anales de psicología / annals o psychology
2019, ol. 35, nº 2 (may), 195-203
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.6018/analesps.35.2.304501
© Copy igh 2019: Edi um. Se icio de Publicaciones de la Uni e sidad de Mu cia. Mu cia (Spain)
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- 195 -
E alua ion o ea ly li e expe iences: The ELES scale and i s clinical use
Ma ía de G acia León-Palacios1, Miguel Ga ido-Fe nández1, C is ina Senín-Calde ón2, Sal ado Pe ona-Ga celán1,
Paul Gilbe 3, and Juan F ancisco Rod íguez-Tes al1,*
1 Pe sonali y, E alua ion and Psychological T ea men Depa men , Uni e si y o Se ille (Spain)
2 Depa men o Psychology, Uni e si y o Cadiz (Spain)
3 Men al Heal h Resea ch Uni , Kingsway House, Kingsway Hospi al, De by (UK)
Tí ulo: E aluación de las expe iencias i ales emp anas: la escala ELES y
su uso clínico.
Resumen: An eceden es: la escala de Expe iencias Vi ales Temp anas (ELES)
e alúa el ecue do de la amenaza y subo dinación pe cibidas du an e la in-
ancia en las elaciones amilia es pa iendo de la eo ía del ango social. Se
p opone adap a al español dicha escala y comp oba su es uc u a ac o ial
median e una alidación c uzada y explo a sus p opiedades psicomé icas.
Mé odo: pa icipa on 960 suje os (863 de población gene al y 97 pacien es).
Resul ados: los da os con i man la es uc u a ac o ial de la e sión inicial de
Gilbe , Cheung, G and ield, Campey, y I ons (2003), ob eniendo es ac-
o es: sumisión, amenaza, y des alo ización, explicando un 66.31% de la
a ianza. La e sión española de la escala ELES esul ó es a compues a
po el mismo núme o de í ems que la o iginal y mos ó índices adecuados
de alidez, consis encia in e na, iabilidad e es , iabilidad compues a e in-
a ianza po géne o. Conclusiones: la escala de Expe iencias Vi ales Temp anas
(ELES) puede se de u ilidad pa a e alua las expe iencias i ales emp a-
nas, es udia la elación en e dichas expe iencias en di e en es mani es a-
ciones psicopa ológicas y es ablece posibles modelos explica i os.
Palab as cla e: expe iencias i ales; sumisión; amenaza; des alo ización;
escala ELES; alidación c uzada.
Abs ac : Backg ound: The Ea ly Li e Expe iences Scale (ELES) e alua es he
memo y o h ea and subo dina ion pe cei ed in childhood amily ela-
ionships based on social ank heo y. This scale was adap ed o Spanish,
i s ac o s uc u e was es ed by c oss- alida ion, and i s psychome ic
p ope ies we e explo ed. Me hod: 960 subjec s pa icipa ed (863 subjec s
om he gene al popula ion and 97 pa ien s). Resul s: Da a con i m he
ac o s uc u e o he o iginal e sion by Gilbe , Cheung, G and ield,
Campey, and I ons (2003), ob aining a simila model wi h h ee ac o s:
submission, h ea , and de alua ion, which explained 66.31% o he a i-
ance. The Spanish e sion o he ELES was comp ised o he same num-
be o i ems as in he o iginal s udy and showed adequa e indices o alidi-
y, in e nal consis ency, e es and combined eliabili y, and in a iance by
gende . Conclusions: The Ea ly Li e Expe iences Scale (ELES) can be a use ul
measu e o e alua ing ea ly li e expe iences. I s applica ion may be e y
ele an in s udying he ela ionship be ween hese expe iences and psy-
chopa hological mani es a ions in cons uc ing explana o y models.
Keywo ds: li e expe iences; submission; h ea ; de alua ion; ELES scale;
c oss alida ion.
In oduc ion
Ea ly ela ionships wi h pa en s and hei in luence on he
de elopmen o psychopa hology has been a subjec o in e -
es om di e en heo e ical app oaches. T adi ionally, he
ocus has been on analysis o a achmen ela ionships, based
on he heo y p oposed by John Bowlby. In his heo y, he
c ea ion o emo ional ies unc ions as he basis o e olu-
iona y de elopmen and se es as he model o social be-
ha io which is main ained h oughou li e, as e lec ed in
biological, cogni i e and socio-emo ional de elopmen o he
human being (Bowlby, 1980). In ecen yea s, he e has been
g owing in e es in s udying his a achmen and he de el-
opmen o psychopa hology in you h and adul s (Pae zold,
Rholes, & Kohn, 2015), and o example, whe he he s yle
o a achmen p io o ea men is associa ed wi h clinical
and unc ional changes in pe sons wi h men al s a es a high
isk o psychosis (Quijada, Kwapil, Tizón, Sheinbaum, &
Ba an es-Vidal, 2015). Among he men al diso de s ela ed
o impai men o a achmen a e pe sonali y, anxie y, dep es-
si e and pos auma ic s ess diso de s, psycho ic, and ea ing
beha io diso de s (Gumley, Taylo , Schwannaue , &
MacBe h, 2014; Wickham, Si ko, & Ben all, 2015).
* Co espondence add ess [Di ección pa a co espondencia]:
Juan F. Rod íguez-Tes al. Pe sonali y, E alua ion and Psychological T ea -
men Depa men , Uni e si y o Se ille. S . Camilo José Cela s/n, 41018
Se ille (Spain). E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
(A icle ecei ed: 17-09-2017; e ised: 18-03-2018; accep ed: 09-04-2018)
S e ens and P ice (2000) belie e his esponds o he
basic need o a achmen . Howe e , he e is ano he basic
need which has o do wi h s a us ( espec o alida ion) in in-
e pe sonal ela ionships es ablished wi h ca egi e s. Some
au ho s base his on he Social Rank Theo y (Gilbe , 2001a;
Gilbe , Allan, B ough, Melley, & Miles, 2002). This heo y
sugges s ha ela ions be ween ca egi e s and hei child en
a e based on powe ela ionships (dominance e sus submis-
sion), in which a pe son’s e alua ions o own ank o s a us
(incompe ence e sus compe ence) in e ene.
The e o e, ano he way o s udying ea ly expe iences is
based no so much on he a achmen sys em molded by ex-
pe iences and beha io o ca egi e s as by he memo y o
eelings and beha io s o he pe son unde s udy ela ed o
he beha io o hei ca egi e s. While he a achmen heo y
ends o concen a e on he need o closeness and secu i y
om he igu es o a achmen in di icul si ua ions, he so-
cial ank heo y concen a es mo e on es ablishing ela ion-
ships o con ol and domina ion by he ca egi e s (Gilbe e
al., 2001) and aluing compe ence o capabili y o he one
e alua ed, causing eelings o h ea (loss o ank) and sub-
mission in he child en. Thus child en who a e a aid o hei
pa en s and ha e he eeling o being subo dina e may lead
o de ensi e beha io , o example, submissi e, he eby
achie ing con ol o pa en al hos ili y o con ol (Lopes &
Pin o-Gou eia, 2013). Submissi e beha io based on ea is
associa ed wi h inhibi ion o asse i e beha io (Gilbe e al.,
2002). Fu he mo e, child en who end o pay oo much a -
196 Ma ía de G acia León-Palacios e al.
anales de psicología / annals o psychology, 2019, ol. 35, nº 2 (may)
en ion o h ea s (ins ead o us ing hei pa en s as a secu e
basis o emo ional egula ion) may be mo e ulne able o
dep ession (Gilbe e al., 2002). The e o e, ea ly nega i e
expe iences could cul i a e insecu e a achmen s yles and
di icul ies in us ing in o he s (C uddas, Gilbe , &
McEwan, 2012), bu wha causes sensi i i y o a ious diso -
de s is he s ess o ejec ion and/o hos ili y by ca egi e s.
This means he pe son akes on a de ensi e esponse o
s ess (by being o ced in o an undesi ed subo dina e posi-
ion), he physiological p ocess in ol ed and sus ained o e
ime, and sel -o he schema (e.g., seeing onesel as in e io )
(Gilbe , Cheung, G and ield, Campey, & I ons, 2003).
In b ie , child en may g ow up in en i onmen s whe e
hey eel a aid and unde go s ess esponses, anxie y and
dep essi e s a es, and de elop a en ional biases owa d
h ea ening s imuli causing ch onic e ec s due o main e-
nance o physiological esponses o al e ed mood (Gilbe ,
2001b; 2001c). This in u n may in luence de elopmen o
schemas abou hemsel es which a e ac i a ed in in e pe -
sonal ela ionships (e.g., eeling in e io o o he s may lead o
gene alized beha io based on submission). This s yle based
on submission and subo dina ion has been ela ed o he de-
elopmen o dep ession, social anxie y, shame, cogni i e
umina ion (Cheung, Gilbe , & I ons, 2004; Gilbe , 2000),
pa anoia (Lopes & Pin o-Gou eia, 2013; Pin o-Gou eia,
Ma os, Cas ilho, & Xa ie , 2014), hallucina ions (Bi chwood,
Meaden, T owe , Gilbe , & Plais ow, 2000), o ea ing diso -
de s (Ca di, Di Ma eo, Gilbe , & T easu e, 2014; Dua e e
al., 2017).
Mo e speci ically, pa anoid idea ion is ela ed di ec ly o
ex e nal shame and indi ec ly o in e nal shame o submis-
sion based on ea ly nega i e expe iences. In dep ession, in-
e naliza ion o expe iences o shame, h ea and submission
in he belie ha one is una ac i e and wo hless in he eyes
o o he s, is wha makes one ulne able o he diso de (Pin-
o-Gou eia e al., 2014). In unipola dep ession, in addi ion
o submission and shame (Cheung e al., 2004), inhibi ed and
in apuni i e ange has been cha ac e ized, as in bipola de-
p ession, bu in unipola dep ession i is speci ically ex a-
puni i e ange (Allan & Gilbe , 2002). In bipola diso de ,
a ia ions in social ank ha e been obse ed o be ela ed o
changes in humo (Gilbe , McEwan, Hay, I ons, & Cheung,
2007). In s udies o hallucina ions, subo dina ion o oices
becomes ele an o hei onse and o igin (Paulik, 2012). In
b ie , in schizoph enia wi h oices and in dep ession, subo -
dina ion akes place as a de ense agains one’s own hough s
o sel -con emp (Gilbe e al., 2001).
The ole o h ea and submission has been emphasized.
Howe e , no all pe cep ion o subo dina ion and submissi e
beha io implies a diso de in i sel . I has been sugges ed
ha social de ea and he impossibili y o unning away o
escaping (en apmen ) a e condi ions clea ly ela ed o he
anhedonia which cha ac e izes dep ession (Gilbe e al.,
2002; Gilbe & Allan, 1998), schizoph enia (Gilbe , 2000),
and pe sons a isk o psychosis (Valmaggia e al., 2015).
Reliable, alida ed scales ha e been cons uc ed o sci-
en i ic s udies dealing wi h e alua ion o memo ies o eel-
ings abou pa en al ela ionships. Gilbe de eloped he Ea ly
Li e Expe iences Scale (ELES) (Gilbe e al., 2003), which
e alua es he memo y o pe cei ed h ea and subo dina ion
in childhood amily ela ionships. This e alua ion ool may
be e y use ul o he s udy o psychopa hological mani es a-
ions enabling explana o y models o be cons uc ed o he
s udy o he ela ionship o hese ea ly expe iences wi h o -
ma ion o he a achmen sys em and exp essed emo ion, as
well as ela ed emo ional s a es. I has ecen ly been adap ed
o Po uguese and alida ed o use wi h an adolescen popu-
la ion (Pin o-Gou eia, Xa ie , & Cunha, 2016), alida ed
wi h uni e si y s uden s in he Tu kish e sion (Akin, Uysal,
& Çi emel, 2013), and some s udies ha e a emp ed o ana-
lyze he ela ionship be ween ea ly li e expe iences and sel -
compassion (Sa ici, Uysal, & Akin, 2015).
The goals o his s udy we e o adap he Ea ly Li e Expe-
iences Scale (ELES) o Spanish, es he scale’s s uc u e using
c oss- alida ion and explo e i s psychome ic p ope ies in
an ins umen ela ed o social ank heo y and memo ies o
h ea and subo dina ion pe cei ed du ing childhood. The
impo ance o s udying h ea and submission is ha hey a e
ele an condi ions o ulne abili y o de eloping and main-
aining psychopa hological al e a ions, as well as essen ial o
ollow du ing in e en ion ela ed o a pe son’s ea ly expe i-
ences and how hey ank hemsel es and de end hemsel es
om hem (Gilbe e al., 2002).
We expec ed o ind adequa e alidi y o he cons uc
based on he o iginal model wi h a ac o s uc u e simila o
he o iginal e sion (Gilbe e al., 2003) comp ised o he
h ee ac o s: submission, h ea , and de alua ion. We also
expec ed hese ac o s o be signi ican ly associa ed wi h in-
s umen s measu ing he anxie y, dep ession and soma ic
p eoccupa ion componen s ound, and he e o e, signi ican
con e gen and disc iminan alidi y, inding eliabili y indi-
ca o s, as well as he adequa e sensi i i y and speci ici y o
his ea ly li e expe iences scale.
Me hod
Pa icipan s
The sample in his s udy was made up o a o al o 960
pa icipan s (863 om he gene al popula ion –PG- and 97
pa ien s). The pa ien s we e om public and p i a e men al
heal h cen e s ec ui ed du ing one na u al yea . 62.9% we e
women. Thei ages a ied om 19 o 65 yea s (M = 34.84;
SD = 11.86). The a e age Social Class Index (SCI)
(Hollingshead, 1975) was 37.9 (mean social class) ( anges: 11
– 17, e y high SCI; 18 – 27, high SCI; 28 – 43, middle SCI;
44 – 60, low SCI; 61 – 77, e y low SCI). Pa ien diagnoses
we e made in clinical in e iew o ma by specialized p o es-
sionals wi h o e 20 yea s o clinical expe ience ollowing
DSM-IV-TR (Ame ican Psychia ic Associa ion, 2000) c i e-
ia, and classi ied as: Dep essi e diso de s (n = 14), adjus -
men diso de as (n = 6), dissocia i e diso de s (n = 1), anxie-
E alua ion o ea ly li e expe iences: The ELES scale and i s clinical use 197
anales de psicología / annals o psychology, 2019, ol. 35, nº 2 (may)
y diso de s (n = 25), schizoph enia and o he psycho ic dis-
o de s (n = 19), ea ing diso de s (n = 3), bipola diso de s (n
= 10), soma o o m diso de s (n = 11) and o he Axis I ca e-
go ies o diso de s (n = 8).
The PG g oup was made up o uni e si y s uden s e-
c ui ed by accessibili y and non-uni e si y s uden s we e e-
c ui ed by snowball sampling. 79.1% we e women aged 18 o
59 yea s (M = 23.03; SD = 6.55). Thei a e age SCI was
54.42 (low social class). All subjec s who exp essly s a ed ha
hey had some psychopa hology a he ime o e alua ion o
we e aking medica ion we e elimina ed om he sample.
The o e all sample was di ided in o wo hal es a andom
(SPSS e . 22) (hal 1 = 435 pa icipan s in PG and 45 pa-
ien s; hal 2 = 428 PG subjec s and 52 pa ien s) o c oss
alida ion. Bo h g oups we e equi alen in gende (χ2(960) =
0.597, p = .440), ma i al s a us (χ2(960) = 1.98, p = .576), age
( (960) = 0.531, p = .093) and SCI ( (228) = .773, p = .416)
(see Table 1).
Table 1. Sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics o pa icipan s.
To al sample
N: 960
EFA sample
N: 480
CFA sample
N: 480
n
%
M
SD
n
%
M
SD
n
%
M
SD
Gende
Male
Female
216
744
22.5
77.5
113
367
23.5
76.5
103
377
21.5
78.5
Age
24.22
8.08
24.08
7.83
24.36
8.33
Ma i al s a us
single
ma ied/pa ne
widowed
sepa a ed/di o ced
844
101
3
12
87.9
10.5
0.3
1.3
427
45
1
7
89.0
9.4
0.2
1.5
417
56
2
5
86.9
11.7
0.4
1.0
Social Class Index
48.19
22.91
46.98
23.29
49.33
22.60
G oup
Pa ien s
Con ols
97
863
10.1
89.9
45
435
9.4
90.6
52
428
10.8
89.2
Ins umen s
Ea ly Li e Expe iences Scale, (ELES) (Gilbe e al., 2003):
Tes e alua ing he memo y o h ea and subo dina ion pe -
cei ed in childhood amily ela ionships. The scale consis s
o 15 i ems and con ains h ee main ac o s: h ea (e.g.:
“The a mosphe e a home could suddenly become h ea en-
ing o no ob ious eason”), submission (e.g.: “I el on edge
because I was unsu e i my pa en s migh ge ang y wi h
me”), and de alua ion (e.g.: “I el able o asse mysel in my
amily”). The i ems a e sco ed on a Like - ype scale o 1
(comple ely alse) o 5 (comple ely ue). The scale has adequa e in-
e nal consis ency o i s h ee ac o s in he o iginal s udy:
h ea (α = .89), submission (α = .85) and de alua ion (α =
.71).
Fi s sel - epo ed e alua ion ( ool de eloped by au ho s). Iden i-
ies he social class index (SCI) (Hollingshead, 1975), cu en
illnesses, psychopa hological backg ound, his o y and du a-
ion o symp oms, psychopha macological ea men s and
use o d ugs.
Gene al Heal h Ques ionnai e, GHQ-28, (Goldbe g, 1996).
This is a b ie o m o he o iginal 93-i em Goldbe g scale
o Spanish alida ion. I is a sc eening es which e alua es
gene al heal h and social dys unc ion. I consis s o 28 i ems
g ouped in ou subscales on soma ic symp oms, anxie y and
insomnia, social dys unc ion and se e e dep ession. I has
adequa e eliabili y p ope ies ( es - e es , .90) and alidi y
(sensi i i y om 44% o 100% and speci ici y om 74% o
93%). Fo his s udy, h ee symp om subscales we e used
wi h he o e all sample: soma ic (α = .78), anxie y (α = .82)
and dep essi e (α = .77) symp oms.
Hospi al Anxie y and Dep ession Scale, (HADS) (Zigmond &
Snai h, 1983). This 14-i em ques ionnai e e alua es anxie y
(odd i ems) and dep essi e (e en i ems) symp oma ology,
se en i ems in each pa , on a Like - ype scale o 0-3 poin s
acco ding o he symp oms du ing he pas week. The Span-
ish e sion by Teje o, Guime a, Fa é, and Pe i (1986) had a
o al in e nal consis ency o α = .86, α = .83 o anxie y, and
α = .87 o dep ession. In his s udy o e all in e nal con-
sis ency was α = .84, α = .78 o anxie y, and α = .71 o de-
p ession, conside ing he whole sample.
P ocedu e
Fi s , pe mission o ansla ion and adap a ion o his
scale was eques ed o he au ho , Paul Gilbe . Adap a ion
and ansla ion o Spanish o he ELES was done by bilin-
gual expe s ollowing he me hod o e e se ansla ion and
conside ing he guidelines o he In e na ional Tes Commis-
sion (Muñiz, Elosua, & Hamble on, 2013). The pa icipan s
we e in o med o he pu poses o he s udy and be o e ap-
plying he es s, hey we e asked o hei w i en in o med
consen , a e which hei clinical and demog aphic in o -
ma ion was acqui ed, and hen he measu emen ins umen s
we e adminis e ed. The s udy was au ho ized by he E hics
Commi ee and he e hical p inciples o medical esea ch
in ol ing human subjec s p oposed by he Wo ld Medical
198 Ma ía de G acia León-Palacios e al.
anales de psicología / annals o psychology, 2019, ol. 35, nº 2 (may)
Associa ion in he Helsinki Decla a ion (Wo ld Medical As-
socia ion, 2013) we e gua an eed.
Da a we e analyzed using he SPSS 22 and LISREL 8.7
p og ams. Desc ip i e analyses o he sociodemog aphic a -
iables and compa isons o means o pa icipan s in he wo
andom g oups o med we e pe o med o ELES c oss-
alida ion. F equency, skewness and ku osis analyses we e
done o each i em esponse. In e nal consis ency o he
comple e ELES and o he h ee ac o s p oposed by Gilbe
e al. (2003) was es ed o e alua e he sui abili y o he o igi-
nal s uc u e. As he main analysis o es ablishing he alidi-
y o he cons uc , i s an Explo a o y Fac o Analysis
(EFA) was done using he Robus Maximun Likelihood
(RML) ex ac ion me hod and a Di ec Oblimin o a ion on
he i s hal o he sample. The mul i a ia e no mali y was
es ed using he Ma dia es . Then a Con i ma o y Fac o
Analysis (CFA) using he RML p ocedu e and he asymp o ic
co a iance ma ix was done o es he hypo hesized model
wi h he second hal o he sample. The Chi-squa ed, Non-
No med Fi Index (NNFI), Goodness o Fi Index (GFI),
and Compa a i e Fi Index (CFI) which mus be > .90
(Baumga ne & Hombu g, 1996) we e used o es he o e -
all i o models. In addi ion o hese indices, he Roo Mean
Squa e E o o App oxima ion (RMSEA) and i s con idence
in e al a 90%, which mus be < .06 o a good i , as well
as he S anda dized Roo Mean Squa e Residual (SRMR),
which has o be < .08 (Hu & Ben le , 1999), we e also calcu-
la ed. Mul i-g oup CFA we e pe o med o es he meas-
u emen in a iance o he ELES scale ac oss gende wi h
AMOS 22 so wa e. Model i was e alua ed conside ing he
ΔCFI and ΔRMSEA. In a iance exis s i he Δ in he CFI
and RMSEA is low (usually accep ed Δ <.01, Cheung &
Rens old, 2002).
The Pea son’s co ela ion coe icien o ELES sco es,
GHQ-28 ac o s, and HADS ac o s was used o s udy con-
e gen alidi y. Fo disc iminan alidi y, he con idence in-
e al o he co ela ions be ween he ELES ac o s was cal-
cula ed based on hei co a iance and e o (Ande son &
Ge bing, 1988). Wi h he inal s uc u e o he ELES es ab-
lished, in e nal consis ency was es ed using he o dinal alpha
gi en he cha ac e is ics o he esponse sys em (Elosua &
Zumbo, 2008), and o es - e es eliabili y, he Pea son co -
ela ion coe icien ( ) was used. The indica o s o Combined
Reliabili y (CR), A e age Va iance Ex ac ed and Maximum
Sha ed Squa ed Va iance (MSV) a e p o ided. Finally, he
Recei e Ope a ing Cha ac e is ic Cu e (ROC) was ana-
lyzed conside ing he signi icance o he a ea unde he
cu e, he con idence in e al and es ablishing he sensi i i y
and speci ici y o he o e all ELES sco e and pa-
ien /con ol c i e ion.
Resul s
Desc ip i e Analysis o ELES i ems
Skewness and ku osis a ied om 0.23 o 2.20 and om
-0.29 o 4.08, espec i ely, ollowing he ac o s in he Eng-
lish e sion o he scale. I em 13 o he h ea ac o had he
mos skewness and ku osis. These esul s show ha i o
he sco es on hese ac o s is adequa e in absolu e alues
since hey a e below 2 o skewness and 7 o ku osis (Cu -
an, Wes , & Finch, 1996).
Cons uc alidi y
Explo a o y Fac o Analysis o he ELES
An EFA was done wi h he i s hal o he simple. The
Ma dia es esul was 46.70 (p < .001). Pa allel analysis and
eigen alue ecommended a h ee- ac o solu ion. The esul
showed adequa e alues o he Kaise -Meye -Olkin es
(KMO = .93) and Ba le 's s a is ic = 3472.1 (d = 105; p <
.001). This solu ion explains 63.57% o he a iance. The ac-
o s a e simila o hose ound by Gilbe e al. (2003), so
hey ha e he same names as in he o iginal e sion o he
scale.
Table 2 shows he ac o solu ion ound. The i s ac o
explained he highes pe cen age o a iance (46.3%), and
co esponds in la ge pa o he o iginal “submission” ac o ,
excep o I em 4, which in Gilbe ’s o iginal sa u a es on he
h ea ac o . The second ac o g oups all o he i ems in he
o iginal “de alua ion” ac o . The hi d ac o g oups he
same i ems in he “ h ea ” ac o . The co ela ions be ween
ac o s a y om .541 o .607. The goodness o i indica o s
we e adequa e CFI = .983, NNFI = .97, GFI = .99, RMSEA
= .072 (95% CI = .068-.080), RMSR = .027 (95% CI = .026-
.026).
Table 2. S uc u e ma ix om Explo a o y Fac o Analysis.
I ems
Fac o
I
Fac o
II
Fac o
III
1. I o en had o gi e in o o he s a home.
.797
5. I I didn’ do wha o he s wan ed I el I
would be ejec ed.
.635
2. I el on edge because I was unsu e i my
pa en s migh ge ang y wi h me.
.593
12. I o en had o go along wi h o he s e en
when I did no wan o.
.581
4. The e was li le I could do o con ol my
pa en s’ ange once hey became ang y.
.519
3. I a ely el my opinions ma e ed much.
.501
10. I o en el subo dina e in my amily.
.375
7. I el e y com o able and elaxed a ound
my pa en s.
.748
9. I el an equal membe o my amily.
.678
6. I el able o asse mysel in my amily.
.624
13. In o de o a oid ge ing hu I used o
y o a oid my pa en s.
.798
8. My pa en s could hu me i I did no be-
ha e in he way hey wan ed.
.787
E alua ion o ea ly li e expe iences: The ELES scale and i s clinical use 199
anales de psicología / annals o psychology, 2019, ol. 35, nº 2 (may)
I ems
Fac o
I
Fac o
II
Fac o
III
14. The a mosphe e a home could suddenly
become h ea ening o no ob ious ea-
son.
.
.604
15. I expe ienced my pa en s as powe ul
and o e whelming.
.594
11. My pa en s exe ed con ol by h ea s
and punishmen s.
.573
FI
-
F II
.541
F III
.607
.566
No e: The bo om pa o he able co esponds o he co ela ions be ween
he ac o s (FI: submission; FII: de alua ion; FIII: h ea ).
Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis o he ELES
To es he sui abili y o he EFA s uc u e, a CFA was
done wi h he second g oup o pa icipan s. The 15 i ems on
he ELES i o he h ee- ac o model wi h he ollowing
goodness o i indica o s: Sa o a Ben le Scaled χ2(87) =
183.44, p < .001; NNFI = .99, GFI = .88, CFI = .99,
RMSEA = .048 (95% CI = .038-.058), SRMR = .047. The
inal model con aining he same numbe o i ems as he one
by Gilbe e al. (2003) consis ed o se en i ems o he
“submission” dimension (4, 12, 1, 5, 3, 2, 10), i e i ems o
he “ h ea ” dimension (13, 14, 15, 11 y 8) and h ee o “de-
alua ion” (6, 7, 9). I em 4 on Gilbe ’s o iginal scale e-
mained in he submission ac o as no change was sugges ed
by he modi ica ion indices. Figu e 1 shows he CFA wi h
s anda dized ac o weigh s.
A ac o ial in a iance es was ca ied ou ac oss gende .
The gende in a iance es showed ha he con igu al in a i-
ance model ac oss gende demons a ed accep able model
i . The esul s o me ic in a iance analyses sugges ha he
i em sco es can be meaning ully compa ed ac oss gende .
The scala in a iance e ealed ha when cons aining i em
weigh s and in e cep s, he e is in a iance ac oss men and
women. The indings o his es showed ha he model i s
he da a well (Table 3).
Figu e 1. Model esul ing om Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis
(FI: submission; F2: h ea ; F3: de alua ion).
Table 3. Goodness o i s a is ics o es s o measu emen in a iance o he ELES scale ac oss gende
Gende
χ2
d
CFI
RMSEA (90 % CI)
ΔCFI
ΔRMSEA
Con igu al in a iance1
621.22
176
.934
.051 [.047, .056]
N/A
N/A
Me ic in a iance2
628.79
186
.935
.050 [.046, .054]
.001
.001
Scala in a iance3
644.44
201
.935
.048 [.044, .052]
.000
.002
No e. 1 Uncons ained model; 2 Equali y o ac o loading; 3 Equali y o ac o loading, ac o a iances/co- a iances.
Con e gen alidi y o he ELES
To examine con e gen alidi y, Pea son’s co ela ion
coe icien s we e calcula ed wi h o he ins umen s (see Ta-
ble 4). The h ee ELES ac o s co ela ed posi i ely and s a-
is ically signi ican ly wi h he GHQ-28 subscales and wi h
he sco es on he HARS and HRSD scales. The highes co -
ela ions we e be ween ELES submission and GHQ-28 se-
e e dep ession ( = .390), and de alua ion and se e e de-
p ession ( = .371), while he lowes co ela ions we e h ea
and anxie y ( = .185) and GHQ-28 insomnia and h ea and
social dys unc ion ( = .140) on he GHQ-28.
Disc iminan alidi y o he ELES
As he ELES scale ac o s we e signi ican ly co ela ed
wi h each o he (p < .01): submission- h ea , .718; submis-
sion-de alua ion, .608; h ea -de alua ion, .592, he h ee ac-
o s ep esen ing di e en ia ed cons uc s we e e i ied,
since he con idence in e als did no con ain 1: submission-
h ea , .820-.940; submission-de alua ion, .710-.830; h ea -
de alua ion, .704-.876.

200 Ma ía de G acia León-Palacios e al.
anales de psicología / annals o psychology, 2019, ol. 35, nº 2 (may)
Table 4. Co ela ions o ELES, GHQ-28 and HADS subscales.
SOM
AN
DS
DEP
HA
HD
SUM
.316**
.306**
.255**
.390**
.352**
.344**
AME
.234**
.185**
.140*
.268**
.300**
.326**
DES
.257**
.252**
.257**
.371**
.329**
.357**
SUM: submission; AME: h ea ; DES: de alua ion; SOM: soma ic symp oms; AN: anxie y and insomnia; DS: social dys unc ion; DEP: se e e dep ession; HA: HADS anxie y; HD:
HADS dep ession.
** p < .01 ( wo- ailed)
* p < .05 ( wo- ailed)
Reliabili y o he ELES
In e nal consis ency o he ELES was analyzed wi h he
o dinal alpha, which esul ed in α = .86 o submission, α =
.81 o de alua ion and α = .90 o he h ea ac o . Fo
empo al s abili y, es - e es co ela ion coe icien s ound
we e .90 o e a pe iod o one mon h o a sample o 292
pa icipan s (78.8% women), M = 21.68 yea s (SD = 4.68),
ange 18 o 56 yea s o age.
As a inal summa y, Table 5 shows he indices o he e-
liabili y and con e gen alidi y s udy o he ins umen o
he h ee- ac o model. We ound ha he Combined Relia-
bili y (CR) alues o submission, h ea and de alua ion
we e o e .7, and he e o e, he h ee ac o s ha e adequa e
in e nal consis ency. Fu he mo e, he A e age Va iance Ex-
ac ed (AVE) was o e .5 o he h ea and de alua ion ac-
o s, while submission was sligh ly lowe . Con e gen alidi y
ound o h ea and de alua ion was he e o e adequa e
wi h CR>AVE, AVE> .05 (Fo nell & La cke , 1981).
Table 5. Validi y and eliabili y coe icien s o he h ee- ac o ELES model.
CR
AVE
MSV
Reliabili y
CR> .7
Con e gen Reliabili y
CR>AVE, AVE> .5
SUBMISSION
.846
.440
.693
✓
X
THREAT
.873
.580
.692
✓
✓
DEVALUATION
.808
.587
.554
✓
✓
Calcula ion o he ROC cu e
The Recei e Ope a ing Cha ac e is ic cu e (ROC) was
ca ied ou o he whole sample and o he o e all ELES
sco e, aking he pa ien /con ol condi ion as he c i e ion.
The esul s show ha he a ea unde he cu e was .756 (p <
.0001), o a con idence in e al (CI) o .705-.808, wi h a
sensi i i y o 70% and speci ici y o 71% o a cu o poin
o 32.5.
Discussion
The main pu pose o his s udy was o adap he Ea ly Li e
Expe iences Scale (ELES) o Spanish. I s ac o s uc u e was
analyzed by c oss- alida ion, con e gen and disc iminan
alidi y indica o s and by inding indica o s o he ins u-
men ’s eliabili y.
In he i s place, ou da a con i m he ac o s uc u e o
he o iginal e sion by Gilbe e al. (2003) inding a simila
model wi h he h ee ac o s, submission, h ea and de alua-
ion. This solu ion explained 66.31% o he a iance. The e-
sul s o he inal model was comp ised o he same numbe
o i ems as in he o iginal s udy. The inal model consis ed o
se en i ems o he “submission” dimension, i e i ems o
he “ h ea ” dimension and h ee o “de alua ion”. The e-
o e, as p edic ed, his eplica ion o he ac o s uc u e
shows ELES cons uc alidi y o hese h ee ac o s. The
analysis o measu emen in a iance showed ha he ac o ial
s uc u e, he ela ionship be ween he i ems and hei co e-
sponding ac o a e in a ian ac oss gende , which shows
ha he ELES scale is a concep ually app op ia e measu e
ha does no gene a e skewed in e p e a ion be ween men
and women.
In he second place, esul s o con e gen alidi y show
ela ionships be ween he measu es o dep ession and anxie-
y, especially o he submission and de alua ion ac o s. The
ela ionship be ween submission and p esence o soma ic
symp oms and de alua ion wi h social dys unc ion a e also
s ong, and all o hem a e heo e ically cohe en . Fu he -
mo e, he ac o s on he ELES scale we e co ela ed wi h
each o he al hough disc iminan alidi y was ound.
The Spanish e sion o he ELES shows in e nal con-
sis ency, e es eliabili y and combined eliabili y indices ad-
equa e o use wi h gua an ees simila o he o iginal e sion.
Finally, his ins umen showed adequa e sensi i i y and
speci ici y, conside ing he gene al pa ien condi ion, wi hou
di e en ia ing diagnosis ype.
This ins umen may be e y ele an in he s udy o ea -
ly expe iences and hei ole in psychopa hological mani es-
a ions. Fo example, he h ea ac o has been ela ed o
dysmo phic body diso de (Veale & Gilbe , 2014) and he
p esence o psychosis (B aehle , Ha pe , & Gilbe , 2012). I
has been epo ed ha pe cei ed loss o social posi ion,
shame, nega i e social iden i y and ea o s igma p o ide a
pa hway o social anxie y o appea in i s psycho ic epi-
sodes (Bi chwood e al., 2007). The submission ac o has
been associa ed wi h he p esence o psychosis and dep es-
sion (Gilbe e al., 2001; 2002). The ela ionship be ween
eelings o shame, pe cei ed social Rank and umina ion in
dep ession was explo ed (Cheung e al., 2004), inding ha
E alua ion o ea ly li e expe iences: The ELES scale and i s clinical use 201
anales de psicología / annals o psychology, 2019, ol. 35, nº 2 (may)
social Rank and shame we e highly ela ed, ha bo h co e-
la ed wi h umina ion and ha his pa ially media ed be-
ween shame and dep ession.
The submission and h ea ac o ha e also been associ-
a ed wi h pa anoia (Pin o-Gou eia e al., 2014), inding ha
pa anoid hinking is closely ela ed o social anxie y, in he
con ex o in e p e a ions o male olence and when a ilia-
i e emo ions a e cons ained (Gilbe , Boxall, Cheung, &
I ons, 2005; Mills, Gilbe , Bellew, McEwan, & Gale, 2007).
Di e ences in gende ha e been ound, whe e women ha e
highe sco es in social anxie y, submissi e beha io and low
social powe (Gilbe e al., 2005).
An associa ion be ween submissi e beha io and ea ing
diso de s has been ound (Ca di e al., 2014), and i has been
demons a ed ha indi iduals wi h ano exia and bulimia ne -
osa seem o ha e highe le els o o e all in e nal shame
han pa ien s wi h anxie y o dep ession (G abho n, S enne ,
Kau bold, O e beck, & S angie , 2005).
Finally, he de alua ion ac o could ha e a ele an ole
in ea ing diso de s. I has been epo ed ha a i udes owa d
ea ing and anxie y abou appea ance a e associa ed wi h al-
ua ions o in e io i y, eelings o insecu i y and ea o loss in
in e pe sonal ela ions (Bellew, Gilbe , Mills, McEwan, &
Gale, 2006). I is also possible ha his ac o spans a mo e
a ilia i e o emo ional secu i y dimension (in he sense o
loss) and he e o e mo e ela ed o wa m h (Gilbe e al.,
2003).
Summa izing, he s udy o ea ly in e pe sonal ela ion-
ships wi h pa en s may equi e wo app oaches: on one hand,
a achmen may ha e o do wi h a ilia i e suppo in which
pe sons a e less ulne able o eco e mo e easily om
p oblems i he bond is secu e (Gilbe e al., 2007). This ap-
p oach may ha e o do wi h he s udy o he need o p o-
ec ion, secu i y o calmness (and he e o e wi h pa icipa-
ion o he opioid sys em and oxy ocin). Bu his pe spec i e
is incomple e wi hou s udying he sea ch o s a us, espec
and esou ces (social anking), whe e mo i a ion o success
and ac i a ion (and he e o e ela ed o monoamines such as
dopamine), bu which cause condi ions o ulne abili y when
s a us is h ea ened o de ensi e esponses such as submis-
si e beha io a e equi ed (Ca alho e al., 2013). These
condi ions may appea wi h pa en s o in o he si ua ions
(e.g., bullying, abuse, e c.) (Ca di e al., 2014).
We conclude by a i ming ha he Spanish e sion o he
ELES is a eliable, alid ins umen o e alua ing he
memo y o h ea and subo dina ion pe cei ed du ing child-
hood in amily ela ions and can be use ul in cons uc ing
explana o y models in he s udy o a ious psychopa hologi-
cal mani es a ions. On he o he hand, he analysis ac oss
gende in a iance showed ha he ELES scale can be used
wi h men and women indis inc ly. This ou pu may allow o
analyze ca e ully a iables ha can be ele an o he gende
in e ms o he ela ionships wi h he p ogeni o s, o exam-
ple, in condi ions o abuse wi hou he gende skew in he
measu ing ool i sel . In he u u e i would be o in e es o
widen he s udies on ea ly expe iences and he a ious emo-
ional s a es in an a emp o es ablish p edic i e and media-
ion models, as well as pa o e alua ion p io o applica ion
o Compassion Focused The apy (Gilbe , 2014), used in a ious
psychological al e a ions.
This s udy had some limi a ions which should be kep in
mind. Fi s , i is a c oss-sec ional s udy, and he e o e, wi h
no ollow-up o pa icipan s. The sel - epo measu es used
in ol e sou ces o e o such as esponse endencies, social
desi abili y o memo y dis o ion, as he a he back in ime
he in o ma ion eques ed o he subjec is, he g ea e he
likelihood o o ge ing. Ce ain emo ional al e a ions, such
as dep essi e o dissocia i e s a es, could also lead o
memo y al e a ions and biases. The e o e, as he ELES is a
es which e alua es amily ela ionships, including he pe -
cep ion o wha hey we e like in he pas , i would be ec-
ommendable o include con ols o he a iables ha could
al e memo y.
Finally, i is o in e es o be able o s udy he psychome ic
p ope ies o he ELES wi h la ge speci ic samples o he
clinical popula ion, which enable a ac o analysis o ind ou
whe he he unde lying h ee- ac o s uc u e emains in di -
e en subg oups o clinical subjec s.
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