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Deeping in he gene ics o medium-sized ci ies. He i age as an iden i y
ea u e in Andalusia
To ci e his a icle: Cla a Mosque a Pe ez e al 2019 IOP Con . Se .: Ma e . Sci. Eng. 603 042089
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 603 (2019) 042089
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Deeping in he gene ics o medium-sized ci ies. He i age as an
iden i y ea u e in Andalusia
Cla a Mosque a Pe ez1, Juan Rod iguez-Lo a2, Ja ie Na a o-dePablos2,
Te esa Pe ez-Cano2
1Uni e si y o Se ille, His o y, Theo y and A chi ec u al Composi ion Depa men ,
A enida Reina Me cedes, 2. 41012 Se ille, Spain.
2Uni e si y o Se ille, U banism and Te i o y Managemen Depa men , A enida
Reina Me cedes, 2. 41012 Se ille, Spain.
cm[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . In e es in u ban agglome a ions, me opoli an a eas, la ge ci ies and in gene al he
spaces whe e he majo i y o he wo ld's popula ion is concen a ed, has occupied he in e es
o an u ban esea ch o decades. Acco ding o he Uni ed Na ions sou ces, oday, he wo ld
popula ion is 7.6 billion, is going o each 8.6 billion in 2030 and 9.8 billion people in 2050. In
Spain, acco ding o sou ces om he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics, he popula ion eaches
46.57 million inhabi an s, al hough i s dis ibu ion is no uni o m in he e i o y. Andalusia,
wi h 8.37 million, is he i s mos popula ed Spanish au onomous communi y, ollowed by
Ca alonia (7.55) and he Communi y o Mad id (6.50) wi h almos one million ewe
inhabi an s, espec i ely. Following he same indica o s, mos o his popula ion al eady li es
in la ge ci ies and in he upcoming yea s, his igu e will inc ease exponen ially. This means
ha a la ge pa o people will be concen a ed in a small pa o he e i o y and, on he o he
hand, which we begin o ha e la ge a eas o he e i o y wi hou inhabi ing o wi h a e y low
popula ion densi y. Examining aspec s adi ionally conside ed as seconda y, in ol ing a
mino i y o he popula ion, has been one o he disciplina y gene al cons an s in he las
cen u y and ha no only a ec s a chi ec s o u ban planne s. To say medium-sized ci ies in
Eu ope is o hink abou u ban- e i o ial he i age, his o ic landscapes ha con inue shaping
wide e i o ies. In Andalusia (87600 km2), he e ec s o me opoliza ion a e s ill punc ual
(3.72 % on 778 municipali ies). To alling 778 municipali ies, up o 122 o hem a e lis ed o
hei His o ical Cen es. We ind ha only 3.72 % o hese municipali ies exceeds a popula ion
o 50 000 inhabi an s. The He i age cons i u es i s ‘gene ic he i age’. Bo h conside ing
in e na ional and na ional scales, i s his o ic ele ance is no ed in Ci i a es O bis Te a um
(wi h 25 Andalusian ci ies om 34 Spanish). Nowadays, i s he i age alue is ep esen ed by
he His o ic Cen es ( he i s wo lis ed ci ies in Spain, 1929, we e Andalusian), and Wo ld
He i age insc ip ions. This ou lines he necessi y o decoding he He i age DNA, as an
indissoluble a iable p io o planning. The aim o his esea ch is o cha ac e ize he Eu opean
medium-sized ci ies and hei e i o y in he he i age e ms, de ining wha is he Andalusian
e i o y. Di e en cul u al and p oduc i e landscapes a e he main ac o s o he medium-sized
Andalusian ci ies: he landscape o ishing, he a o he almad aba, he wine cella s, he oli e
ees plan a ions, he u ban ne wo ks o con en s a e only a sample. The dynamics
expe imen ed a his egional le el could be ex ended o he es o he Eu opean coun ies
analysed in he p ojec . This esea ch will ga he pa ial esul s o an R&D p ojec "Pa imonial
U ban Cha ac e iza ion and Cul u al Tou ism Model in he Middle Ci ies. Po en iali ies and
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 603 (2019) 042089
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Challenges o i s In e na ionaliza ion: Inne Bae ica”, unded by he Minis y o Economy and
Compe i i eness o Spain.
1. In oduc ion
The in e es in u ban agglome a ions, me opoli an a eas, big ci ies and in gene al he spaces whe e he
majo i y o he wo ld’s popula ion a e concen a ed, has occupied o decades he in e es o u ban
esea ch. Acco ding o Uni ed Na ions sou ces [1], he wo ld’s popula ion is cu en ly 7.6 billion, will
each 8.6 billion by 2030 and will each 9.8 billion by 2050.
Following he same indica o s, mos o his popula ion al eady li es in he big ci ies and in he
coming yea s, his igu e will inc ease exponen ially. This means ha a la ge p opo ion o people will
be concen a ed in a small pa o he e i o y and, on he o he hand, we begin o ha e la ge a eas o
he e i o y uninhabi ed o wi h a e y low popula ion densi y. I we hink abou he ange o
popula ion o size o he ci y ha we can ake as a measu e and e e ence o de ining wha we call a
la ge ci y, he concep will a y acco ding o he cul u al en i onmen whe e we a e. This is in luenced
by he con ex o he egion, he coun y o e en he con inen . Wha , o example, he People’s
Republic o China is a middle ci y [2] being he la ges and mos populous coun y in he wo ld, whe e
mo e han a dozen ci ies a e abo e he popula ion o he me opoli an a ea o Mad id o whe e among
i s h ee mos inhabi ed ci ies -Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou- is concen a ed he equi alen o
mo e han he en i e Spanish popula ion, we a e su e ha he Chinese scale canno be a e e ence o
Spain and e en less o Andalusia.
In Spain, acco ding o sou ces om he Na ional S a is ical Ins i u e [3], he popula ion eaches
46.57 million inhabi an s, al hough i s dis ibu ion is no uni o m h oughou he e i o y. Andalusia,
wi h 8.37 million, is he i s mos popula ed Spanish au onomous communi y - egion-, ollowed by
Ca alonia (7.55) and he Communi y o Mad id (6.50) wi h almos one million ewe inhabi an s
espec i ely. Bu in ac , by he a ea, Andalusia (87 600 km²) is he second la ges communi y in
Spain, a e Cas ile and Leon (94 200 km²) and ahead o Cas ile he Mancha (79 500 km²), which is
he hi d. Ca alonia, as we ha e seen he second mos popula ed, occupies he six h place (32 100 km²)
and he Communi y o Mad id, he hi d in numbe o inhabi an s occupies he 12 h place (8 000 km²).
This shows ha we ha e a e y di e se e i o y, bu wi h ce ain common cons an s.
The highe popula ion densi y is always associa ed wi h la ge ci ies and me opoli an a eas, which
gi es a ce ain homogenei y o he e i o y ha houses hem. Bu i we inse he a iable size o he
au onomous communi y, he pic u e a ies subs an ially. The Communi y o Mad id is he mos
ex eme example, since p ac ically i s me opoli an a ea has been almos he whole o he su ounding
e i o y. A he o he ex eme, communi ies like Cas ile and Leon, wi h 2.42 million people, alk
abou o he ways o li ing and ela ing o he en i onmen . In sho , we could say ha la ge ci ies and
me opoli an a eas play a di e en league. Each popula ion, depending on i s ac ual capaci y a any
gi en ime, pa icipa es in local, egional, na ional, in e na ional o e en global compe i ion.
2. Medium sized ci ies and g ow h models
Resea ch on aspec s adi ionally conside ed seconda y, in ol ing a mino i y o he popula ion, has
been one o he gene al disciplina y cons an s in he las cen u y and i does no only a ec a chi ec s
o planne s. The idea o p o i abili y, he always sca ce esou ces, implies he need o be on hose
u ban solu ions ha in ol e as many people as possible. Hence, la ge ci ies a e he adi ional
benchma ks, such as models o s udy, analysis and esea ch. Ru al cen es, small owns and medium-
sized owns a e no a egula subjec o disciplina y in e es . They a e conside ed as mino elemen s,
de oid o academic in e es and whose p oblem, a ec ing a small popula ion, is o he concep o
li le ele ance. These ci ies a e a kind o " a e pa hologies" whe e i is no p o i able, o he cu en
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 603 (2019) 042089
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u ban pha maceu icals unde s ood in he way o he old labo a o ies o u banism, o in es iga e. E en
in mos cases, he de elopmen models en isaged, he co ec i e measu es applied, e c. ollow he
alida ed guidelines and designed o la ge ci ies wi hou ealizing ha he scale o he piece i sel
whe e i is ope a ed, and hei needs and ci cums ances a e qui e di e en .
A he e i o ial le el, we can also es ablish pa allel si ua ions be ween au onomous communi ies
(Figu e 1), he numbe o p o inces and he municipali ies ha make i up. The s uc u e o he
e i o ial ab ic will show us clea di e ences ha can help us o unde s and he unc ioning o he
e i o ial sys em om ano he pe spec i e.
Figu e 1. Ra io o km2 / municipali y acco ding o Communi y and Au onomous Ci y
Jus as on an u ban scale he plo iden i ies he mos ‘ unc ionalized’ pa s o he ci y wi h g ea e
economic p essu e, whe e same spaces e en ha e a symbolic cha ac e . We can e i y like he
a ac ion and he s uggle o he use o space leads o he p ice o he loo going up and
consequen ly in a small and in ense lo . The e i o ies a e also di e en ; he his o ical p ocess ha has
shaped hem o e he cen u ies cha ac e izes hem di e en ly [4]. Taking as a e e ence o he
Andalusian egion and i we es ablish some compa isons, we ind ha in an a ea o 87 600 km2 coexis
778 municipali ies, sp ead in eigh p o inces. Howe e , i we hink o ano he simila communi y in
popula ion and wi h a s ong coas al p esence, as is he Ca alonian one, we see ha , wi h an a ea o 32
100 km2, a e 947 he di e en municipal e ms ha compose i , belonging o ou di e en p o inces.
I hey we e equi alen e i o ies, Andalusia should ha e 2 584 municipali ies, o i we u n i o e , i
would ha e o be 285 he o al numbe o Ca alonian municipali ies. I is clea ha we canno apply
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 603 (2019) 042089
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he same ecipes wi h so much di e si y, no can ce ain cases be aken as e e en s as such, when he
e i o ial suppo is so di e en 1.
2.1. The case o Andalusia
I we alk abou medium sized ci ies, he i s e lec ion would be o ask ou sel es wha we call
medium sized ci ies in Andalusia (Figu e 2). Mos au ho s [6] ag ee ha he e a e wo pa ame e s o
conside . Fi s , he size o he popula ion, coded in ou scope a ound he 50 000 and second, capaci y
o unc ional leade ship o a e i o y by he ci y ha , unde s ood as head, exe s i on he immedia e
e i o ial con ex [7]. In bo h cases, hese a e mo e o less quan i a i e pa ame e s, as hey objec i ely
measu e he amoun o popula ion and economic ac i i y, ha ing as a link he communica ions.
Howe e , we unde s and as necessa y disciplina y posi ion he addi ion o ano he new a iable, e y
impo an in Andalusia: he pa imonial alue o he ci y, i s p ope ies and he e i o y whe e i is
implan ed [8].
Figu e 2. In e p e a ion o he Andalusian Ci y Sys em
The Regional Planning Plan o Andalusia [9] es ablishes a e i o ial s a egy ha o ganizes and
di ides he communi y in o Regional Cen es, Medium Sized Ci ies and Ru al A eas (Figu e 3, 4). Fo
ou esea ch ha e been di e en ia ed hose ha a e loca ed in he Inne Bae ica linked o he alley o
he i e Guadalqui i (ou s udy a ea) and hose o he Coas al, o esponding hese las o
di e en ia ed dynamics, mo i a ed by he p esence o sun and beach ou ism.
1 This si ua ion is no a mino one, as i conce ns such c ucial issues as s a e unding, poli ical ep esen a ion, cos o
se ices, e c. [5].

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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 603 (2019) 042089
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Bu in Andalusia, o he 778 exis ing municipali ies, wi h 122 o he His o ical Si es, we ind ha ,
abo e his a ea o 50 000 inhabi an s, sca cely 3.72 % o hem a e loca ed. In ac , only 12 ci ies,
ep esen ing 1.54 % o he o al o Andalusia, exceed 100 000 inhabi an s. Among hem, besides he
well-known eigh p o incial capi als, a e he ci ies o Je ez (Cadiz), Ma bella (Malaga), Dos
He manas (Se ille) and Algeci as (Cadiz). We see how he capi al o he p o ince ac s as a pole o
a ac ion o he popula ion, bu no always, because Je ez is ahead o Alme ia, Huel a, Cadiz (i s
capi al) and Jaen. Ma bella and Algeci as, due o hei coas al posi ion (and ou ism and indus y,
espec i ely as hei main economic ac i i ies) also s and ou , being Dos He manas, in he
me opoli an a ea o Se ille, he o he popula ion ha s ands ou . I we ad ance o he 50 000
inhabi an s, we would only each he municipali y ha occupies he 29 h place, which ep esen s 2.18
% o he o al, ha nowadays would be U e a (Se ille). In his s ep, we ind many his o ical ci ies o
ele ance, whose ole in he cul u al cons uc ion o Andalusia has been anscenden al [4], like he
ci ies o San Fe nando, Chiclana, El Pue o de San a Ma ia o Sanluca de Ba ameda, all o hem in
Cadiz.
Figu e 3. Models o g ow h o he coas al medium sized ci ies o Andalusia
Lowe ing he a io o he le el o 10 000 inhabi an s, he numbe o Andalusian municipali ies
loca ed in his a ea is sho up o he numbe 153, occupied by Gel es (Se ille), which means almos
he 16 % o he o al o 124 municipali ies in absolu e alue. Se ille is he p o ince ha ga he s mo e
e ms wi h 32, ollowed a a ce ain dis ance by he 20 municipali ies o G anada. Howe e , he la ges
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 603 (2019) 042089
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numbe o popula ions in Andalusia, mo e han i s hal (53.85 %) a e be ween 10 000 and 1 000
inhabi an s, ep esen ing a o al o 419 municipali ies, being G anada, Jaen and Alme ia he p o inces
ha concen a e his o he way o inhabi he e i o y. Bu wha would be he e lec ion beyond he
igu e 4, a leas om he pe spec i e o he eaching o U banism ha is augh in mos schools o
A chi ec u e? Thus, be ween he wo op ions o he spa ial dis ibu ion o he popula ion in he
e i o y o concen a ion o popula ion in la ge ci ies, i has always been mo e in e es ing o wo k on
he la e [10].
The s udy o he ci ies ha exponen ially inc ease hei popula ion, in pu ely u ban keys, he o ms
o dominan g ow h in he las cen u ies, always since he equi emen s o he ci y, wi hou assessing
in mos cases he consolida ed ci y and he su ounding e i o y, hey ha e also concen a ed mos o
he in es iga ions.
Small ci ies, no s udied, a e like " a e diseases", no in es iga ed because hey do no in e es , do
no mo e he economy, a e no cen es o powe . We a e mo ed e en subliminally ha hey a e no he
p o o ypes o being a ci y, he usual, he model, he pe ec … ha since hey ha en’ had o don’ ha e
wha i akes o be a ci y, hey jus a en’ . Tha is why he challenge is o ask us wha he o he ci ies
a e? A e hey abno mal ci ies? A e hey impe ec ci ies?
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IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 603 (2019) 042089
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Figu e 4. Models o g ow h o he medium sized ci ies o Andalusia: Inne Bae ica
Re u ning o he concep o he ci y as a space o coexis ence b ings us o he medium sized ci ies
and i hey also enjoy good he i age heal h, much be e .
2.2 When weakness becomes s eng h
When he Ins uc ions o he De ence o His o ic-A is ic Si e, olume 1, we e published in 1964, we
hesi a e i Gab iel Aloma was awa e o he impo an consequences o his publica ion oday and he
successi e olumes ha would ha e ollowed him. The igu e o his p ecu so o mode n u banism
and i s signi icance on he Spanish ci ies wi h lis ed His o ical Cen es has been sca cely s udied.
Conside ed as an in e na ional planne [11], he was Gene al Commissione o he Na ional A is ic
He i age De ence Se ice be ween 1963 o 1965 and collabo a o o he Council o Cul u al
Coope a ion o he P o ec ion o he Cul u al He i age o Eu ope (1965 - 1975). His la es publica ion
[12] speaks in pa o his legacy.
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A o al o wel e ex s we e published by he Na ional He i age De ence Se ice, h ee o a mo e
heo e ical and no ma i e na u e, numbe s 1, 2 and 11, al hough in eali y, he la e does no
co espond in he numbe ing wi h he o de o how he di e en olumes we e published and came ou
in he six h posi ion. The o he pa o he collec ion, olumes om 3 o 10, plus he las edi ed,
numbe 12, a e monog aphically dedica ed o his o ical-a is ic join ci ies (Figu e 5). I may be
su p ising ha he i s wo Spanish ci ies lis ed as His o ical-A is ic Complex, he Andalusian ci ies
Co doba and G anada, bo h in 1929, do no ha e a numbe in his collec ion.
Figu e 5. Time line o he Andalusian His o ical Si es
The i s ci y o appea wi h he numbe h ee o he se ies was Palma de Mallo ca, ecen ly lis ed
as His o ic-A is ic Si e (1964). A he end o he day, i was Aloma ’s home own and, ne e heless,
he 46 h o be lis ed. The numbe ou is o ano he ci y wi h he li le ou e as His o ic-A is ic Si e,
Leon, lis ed in 1962, which was he 33 d ci y. The numbe i e is abou Toledo (lis ed in 1940) and he
ou h Spanish ci y o hold ha ca ego y. The numbe six is San iago de Compos ela, lis ed in 1940
and hi d o he a o emen ioned lis . Volume se en is dedica ed o Ta agona, jus a e being lis ed in
he same yea , in 1966.
Volume nine is de o ed o A ila, su p isingly, i we hink ha al hough ini ia ed i s his o ical-
a is ic ensemble in 1961, i is no inally lis ed un il 1982. The en h is o Sego ia, lis ed in 1941, and
six h His o ic-A is ic Si e, and inally olume wel e is occupied by Cace es (1949) he six een h. As
we can see, hey a e all majo ci ies in hei p o inces. We ha e consciously jumped he olume eigh ,
because i is he only one no dedica ed o p o incial capi als, bu o wo middle ci ies, he Andalusian
ones Ubeda and Baeza. The ea ly lucidi y o his associa ion is ema kable. Bo h ci ies a e loca ed in
he p o ince o Jaen, sepa a ed by jus nine kilome es, we e lis ed His o ic-A is ic Si e a di e en
imes. Ubeda, in 1955, was he 24 h in he lis o na ional his o ical-a is ic ensembles; and Baeza, in
1966, was he se en y-one. Wi h he passage o ime, his duali y would become he guiding h ead o
he pos ula ion o bo h ci ies as Wo ld He i age, wha would happen in 2003, as an example o
excep ional uni e sal alue, o u banism and Renaissance a chi ec u e.
Bu i we go back o he men ioned ci ies: Palma de Mallo ca, Leon, Toledo, San iago de
Compos ela, Ta agona, A ila, Sego ia and Cace es, and we hink o he cu en Spanish ci ies ha
a e Wo ld He i age -excep ing Palma de Mallo ca and Leon-, he es o he lis a e all ci ies lis ed by