Random Gene a ion o A bi a y Wa e o ms o
Emula ing Th ee-Phase Sys ems
Juan-Ca los Mon año, Senio Membe , IEEE, Ca los León, Senio Membe , IEEE, An onio Ga cía, An onio López,
Iñigo Monede o, and En ique Pe sonal, S uden Membe , IEEE
Abs ac —This pape desc ibes an appa a us o gene a ing a
signal ep esen a i e o s eady-s a e and ansien dis u bances
in h ee-phase wa e o ms o an ac elec ical sys em as desc ibed
in IEEE S d 1159-09. I can be con igu ed as a syn hesize o
andomly dis o ed signals o di e en applica ions: o es ing
he e ec s o dis u bed g id on equipmen and o gene a e pa -
e ns o elec ical dis u bances o he aining o a i icial neu al
ne wo ks, which a e used o measu ing powe quali y asks. Fo
he i s pu pose, ol age and cu en ampli ie s a e added in he
ou pu s age, which allows he gene a ion o dis u bed signals a
g id le el.
Index Te ms—AC gene a o s, a i icial neu al ne wo k (ANN),
educa ion, load modeling, powe ha dwa e in he loop (PHIL),
powe quali y (PQ), powe sys em simula ion, signal syn hesis, es
equipmen .
I. INTRODUCTION
MOST o oday’s ins umen a ion o h ee-phase sys ems
used in he indus y is ocused and designed o es ing
and measu ing powe supply sys ems and equipmen connec ed
he e o [1]. Eme ging me hods o ad anced expe imen a ion
exis , such as he powe ha dwa e-in- he-loop (PHIL) simula-
ion [2], [3] whe eby a piece o powe ha dwa e, o example,
an ene gy-powe me e o a powe elec onic d i e, is ope a ed
om a i ual g id, simula ed in eal ime wi h he necessa y
powe capabili ies h ough p ecision powe ampli ie s. PHIL
simula ion me hod can be applied oo o esea ching he eal-
ime beha io o con olle and p o ec ion equipmen . All o
hese applica ions ha e a posi i e and economic impac on
indus y.
In ano he con ex , i is well known ha an e ec i e way
o es ing equipmen seems o be ha o supplying hei ol -
age and cu en inpu channels wi h p io unknown signals
andomly gene a ed [4], [5]. I he es is epea ed a gi en
numbe o imes and a new se o es signals is andomly
gene a ed a each epe i ion, each new es shows di e en
andomly gene a ed es wa e o ms, and he e o e, he beha io
o equipmen unde es is likely o be e i ied in eal condi ions
o e y close o he eal ones.
This wo k was suppo ed in pa by he esea ch p ojec e . C03-056 and in
pa by he esea ch p ojec s CICYT/FEDER DPI2006-15467-C02-01 and
CICYT/FEDER DPI2006-15467-C02-02.
The au ho s a e wi h he Elec onic Technology Depa men , Uni e -
si y o Se ille, Escuela Poli ecnica Supe io , 41011 Se ille, Spain (e-mail:
[email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed]; imonede o@
us.es; [email p o ec ed]).
In his pape , we de eloped an appa a us capable o gen-
e a ing ealis ic wa e o ms ep esen a i e o many indus ial
powe applica ions. Con ol and con igu a ion o he uni is
e y in ui i e owing o he use o sel -explana o y g aphical
in e ace. Ins ead o compe ing wi h comme cial sys ems, i
is designed o p o ide a e y low cos al e na i e o eal-
ime ha dwa e-in- he-loop applica ions while main aining ac-
cep able speci ica ions.
In he li e a u e, he e a e some examples o equipmen
simila o he andom gene a o desc ibed in his pape , bu in
some cases only is i possible o gene a e a limi ed numbe o
dis u bances [6] o he g aphical in e ace is no use - iendly
and has low con igu a ion possibili ies [7].
The ollowing sec ions will discuss he p oposed p ocedu e
and p o ide he de ails o a labo a o y p o o ype speci ically
de eloped:
1) wi hou ou pu ampli ie s: a) a bi a y and andom gene -
a ion o aining pa e ns o op imal design o a i icial
neu al ne wo ks (ANNs) [8] and b) a bi a y gene a ion
o low- ol age and low-cu en le els (scaling-down e -
sion o h ee-phase powe sys ems) in sepa a ed channels
o aining o eaching;
2) wi h ou pu ampli ie s: c) a bi a y and andom gene a-
ion o elec ical pa e ns a high-powe le els o es ing
he e ec s o powe -line dis u bances on equipmen [5]
and d) a bi a y gene a ion o high- ol age and high-
cu en le els in sepa a ed channels o ep esen ing dy-
namic beha io s o a powe sys em.
II. AWG
Acco ding o he conside a ions in he p e ious sec ion, he
p oposed solu ion o es ing equipmen unde common wo k-
ing condi ions o o aining ANNs is based on he gene a ion
o andomly dis o ed wa e o ms o he ol age and cu en
signals. This can be done in a ela i ely simple way employing
a digi al- o-analog con e sion (DAC) boa d connec ed o a
p og ammable de ice, such as a digi al signal p ocesso o PC.
A. So wa e
Based on his concep , LabVIEW and Tes S and so wa e
(Na ional Ins umen ) we e used o p og am an au oma ic signal
gene a o ha allows comple e con igu a ion o he pa e ns e-
qui ed. Fi s , a i ual ins umen (VI), ha we called Pando a,
was implemen ed in LabVIEW [9]. This VI mainly gene a es
a pa e n based on he pa ame e s de ined by he use ; hus,
Fig. 1. F on panel o Pando a 3ph.
s eady-s a e o ansien -s a e dis u bances we e modeled as
desc ibed he eina e . In a i s s age, he sys em was designed
o be used manually, so he use needed o speci y he pa-
ame e s o he pa e n o e e y simula ion. Then, Tes S and
was included in o de o p o ide au oma ion. This so wa e
ool can help he use o de elop au oma ed es and alida ion
sys ems, i.e., i can de elop es sequences ha in eg a e code
modules w i en in any es p og amming language. Sequences
also speci y execu ion low, epo ing, da abase logging, and
connec i i y o o he en e p ise sys ems. Finally, es sys ems
o p oduc ion wi h easy- o-use ope a o in e aces can be o ga-
nized [10].
Se e al algo i hms we e p og ammed in Tes S and o launch
he Pando a VI acco ding o di e en goals ( andom ha monic
con en s pa e ns, noisy signals, ansien dis u bances, e c.).
Gene a ed pa e ns can be sa ed as ex iles o be used o line
o ANN aining o ins ance o sen o he DAC boa d in li e
expe imen s (as in es pu poses).
The on panel o h ee-phase Pando a VI is shown in Fig. 1.
A ypical sequence consis s basically o a se up ope a ion,
whe e all he a iables ese o hei de aul alues, and he main
ope a ion whe e pa ame e s and inpu s ha de ine he new ex-
pe imen a e modi ied and Pando a VI is execu ed. Then, wi h
all hese alues, epo s o he esul s a e gene a ed. Finally,
he cleanup ope a ion is execu ed, whe e he a iables a e ese
again o de aul alues. The e o e, he Pando a VI consis s o
he main p ocesses o Fig. 2. Fi s , inpu s and pa ame e s a e
collec ed om manual use o Tes S and au oma ic sequences.
Second, he signal is buil acco ding o hese speci ica ions, and
hi d, he pa e n is sen o a ile o o he DAC boa d.
The main ea u e o he de eloped a chi ec u e is ha i is
a laye -based model. I dis inguished h ee dis inc pa s o
laye s p og ammed in LabVIEW ha ca y ou asks ha a e
essen ially di e en .
1) Laye 3: This module is esponsible o managing he
use in e ace ca ying ou he display o he windows
on each case. On he o he hand, i allows he use o
Fig. 2. Gene al diag am o gene a ion wi h Pando a.
en e all he in o ma ion necessa y o he edi ion o
he desi ed signal. The e o e, his laye is ocused on
ga he ing in o ma ion ha comes om he p og am’s
con ols, g ouped acco ding o some da a s uc u e, and
ans e s i o laye 2.
2) Laye 2: I is he eal engine o he applica ion. F om he
da a en e ed by he use and ha e p e iously been man-
aged h ough laye 3, laye 2 pe o ms all calcula ions
necessa y o gene a e he da a signal o be edi ed. This
is whe e he a ious models a e implemen ed in each o
he dis u bances ha we s udied p e iously. The ou pu
o laye 2 is a se o nume ical da a co esponding o he
edi ed signal. These alues a e ans e ed o laye 1.
3) Laye 1: This block pe o ms all he communica ions
wi h he sc een, iles, and da a ca d. In his block, we
p ope ly ake ca e o displaying he use in e ace. On
he o he hand, i condenses he implemen a ion o all
he unc ions necessa y o expo he da a signal ecei ed
om laye 2 o a da a ile ha ollows a s anda d o ma .
Mo eo e , i pe o ms all he communica ion wi h he
ha dwa e ins alled o pe o m he physical gene a ion o
he edi ed signal h ough he da a ca d gene a ion.
The scheme o he laye -based model p og ammed in Lab-
VIEW is shown in Fig. 3.
1) Cons ain s o Random Gene a ion: Using his sys em,
i is possible o syn hesize any kind o wa e o ms in he
equency ange o in e es o he emula ion o ac ual powe
sys ems.
O cou se, a pu ely andom gene a ion o he dis o ion com-
ponen s is no likely o ep esen he eal ope a ing condi ions
o ac ual powe sys ems. The sys em is designed o p og am
dis u bances as desc ibed in powe quali y (PQ) s anda ds (i.e.,
IEEE S d 1159-09). The e o e, a numbe o cons ain s mus
be conside ed by he gene a ion algo i hm. In pa icula , he
ollowing cons ain s ha e been conside ed.
1) Highes ha monic o de is gi en o he syn hesize as
an inpu pa ame e so ha he desi ed bandwid h is no
exceeded.
2) Maximum allowed dis o ion is imposed as an inpu
pa ame e in e ms o maximum allowable o al ha monic
dis o ion (THD) ac o , sepa a ely o he ol age and
cu en signals.
3) Fundamen al componen o he ol age signal, U1, can be
se o any alue in he ange [0.9U1,1.1U1], whe e U1is
he a ed ol age [1].
4) Fundamen al componen o he cu en signal can be se
o any desi ed pe cen age o he a ed cu en , and i s
phase shi wi h espec o he undamen al componen o
Fig. 3. LabVIEW a chi ec u e o Pando a.
he ol age signal can be se o any alue, ei he leading
o lagging.
5) Fundamen al equency can be se o any alue in he
ange [0.98 n,1.02 n], whe e nis he a ed equency
[1] (whe e n=50o 60 Hz).
Taking in o accoun he a o emen ioned cons ain s, a an-
dom numbe o s eady-s a e and ansien -s a e dis u bances can
be emula ed.
2) S eady-S a e Dis u bances:
• Ha monics
Ha monic componen s, andomly dis ibu ed be ween he
undamen al componen and he maximum desi ed ha monic
o de , can be gene a ed.
The cu en wa e o m always has he same ha monic compo-
nen s as he ol age wa e o m. I also has addi ional ha monic
componen s ha , when p o ided by he andom gene a ion,
accoun o he p esence o nonlinea loads.
Ampli ude and phase shi a e andomly gene a ed o each
o he ha monic componen s de e mined in he p e ious s ep. A
check is pe o med so ha he maximum desi ed THD ac o is
no exceeded.
I a sui able numbe o di e en andomly gene a ed dis-
o ed signals a e used o supply he uni unde es (UUT),
i is possible o assume ha a signi ican numbe o possible
wo king condi ions ha e been ep oduced so ha he UUT can
be hypo he ically es ed in i s eal wo king condi ions.
The ollowing ma hema ical model was implemen ed:
C( )=A+
N

n=1
Ansin(2πn 1 +ϕn)(1)
whe e Ais he dc e m (V o A), Anis he ampli ude o he
n h ha monic o he signal (V o A), 1is he undamen al
equency (Hz), ϕnis he phase o he n h ha monic ( ad), and
nis he ha monic o de (n=1,...,N).
• Flicke
Flicke is conside ed an ampli ude modula ion o he ca ied
signal C( ), which changes in unc ion o he modula ing signal
F( )[11]. The modula ing signal has sinusoidal o m wi h p e-
ixed andom ampli ude, equency (usually a ound 30 Hz), and
an ini ial phase. The equa ion which de ines he ma hema ical
model implemen ed by he emula o is
Z( )=F( )C( )=[1+A ksin(2π k +ϕ k)] C( )(2)
whe e A k, k, and ϕ k a e he licke ampli ude, licke e-
quency, and licke phase, espec i ely.
• Unbalance: S eady-s a e symme ical componen s
The me hod o symme ical componen analysis akes i s
o igin om [12]. I p esen s a ma hema ical app oach o he
analysis o an asymme ical polyphase sys em (unde s eady-
s a e condi ions) by ans o ming i in o a se o symme ical se-
quence ne wo ks called posi i e-, nega i e-, and ze o-sequence
ne wo ks.
I Fa,Fb, and Fcdeno e he co esponding o iginal phaso s
o phases a, b, and c o a h ee-phase sys em, hen
⎡
⎣
Fa
Fb
Fc
⎤
⎦=⎡
⎣
F+
a
F+
b
F+
c
⎤
⎦+⎡
⎣
F−
a
F−
b
F−
c
⎤
⎦+⎡
⎣
F0
a
F0
b
F0
c
⎤
⎦(3)
whe e +,−, and 0 deno e posi i e-, nega i e-, and ze o-
sequence componen s, espec i ely. Since each se o sequence
componen s is balanced, one can deduce [13]
⎡
⎣
F0
a
F+
a
F−
a
⎤
⎦=1
3
⎡
⎣
11 1
1ββ
2
1β2β
⎤
⎦⎡
⎣
Fa
Fb
Fc
⎤
⎦(4)
whe e β=exp(j2π/3).
3) T ansien -S a e Dis u bances:
• O e ol age, swell, unde ol age, and sag
In hese kinds o dis u bances, he ampli ude o he signal
ises (o e ol age o swell) o alls (unde ol age and sag) a
ce ain alue along a ime in e al.
In he de elopmen o he dis u bance gene a o , a ape-
zoidal model o he ampli ude e olu ion (lineal slope) was
conside ed. The model makes i possible o app oxima e he
ampli ude dis u bances mos equen ly encoun e ed in powe
sys ems. Fig. 4 shows a g aphic o he model used o o e ol -
ages o swells (in e se apeze o unde ol ages and sags); he
ollowing pa ame e s a e de ined:
pini ial sample o he dis u bance;
pip slope o he ini ial amp;
p p slope o he inal amp;
n1numbe o samples o he ini ial amp;
n2numbe o samples o he inal amp;
bnumbe o samples a he bo om;
M o al numbe o samples.
• Oscilla o y ansien s
Fig. 4. Sag model.
The elec ical pa e n gene a o (EPG) models ansien as a
damped sine h ough a supe posed exponen ial unc ion, which
is added o C( )a a ce ain poin .
The implemen ed ma hema ical model is exp essed as
T( )=e−a A sin(2π +ϕ )(5)
whe e ais he oscilla o y- ansien exponen , A is he ampli-
ude o he ipple (V o A), is he equency o he ipple
(Hz), and ϕ is he ini ial phase o he ipple ( ad).
•Noise
The gene a o makes i possible o add an addi i e whi e
Gaussian noise in o de o simula e mo e ealis ic signals o
he powe line.
B. Ha dwa e
The emula o design is based on gene a ing h ee-phase
ol ages and ou line cu en s o emula e a low- ol age powe
sys em. Gene a ed da a se s a e ob ained om a hos PC in he
o m o da a iles wi h Ame ican S anda d Code o In o ma ion
In e change o ma compa ible wi h he mos popula da a-
analysis ools (Ma lab, Ma hcad, e c.).
The hos PC is equipped wi h a NI PXI 6733 boa d wi h
eigh analog ou pu s a up o 1 MS/s, 16-b esolu ion, and
±10-V ou pu ange. Se en ol age signals a e a ailable: h ee
p opo ional o he h ee phase-neu al ol ages (Va,Vb, and Vc)
and ou p opo ional o he h ee line cu en s (Ia,Ib, and Ic)
and neu al cu en (In).
A he inal s age, he ampli ie sec ion b ings he ol age
signals o he g id le el. The numbe and ype o ampli ie s
depend on he applica ion o he sys em. The ol age ac oss
he load and/o he cu en lowing h ough he load o UUT
can be simula ed. Fig. 5 shows he simpli ied h ee-phase powe
emula ion ci cui .
1) Ampli ie Sec ion: A e y c i ical issue in he design o
he es sys em is he ampli ie sec ion since i mus ensu e accu-
a e and cons an gain and phase shi on he whole bandwid h
equi ed.
On he o he hand, he ampli ie ype depends on he selec ed
applica ion. Two op ions ha e been conside ed.
Op ion 1. A powe ampli ie o es ol ages a g id le el
In his ype o applica ion, dis u bed ol age signals a g id
le el a e gene a ed o es ing equipmen unde eal condi ions
Fig. 5. Simula ion o an ac ual ol age sou ce (Op ion 1): Vol age gene a o
wi h p og ammed dis u bances and powe ampli ie .
Fig. 6. Simula ion o a comple e sys em (Op ion 2): (a) Powe sou ce wi h
p og ammable dis u bances applied o an a bi a y load and (b) ol age and
cu en gene a o wi h p og ammable dis u bances and ampli ied ou pu s.
(see Fig. 5). In his case, gene a ed ol age signals can be con-
igu ed o single-phase o h ee-phase sys ems. The ampli ie
sec ion consis s o one o h ee ol age ampli ie s wi h he
powe capabili y necessa y o supply he UUT.
A labo a o y p o o ype has been implemen ed o es ing
single-phase sys ems. The Paci ic Powe Sou ce Model 320
was used as a powe ampli ie o ul ill all he p oposed
equi emen s:
1) ou pu ol age up o ±600 peak ol s;
2) maximum ou pu powe : 1.2 kVA;
3) bandwid h (30–5 kHz) a ull powe ;
4) THD <0.2%.
Op ion 2. A high- ol age ampli ie and a high-cu en anscon-
duc ance ampli ie o es ol ages and load cu en s a g id
le el (see Fig. 6) .
In his second ype o applica ions, i is necessa y o gene a e
bo h ol ages and cu en s a g id le els o simula e a comple e
sys em wi h high- ol age sinusoidal supply sou ce wi h added
dis u bances and a bi a y load. In hese applica ions, common
UUT (powe me e s, powe analyze s, p o ec ion elays, e c.)
Fig. 7. Labo a o y p o o ype o he p oposed es sys em wi h ol age and
cu en ampli ie s.
measu es he ol ages and/o cu en s h ough independen
inpu s.
These inpu s ypically ha e high-inpu impedance o ol age
measu emen s and low-inpu impedance o cu en measu e-
men s, so i is no necessa y o ampli y he ou pu signals wi h
high-powe capabili ies.
Vol age ampli ie s (A )ha e been designed using Apex
PA05 high- ol age low-powe ope a ional ampli ie s wi h some
impo an speci ica ions:
1) ou pu ol age up o ±600 peak ol s;
2) maximum ou pu cu en =5mA;
3) bandwid h (dc o 50 kHz);
4) THD <0.1%.
Cu en ampli ie s (Ai)ha e been designed using ope a ional
ampli ie s and disc e e ansis o s as high-cu en low-powe
ansconduc ance ampli ie s. Thei main cha ac e is ics a e as
ollows:
1) ou pu cu en up o ±50-A peak;
2) maximum ou pu ol age =±8V;
3) bandwid h (dc o 50 kHz);
4) THD <0.2%.
Fig. 7 shows he implemen ed labo a o y p o o ype o he
p oposed es sys em, wi h he wo ypes o ampli ie s.
III. APPLICATIONS
The single-phase o h ee-phase powe a bi a y wa e o m
gene a o (AWG), wi hou o wi h he ampli ie s age con-
igu ed acco ding o Op ion 1 o Op ion 2, allows a se o
applica ions equi ing he use o high-powe o low-powe
sou ces.
A. T aining Pa e ns o Op imal Design o ANNs
The AWG has been de eloped as an auxilia y ool o gene a e
elec ic pa e ns o ANNs, i.e., we ha e con igu ed he AWG
as an EPG. Pa e n ecogni ion in ANNs gene ally equi es
p ep ocessing o da a, ea u e ex ac ion, and inal classi ica ion
[16]–[19]. One o he mos impo an asks in he design and
de elopmen p ocess o an ANN is o gene a e an adequa e
numbe o aining pa e ns in o de o app oxima e u u e
inpu s. Some imes, an op imal design o he ANN is ound,
bu he limi ed numbe o aining pa e ns does no gi e good
esul s. In pa icula , in PQ measu emen , a g ea numbe o
elec ical pa e ns is necessa y due o he mul iple combina ions
o di e en dis u bances which can coincide in one o a ious
samples.
Thus, in o de o ex ac he signal ea u es, ANNs a e usu-
ally combined wi h ma hema ical analysis, such as Fou ie and
wa ele ans o ms, o he gene a ion o signal ea u es which
se e as inpu s o he ne wo k [8]. Thus, wi h he help o hese
ma hema ic ools, he de ec ion o he elec ical dis u bances
has ended o be easy, bu hei classi ica ion is s ill a di icul
ask in which ANNs play an impo an ole [14]–[16].
Ano he addi ional p oblem wi h ANNs applied o PQ is he
impossibili y o ob aining eal use ul aining pa e ns di ec ly
om he powe g id due o he i egula appa i ion o hese
dis u bances and he di icul y o cap u e hem. In u n, i is e y
di icul o ge access o da abases o elec ical dis u bances
and, once achie ed, o adjus he ea u es o he ob ained elec-
ical pa e ns o he equi emen s o he sys em o be designed
(in pa ame e s such as sample ime and ol age ange de ined
o each ype o dis u bance).
Thus, o he ask o aining ANNs o he de ec ion and
classi ica ion o elec ical dis u bances, he EPG gene a es an
unlimi ed numbe o pa e ns o be used by a classi ica ion
sys em. The ypes o dis u bances include o e ol age, swell,
unde ol age, sag, oscilla o y ansien s, ha monics, licke ,
unbalance, equency a ia ions, and in e up ions.
Fo he applica ion desc ibed in [8], o e 27 000 signal iles
ha e been gene a ed, including one-dis u bance signals and
wo-dis u bance signals, and ied o sweep all he ypes o
dis u bances.
B. T aining o Teaching Tool
Ano he impo an applica ion o he emula o sys em is
as eaching and/o aining ool. Th ee-phase powe can be
augh in a sa e labo a o y en i onmen using he h ee-phase
powe emula o wi hou exposing he s uden o dange ous high
ol ages and cu en s. Ano he impo an conside a ion o he
emula ion sys em is he low cos o build and main ain. An
a o dable low-cos emula ion sys em can be e y help ul o
schools wan ing o imp o e hei labo a o y equipmen and
eaching echniques. The s uden s can lea n abou phase-angle
ela ionships by edi ing he ou pu wa e o ms, which a e dis-
played on he sc een ia he moni o ing p og am.
C. Tes ing Equipmen
Using Op ion 1, i is possible o es di e en ypes o sys-
ems in he p esence o supply ol age dis u bances a g id le el.
The ou pu ol ages should be used o d i e he UUT wi hin he
powe limi s o he powe ampli ie [14], [15]. In his kind o
applica ions, i is possible o es he equipmen unde ol age
dis u bances [20], [21], esea ching he eal- ime beha io o
con olle and p o ec ion equipmen [4], [22] o es ing and

Fig. 8. Labo a o y se up o es ing a powe me e .
compa ing sys ems and/o echniques o dis u bance analysis
[23]–[26]. This ype o applica ion has been implemen ed in he
case s udy desc ibed in Sec ion IV o his pape .
D. Scaling-Down Ve sion o Th ee-Phase Powe Sys ems
Finally, sys em designe s and manu ac u e s can use he
h ee-phase powe emula o o build and es a scaled-down
e sion o he sys em being conside ed. S udying scaled-down
e sions o he p oposed equipmen can g ea ly aid he designe
in es ing and pe o ming sys em al e a ions by sa ing ime and
cos . T oubleshoo ing can be con olled and easy o pe o m
wi h smalle manageable sys ems. Once he small-scale model
is ully unc ional, he sys em is eady o ull-scale assembly.
IV. EXAMPLE OF REAL APPLICATION
Fig. 8 shows an example o a eal expe imen al se up o
es ing an ene gy-powe me e (powe line communica ion)
unde condi ions o g id dis u bances. The accu acy in he
measu emen o ol age, cu en , ac i e and eac i e powe ,
and powe ac o , wi h di e en kinds o load (linea Ro RL
and nonlinea ) and pe iodical dis u bances ( licke , ha monics,
combined, ansien , e c.), has been analyzed.
Pando a sys em combined wi h a comme cial powe ol age
ampli ie has been used o gene a e a single-phase ol age sig-
nal a g id le el wi h an added se o common dis u bances. This
signal had been applied o a digi al ene gy/powe me e (UUT)
wi h di e en loads: linea ( eal o complex) and nonlinea
(swi ched powe egula o ). The ou pu da a alues o he UUT
ha e been compa ed, o di e en loads and dis u bances, o
a e e ence powe -analysis sys em consis ing in a calib a ed
senso ca d equipped wi h ol age and cu en senso s (bo h
TABLE I
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
based on Hall e ec ) and a PC equipped wi h an analog- o-
digi al acquisi ion boa d and con olled by da a-analysis so -
wa e de eloped in LabVIEW.
Fig. 9. Example 1—Ha monic dis u bance (Tes ID 17). (a) Pando a’s on
panel. (b) Pando a’s ha monic se up. (c) Measu es om he e e ence powe -
analysis sys em ( he measu ed cu en , whi e signal, is scaled by 20).
Table I summa izes he esul s o es s in ac i e powe
measu emen s. Because he measu es a e loca ed in he lowe
ange o he UUT (<1kW), he p ac ical ou pu esolu ion is
limi ed o wo digi s. Wi h hese p ecision limi s, we conclude
ha he UUT is p ac ically no a ec ed, in he measu e o he
ac i e powe , by he dis u bances es ed. Howe e , he e a e
signi ican di e ences in he eac i e powe , and powe ac o ,
measu ed when he cu en has high- equency ha monics.
This may be caused by a swi ching load o by he p esence
o high- equency ha monics in ol age applied on a esis i e
load.
Figs. 9–11 show he on panel o Pando a and he co e-
sponding sc een o he powe -analysis sys em o h ee ypes o
dis u bance: ha monics, licke , and ansien .
Fig. 10. Example 1—Flicke dis u bance (Tes ID 6). (a) Pando a’s on
panel. (b) Measu es om he e e ence powe -analysis sys em ( he measu ed
cu en , whi e signal, is scaled by 20).
Fig. 11. Example 3—Gene a ion o a ansien dis u bance (Tes ID 25).
(a) Pando a’s on panel. (b) Measu es om he e e ence powe -analysis
sys em ( he measu ed cu en , whi e signal, is scaled by 20).
This eal applica ion demons a es he lexibili y and ease o
use ha he sys em Pando a in ol ed in his ype o applica ion.
V. C ONCLUSION
This pape has desc ibed an AWG o signals ep esen a i e
o s eady-s a e and ansien dis u bances in single- o h ee-
phase wa e o ms o elec ical sys ems, as desc ibed in IEEE
S d 1159-09.
The sys em has di e en po en ial applica ions: aining
pa e n gene a ion o ANN design, aining o eaching ool,
equipmen es ing, o scaling-down e sion o h ee-phase
powe sys ems.
Depending on he applica ion, i is possible o use he sys em
wi h o wi hou an ou pu ampli ie . In ha case, he e a e wo
possible op ions. The i s one consis s in a powe ampli ie o
es a g id- ol age le el. The second op ion combines a low-
powe high- ol age ampli ie and a high-cu en ansconduc-
ance ampli ie o es g id- ol age and load-cu en le els.
An example o a eal equipmen es ing applica ion is de-
sc ibed in o de o demons a e he sys em lexibili y and ease
o use.
The sys em is a aluable al e na i e o comme cial a bi a y
gene a o s in e ms o use - iendly in e ace, low cos , and
lexibili y o dis u bance combina ion and con igu a ion.
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