1"
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Ex apola ing base-line unk sh inkage e e ence equa ions ac oss oli e o cha ds 1"
. 2"
3"
Co ell, M.a,*, Gi ón, I.F.b, Mo iana, A.a, Dell’Amico, J.c, Mo ales, D.c, Mo eno, F.b 4"
5"
aEscuela Técnica Supe io de Ingenie ía Ag onómica. Uni e si y o Se ille, Ca e e a 6"
de U e a Km 1, 41013 Se illa, Spain 7"
bIns i u o de Recu sos Na u ales y Ag obiología de Se illa (IRNAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 8"
1052, E-41080 Se illa, Spain. 9"
c Ins i u o Nacional de Ciencias Ag ícolas, Cuba 10"
11"
*Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed] Phone: (+34)954487298; Fax: (+34)954486436 12"
13"
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15"
16"
17"
18"
19"
20"
2"
"
Abs ac 21"
Maximum daily unk sh inkage is a common measu emen in i ia ion scheduling o 22"
ui ees. Bu he s ong ela ionship be ween hese measu emen s and he en i onmen 23"
se e ely limi ield applica ions. Re e ence baselines a e he solu ion o unde s anding 24"
he in luence o en i onmen al condi ions. Ne e heless, he ex apola ion ou o he 25"
o iginal condi ions is no clea . The aim o his s udy was o compa e se e al 26"
app oaches o es ima e a e e ence baseline in an oli e o cha d whe e he e we e no 27"
p e ious da a om o he seasons. Two o cha ds, sepa a ed 60 m, wi h di e en ee 28"
densi y we e used. O cha d 1 had g ea e ee densi y han o cha d 2, hough he age and 29"
he cul i a we e he same. T unk diame e s o bo h o cha ds we e simila bu he c own 30"
olume o o cha d 2 was sligh ly lowe han o cha d 1. The cu en e e ence baselines 31"
o maximum daily unk diame e in bo h o cha ds we e no signi ican ly di e en 32"
be ween hem (p<0.05). In o cha d 1, he p e ious e e ence baseline was calcula ed in 33"
a 5-yea s udy ( he so called mul i-seasons app oach). The mul i-seasons app oach was 34"
no signi ican ly di e en in slope bu i was in he y-in e cep ion o he cu en 35"
e e ence baselines in bo h o cha ds (p<0.05). This app oach o e -es ima ed he alues 36"
in bo h o cha ds. Two addi ional app oaches we e es ed. These la e app oaches used 37"
da a be o e massi e pi ha dening o es ima e he cu en e e ence baseline. One o 38"
hem used he ea ly da a o es ima e a comple e e e ence baseline ( he so-called ea ly 39"
app oach). The o he ( he so-called y-ea ly app oach) used he same da a only o 40"
es ima e he y-in e cep ion and assumed ha he slope was he same as in he mul i-41"
seasons app oach. The ea ly app oach unde -es ima ed he alue o maximum daily 42"
unk sh inkage. The ea ly-y app oach p o ided a sa is ac o y es ima ion o he 43"
3"
"
e e ence baseline and imp o ed hose ob ained wi h he mul i-seasons app oach. The 44"
limi a ions and uses in i iga ion scheduling a e also discussed. 45"
46"
Keywo d: I iga ion scheduling, plan wa e s a us measu emen s, unk diame e 47"
luc ua ions, wa e ela ions. 48"
49"
50"
51"
52"
53"
54"
55"
56"
57"
58"
59"
60"
61"
62"
63"
64"
65"
66"
4"
"
1. In oduc ion 67"
The Oli e (Olea eu opaea L.) is a adi ional ain- ed ui ee in he Medi e anean 68"
basin. In he las 20 yea s, he in ensi ica ion o oli e cul i a ion has ad anced g ea ly. 69"
These new o cha ds a e i iga ed and ha e highe ee densi y han adi ional ones. The 70"
inc ease in cul i a ion has coincided wi h an inc ease in wa e demand o o he uses 71"
(Fe e es and E ans, 2006) and his s ongly limi s he amoun o wa e a ailable o 72"
i iga ion pu poses. 73"
Regula ed de ici i iga ion (RDI) is a common i iga ion scheduling echnique 74"
in ui ees, which sa es wa e wi h low o null a ia ions in yield (Behboudian and 75"
Mills, 1997; Nao , 2006). When RDI is applied, plan wa e s a us measu emen s a e 76"
needed o con ol he in ensi y o he plan wa e s ess imposed (Fe e es and González-77"
Dugo, 2009). In de ici i iga ion scheduling, echniques o con inuous measu emen o 78"
plan wa e s a us allow adequa e daily wa e ing o con ol o wa e s ess le el (O uño 79"
e al., 2010). T unk diame e luc ua ions ha e been sugges ed in se e al ui ees as a 80"
e y e icien ool o RDI (i.e. almond, Goldhame and Fe e es, 2004; peaches, 81"
Coneje o e al., 2011), bu no in o he s such as oli e ees (Mo iana e al., 2003; 82"
Mo iana e al., 2010). T unk diame e luc ua ions a e a daily cycle o sh inkage ( om 83"
he beginning o he day) and swelling ( om mid-a e noon) which occu s in all plan s 84"
(Kleppe e al., 1971). This daily cycle p o ides wo pa ame e s which a e used in 85"
i iga ion scheduling: maximum daily unk sh inkage and unk g ow h a e. 86"
Goldhame and Fe e es (2001) sugges ed he i s app oach o i iga ion 87"
scheduling wi h a unk diame e luc ua ions pa ame e . In a young o cha d, hese 88"
au ho s sugges ed he compa ison wi h maximum daily diame e o es ima e unk 89"
g ow h. Howe e , al hough his pa ame e is p esen ed in se e al s udies (i.e. 90"
Goldhame e al 1999) ex apola ion o o he loca ions is no easy. Mo iana and Fe e es 91"
5"
"
(2002), in oli e ees, epo ed ha maximum daily diame e would be di icul o 92"
ex apola e o o he condi ions and sugges ed unk g ow h a e ( he slope o maximum 93"
daily diame e ) as easie o use in i iga ion scheduling. Howe e , only in young oli e 94"
ees, a good ela ionship be ween TGR and empe a u e has been epo ed (Pé ez-95"
López e al., 2008). No s ong ela ionship be ween ei he o hese pa ame e s and a 96"
me eo ological a iable has been ound in ma u e o cha ds o any ui species. This 97"
lack o esul s is p obably ela ed o he s ong ela ionship be ween ui de elopmen 98"
and bo h pa ame e s (oli e, Mo iana e al., 2003; plum, In igliolo and Cas el, 2007; 99"
oli e, Pé ez-López e al., 2008). 100"
Maximum daily unk sh inkage is he indica o de i ed om unk diame e 101"
luc ua ions mos widely sugges ed in i iga ion scheduling in se e al ui ees (O uño 102"
e al., 2010; Fe nández and Cue as 2010). The inc ease in maximum daily unk 103"
sh inkage has adi ionally been associa ed wi h wa e s ess condi ions (O uño e al., 104"
2010), hough i is also s ongly ela ed o e apo a i e demand (He zog e al., 1995). A 105"
e e ence is he e o e needed in o de o sepa a e he e ec o e apo a i e demand and 106"
soil wa e de ici . Re e ence baseline is a simple eg ession equa ion ha es ima es 107"
maximum daily unk sh inkage in ully i iga ed condi ions om one me eo ological 108"
pa ame e . Pa ame e s such as empe a u e o apo p essu e de ici would p o ide an 109"
es ima ion o maximum daily unk sh inkage in ully i iga ed condi ions and hus 110"
i iga ion could be scheduled acco ding o he wa e s ess le el p e iously decided. 111"
Goldhame and Fe e es (2001) sugges ed he maximum daily unk diame e signal, 112"
which is he a io be ween he measu ed and he es ima ed alues, as an indica o o 113"
wa e s ess le el. 114"
P e ious s udies conduc ed on oli e ees ha e concluded ha maximum daily 115"
unk sh inkage is no a eliable wa e s a us indica o in mode a e wa e de ici 116"

6"
"
condi ions (Mo iana and Fe e es, 2002; Mo iana e al., 2010; Cue as e al., 2012). 117"
Howe e , Mo iana e al (2000) epo ed a maximum daily unk sh inkage s. s em 118"
wa e po en ial ela ionship in oli es ha es ima ed a dec ease in maximum daily unk 119"
sh inkage in se e e wa e de ici condi ions. Oli e ees a e a e y d ough esis an 120"
species, in which se e e wa e s ess condi ions du ing massi e pi ha dening (mid-121"
summe ) do no a ec o only sligh ly educe yield (Goldhame , 1999). A e e ence 122"
baseline would he e o e be use ul in o de o impose such s ess condi ions du ing his 123"
phenological pe iod. 124"
Se e al au ho s ha e epo ed e e ence baselines o maximum daily unk 125"
sh inkage in ela ion o di e en me eo ological da a. The mos commonly epo ed a e 126"
apou p essu e de ici (VPD) and ai empe a u e (amongs o he s, almond, Goldhame 127"
and Fe e es, 2004; lemon, O uño e al., 2009; manda in, Pagán e al., 2008; peach, 128"
Coneje o e al., 2011; plum, In igliolo and Cas el, 2007). The e a e only h ee s udies 129"
o oli es ha es ima ed a e e ence baseline (Mo iana and Fe e es, 2004; Mo eno e al., 130"
2006; Mo iana e al., 2011). Mo iana and Fe e es (2004), wi h one season´s da a, 131"
sugges ed VPD as he me eo ological a iable bu wi hou compa ison o o he 132"
me eo ological da a. Mo eno e al (2006), wi h one season´s da a, compa ed ou 133"
di e en me eo ological measu emen s (VPD, empe a u e, adia ion and e e ence 134"
e apo anspi a ion) and epo ed ha VPD and empe a u e p esen ed he bes 135"
ag eemen wi h maximum daily unk sh inkage da a. Mo iana e al (2011), in a i e-136"
yea s udy, showed ha maximum daily empe a u e was be eewn o he s (VPD and 137"
empe a u es a di e en ime) he bes i wi h maximum daily sh inkage. These 138"
au ho s also conside ed ha maximum empe a u e was easie o ob ain han VPD and 139"
empe a u e measu emen s a di e en ime o he day. 140"
7"
"
One o he main p oblems in he managemen o he e e ence baseline is 141"
alida ion in o he places o seasons. In o de o elimina e he in luence o in e -season 142"
changes mos s udies use da a om se e al seasons (i.e. O uño e al., 2009; Coneje o e 143"
al., 2011; Mo iana e al., 2011). Howe e , Goldhame and Fe e es (2004) epo ed a 144"
e e ence baseline es ima ed only wi h he da a o he beginning o he i iga ion season. 145"
The ex apola ion o he e e ence baseline o o he places (wi h di e en cul i a s 146"
o /and ee spaces) is mo e ela ed o ac o s such as ui load o ee dimensions and, 147"
om ou knowledge, he e a e no s udies in he li e a u e. F ui load has been epo ed 148"
as a signi ican ac o ha sligh ly a ied he equa ions ob ained (In igliolo and Cas el 149"
2007; Coneje o e al., 2010; Mo iana e al., 2011). Howe e , such di e ences a e small 150"
and, in a comme cial o cha d, ui load could be no conside ed (Mo iana e al., 2011). 151"
The in luences o ee age (Mo iana and Fe e es, 2004) o unk diame e (Gena d e al, 152"
2001; In igliolo and Cas el, 2006) we e also signi ican . Re e ence baseline would 153"
he e o e p obably need a p e ious local calib a ion. 154"
The aim o his s udy is o compa e se e al app oaches o es ima ing a e e ence 155"
baseline in an o cha d whe e he e a e no p e ious da a. This e e ence baseline will be 156"
used du ing he massi e pi ha dening pe iod. Two app oaches use cu en season da a 157"
be o e massi e pi ha dening. And a hi d app oach uses a p e ious e e ence baseline 158"
(Mo iana e al., 2011), calcula ed on he same expe imen al a m, bu in an oli e 159"
o cha d wi h close ee spacing. 160"
161"
2. Ma e ial and Me hods 162"
The expe imen was pe o med in wo o cha ds du ing he summe o 2011 a La 163"
Hampa, he expe imen al a m o he Ins i u o de Recu sos Na u ales y Ag obiología de 164"
Se illa (IRNAS-CSIC). These o cha ds a e loca ed a Co ia del Río nea Se ille (Spain) 165"
8"
"
(37º 17’’N, 6º 3’W, 30 m al i ude). The sandy loam soil (abou 2 m deep) o he 166"
expe imen al si e was cha ac e ized by a olume ic wa e con en o 0.33 m3 m-3 a 167"
sa u a ion, 0.21 m3m-3 a ield capaci y and 0.1 m3m-3 a pe manen wil ing poin , and 168"
1.30 (0-10 cm) and 1.50 (10-120 cm) g cm-3 bulk densi y. 169"
The wo oli e o cha ds (Olea eu opaea L c Manzanillo) we e i iga ed du ing 170"
he p e ious season wi h no wa e limi a ion. O cha d 1 was 41 yea s old and he ee 171"
spacing was 7 x 5 m. This o cha d was he same whe e he e e ence baseline o 172"
Mo iana e al (2011) was calcula ed, bu he ees used in he p esen s udy we e 173"
di e en . O cha d 2 was also 41 yea s old and ee spacing was 7 m x 7m. This o cha d 174"
was beside o cha d 1 and sepa a ed by a ound 60 m. The c own olume and unk 175"
diame e o he expe imen al ees we e no signi ican ly di e en be ween o cha ds 176"
(p<0.05, Table 1). Howe e , he ees in o cha d 2 had ma kedly lowe alues o c own 177"
olume han o cha d 1 (a ound 25% less) and lowe g ound co e (o cha d 1 40%; 178"
o cha d 2 24%). The beginning o he massi e pi ha dening was es ima ed acco ding o 179"
Gijón e al (2010) a day o he yea (DOY) 157 in he o cha d 1 and 164 in he o cha d 180"
2. 181"
Pes con ol, p uning and e iliza ion p ac ices we e hose commonly used by 182"
g owe s and no weeds we e allowed o de elop in he o cha d. I iga ion was ca ied ou 183"
du ing he nigh by d ip using one la e al pipe pe ee ow and i e emi e s pe plan , 184"
deli e ing 8 L h-1 each. Mic ome eo ological 30 min da a, namely ai empe a u e, 185"
sola adia ion, ela i e humidi y o ai and wind speed a 2 m abo e he soil su ace 186"
we e collec ed by an au oma ic wea he s a ion loca ed some 40 m om he 187"
expe imen al si e. Daily e e ence e apo anspi a ion (ETo) was calcula ed using he 188"
Penman-Mon ei h equa ion (Allen e al., 1998). 189"
9"
"
I iga ion equi emen s we e de e mined as he di e ence be ween c op 190"
e apo anspi a ion (ETc) and ain all. Soil mois u e was no conside ed in he wa e 191"
balance in o de o ob ain no wa e s ess condi ions. ETc was de e mined acco ding o 192"
daily e e ence e apo anspi a ion (ETo) and a c op ac o based on he ime o he yea 193"
and he pe cen age o g ound a ea shaded by he ee canopy (Fe e es and Goldhame , 194"
1990). The c op coe icien alues (Kc) conside ed we e 0.76 in May, 0.70 in June, 0.63 195"
in July and Augus , 0.72 in Sep embe and 0.77 in Oc obe (Fe nández e al., 2006). The 196"
alues o he coe icien in ela ion o he pe cen age o g ound co e ed by he c op (K ) 197"
we e 0.8 in o cha d 1 and 0.48 in o cha d 2. The alues o c op e apo anspi a ion (ETc) 198"
and o al amoun o applied wa e ( ain all no included) du ing he expe imen al pe iod 199"
( om he end o Ap il un il he middle Sep embe ) a e shown in Table 2. 200"
T unk diame e luc ua ions (TDF) a e a daily cycle o sh inkage and swelling. 201"
TDF we e measu ed h oughou he expe imen al pe iods, using a se o linea a iable 202"
displacemen ansduce s (LVDT) (model DF±2.5 mm, accu acy ±10 µm, Sola on 203"
Me ology, Bogno Regis, UK) a ached o he main unk, wi h a special b acke made 204"
o In a , an alloy o Ni and Fe wi h a he mal expansion coe icien close o ze o 205"
(Ka e ji e al., 1994). Measu emen s in 6 ees in o cha d 1 and 5 ees in o cha d 2 we e 206"
aken e e y 10 s and he da alogge (model CR10X wi h AM 416 mul iplexe , 207"
Campbell Sci. L d., Logan, USA) was p og ammed o epo 15 min means. Maximum 208"
daily unk sh inkage (MDS) was calcula ed as he di e ence be ween he maximum 209"
daily diame e , which occu s a he beginning o he day, and he minimum daily 210"
diame e , which occu s a mid-a e noon (Goldhame e al., 1999). 211"
The de e mina ion o he e e ence baseline supposed ully i iga ed condi ions. 212"
Se e al pa ame e s we e measu ed in o de o es ablish he wa e s a us o he ee (soil 213"
mois u e, maximum unk diame e , s em wa e po en ial). Soil mois u e was measu ed 214"
16"
"
es o seasons (wi h medium and high yield). The e o e, he mul i-season app oach 364"
could be use ul in condi ions o signi ican yield. 365"
Al hough signi ican yield would be expec ed an es ima ion o he e e ence 366"
baseline wi h cu en season da a and wi h he local condi ions would be a be e 367"
app oach han he mul i-season app oach. The app oach sugges ed by Goldhame and 368"
Fe e es (2004) in almonds ( he so-called ea ly app oach) was used in his way. 369"
Howe e , he ea ly app oach was he wo s in bo h o cha ds (Figs. 3 and 4). These 370"
disag eemen s wi h he esul s in almonds o Goldhame and Fe e es (2004) a e 371"
p obably ela ed o he di e ences be ween he wa e ela ions o bo h ui species. The 372"
daily cycle o s oma al lea conduc ance in ull i iga ed condi ions is no limi ed by 373"
e apo a i e demand in almond (Ma sal and Gi ona, 1997) while in oli e ees he e is a 374"
educ ion a midday (Angelopoulos e al., 1996). Such di e ences in he daily pa e n 375"
s oma a could sugges di e en espond o high anspi a ion condi ions. Acco ding o 376"
he p esen s udy, maximum daily unk sh inkage g ea e han 400 µm was unde -377"
es ima ed wi h he ea ly app oach (Fig. 4). The e o e, he g ea es condi ions o 378"
anspi a ion likely changed he amoun o wa e ha he unk ans e ed o he 379"
anspi a ion s eam. In oli e, he ee could inc eases he amoun o wa e om he 380"
unk mo e han in almond and hen maximum daily sh inkage was highe han 381"
expec ed, Such inc ease could be ela ed o he g ea e capaci y o dehyd a ion in oli e 382"
ees (Fe e es, 1984). 383"
Maximum daily unk sh inkage is a ec ed by se e al ac o s which would 384"
change he pa e n o i s ela ionship wi h empe a u e in he long e m, wa e s a us 385"
condi ions (Gena d e al., 2001) and wood composi ion (D ew and Dones, 2009) a e 386"
p obably he mos impo an . Such changes would p obably a y he e e ence baseline 387"
e en hough ully-i iga ed condi ions we e pe o med du ing he cu en o p e ious 388"

17"
"
season. The p esen s udy con i med ha hese changes occu ed, bu only in he y-389"
in e cep ion, while he slope o he equa ion was no a ec ed (Fig. 4). The ea ly-y 390"
app oach made i possible o ob ain he e e ence baseline be o e massi e pi ha dening 391"
wi h only he es ima ion o he y-in e cep ion. The ex apola ion o o he Manzanillo 392"
o cha ds is p obably possible, bu u he wo k is needed o s udy he in luence o he 393"
cul i a . Mo iana and Fe e es (2004) epo ed e e ence baseline using apo p essu e 394"
de ici (VPD) wi h di e en cul i a s and age o cha ds, bu simila en i onmen al 395"
condi ions. When VPD is conside ed o he same ui load an almos equal slope was 396"
ound be ween ma u e c Manzanillo (Mo iana e al. 2011) and ma u e c Picual 397"
(Mo iana and Fe e es, 2004). The in luence o ee age is p obably di e en , young c 398"
A bequino showed a di e en slope and y-in e cep ion han ma u e c Picual (Mo iana 399"
and Fe e es, 2004) and ma u e c Manzanillo (Mo iana e al., 2011). Goldhame and 400"
Fe e es (2001) sugges ed ha he maximum daily unk sh inkage would be smalle in 401"
young ees han in ma u e because o he g ea e g ow h in he o me . In almonds, he 402"
e e ence baseline epo ed in se e al s udies o young o cha ds was simila wi h 403"
di e en cul i a s (Fe e es and Goldhame , 2003; Goldhame and Fe e es, 2004). Egea 404"
e al. (2009) wi h h ee season´s da a in a young almond o cha d sugges ed ha he 405"
e e ence baseline could be es ima ed e e y 1-2 yea s wi h he da a o he beginning o 406"
he season, hough sligh di e ences due o phenological s age we e epo ed. 407"
408"
5. Conclusions 409"
The ex apola ion o e e ence baseline o maximum daily unk sh inkage o o he 410"
o cha ds was possible in ma u e cul i a Manzanillo. The e e ence baselines we e 411"
simila be ween o cha ds, hough spacing and g ound co e we e di e en . Sligh 412"
a ia ions in he y-in e cep ion we e ound in bo h e e ence equa ions. The mul i-413"
18"
"
season app oach, a gene al equa ion p e iously calcula ed, o e -es ima ed bo h 414"
e e ence baselines. Such esul s we e p obably ela ed o he ex emely low ui load in 415"
bo h o cha ds in compa ison wi h he ones ob ained when he mul i-season app oach 416"
was calcula ed. A mul i-season app oach would be use ul in condi ions o signi ican 417"
yield. An ea ly app oach ha es ima ed he comple e (slope and y-in e cep ion) 418"
e e ence baseline was no possible because signi ican a ia ions in he slope we e 419"
ound wi h he inc ease in maximum daily unk sh inkage. This esul is no consis en 420"
wi h he ones epo ed in almond. The di e ences in he s oma a lea conduc ance 421"
pa e n be ween bo h species we e p obably ela ed o he lack o esul s. The e e ence 422"
baseline in all he es ima ions was simila in slope bu di e en in y-in e cep ion. The 423"
ea ly-y app oach ha only es ima ed his la e componen o he e e ence baseline 424"
p esen ed a good i be ween obse ed and measu ed da a du ing he pe iod o pi 425"
ha dening. Acco ding o he p esen esul s and li e a u e he ea ly-y app oach would be 426"
use ul in he es ima ion o e e ence baseline in ma u e o cha ds e en when di e en 427"
cul i a s we e conside ed. 428"
429"
Acknowledgemen s 430"
This esea ch was suppo ed by he Spanish Minis e io de Economia y Compe i i idad 431"
(MINECO), (AGL2010-19201-CO4-03 p ojec ). The s ay o D. Mo ales and J. 432"
Dell’Amico was suppo ed by he AECID p ojec D/030431/10. Thanks a e due o A. 433"
Mon e o and J. Rod iguez o help wi h ield measu emen s and o p o esso s M. Ce a 434"
and C. Co és o help in he s a is ical analysis. 435"
436"
437"
19"
"
Re e ence 438"
Allen, R.G., Pe ei a, L.S., Raes, D., Smi h, M. 1998. C op e apo anspi a ion. 439"
Guideline o compu ing c op wa e equi emen s. FAO i iga ion and d ainage 440"
pape nº 56. Roma.FAO. 441"
Angelopoulos, K., Dichio, B., Xiloyannis, C. 1996. Inhibi ion o pho osyn hesis in oli e 442"
ees (Olea eu opaea L.) du ing wa e s ess and ewa e ing. J Exp Bo 47, 1093-443"
110. 444"
Behboudian, M.H., Mills, T.M., 1997. De ici i iga ion in deciduous o cha ds. Ho . 445"
Re . 21, 105-131. 446"
B ough, D.W., Jones, H.G., G ace, J. 1986. Diu nal changes in wa e con en o he 447"
s ems o apple ees, as in luenced by i iga ion. Plan Cell En i on. 9, 1-7. 448"
Coneje o, W., Mellisho, C.D., O uño, M.F., Galindo, A., Pé ez-Sa mien o, F., 449"
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s em wá e po en ial e e ence equa ions o i iga ion scheduling o ea ly 451"
ma u ing peach ees. I ig. Sci. 29, 299-309. 452"
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20"
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Fe e es, E. 1984. Va iabili y in adap i e mechanisms o wa e de ici s in annual and 463"
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21"
"
Goldhame D.A.; Fe e es E. 2001. I iga ion scheduling p o ocols using con inuously 486"
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c . Mo isca) I. - G ow h and wa e ela ions. Ag . Wa e Manage. 98, 941-949. 510"

22"
"
Mo eno, F., Coneje o, W., Ma in-Palomo, M. J., Gi on, I. F., To ecillas, A., 2006. 511"
Maximum daily unk sh inkage e e ence alues o i iga ion scheduling in 512"
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Mo iana, A., Fe e es, E. 2004. Es ablishing e e ences alues o unk diame e 516"
luc ua ions and s em wa e po en ial o i iga ion scheduling o oli e ees. 517"
Ac a Ho ic. 664, 407-412. 518"
Mo iana, A., Fe e es, E., O gaz, F., Cas o, J., Humanes, M.D., Pas o , M. 2000. The 519"
ela ions be ween unk diame e luc ua ions and ee wa e s a us in oli e ee 520"
(Oleaeu opea L). Ac a Ho ic. 537, 293-297. 521"
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o cha d o wa e de ici s. J. Am. Soc. Ho ic. Sci..128, 425-431. 523"
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A., Mo eno, F. 2010. New app oach o oli e ees i iga ion scheduling using 525"
unk diame e senso s. Ag ic. Wa e Manage. 97, 1822-1828. 526"
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o wa e po en ial measu emen s. I ig. Sci. 24,129-135. 535"
23"
"
O uño, M. F., Ga cia-O ellana, Y., Coneje o, W. 2009. Assessmen o maximum daily 536"
unk sh inkage signal in ensi y h eshold alues o de ici i iga ion in lemon 537"
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app oach o using unk g ow h a e and endoca p de elopmen in he i iga ion 548"
scheduling o young oli e o cha d. Sci. Ho . 115, 244-251. 549"
Scholande , P.F., Hammel, H.T., B ads ees , E.A., Hemmingsen, E.A. 1965. Sap 550"
p essu e in ascula plan . Sci. 148, 339-346. 551"
Simonneau, T., Habib, R., Gou ouly, J.P., Hugue , J.G. 1993. Diu nal changes in s em 552"
diame e depend upon a ia ions in wa e con en : di ec e idence in peach ees. 553"
J. Exp. Bo . 44, 615-621. 554"
555"
556"
557"
558"
559"
24"
"
560"
Table 1. Dimensions and dis ance in he o cha d o he expe imen . The e we e no 561"
signi ican di e ences be ween o cha d 1 and o cha d 2 in c own olume o unk 562"
diame e . 563"
564"
565"
566"
567"
568"
569"
570"
571"
572"
573"
574"
575"
576"
Dis ance
(mxm)
G ound co e
C own Volume
(m3 ee-1)
T unk
Diame e
(m)
O cha d 1
7x5
40%
31.3±4
0.24±0.01
O cha d 2
7x7
24%
23.6±2
0.23±0.01
25"
"
577"
Table 2. C op e apo anspi a ion, i iga ion applied and yield componen s: yield (Yield
(kg ee-1) and ha es ( ha-1).
ETc
(mm)
I iga ion
applied
(mm)
Yield
(kg ee-1)
Yield
( ha-1)
O cha d 1
299.7
285.4
8.9 ± 6.0
2.5 ± 1.7
O cha d 2
214.0
196.7
2.9 ± 1.4
0.6 ± 0.3
578"
579"