P oceedings 2018, 2, 1390; doi:10.3390/p oceedings2221390 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/p oceedings
P oceedings
On he In luence o Shade in Imp o ing The mal
Com o in Cou ya ds †
Ca men Galán-Ma ín *, Vic o ia Pa icia López-Cabeza, Ca los Ri e a-Gómez and
Juan Manuel Rojas-Fe nández
Depa amen o de Cons ucciones A qui ec ónicas 1, Escuela Técnica Supe io de A qui ec u a, Uni e sidad
de Se illa, A da. Reina Me cedes, 2, 41012 Se ille, Spain; [email p o ec ed] (V.P.L.-C.); c i e [email p o ec ed] (C.R.-G.)
[email p o ec ed] (J.M.R.-F.)
* Co espondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-954-556-591
† P esen ed a he Economy, Sus ainable De elopmen and Ene gy In e na ional Con e ence (ESDEIC) 2018,
Edinbu gh, Sco land, UK, 25–27 June 2018.
Published: 30 Oc obe 2018
Abs ac : This s udy analyzes he he mal pe o mance o cou ya ds in adi ional buildings in he
ci y cen e o Có doba (Sou h o Spain), one o hem displaying a shading componen , o de e mine
he in luence o his p ecise elemen . The cou ya ds ha e been moni o ed simul aneously du ing a
summe pe iod when empe a u es du ing he day eached o e 45 °C. The ob ained da a was
con as ed, and we con i med ha he shading elemen p o ided an imp o emen o he he mal
pe o mance o he cou ya d which doubled he he mal leap be ween ou doo and inside he
cou ya d empe a u es when he shading elemen was ins alled, in compa ison o he cou ya d
wi hou shade. The e o e, he empe ing e ec o cou ya ds can be signi ican ly imp o ed by
means o using hese simple elemen s.
Keywo ds: inne cou ya ds; pa io; Medi e anean clima e; he mal com o ; shading
1. In oduc ion
The design o nea ly ze o ene gy buildings (NEZB) is one o he main objec i es o a chi ec u e
ega ding he p edic ed u u e o clima ic change and ene gy sho age [1,2] The e a e many passi e
condi ioning s a egies o en o ce in new buildings o achie e his objec i e ene gy sa ing. Howe e ,
he eal challenge is o be able o imp o e he ene gy pe o mance o he ac ual building s ock. Among
he di e en passi e s a egies, he cou ya d is an elemen ha is al eady p esen in mos buildings
in ce ain clima es. Being able o unde s and he he mal pe o mance o he cou ya ds and he
di e en elemen s ha may a ec hem is he p e ious s ep o design an in e en ion s a egy.
Many ac o s ha e been epo ed o de e mine he he mal beha io o he cou ya ds i.e.,
geome y and o ien a ion, ege a ion, wa e , he albedo o he su aces ( he ac ion o inciden sola
adia ion e lec ed) and elemen s o shade [3,4]. This e y las one could be he easies and mos
economical one o be implemen ed in any exis ing building, wha jus i ies he in e es o his s udy.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Cou ya ds Desc ip ion
Fo ou s udy, wo cou ya ds wi h di e en geome ies, we e moni o ed du ing h ee weeks in
he ci y o Có doba (Spain, 37°53′00″ N 4°46′00″ O, ele a ion 106 m a.s.l). Có doba is cha ac e ized by
he highes summe se e i y possible in Spain as pe he clima e classi ica ion es ablished in he
Spanish Building Code.
P oceedings 2018, 2, 1390 2 o 5
The cou ya ds analyzed in his pape belong o wo adi ional pa io- houses in he his o ic ci y
cen e o Có doba, Wo ld He i age Si e, which is cha ac e ized by i s densi y o wo o h ee s o ey
buildings. To de ine he geome y o he cou ya ds, he concep o Aspec Ra io is used:
AR = hmax/W (1)
whe e hmax = maximum heigh o he cou ya d and W = wid h o he cou ya d.
The wo cou ya ds a e desc ibed as ollows:
• Cou ya d A: I belongs o a adi ional pa io-house ha has been e u bished. I is 4.3 × 4.0 m and
a heigh o 6.3 m. The coa ing o he su ace is whi e cemen mo a . The cou ya d has a
maximum AR o 1.84 and a minimum o 1.47. The oo op o he building is a e ace which
allows he ins alla ion o a black can as mesh ha p o ides shadow o he cou ya d, il e ing
he sola adia ion ha o he wise would a ec he su aces o i s he walls (Figu e 1a). The
ege a ion o he cou ya d is ano he elemen ha mus be conside ed when analyzing i s
pe o mance.
• Cou ya d B: The building is a classic palace house ha has su e ed a ew ans o ma ions
h ough he ime. Nowadays, he nea ly squa ed cou ya d is su ounded by an a cade in h ee
o i s ou sides (Figu e 1b). I s dimensions a e 7.8 × 8.4 m and a heigh o 6.8 m. This means an
AR o 0.81 and 0.87 in each di ec ion.
(a)
(b)
Figu e 1. Images o he cou ya ds. (a) Can as co e ins alled in he cou ya d A. (b) A cade o
cou ya d B.
2.2. Moni o ing
The moni o ing ook place du ing a h ee-week pe iod o he ho es mon hs o he yea , om
26 July o 22 Augus o 2017. This pe iod eco ded he highes empe a u es e e egis e ed in
Có doba, ha su e ed an impo an hea wa e ha yea , acco ding o Spanish Me eo ological
Agency (AEMET).
Ai empe a u e was eco ded inside he cou ya d using senso s model TESTO 174 T loca ed a
h ee di e en heigh s a each wall o he cou ya ds. In o de o a oid o e hea ing due o sola
P oceedings 2018, 2, 1390 3 o 5
adia ion, he senso s we e p o ec ed wi h insula ing ma e ial shields. A o al numbe o wel e
senso s we e placed in each cou ya d. Ou doo empe a u e and wind eloci y we e also eco ded
by means o a me eo ological s a ion model PCE-FWS 20 placed in he oo op o he building.
Cou ya d A was moni o ed wi h he shading elemen om 26 July o 7 Augus , and wi hou
he shading componen om 8 o 22 Augus . Cou ya d B was moni o ed in he same unshaded
condi ions du ing ha whole pe iod. The can as co e ha was ins alled was black polye hylene o
60–70% UV il e , and a ound 70 g/m
2
densi y, ixed on op o he ailing as shown in Figu e 1.a,
allowing he wind lows o go ou o he cou ya d, in o de o a oid o e hea ing and hus allowing he
loose o accumula ed hea du ing he day.
3. Resul s
3.1. Unshaded Moni o ing
Figu e 2 shows he esul s ob ained in six days du ing he pe iod om 8 o 22 Augus , when
none o he cou ya ds we e shaded. The maximum ou e ai empe a u e anged be ween 40–45 °C
du ing he day and minimum empe a u e a nigh egis e ed 22–25 °C. The igu e also shows he
eco ded empe a u e in bo h cou ya ds du ing ha pe iod. Shading o Cou ya d A was emo ed,
c ea ing he mos possible simila si ua ion o Cou ya d B. Bo h cou ya ds displayed a e y simila
pe o mance his pe iod, wi h a maximum o 2 °C o di e ence a peak hou s (Cou ya d B
pe o ming sligh ly be e ). The empe a u e in he cou ya ds does no go beyond 38 °C. Howe e ,
a nigh , he e is a sligh o e hea ing e ec , main aining he cou ya ds a ound 2 °C wa me han he
ou side.
Figu e 2. Ai empe a u es and wind speed in cou ya ds and he ou side om 16 o 22 Augus .
3.2. Shaded Moni o ing
Figu e 3 shows he esul s o he moni o ing aking place om 1 o 7 Augus , a selec ed pe iod
when he shading elemen was ins alled in Cou ya d A. In his pe iod, ou doo empe a u es anged
in he same alues as he p e iously desc ibed, wi h a maximum o 45 °C and a minimum o 22 °C.
In cou ya d A, p o ec ed om di ec sola adia ion by he can as co e , empe a u es ne e
wen beyond 31 °C. The nigh o e hea ing e ec s ill occu ed. The indoo -ou doo empe a u e
di e ence in his pe iod eached 15 °C in he shaded cou ya d, he 5 Augus . Cou ya d B p esen s
simila moni o ing esul s o hose eco ded in he p e iously analyzed pe iod.
P oceedings 2018, 2, 1390 4 o 5
Figu e 3. Ai Tempe a u es and Wind Speed in cou ya ds and he ou side om Augus 1s o 7 h.
4. Discussion
The compa ison o he esul s p o ided by he wo cou ya ds highligh s he signi ican bene i s
o a simple shading elemen used o imp o e he pe o mance o he cou ya d in his clima e. The
mean empe a u e di e ence in bo h cou ya ds in he days om 26 July o 7 Augus has been
calcula ed and ep esen ed as a ype day in Figu e 4.
Unshaded means o bo h cou ya ds a e a he simila , displaying a sligh di e ence be ween
11:00 and 16:00 h o 1–2 °C. Howe e , con as ing Cou ya d A lines, shaded and unshaded, i can be
seen ha he shading elemen p oduced a mean empe a u e di e ence o 12 °C be ween he
cou ya d and he ou side in he ho es hou o he day, while in he unshaded cou ya d his
di e ence was only 6 °C on a e age. This allows us o emphasize he g ea imp o emen ha a simple
can as elemen p oduces in he he mal pe o mance o he cou ya d.
Figu e 4. Mean Ou doo - Indoo empe a u e di e ence a each hou o he day.
5. Conclusions
The esul s sugges ha he al eady con i med he mal bene i s o cou ya ds in ho a id clima es
could be easily imp o ed by using shading elemen s. The highe he ex e io empe a u e was, he
highe o a empe a u e d op was measu ed in he in e io o he shaded cou ya d. The ele ance o
his ac is he possibili y o adop ing his s a egy in exis ing buildings, imp o ing hei ene gy
e iciency and p epa ing hem o he p edic ed global wa ming because o he clima e change.
P oceedings 2018, 2, 1390 5 o 5
Au ho Con ibu ions: C.G.-M. and J.M.R.-F. concei ed and designed he expe imen s; C.R.-G. and J.M.R.-F.
pe o med he expe imen s; V.P.L.-C. and C.G.-M. analyzed he da a and w o e he pape .
Acknowledgmen s: The au ho s wish o acknowledge he IUACC “Ins i u o Uni e si a io de A qui ec u a y
Ciencias de la Cons ucción” o he necessa y suppo o de elop his esea ch. This wo k has been unded by
he Na ional Go e nmen o Spain Resea ch P ojec MTM2015-64577-C2-2-R.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es . The ounding sponso s had no ole in he design
o he s udy; in he collec ion, analyses, o in e p e a ion o da a; in he w i ing o he manusc ip , and in he
decision o publish he esul s.
Re e ences
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Midgley, P.M. Wo king G oup I Con ibu ion o he Fi h Assessmen Repo o he In e go e nmen al
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Camb idge, UK, 2013; pp. 33–115, doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.005.
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