No el Modula o o he Hyb id Two-cell
Flying-Capaci o Based ANPC Con e e
Jose I. Leon*, Leopoldo G. F anquelo*, Sami Kou o+, Bin Wu+and Se gio Vazquez*
* Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men
Uni e si y o Se ille
Se ille, Spain 41092
Email: [email p o ec ed]
+ Depa men o Elec ical and Compu e Enginee ing
Rye son Uni e si y
To on o, Canada
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac —Among he mul ile el con e e s p esen in he
indus y, he hyb id lying-capaci o based ac i e-neu al-poin -
clamped con e e is e y ecen . I p esen s good ea u es such as
high quali y ou pu ol age, high modula i y and easy ex ension
o achie e a high numbe o le els wi h educed numbe o
powe de ices. This pape in oduces a simple modula o o
he single-phase wo-cell hyb id lying-capaci o based ac i e-
neu al-poin -clamped con e e . The modula ion echnique is
based on he de e mina ion o a swi ching sequence o med by
wo swi ching s a es which gene a e he wo nea es ol age le els
o he e e ence phase ol age. Some ex a calcula ions a e added
o he modula ion me hod o con ol he dc-link capaci o s and
he loa ing capaci o ol ages. The compu a ional cos o he
modula ion echnique is low only including simple compa isons
and ma hema ical exp essions. Simula ion esul s show he high
quali y ou pu ol ages and cu en s including he dc ol age
con ol.
I. INTRODUCTION
In he las yea s, mul ile el con e e s ha e had a g ea
indus ial impac in he high-powe medium- ol age applica-
ions such as pumps, ans, la ge con eyo s, HVDC sys ems,
di ec -d i e con e e s o wind ene gy sys ems and ship
p opulsion among o he s. Among he ad an ages in oduced
by he mul ile el con e e s, high quali y ou pu wa e o ms,
high modula i y and low d /d ’s ha e been highligh ed. I
can be a i med ha he mul ile el con e e echnology has
achie ed a medium le el o ma u i y and, in he las decade,
a la ge numbe o comme cial p oduc s can be ound in he
ma ke wi h neu al-poin -clamped (NPC), lying capaci o
(FC) and cascaded H-b idge (CHB) opologies [1]–[3].
P oblems and conce ns abou he minimiza ion o he powe
losses, he balancing o he dc-link capaci o s, he modula ion
me hods complexi y and he accu acy o he con ol s a egies
ha e been deeply s udied in he las decades. Specially, he
h ee-le el NPC con e e is nowadays he mos deeply s udied
and comme cialized opology all o e he wo ld achie ing
a nominal powe up o 44 MVA [1]. One o he p oblems
o his opology is he unequal loss dis ibu ion among he
powe semiconduc o s. This issue has been deeply s udied in
he las yea s and i has been sol ed in oducing he h ee-le el
ac i e-NPC (ANPC) con e e whe e ac i e swi ches a e used
ins ead he clamping diodes [4]. The ANPC opology has been
implemen ed by ABB as a powe elec onic building block o
o m IGCT based high ol age con e e s [5]. Howe e , he
ex ension o he ANPC con e e is no easy and a new amily
o hyb id ANPC con e e s has ecen ly been bo n. This pape
is ocused in one o hese hyb id solu ions: he se el-le el
lying-capaci o based ANPC con e e .
II. THE HYBRID FLYING-CAPACITOR BASED ANPC
CONVERTER
In las yea s, a hyb id lying-capaci o based ANPC opol-
ogy has been in oduced [6]. This con e e opology is o med
by he se ies connec ion o a h ee-le el ANPC and loa ing
capaci o powe cells. As an example, he single-phase hyb id
ANPC con e e wi h one loa ing capaci o cell is shown
in Fig. 1A. The possible swi ching s a es o his opology
a e in oduced in Table I. Usually, his con e e is named
i e-le el hyb id ANPC (5L-ANPC) because i achie es i e
symme ical ou pu ol age le els in he phase ol age ( a) i
he loa ing capaci o ol age V a is equal o Vdc/2. Recen ly,
he 5L-ANPC opology has been p oposed o be applied
o wind powe applica ions wo king as a 6 MVA in e e
connec ed o a h ee-le el ANPC ac i e- on -end [7]. ABB
has comme cialized he 5L-ANPC opology as a IGBT based
back- o-back con e e in he ACS2000 medium ol age d i e.
ABB in oduced he con e e o applica ions such as pumps,
ans, con eyo s, ex ude s, mixe s, comp esso s and mills [5].
The 5L-ANPC opology can be ex ended o gene a e a
highe numbe o le els by adding ex a loa ing capaci o
cells. The single-phase hyb id ANPC con e e wi h wo
loa ing capaci o cells is shown in Fig. 1B. The swi ching
s a es o his opology a e summa ized in Table II. This
con e e can be named se en-le el hyb id ANPC (7L-ANPC)
because i achie es se en symme ical ou pu ol age le els i
he loa ing capaci o ol ages V a1and V a2a e equal o
2Vdc/3and Vdc/3 espec i ely. This pape is ocused on he
in oduc ion o a no el and simple modula ion echnique o
a 7L-ANPC con e e .
a
ia
0V a1C
a1
VC1C1
C2
VC2
V a2C
a2
S2
S1S1
S1S1
S1S1
S1S1
S2
S3
S3
S4
S4
0
S2
V a
a
C
a
S3
S1S1
S1S1
S1S1
VC1C1
C2
Flying-capaci o cell
Th ee-le el ANPC
ia
VC2
S1S1
S2S3
A) B)
Fig. 1. Hyb id ANPC opology o med by he se ies connec ion o a h ee-le el ANPC and loa ing capaci o powe cells. A) Fi e-le el opology i
V a=Vdc/2. B) Se en-le el opology i V a1=2V a2=2Vdc/3.
TABLE I
ONE-CELL HYBRID FLYING-CAPACITOR BASED ACTIVE-NPC SWITCHING STATES.
S1S2S3Phase ol age aPhase ol age aIn luence on In luence on In luence on
i VC1=VC2=2V a=Vdc V a i ia>0VC1i ia>0VC2i ia>0
000 −VC2−Vdc − − −
001 V a −VC2−Vdc/2↓ − −
010 −V a −Vdc/2↑ ↑ ↓
011 0 0 − ↑ ↓
100 0 0 − ↑ ↓
101 V a Vdc/2↓ ↑ ↓
110 VC1−V a Vdc/2↑ − −
111 VC1Vdc − − −
TABLE II
TWO-CELL HYBRID FLYING-CAPACITOR BASED ACTIVE-NPC SWITCHING STATES.
S1S2S3S4Ou pu ol age aOu pu ol age aIn luence on In luence on In luence on In luence on
i V 1=2V 2=Vdc/3V a1i ia>0V a2i ia>0VC1i ia>0VC2i ia>0
0 0 0 0 −VC2−Vdc − − − −
0001 V a2−VC2−2Vdc/3− ↓ − −
0010−V a2+V a1−VC2−2Vdc/3↓ ↑ − −
0100 −V a1−2Vdc/3↑ − ↑ ↓
0 0 1 1 V a1−VC2−Vdc/3↓ − − −
0 1 0 1 V a2−V a1−Vdc/3↑ ↓ ↑ ↓
0 1 1 0 −V a2−Vdc/3− ↑ ↑ ↓
0111 0 0 − − ↑ ↓
1000 0 0 − − ↑ ↓
1 0 0 1 V a2Vdc/3− ↓ ↑ ↓
1 0 1 0 −V a2+V a1Vdc/3↓ ↑ ↑ ↓
1 1 0 0 −V a1+VC1Vdc/3↑ − − −
1011 V a12Vdc/3↓ − ↑ ↓
1101V a2−V a1+VC12Vdc/3↑ ↓ − −
1110 −V a2+VC12Vdc/3− ↑ − −
1 1 1 1 VC1Vdc − − − −
In gene al, o a N-le el hyb id ANPC con e e , k loa ing
capaci o cells (N=2k+3) a e needed and hei desi ed ol age
alues V∗
ai (i=1, . . . , k) a e equal o (k+ 1 −i)Vdc/(k+ 1).
This in o ma ion is summa ized in Table III.
III. PROPOSED MODULATOR FOR THE SINGLE-PHASE
7L-ANPC CONVERTER
As can be obse ed in Table I and Table II, he e a e
se e al swi ching s a es which ob ain he same ou pu ol age
and a ec o he lying capaci o ol ages in opposi e way.
P e ious publica ions ha e shown he good pe o mance o
TABLE III
DESIRED VOLTAGES OF THE FLYING CAPACITORS OF THE HYBRID ANPC TOPOLOGY DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF FLOATING CAPACITOR CELLS.
Numbe o le els Numbe o loa ing capaci o cells V∗
a1V∗
a2V∗
a3. . . V∗
ak
N k
5 1 Vdc/2− − . . . −
7 2 2Vdc/3Vdc/3−. . . −
9 3 3Vdc/4 2Vdc/4Vdc/4. . . −
... ... ... ... ... ...
N (N-1)/2 kVdc/(k+ 1) (k−1)Vdc/(k+ 1) (k−2)Vdc/(k+ 1) . . . Vdc/(k+ 1)
he dc ol age con ol o he lying capaci o o he 5L-
ANPC by choosing p ope ly he edundan swi ching s a es o
he swi ching sequence. Recen ly a space- ec o modula ion
echnique has been applied o a h ee-phase 5L-ANPC o he
ec i ie side o a back- o-back con igu a ion [8]. The con ol
egion o he con e e is he well-known hexagon plo ed in
he alpha-be a ame whe e he swi ching s a es a e loca ed.
The swi ching sequence and he du y cycles a e de e mined
using he h ee nea es swi ching s a es o he e e ence ec o .
Howe e , i has o be no iced ha , he le el o lexibili y and
complexi y is eally signi ican because o he high numbe
o di e en ou pu ol age ec o s. This ac becomes c i ical
when a highe numbe o le els is conside ed in he hyb id
lying-capaci o based ANPC con e e .
P e-p og ammed modula ion echniques such as he selec-
i e ha monic elimina ion (SHE) ha e been also add essed
o his con e e opology. In hese me hods, he swi ching
o he con e e is de e mined o line o elimina e he ha -
monic dis o ion o some low o de ha monics. A simila p e-
p og ammed modula ion echnique has been also in oduced
o minimize online he o e all o al ha monic dis o ion. The
ol age le el o be gene a ed by he con e e is ob ained
online aking in o accoun he bes possible swi ching o
achie e he loa ing ol age con ol [9]–[12].
Finally, se e al mul i-ca ie based pulse wid h-modula ion
(PWM) echnique ha e been in oduced o be applied o he
hyb id lying-capaci o based ANPC con e e . The mul i-
ca ie PWM echniques a e le el-shi ed [7] o phase-shi ed
echniques [13]. The phase-shi ed solu ion ep esen s a good
solu ion because i achie es a na u al balance o he lying
capaci o s o he con e e . Howe e , i s dynamic pe o mance
is poo when a la ge load s ep is applied o he con e e .
In his pape , a simple modula ion echnique o he 7L-
ANPC is p oposed. This me hod is based on he gene a ion
o he e e ence phase ol age as an a e age o he nea es
ol age le els. In his way, he modula ion p oblem is educed
o e y simple calcula ions de e mining easily he swi ching
sequence ( o med by wo swi ching s a es o each phase o
he con e e ) and he co esponding swi ching imes. The
p oposed modula o includes as an addi ional con ol a ge
he balance he lying-capaci o s o he hyb id ANPC con-
e e . The balancing con ol algo i hm is based on choosing
he p ope edundan swi ching s a e aking in o accoun he
ins an aneous alues o he di ec ion o he phase cu en and
he lying capaci o imbalances.
In he p oposed modula o , he ollowing ma hema ical
de ini ions a e necessa y:
a= 3V e +Vdc
Vdc
(1)
ai= loo (a)(2)
e o a=·V a1−V∗
a1
V a2−V∗
a2¸(3)
In each ow o ma ices C1and C2some possible ga e
signal alues o a iables S2,S3and S4a e de ined. Fi s
column is ocused on a iable S2. Ma ix C1includes he
possible swi ching s a es whe e only one o he ga e signals
is equal o 1. On he o he hand, C2includes he possible
swi ching s a es whe e wo ga e signals a e equal o 1.
C1=

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0

(4)
C2=

0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

(5)
On he o he hand, ma ices M1and M2de ine he in lu-
ence o he swi ching s a es de ined by ma ices C1and C2
espec i ely on he loa ing capaci o ol ages V a1and V a2.
Fi s and second columns a e ocused on a iables V a1and
V a2 espec i ely. When he phase cu en iais nega i e and
an speci ic swi ching s a e is applied o he 7L-ANPC, i he
loa ing capaci o ol age inc eases, he associa ed elemen in
ma ix M1o M2is equal o 1. I loa ing capaci o ol age
emains cons an is equal o 0 and inally he elemen is equal
o -1 i he loa ing capaci o ol age dec eases.
M1=

0 1
1−1
−1 0

(6)
M2=

1 0
−1 1
0−1

(7)
The low diag am o he single-phase modula o o he
7L-ANPC con e e is shown in Fig. 2. In he low diag am
ep esen ed in Fig. 2, he swi ching a iable Si(i= 1,2,3,4)
|V e |>2Vdc/3
NOYES
S11 = S12 = 1
1 = 1-a+ai
s = 1
V e >0
NOYES
S11 = S12 = 0
1 = a-ai
s = 0
M = sM2+(1-s)M1
G = iaM e o a
ind = max(G)
S22 = S32 = S42 = s
S21 = s C2(ind,1)+(1-s)C1(ind,1)
S31 = s C2(ind,2)+(1-s)C1(ind,2)
S41 = s C2(ind,3)+(1-s)C1(ind,3)
YES
M = sM1+(1-s)M2
G = iaM e o a
ind = max(G)
S21 = S31 = S41 = 1-s
S22 = s C1(ind,1)+(1-s)C2(ind,1)
S32 = s C1(ind,2)+(1-s)C2(ind,2)
S42 = s C1(ind,3)+(1-s)C2(ind,3)
|V e |<Vdc/3
M = sM1+(1-s)M2
G = iaM e o a
ind = max(G)
S21 = s C1(ind,1)+(1-s)C2(ind,1)
S31 = s C1(ind,2)+(1-s)C2(ind,2)
S41 = s C1(ind,3)+(1-s)C2(ind,3)
M = sM2+(1-s)M1
G = iaM e o a
ind = max(G)
S22 = s C2(ind,1)+(1-s)C1(ind,1)
S32 = s C2(ind,2)+(1-s)C1(ind,2)
S42 = s C2(ind,3)+(1-s)C1(ind,3)
NO
Fig. 2. Flow diag am o he single-phase modula o o he 7L-ANPC con e e wi h lying capaci o ol ages con ol.
akes he alue Si1du ing 1/2,Si2du ing 1− 1and
inally again Si1du ing 1/2. Using he p oposed modula o , a
maximum o only one swi ching is p esen du ing he sampling
ime Tsin each powe semiconduc o couple commanded by
a iables S1,S2,S3and S4. The swi ching signal S1is
simply gene a ed by compa ing he e e ence ol age V e
wi h ze o. The e o e, he modula o o ces a undamen al
swi ching equency in he powe semiconduc o s commanded
by S1leading o a educ ion o he swi ching losses o he
sys em. This educ ion is due o he ac ha S1commands
he swi ching s a e o eigh powe semiconduc o s while S2,
S3and S4command he s a e o a couple hem espec i ely.
Ope a o loo (x) ounds he elemen s o x o he nea es
in ege s owa ds minus in ini y. Ope a o max(x) e u ns he
index o he maximum alues in ec o x. I his alue is
epea ed in he ec o , he index o he i s one is e u ned.
All he possible edundan swi ching s a es a e conside ed
in he low diag am o he single-phase modula o o he 7L-
ANPC con e e shown in Fig. 2. The compu a ional cos o
he modula ion echnique is low only including simple compa -
isons and ma hema ical exp essions. When se e al edundan
swi ching s a es can be applied, he ac ual ope a ion poin o
he 7L-ANPC is conside ed in o de o de e mine he inal
swi ching s a e o be pa o he swi ching sequence. In he
low diag am, ec o gde e mines he posi i e o nega i e
in luence o each possible swi ching s a e aking in o accoun
he ma ix M1o M2, he ac ual alue o he phase cu en ia
and he dc ol age imbalances in he lying capaci o s. In his
way, he elemen o ec o Gwi h maximum alue, called
ind in he low diag am, de e mine he inal swi ching s a e
om he co esponding ow o ma ix C1o C2. In ac , his
me hod implies a minimiza ion o he elec ical ene gy s o ed
in he dc-link capaci o s [14], [15]. The minimiza ion o his
pa ame e di ec ly means he minimiza ion o he a e aged
imbalance in he dc-link ol age.
IV. RESULTS OF THE MODULATOR FOR THE
SINGLE-PHASE 7L-ANPC CONVERTER
The p oposed modula o has been applied o he 7L-ANPC
opology whe e he dc-link capaci o s C1and C2a e equal o
3mF, he loa ing capaci o s C a1and C a2a e equal o 2mF
and he o al ol age o he dc-link 2Vdc is equal o 3000 ol s.
The o al dc-link ol age is kep cons an by an ac i e on
end. The desi ed loa ing capaci o ol ages V a1and V a2a e
equal o 1000 ol s and 500 ol s espec i ely. The 7L-ANPC
is connec ed o a esis i e-induc i e load o med by he se ies
connec ion o R=10Ωand L=3mH. The e e ence ol age V e
is a pu e sinusoidal ol age wi h an ampli ude equal o 1500
ol s. The loa ing capaci o is ini ially discha ged s a ing
om ze o ol s. The sampling equency so he modula o
is equal o 800 Hz.
The low diag am in oduced in Fig. 2 is applied o he
single-phase 7L-ANPC con e e and he ob ained esul s a e
ep esen ed in Fig. 3 whe e he phase ol age a, he phase
cu en ia, he lying capaci o ol ages V a1and V a2and a
hal o he dc-link ol age VC1a e ep esen ed. A de ail o
he phase ol age and cu en , he loa ing capaci o ol ages
and a hal o he dc-link ol age in s eady s a e condi ions is
shown in Fig. 4. I can be obse ed ha he loa ing capaci o
ol ages achie e hei desi ed alues while he phase ol age
and cu en ha e high quali y. The swi ching equency o
powe semiconduc o s commanded by S1is 50Hz while he
a e age swi ching equency o S2,S3and S4is a ound
500Hz.
As can be obse ed in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, he dc-link
capaci o s ol ages a e na u ally balanced because he ol age
o capaci o C1(VC1) emains a ound 1500 ol s ( he hal o
he o al dc-link ol age). This phenomenon can be explained
conside ing he expe imen shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. In
his new es , he powe con e e s a s he ope a ion wi h an
unbalanced si ua ion in he dc-link (VC1and VC2a e equal o
1000 and 2000 ol s espec i ely). The loa ing ol ages V a1
and V a2a e 1000 ol s and 500 ol s espec i ely which
a e hei desi ed ol ages. F om Fig. 5, i can be obse ed
ha he dc-link imbalance dec eases achie ing he desi ed
ope a ion poin whe e bo h dc-link capaci o ol ages a e equal
o 1500 ol s. A de ail o he wa e o ms o his expe imen is
shown in Fig. 6. The dc-link capaci o s ol ages a e na u ally
balanced because he ac ual dc-link ol age imbalance c ea es
an o se in he phase ol age. This ac leads o an o se in
he phase cu en which di ec ly a ec s o he dc-link capaci o
ol ages as was in oduced in Table II. In his way, i he
dc-link ol age VC1is less han 1500 ol s, a posi i e o se
appea s in he phase ol age and he phase cu en . This ends
o inc ease he ol age o capaci o C1 educing he dc-link
ol age imbalance.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
−2000
0
2000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
−200
0
200
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Time (s)
Vol age [V] Cu en [A] Vol age [V]
V
C1
V
a1
V
a2
a
i
a
Fig. 3. Resul s o he p oposed modula ion echnique applied o he single-
phase 7L-ANPC. F om op o bo om: Phase ol age, phase cu en , loa ing
capaci o ol ages and hal o he dc-link ol age.
0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
−2000
0
2000
0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
−200
0
200
0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
500
1000
1500
Time (s)
Vol age [V] Cu en [A] Vol age [V]
V
C1 V
a1
V
a2
a
i
a
Fig. 4. De ailed esul s o he p oposed modula ion echnique applied o he
single-phase 7L-ANPC. F om op o bo om: Phase ol age, phase cu en ,
loa ing capaci o ol ages and hal o he dc-link ol age.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In his pape , a se en-le el hyb id lying-capaci o based
ANPC opology o med by he se ies connec ion o a h ee-
le el ANPC wi h wo loa ing capaci o cells, called 7L-
ANPC, has been s udied. This pape in oduces a simple
modula ion echnique o ob ain high pe o mance ou pu wa e-
o ms wi h ol age balance con ol o he lying capaci o s
and he dc-link capaci o s. The p oposed modula ion me hod
is based on he gene a ion o he e e ence phase ol age
using he wo nea es ol age le els o he con e e opology.
As se e al swi ching s a es a e edundan , a ma hema ical
compa ison using ma ices is ca ied ou o de e mine he
p ope swi ching s a e o achie e he dc ol age con ol. The

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
−2000
0
2000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
−200
0
200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Time (s)
Vol age [V] Cu en [A] Vol age [V]
V
C1
V
a1
V
a2
a
i
a
Fig. 5. Resul s o he p oposed modula ion echnique applied o he single-
phase 7L-ANPC s a ing om an unbalanced si ua ion in he dc-link. F om
op o bo om: Phase ol age, phase cu en , hal o he dc-link ol age VC1
and loa ing capaci o ol ages.
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
−2000
0
2000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
−200
0
200
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
1000
1125
1250
Time (s)
Vol age [V] Cu en [A] Vol age [V]
a
i
a
V
C1
Fig. 6. De ailed Resul s o he p oposed modula ion echnique applied o
he single-phase 7L-ANPC s a ing om an unbalanced si ua ion in he dc-
link. F om op o bo om: Phase ol age, phase cu en and hal o he dc-link
ol age VC1.
p oposed modula ion echnique akes in o accoun he ac ual
alues o he loa ing capaci o ol ages and he phase cu en .
The esul ing modula ion echnique has low compu a ional
cos only including simple equa ions and compa isons.
Applying he p oposed modula ion s a egy o he single-
phase 7L-ANPC, he phase capaci o ol ages a e con olled o
hei desi ed alues. In addi ion, he dc-link capaci o s ol ages
a e na u ally balanced due o he dc o se e ec c ea ed
by he modula o . The p oposed modula ion me hod can be
applied wi h e y low swi ching equency. In he p esen ed
expe imen s, he sampling equency o he modula o is
800Hz leading o a swi ching equency o he powe de-
ices (excep S1which has undamen al swi ching equency)
a ound 500Hz. The esul s show he good pe o mance o he
p oposed modula ion me hod.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The au ho s g a e ully acknowledge he inancial suppo
p o ided by he Minis y o Educa ion unde g an PR2010-
0162 and he CCTVal (N◦FB0821).
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