oblems need o be unde aken in o de o achie e he ob- jec i es o he pa adigm. This pape p esen s an app oach o add ess one o hese p oblems: o o - ches a e he pla o m ha is equi ed o ga he ing in o ma ion abou ci y, s o e i in a model and ena- ble i o exploi a ion. The he e ogenei y o he po- en ial da a sou ces a ailable and he complexi y o he in o ma ion na u e and s uc u e, make i a non- i ial ask ha ha e o be sol ed be o e comme - cial solu ions appea and p o ide speci ic and non- in e ope able solu ions. 1. In oduc ion Acco ding o Unied Na ions, mo e han 50 pe cen o all people, 3.3 billion li ed in u ban a eas. By 2030 his num- be is expe ed o be inc eased un il 5.5 billion. This u ban g ow h a e impulse go e men s o look o solu ions and sma e ways o manage and o ganize ci ies. A he same ime, e olu ion o elec onics is inc easing i s capabili ies and changing he way in which humans in e ac wi h echnology. Compu ing de ices a e becoming pa o ou daily li e. Bu now, hese de ices jump om pe sonal en i onmen o he ci y a ea, imp o ing he way in which humans and ci y in e ac , and c ea ing sma ci ies. Se e al de ini ions o sma ci y can be ound in bibliog- aphy: • The use o sma compu ing echnologies o make he ci ical in as cu u e compone s and se ice o a ci y mo e in elligen , in e connec ed, and e i- cien . • A ci y well pe o ming in a o ma d-looking way in economy, people, go e nance, mobili y, en i- onmen , and li ing, buil on he sma combina ion o endowmen s and ac i i ies o sel -decisi e, in- dependen and awa e ci izens. • A ci y s i ing o make in sel “sma e ” (mo e e - icien , sus ainable, equi able, and li able). • A ci y ha moni o s and in eg a es condi ions o all o i s c i ical in as uc u es, e en majo buildings, can be e op imize i s esou ces, plan i s p e en- i e main enance ac i i ies, and moni o secu i y aspec s while maximizing se ices o i s ci izens. • An ins umen ed, in e connec ed and in elligen ci y. Ins umen a ion enables he capu e and in e- g a ion o li e eal-wo ld da a h ough he use o senso s and o he de ices. In e connec ed means he in eg a ion o hose da a in o a compu ing pla - o m and he communica ion o such in o ma ion among he ci y se ices. In elligen e e s o he inclusion o complex analy ics, modeling, op imi- za ion and is ualiza ion o he ope a ional business p ocesses o make be e ope a ional decisions. • A ci y whe e he ICT s eng hen he eedom o speech and he accessibili y o public in o ma ion and se ices. F om hese de ini ions, can be emphasized some key con- cep s ela ed o sma ci ies: in as uc u e, communica ions, compu ing, in o ma ion, echnology, se ices, e icience, ci izens, sus ainabili y, li able, quali y o li e, in eg a ion, esou ces, op imiza ion and accesibili y. An app oach o a e e ence model o a sen ien sma ci y José I. Sánchez-Venzalá Compu e Languages and Sys ems Dep Uni e si y o Se ille [email p o ec ed] A. Fe nández-Mon es Compu e Languages and Sys ems Dep Uni e si y o Se ille [email p o ec ed] J.A. O ega Compu e Languages and Sys ems Dep Uni e si y o Se ille [email p o ec ed] AITA 2013 42 Sma Ci ies ha e been iden i ied as one o he cen al opics in Eu opean Resea ch P og am because o i s po en ial, and i s decisi e con ibu ion o quali y o li e in coming yea s. The e olu ion o he pa adigm will c ea e also an eme ging ma ke a ound i , and p o ide an impo an impulse o economy. Eu opean Commission a i ms ha he e is a need o each a high le el o ag eemen a an indus ial le el o o e come he inc easing ma ke agmen a ion caused by isola ed pa ial o speci ic solu ions ( e ical), comme cial o ien ed, ha al eady exis s in he sma ci y ini ia i es. Sma Ci y concep is expec ed o be an impo an economic engine in coming yea s, because o he implica ions ha i s de elopmen has o people, bussiness and adminis a ions. In ac , he pa adigm implies a join e o be ween hem. The p ojec Eu opean Sma Ci ies iden i ies six sma ness dimensions o sma e alua ion: economy, people, go e n- ance, mobili y, en i onmen and li ing. The pa adigm will imp o e ci ies in each one o hese di- mensions. • In o ma ion and communica inos ne wo ks • Enginee ing • Ene gy and cooling ne wo ks • Responsible mobili y • Dis ibu ion o d inking wa e • Sma building managemen • Was e collec ion and eco e y • Public ligh ing ne wo ks • Ga den ci y • Was ewa e eco e y • Ene gy managemen These dimensional de elopmen s will be ansla ed in mo e conc e e bene i s o socie y as a e he ollowing ac s: • Reducing esou ce consup ion: ene gy, wa e , hence CO2 emissions • Op imizing in as uc u e u iliza ion, and so im- p o ing quali y o li e • De eloping new se ices o ci izens (collec i e, eal- ime ci y in o ma ion, o ecas ing, heal h mon- i o ing, bussines oppo uni ies) • Imp o ing comme cial ela ionships o p o ide s and consume s Acco ding o Ga ne , in 2012 he e we e 143 sma ci y p ojec s ongoing along he wo ld. Dis ibu ed as ollow: No h Ame ica (35), Sou h Ame ica (11), Eu ope (47), Asia (40) and he Middle Eas & A ica (10). Bu he numbe is g owing. Resea ch p og ams a e d i ing his end and spend la ge amoun s on his issue o encou age he c ea ion o a ma ke o s eng hen business in ol emen and sma ci ies de el- opmen . Ne e heless, because o he ea ly s age in which Sma Ci ies a e, he challenges o a sma ci y a e e y gene al [Ba y, 2012]: • A new unde s anding o u ban p oblems • E ec i e and easible ways o coodina e u ban echnologies • Models and me hods o using u ban da a ac oss sap ial and empo al scales • De eloping new echnologies o communica inos and dissemina ion • New o ms o u ban go e nance and o ganisa ion • De ining c i ical p oblmes ela ing o ci ies, anspo , and ene gy • Risk, unce ain y and haza d in he sma ci y Bu no only exis challenge in sma ci y design, ye also abou esea ch in sma ci y: • To ela e he in as uc u e o sma ci ies o he ope a ional unc ioning and planning h ough managemen e, con ol and op imiza ion • To explo e he no ion o he ci y as a labo a o y o inno a ion • To p o ide po olios o u ban simula ion which in o m u u e designs • To de elop echnologies ha ensu e equi y, ai - ness and ealise a be e quali y o ci y li e • To de elop echnologies ha ensu e widesp ead pa icipa ion The objec i e o his pape is o desc ibe a e e ence model o he a chi ec u e o a sma ci y ha de elops in e ope a- bili y (se ice composi ion hinking) and in as uc u e in eg a ion (mul iple-de ice pla o m, ne wo ks and in e- Figu e 1 - Sma Ci ies dimensions Wo kshop on Ambien In elligence o Telemedicine and Au omo i e 43 g a ed da a cen e ). This is, o o ches a e he in o ma ion ga he ing, p ocessing, publica ion and use. 2. Backg ound Se e al Sma Ci ies p ojec s a e p esen ed, analyzing espe- cially how hei unc inonali y is o ganized. The sma ci y de elopmen py amid [Al-Hade e al., 2009] is an example o unc ionali y o ganiza ion o sma ci y. The e e ence model p oposed in his pape uses a simila app oxima ion in he low laye s, bu is signi ican ly di e - en in op laye s. A se ice o ien ed a chi ec u e, in his case, o sma ci y geospa ial managemen can be ound in bibliog aphy [Al- Hade e al., 2009a]. I seeks an e icien esou ce planning, managemen and quali y o se ice. O he p oposal o an in eg a ed se ice managemen plan- o m, called ISMP [Jungwoo e al., 2011], di ides i in h e laye s: In as uc u e componen (senso s and ac ua o s), Middlewa e (Ga eway se ice, Mobili y manage , Ubiqui- ous in o ma ion, Ope a ion managemen and In eg a ed da abase) and Se ice. A low le el a chi ec u e o moni o ing public spaces is p oposed in SOFIA p ojec [Filipponi e al., 2010]. I ol- lows an e en d i en a chi ech u e, collec ed o m wi eless senso ne wo ks, and use wo main building blocks: Knowledge P ocesso s and Seman ic In o ma ion B oke s. I has an agg ega ion and co ela ion sys em o c ea e e en o a high le el abs ac ion. This way, an In e ope abili y Open Pla o m manages he e ogeneous da a sou ces. 3. Re e ence Model The e e ence model p oposed (Figu e 2) is o ganized in ou le els, which di ide esponsibili y o unc ionali y implemen a ion. In he i s laye , called In as uc u e Le el, esides he complexi y o o manage he e ogeneous senso s, and o he eal wo ld in o ma ion sou ces, deployed in he u ban spac- es. The e is a co e ea u e in his laye , which is U ban Com- munica ions Abs ac ion. In o he wo ds, how o connec he huge numbe o elemen s deployed along he ci y (sen- so s, ac ua o s, ga eways, e c). The speci ica ion o a WSN, in example, will eside in his le el. The second laye , called In o ma ion Le el, agg ega es and consolida es in o ma ion ga he ed. Da a is gene a ed and- collec ed ha e o be o ches a ed in o de o build a sus ain- able model ha could be exploi ed by se ices and applica- ions. Basically in his le el esides a eal wo ld model o s o e he da a in a use ul way and he p ocedu es o ans o m plain in o ma ion, ga he ed om sou ces, in da a. The sou ces o he in o ma ion o each dimension a e he e ogeneous, and complica ed o agg ega e. I is necessa y a p ocess o en ich wi h seman ic in o ma ion he da a ga he ed. The Uni ied U ban In o ma ion Model will s o e he eno mous quan i y o in o ma ion gene a ed, o be exploi ed by se ices in he nex le el. This le el should be able o measu e, op imize, con ol and moni o complex sys ems om u ban li e. Open Da a philosophy encou age gu e men al anspa ency and open inno a ion o sma ci ies, gi ing ee access o da a e ie ed along he ci y. I empowe s use d i en inno- a ion h ough open da a pla o m s a egy. This se o da a would be a his le el. The hi d le el, called Se ice le el, by ollowing SOA a chi ec u e, de ines a sui o open and s anda dized ena- ble s o acili a e he composi ion o in e ope able sma ci y se ices. This ecosys em allows p o iding se ices o high- le el applica ions. This is, an open u ban se ice de elop- men , which supply in e ope abili y be ween applica ions and se ice le els, and hus ano he key ea u e in he pla - o m design. In he op, applica ion le el is ubica ed. These applica ions, use se ices p o ided in he p e ious laye , o implemen s complex ask o e ci y en i onmen . Figu e 2 - Vision o he e e ence model p oposed AITA 2013 44 4. Conclussions Sma Ci ies a e on he ack. The pa adigm is no ye o al- ly de ined, bu sma ci ies a e s a ing o implemen i and a e going o be e y much mo e in nex yea s. The succes ul de elopmen o Sma C i es pa adigm will equi e a uni ied ICT in as uc u e o allow a sus ainable g ow h. The e olu ion o he pa adigm will c ea e a bussiness oppo - uni y in an eme ging ma ke . I will impulse he economy, and will cons i u e a esea ch oppo uni y. In o ma ion will be in he hea o he ci y. Da a adquisi ion and sha ing will play a c ucial ole in he game. Da a man- agemen will be a complex ask and he u ban in o ma ion model is one key aspec in he design. Whole people implica ed: esea che s, en e pises, ci izens, go e men s, e c, ha e o ow in he same di ec ion, p o id- ing ho izon al and in e ope able solu ions. In ac , se ice in e ope abili y is essen ial o he good de elopmen o applica ions. A e e ence model is necessa y o o ches a e how he e- sponsabili ies and unc ions a e di ided among he solu ion in a mo e e icien , scalable and sui able way, ha suppo new gene a ions o se ices ha ha e no been de ined ye . 5. Fu u e Wo k The Re e ence Model has o inc ease he de ail speci ica ion le el, by explaining le els sepa a ely and de ining he cha - ac e is ics and singula i ies o hem. A demos a ion implemen a ion is also needed in o de o alida e and show he u ili y o he e e ence model. Re e ences [Al-Hade e al., 2009] Al-Hade , M., Rodzi, A., Sha i , A. R., & Ahmad, N. (2009). Sma Ci y Componen s A - chi ic u e. 2009 In e na ional Con e ence on Compu- a ional In elligence, Modelling and Simula ion, 93– 97. doi:10.1109/CSSim.2009.34 [Filipponi e al., 2010] Filipponi, L., Vi ale i, A., Landi, G., Memeo, V., Lau a, G., & Pucci, P. (2010). Sma Ci y: An E en D i en A chi ec u e o Moni o ing Public Spaces wi h He e ogeneous Senso s. 2010 Fou h In e na ional Con e ence on Senso Technolo- gies and Applica ions, 281–286. doi:10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2010.50 [Nam and Pa do, 2011] Nam T., Pa do T (2011). Concep- ualizing Sma Ci y wi h Dimensions o Technology, People, and Ins i u ions. P oceedings o he 12 h An- nual In e na ional Con e ence on Digi al Go e nmen Resea ch (dg.o 2011), Sun, 12 Jun 2011, [Al-Hade e al., 2009a] Al-Hade , M., Rodzi, A., Sha i , A. R., & Ahmad, N. (2009). SOA o Sma Ci y Geospa- ial Managemen . 2009 Thi d UKSim Eu opean Sym- posium on Compu e Modeling and Simula ion, 6–10. doi:10.1109/EMS.2009.112 [Jungwoo e al., 2011] Jungwoo, L., Songhoon, B., & Choonhwa, L. (2011). Building an In eg a ed Se ice Managemen Pla o m o Ubiqui ous Ci ies. Compu- e , 44(6), 56-63. [Ba y, 2012] Ba y, M., Axhausen, K. W., Gianno i, F., Pozdnoukho , a., Bazzani, a., Wachowicz, M., … Po ugali, Y. (2012). Sma ci ies o he u u e. The Eu opean Physical Jou nal Special Topics, 214(1), 481–518. doi:10.1140/epjs /e2012-01703-3 Wo kshop on Ambien In elligence o Telemedicine and Au omo i e 45