de Hoyo e al
Kinesio Taping in Socce Playe s
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Immedia e E ec o Kinesio Taping on Muscle Response in
Young Eli e Socce Playe s
Moisés de Hoyo, Alejand o Ál a ez-Mesa, Bo ja Sañudo, Luis Ca asco, and Se gio
Domínguez
Con ex : Kinesio aping (KT) is a new aping echnique inc easingly used in spo s medicine o imp o e muscle
pe o mance; howe e , i s eal e ec is no en i ely known. Objec i e: To assess he immedia e e ec s o KT on muscle
pe o mance in young heal hy eli e socce playe s. Design: C osso e s udy. Se ing: Uni e si y labo a o y. Pa icipan s:
Eigh een young eli e socce playe s olun a ily pa icipa ed in he s udy (mean ± SEM: age 18.20 ± 2.45 y, heigh 1.76 ±
3.56 m, body mass 65.25 ± 3.76 kg, body-mass index 20.12 ± 1.25 kg/m2). In e en ions: Each subjec comple ed 2
di e en p o ocols, wi h and wi hou KT. In e en ions we e pe o med in a andom o de , wi h a washou pe iod be ween
condi ions o 1 wk. Main Ou come Measu es: Ou come measu es included ensiomyog aphic esponse in he as us
la e alis and as us medialis, powe ou pu wi h 30 and 50 kg, coun e mo emen jump, and 10-m sp in . Resul s: Da a
showed no signi ican di e ences o any o he ou comes analyzed be ween in e en ions. Conclusions: KT does no
p oduce a sho - e m imp o emen in muscle pe o mance in young eli e socce playe s.
Keywo ds: ensiomyog aphy, muscle pe o mance, leg-ex ension muscles
I has been demons a ed ha eli e socce playe s1
no only equi e spo -speci ic echnical and ac ical skills,
bu explosi e s eng h and speed a e also essen ial o
op imal pe o mance.1,2 Consequen ly, in ecen yea s
he e has been a heigh ened ocus on designing and
implemen ing aining me hods and echniques o imp o e
hese aspec s o a hle ic pe o mance. In he ield o spo s
medicine, he applica ion o di e en ypes o ape has
been used o many yea s o p e en inju y, bu mo e
ecen ly aping echniques a e being used o inc ease
muscle pe o mance. The p oposed physiological basis o
adi ional ape and aping echniques was ha aping he
skin would s imula e cu aneous mechano ecep o s and
he e o e enhance he deli e y o senso y inpu om he
pe iphe y o he cen al ne ous sys em. This inc eased
senso y inpu would hen esul in g ea e in o ma ion
in eg a ion and a signi ican imp o emen in
p op iocep ion and muscle pe o mance.3 8 Howe e , i
should be aken in o accoun ha join mo emen migh
be limi ed.9,10
In ecen yea s, he use o a new o m o co on ape
wi h ac ylic adhesi e, known as kinesio ape (KT), has
p oli e a ed. This ape di e s om adi ional ape due o
i is elas ici y i can be s e ched o up o 120% o 140%
o i s o iginal leng h be o e being applied o he skin.11
Ano he di e ence om adi ional ape is ha KT can
p o ide a pulling o ce o he skin and supposedly
1de Hoyo, Sañudo, and Ca asco a e wi h he Dep o Physical
Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain. Ál a ez-Mesa and
Domínguez a e wi h Medical Se ices o Se ille Socce Club, Se ille,
Spain.
inc ease he dis ance be ween he ascia and he so issue
unde he a eas whe e i is applied.12 In addi ion, KT does
no es ic join mo emen in he same way ha
adi ional aping does and can be wo n o longe pe iods
o ime wi hou he need o eapplica ion.13,14
I is also a gued ha KT can be used no only o
inc ease muscle pe o mance15 bu also o no malize
muscle unc ion, o inc ease lympha ic and ascula low,
o diminish pain, and o aid in he co ec ion o possible
a icula malalignmen s.13,16 While KT echniques a e
equen ly applied o pa ien s wi h musculoskele al sys em
diso de s, especially in he ield o spo s inju ies,17 mos
o he supposed e ec s a e hypo hesized, and he e is no
e idence in he li e a u e suppo ing he e ec s o KT
aping.
The eal e ec s o KT on muscle pe o mance a e
s ill being in es iga ed; se e al au ho s ha e hypo hesized
ha he KT acili a es immedia e inc eases in muscle
s eng h by p oducing a concen ic pull on he ascia,
which may hen s imula e inc eased muscle con ac ion,18
o ha KT imp o es muscle alignmen , which may
con ibu e o ma ginal inc eases in muscle s eng h.19
Slupik e al20 demons a ed an inc ease in peak o que (24
h) and elec omyog aphic ac i i y (72 h) in he as us
medialis o heal hy indi iduals a e applica ion o KT
ape. Huang e al21 in es iga ed he e ec o elas ic aping
on he iceps su ae du ing a maximal e ical jump. They
obse ed ha e ical g ound- eac ion o ce and
elec omyog aphic ac i i y o he gas ocnemius medialis
inc eased when KT was applied, al hough he heigh o
jump emained cons an . Hsu e al19 obse ed an
inc emen al inc ease in lowe apezius muscle s eng h
a e a aping applica ion. Lee e al22 showed g ea e g ip
de Hoyo e al
Kinesio Taping in Socce Playe s
Page 2 o 8
s eng h a e applying KT o he lexo muscles han ha
o he un aped muscles. In con as , Fu e al23
demons a ed ha concen ic and eccen ic muscle
s eng h o he quad iceps and hams ings we e no
a ec ed by KT in heal hy people. Simila ly, Chang e al11
e alua ed he e ec s o KT on maximal g ip s eng h o
he dominan hand in heal hy college a hle es and did no
ind any signi ican e ec .
I seems ha KT in socce playe s is being used
wi hou knowing i s eal e ec s on muscle pe o mance.
The aim o his s udy was he e o e o de e mine he
immedia e e ec s o KT on s eng h, jump abili y, speed,
and muscle con ac ile p ope ies in young eli e socce
playe s.
Ma e ials and Me hods
Pa icipan s
Eigh een eli e socce playe s olun a ily pa icipa ed o
he s udy (mean ± SEM: age 18.20 ± 2.45 y, heigh 1.76 ±
3.56 m, body mass 65.25 ± 3.76 kg, body-mass index
20.12 ± 1.25 kg/m2). All subjec s had a simila aining
olume (minimum 4 d/wk and maximum 5 d/wk), which
included 2-hou sessions pe day. Each subjec was
andomly assigned o 1 o 2 di e en expe imen al
condi ions, 1 wi h KT (KTi) and 1 wi hou KT (NKTi).
The es pe iod be ween expe imen al condi ions was 1
week o a oid ca yo e e ec s om p e ious sessions.
All sessions we e conduc ed unde he same condi ions
(24 h wi hou physical ac i i y and a he same hou o he
day). Each pa icipan was in o med abou he s udy
p ocedu e wi h i s possible bene i s and isks, and each
ga e signed w i en consen . The s udy was app o ed by
he local e hics commi ee.
P ocedu es
Each es ing session consis ed on he ollowing ac ions:
applica ion (o no ) o KT on he ec us emo is o he
dominan leg, assessmen o muscle con ac ile p ope ies
o he as us la e alis and as us medialis using
ensiomyog aphic esponse (TMG), s anda dized wa m-
up, and pe o mance es s.
KT Technique.
S anda d 2-in (5-cm) black KT (Cu e Tape, FysioTape
BV, Enschede, The Ne he lands) was used. The ape was
applied by an expe ienced physio he apis ollowing he
Y-shaped KT echnique p oposed by Kase e al13 and Fu
e al23 o he ec us emo is. Pa icipan s lay in supine
posi ion wi h he hip lexed 30° and he knee lexed 60°.
The ape was applied om a poin 10 cm below he
an e osupe io iliac spine, bisec ed a he junc ion be ween
he quad iceps endon and he pa ella, and ci cled a ound
he pa ella, ending a i s in e io side. The i s 5 cm o
ape we e no s e ched and ac ed as he ancho . The
po ion be ween he ancho and supe io pa ella was
s e ched o 120% using a e e ence scale. The emaining
ape a ound he pa ella emained uns e ched. Figu e 1
shows he KT echnique used.
<<<<<<<<<FIGURE 1>>>>>>>>>>>
TMG.
The TMG echnique is based on measu ing skele al-
muscle con ac ile esponse o a low-le el elec ical
s imulus.24 This echnique p oduces adial displacemen o
he muscle belly in esponse o an elec ical s imulus
conduc ed h ough he unde lying muscle issue.25 The
adial displacemen o he muscle belly can be measu ed
wi h a displacemen senso (TMG Sys em 100, TMG-
BMC L d, Slo enia). Displacemen ime-cu e
eco dings allow muscle con ac ile p ope ies o be
assessed, ob aining di e en pa ame e s ha can in o m
abou muscle one.24
Maximal adial displacemen (Dm), ime om he
onse o elec ical s imulus o 10% o Dm, ime om 10%
o 90% o Dm in he ascending cu e (Tc), ime be ween
50% o Dm on bo h sides o he cu e (Ts), and ime om
90% o 50% o Dm on he descending cu e (T ) we e
de e mined. Reliabili y o TMG has been es ablished
acco ding Tous-Faja do e al.24
Du ing each p o ocol, TMG analysis o he as us
la e alis and as us medialis was pe o med. Radial
displacemen s we e measu ed unde s a ic and elaxed
condi ions, wi h he pa icipan in he supine posi ion and
he knee join ixed a an angle o 120° (180°
co esponding o ull ex ension o he knee). The
measu ed limb was posi ioned on a iangula wedge oam
cushion o keep a ixed knee angle. A digi al displacemen
ansduce (GK 40, Panop ik d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slo enia)
ha inco po a es a sp ing o 0.17 N/mm was se
pe pendicula o he muscle belly o acqui e adial
displacemen . Senso loca ion was de e mined
ana omically acco ding o Delagi e al26 and ma ked wi h
a de ma ological pen. Two squa e (5 5 cm) 2-mm- hick
sel -adhesi e elec odes (Compex Medical SA, Ecublens,
Swi ze land) we e placed symme ically 5 cm (± 3 cm) o
he senso ip. A TMG-S1 (EMF-Fu lan and Co, d.o.o.,
Ljubljana, Slo enia) s imula o was used.
Rega ding elec ical s imula ion p ocedu es, pulse
du a ion was 1 millisecond and he ampli ude was se a
100 mA. None o he pa icipan s epo ed discom o
du ing elec ical s imula ion.
Wa m-Up.
A e TMG analysis, all subjec s pe o med a 5-minu e
wa m-up (3 min a 60 W + 2 min a 80 W) a 60 pm on a
cycle e gome e (C3 Ad anced, Li e Fi ness, EEUU)
ollowed by 10 epe i ions wi h 20 kg in a hal -squa
exe cise. A e a s anda dized wa m-up, powe ou pu ,
coun e mo emen jump, and speed a 10 m we e assessed
in his o de , wi h a es pe iod be ween es s o 3 minu es.
Powe Ou pu .
Pa icipan s adop ed a hal -squa posi ion wi h shoulde s
ouching he ba , and he s a ing knee angle o
mo emen execu ion was se a 90°. F om his posi ion,
pa icipan s pe o med a concen ic ac i a ion o he leg-
ex enso muscles un il eaching ull ex ension a 180°.
They we e gi en ins uc ions o pe o m a pu ely
de Hoyo e al
Kinesio Taping in Socce Playe s
Page 3 o 8
concen ic ac ion om he s a ing poin , keeping
shoulde s a an abduc ed posi ion o 90° o ensu e
consis ency o shoulde and elbow join s du ing he
mo emen execu ion.27 Such mo emen was pe o med on
a Mul ipowe (Smi h Machine, Li e Fi ness, EEUU) using
2 di e en loads (bo h 30 and 50 kg a e he mos common
loads used in daily aining) o es ima e maximal powe
ou pu . A linea encode (T-Fo ce, T-Fo ce Sys em,
E go ech, Spain) was used, which has a mic op ocesso
ha wo ks in e nally wi h a 10- s esolu ion. The op ical
ansduce signal in e up s he mic op ocesso a each
0.07-mm displacemen , which le s us pe o m kinema ic
analysis. The es pe iod be ween epe i ions was 90
seconds.
Coun e mo emen Jump.
Lowe body explosi e-s eng h cha ac e is ics, exp essed
jump), we e assessed using an in a ed- ay pla o m buil
in o he Op o Jump Sys em (Op o Jump, Mic oga e, I aly)
acco ding o C onin and McLean.28 The es s a s wi h a
p epa a o y mo emen o knee ex ension going down o
90° knee lexion and, wi hou pausing, jumping upwa d as
high as possible. The jump was pe o med wi hou he use
o he a ms; pa icipan s we e asked o keep hei hands on
hei hips. Ele a ion o he cen e o g a i y (heigh in
me e s) abo e g ound le el was calcula ed o bo h es s,
as was ligh ime ( ) in seconds, applying he laws o
ballis ics:
H =
2 g/8
whe e H is he heigh (m) and g is he g a i a ional
accele a ion (9.81 m/s2). Pa icipan s pe o med 2 jumps
sepa a ed by 90 seconds. The mean sco e was used o
s a is ical analysis.
10-m-Sp in Tes .
Pa icipan s unning speed was e alua ed wi h a 10-m
sp in e o using dual-beam elec onic iming ga es
(E go Time , Globus, I aly) and me hods p e iously
desc ibed.29 Pa icipan s we e ins uc ed o un as quickly
as possible along he 10-m dis ance om a s anding s a .
They s a ed om a s a iona y, up igh posi ion wi h he
on oo on he 1-m poin in on o he line wi h he
s a ga e. Speed was measu ed o he nea es 0.01 second,
wi h he mean sco e om 2 ials used as he speed sco e.
Two minu es o es be ween he 2 ials was gi en.
Rep oducibili y o Va iables
Tes s we e epea ed on 3 di e en days (Monday,
Wednesday, and F iday) in he week be o e aining. The
in aclass co ela ion alues (in e day) we e powe = .94,
coun e mo emen jump = .95, and sp in es = .92.
S a is ical Analyses
Means and s anda d e o s o he mean (SEM) we e
calcula ed o each a iable. No mali y was checked using
he Kolmogo o Smi no es , and all a iables we e
no mally dis ibu ed. One-way analysis o a iance
(ANOVA) was pe o med o check di e ences be ween
in e en ions (KTi and NKTi). S a is ical signi icance was
se a P < .05.
Resul s
In ela ion o physical-pe o mance es s, he applica ion
o KT lead o 0.45% ± 1.43% and 0.74% ± 2.29%
inc eases o powe ou pu wi h 30 kg and 50 kg,
espec i ely; an inc ease o 1.97% ± 1.57% o he
coun e mo emen -jump es ; and an inc ease o 0.10% ±
0.66% o he 10-m-sp in es . Howe e , hese di e ences
did no each s a is ical signi icance, as shown in Figu e 2.
<<<<<<<<<FIGURE 2>>>>>>>>>>>
Rega ding he TMG measu emen s, Table 1 shows
esul s o all ou comes in bo h he KTi and he NKTi
p o ocol. The ANOVA es o in e p o ocol compa ison
showed no signi ican di e ences o he as us la e alis
and as us medialis in any o he a iables conside ed.
<<<<<<<<<TABLE 1>>>>>>>>>>>
Discussion
The aim o his s udy was o de e mine he sho - e m
e icacy o KT on muscle pe o mance in young eli e
socce playe s. Ou esul s demons a e ha muscle
esponse, jump abili y, 10-m sp in , and powe ou pu do
no signi ican ly change a e he applica ion o KT. These
indings may be impo an , as many a hle es, bo h
ama eu s and p o essionals, a e using his kind o ape
based on he p emise ha i will imp o e hei
pe o mance.
Rega ding he muscle esponse, o ou knowledge
no s udies ha e analyzed he TMG esponse a e di e en
ape ea men s. In he ield o spo ehabili a ion ew
s udies ha e analyzed TMG pa ame e s o p o ide use ul
in o ma ion abou muscle ac i a ion.30 Howe e , ou
s udy has shown ha Dm (which could be equa ed o
elec ically e oked peak wi ch o que) is ep esen a i e o
muscle one and con ac ile o ce.25,31 Con ac ion- ime
pa ame e s such as Ts and T show he la ges in luence
on muscle ac i a ion and a igue a e,30 o Tc, which is
ela ed o muscle-composi ion pa ame e s such as ibe -
ype dis ibu ion32 34 and speed o o ce gene a ion.34 In
he cu en s udy, TMG analysis o he as us la e alis and
as us medialis o he dominan leg showed no
s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween he wo
in e en ions in Dm, Tc, Ts, and T . These esul s indica e
ha he e was no e ec o KT on muscle con ac ile
p ope ies.
These esul s con as wi h hose epo ed by Slupik
e al,20 who showed an inc ease in muscle one when KT
was applied o suppo he muscle and sugges ed ha i
may be due o a e lex e ec on he ne ous sys em. This
e ec may be due o an inc ease in he numbe o mo o
uni s ec ui ed du ing maximal con ac ion, an inc ease in
muscle one gene a ed by indi idual uni s, o he join
e ec o bo h mechanisms. Mo issey35 and Sijmonsma,14
a gue ha when he ape is applied in he di ec ion o
de Hoyo e al
Kinesio Taping in Socce Playe s
Page 4 o 8
muscle ibe s he muscle one migh inc ease, and
he e o e i may acili a e he s eng h o he unde lying
muscle. Howe e , in he cu en s udy all TMG
pa ame e s showed no signi ican e ec s when he KT
was applied; i is he e o e appa en ha he e is no clea
ela ionship be ween inc eased muscle one and KT.
When sho - e m e ec s o KT on muscle
pe o mance we e analyzed, ou esul s ag ee wi h hose
o Fu e al23 and Slupik e al,20 who did no ind posi i e
e ec s o KT on peak o que du ing isokine ic ac i a ions
o he leg muscles immedia ely and a e 10 minu es o
aping, espec i ely. Hsu e al19 in es iga ed he e ec o
elas ic aping on s eng h o he scapula muscles in
baseball playe s wi h shoulde impingemen . Compa ed
wi h he placebo aping, he s eng h o he lowe
apezius had a endency o inc ease a e KT applica ion,
bu again his esponse was no s a is ically signi ican .
Howe e , Huang e al21 showed inc eases in
elec omyog aphic ac i i y and eac ion o ce when KT
was applied on he cal muscle, bu jump heigh did no
imp o e.
When hey assessed he long- e m e ec o KT, Fu
e al23 ound no signi ican inc ease in muscle s eng h 12
h a e applica ion o he ape. Howe e , Slupik e al20
showed ha KT has a posi i e e ec on muscle ac i i y 24
and 72 hou s (bu no 96 h) a e aping. Long- e m e ec s
we e no analyzed in he cu en s udy, bu i may be ha
KT e ec s a e mo e appa en 24 o 72 hou s a e i s
placemen .
Se e al heo ies ha e ied o explain hese
con adic o y esul s. Slupik e al20 sugges ed ha e ec s
o KT may be due o an inc eased ec ui men o he
37 and
Simoneau e al38 hypo hesize ha ac ile inpu has been
epo ed o in e ac wi h mo o con ol by al e ing he
exci abili y o he cen al neu on sys em. Huang e al21
indica e ha he muscle ha con ibu es he mos du ing
an ac i i y may e lec la ge elec omyog aphic change
wi h KT. In addi ion, Alexande e al39 epo ed ha he
longi udinal s ip may sho en he muscle ibe s,
p oducing a dec ease in he a e en Ia discha ge om he
neu omuscula spindle, causing a educ ion in he mo o
neu ons o he medulla an e io ho n, p o ed by he
diminished ampli ude o he H e lex obse ed. Acco ding
o Hsu e al,19 he eason KT applica ion could lead o he
immedia e ma ginal inc ease in muscle s eng h can be
explained by he esul s o he acili a ed muscle ac i i y
and imp o ed join alignmen .
The nega i e esul s obse ed in he cu en s udy
may be explained by he ac ha a e en s imuli
gene a ed by KT may no be s ong enough o modula e
muscle pe o mance o heal hy socce playe s. Ano he
possible explana ion o hese esul s may be ype o ape,
as was sugges ed by Hsieh e al.40 In addi ion, unlike mos
s udies in he ield, in his in es iga ion unc ional muscle-
pe o mance es s we e used, which may be less sensi i e
o change (bu mo e clinical and unc ionally ele an ),
which could explain he di e ences ound be ween ou
esul s and hose o o he s. In addi ion, he unc ional es s
used highe loads, acili a ing g ea e muscle- ibe
ec ui men and mo o -uni synch oniza ion, bu hese
loads a e less used in daily socce - aining ou ines.
Finally, ou s udy had some limi a ions ha should
be conside ed. Tape localiza ion and/o ajec o ies on he
a ge limb, join , o muscle and applica ion echnique
used by he he apis can in luence he e ec o KT on
muscle pe o mance. In ou s udy, a s anda d 2-in (5-cm)
black KT was used, and an expe ienced physio he apis
applied i in all cases ollowing he Y-shaped KT
echnique p oposed by Kase e al13 and Fu e al.23
Howe e , sub le di e ences in ape and applica ion used
ac oss he s udies may accoun o some o he
di e ences.
Conclusions
In conclusion, he e is no sho - e m e ec o KT on
con ac ile p ope ies and muscle pe o mance in young
eli e socce playe s. Howe e , new s udies a e needed o
con i m long- e m e ec s o KT 24 o 72 hou s a e
aping.
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Figu e 1 The aping me hod and subjec pos u e
employed when applying Kinesio aping.
Figu e 2 In e p o ocol compa ison o (A) powe ou pu ,
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Table 1 Tensiomyog aphic Measu emen s in Bo h In e en ions
G oup
Muscle Measu e Kinesio aping, mean ± SEM No kinesio aping, mean ± SEM F P
Vas us medialis con ac ion ime (ms) 24.48 ± 0.67 24.88 ± 0.75 0.560 .931
subs a ion ime (ms) 185.38 ± 9.99 181.53 ± 11.09 0.498 .959
elaxa ion ime (ms) 79.46 ± 10.83 70.55 ± 13.58 0.210 .866
maximum dis ance (mm) 5.20 ± 0.28 5.82 ± 0.38 0.928 .391
delayed ime (ms) 19.19 ± 0.40 20.07 ± 0.46 1.373 .277
Vas us la e alis con ac ion ime (ms) 20.81 ±0.45 20.87 ± 0.98 0.169 .845
subs a ion ime (ms) 78.24 ± 9.91 81.93 ± 11.39 0.054 .947
elaxa ion ime (ms) 54.47 ± 9.31 53.99 ± 9.47 0.021 .979
maximum dis ance (mm) 4.09 ± 0.32 3.71 ± 0.35 0.456 .638
delayed ime (ms) 19.73 ± 0.42 19.22 ± 0.32 0.636 .536