ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION FIT BETWEEN MANUFACTURING
STRATEGY AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON
PERFORMANCE
Cesa H. O ega Jimenez (1) & (2)
[email p o ec ed]
Ped o Ga ido Vega (2)
Jose An onio Dominguez Machuca (2)
(1) Uni e sidad Nacional Au onoma de Hondu as (UNAH)
Ins i u o de In es igaciones Economicas y Sociales (IIES)
Edi icio 5, Plan a Baja, Ciudad Uni e si a ia, Bl d. Suyapa
Tegucigalpa, MDC., Hondu as, (Cen al Ame ica)
(2) Uni e sidad de Se illa (Spain)
Facul ad de Ciencias Economicas y Emp esa iales
Depa amen o de Economia Financie a y Di ección de Ope aciones
G.I.D.E.A.O. (G upo de In es igación en Di eccion de Ope aciones en la Indus ia y los
Se icios)
A enida Ramon y Cajal, 1
41018 – Se illa (Spain)
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ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION FIT BETWEEN MANUFACTURING
STRATEGY AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON
PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
Pu pose
Using he ma ching/di e ence pe spec i e, his pape examines he in e ac ion i be ween a se
o manage ial p ac ices om manu ac u ing s a egy and ano he se om echnology managemen
and he link o his i o ope a ional pe o mance.
Design/me hodology/app oach
This pape applies mul iple s a is ical me hods o a da abase o an in e na ional sample o plan s
in he au o supplie sec o o explo e (de ia ion sco e analysis/mul iple linea eg ession) and
con i m (co ela ion and a iance subg oup analysis) whe he a ma ching model p esen s
o ganisa ional disequilib ium, whe e s a es o i a e ela ed o e ec i ely highe pe o mance han
s a es o mis i .
Findings
Resul s om eg ession show ha he e we e no s a es o mis i be ween he le els o bo h
manu ac u ing p ac ice se s/a eas. This means ha he e a e no signi ican di e ences in
pe o mance ha may be es ed o ma ching in e ac ion. Howe e , subg oup analysis p o ides
g ea e de ail on why he e migh no be any mis i s (i.e. s a e o i ), by illus a ing ha when
g ouping by plan ype (high/wo ld class pe o me , HP, and s anda d pe o me , SP), he sligh lack
o signi ican di e ence in he co ela ion be ween manu ac u ing s a egy (MS) and Technology
Managemen (TM) was in a ou o HP. The implemen a ion le els o MS-TM ound we e no
signi ican ly di e en , showing o HP sligh ly highe le els o bo h p ac ices (+ & +) han o SP,
wi h sligh ly lowe alues in bo h cases (- & -). The e o e, i seems ha bo h g oups migh pe o m
equally well, due no o in e ac ion bu o he p esence o a s a e o MS-TM i alone. A s a e o i
such as his, known as selec ion o cong uency, would be he eason o he e being no signi ican
ma ching in e ac ion o iginally.
O iginali y/ alue
Mos o he in e ac ion i bibliog aphy is om he accoun ing pe spec i e. The e o e, he impac
o he ma ching in e ac ion i be ween MS and echnology managemen (as well as i s impac on
pe o mance) has no been well documen ed heo e ically, and much less, empi ically, in POM.
Keywo ds: Manu ac u ing indus ies, Au omo i e componen s indus y, P oduc ion managemen ,
Ope a ions managemen , Manu ac u ing s a egy, Technology managemen , Pe o mance, High
pe o mance manu ac u ing
1. INTRODUCTION
Wi h he aim o imp o ing pe o mance in esponse o inc eased compe i ion, companies ha e
implemen ed a con inual cu en o new p oduc ion p ac ices, om he oldes , such as MRP, o he
mos ecen , ela ed o supply chain managemen (Al alla-Luque and Medina-López, 2009).
Howe e , he e is a unique pa h o high pe o mance o each manu ac u e based on he
implemen a ion o he bes manu ac u ing p ac ices and con ingen ac o s and links be ween
manu ac u ing p ac ices (Filippini e al., 1996; Filippini e al., 2001; Sch oede and Flynn, 2001).
P e ious s udies on his opic s ill shed li le ligh on he easons why implemen ing he same
manu ac u ing p ac ices migh lead o high pe o mance in some plan s, bu no in o he s (e.g.
Fo za, 1996; Filippini, 1997; Filippini e al., 1998; Maie , 2000). Lack o success in some plan s
may be pa ially due o a aul y link be ween p ac ices. S a ing om his ounda ional idea o
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in e connec ion, he p esen s udy es s he pe o mance e ec s o he link be ween manu ac u ing
s a egy (MS) and echnology managemen (TM).
Po e (1983, 1985) pu s g ea s ess on he need o hink h ough he in e connec ion be ween
bo h se s o p ac ices co e ed in his s udy (s a egy and echnology). In his espec , pa o he
specialised li e a u e (e.g. Skinne , 1969; Po e , 1983) explains ha in o de o d i e
compe i i eness in o ganisa ions, s a egy should d i e echnology de elopmen . The e o e,
echnological de elopmen can p o ide he plan wi h a g oup o compe i i e weapons and a be e
echnological base, applicable o o he p oduc s and ma ke s (Ho e and Schendel, 1978; I ami and
Numagami, 1992). This implies he adop ion o a unidi ec ional pe spec i e, ha is o say, he
causal ela ionship goes om s a egy o echnology, and no ice- e sa.
The o he side o he coin (also unidi ec ional) ha is appa en om specialised li e a u e (e.g.
Hayes, 1985) conside s echnological capaci y as he ounda ion o s a egy, i.e., i p esen s a
pe spec i e in which echnology should guide s a egy. F om his pe spec i e, he plan ends o
look inwa ds o i s s a egic op ions—inside i s limi a ions and echnological capaci ies. I can be
a gued ha in his si ua ion, echnology can ac as a ool o a plan ’s ad an age (Po e , 1983), o as
a es ic ion o which i mus hen adap (Ho e and Schendel, 1978). The plan ’s p oduc /p ocess
po olio he e o e in luences he kind o echnology ha he o ganisa ion ies o main ain o
de elop. This hen a ec s he echnology on which he plan chooses o base i s s a egy: he e o e,
s a egy is limi ed by echnology (Po e , 1985).
Up o he 1990s, mos o he s udies essen ially iewed he ela ionship be ween s a egy and
echnology om one o hese wo unidi ec ional pe spec i es. This has mean an al e na i e ocus
has been sidelined ha may allow es ing o bo h pe spec i es simul aneously, bidi ec ionally.
Thus, beyond he gene al a gumen ha manu ac u ing s a egy and echnology should be
ha monised, con ingency and in e connec ion ideas allow hem o be e-examined o possible
bidi ec ional in e ac ions be ween MS and TM p ac ices.
This idea o link is ha nei he MS no TM by hemsel es will achie e hei po en ial unless hey
a e bo h componen s o a gene al pe o mance pla o m. Despi e he impo ance o disco e ing how
o achie e his in e ela ionship, i s empi ical explo a ion has no been well documen ed in he
P oduc ion and Ope a ions Managemen (POM) li e a u e. Hence, his wo k ocuses on he possible
impac o he in e ac ion be ween manu ac u ing s a egy and echnology managemen p ac ice se s
on pe o mance —a undamen al aspec o ou empi ical esea ch.
A coun less numbe o possible links exis be ween MS and TM which can be used o es he
ex en o which hey a e ela ed and hei implica ions on pe o mance, bu his esea ch ocuses
p ima ily on supplemen a i y (Roca and Bou, 2006). A supplemen a y ela ionship is a simila i y o
con e gen adjus men be ween wo independen a iables. This would imply a con e gence,
in e sec ion o endency sha ed by bo h MS and TM. The ollowing esea ch ques ions can be
o mula ed on his basis: 1) is he e ma ching in e ac ion i be ween MS and TM? and 2) does his
in e ac ion a ec pe o mance? This pape seeks o explo e and con i m bo h ques ions.
In he ollowing sec ion, he li e a u e on he ela ionship be ween manu ac u ing s a egy and
TM is e iewed. Sec ion 3 desc ibes he esea ch design and ou lines he possible ela ionship
wi hin he amewo k o his s udy’s p oposals and hypo heses and i s “cons uc s”. Sec ion 4
desc ibes and discusses he me hodology o he s udy, in pa icula he de elopmen o he
ques ionnai es, da a collec ion and model me hods. Sec ion 5 p esen s he esul s and discussion.
Sec ion 6 se s ou he inal conside a ions o he pape , de ailing i s con ibu ions, implica ions and
limi a ions and he di ec ions u u e esea ch could ake.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
As a as he gene al POM li e a u e is conce ned, p e ious s udies ha e deal mo e wi h he links
be ween echnology and business s a egy han wi h he speci ic uni- o mul idimensional links
be ween echnology managemen (TM) and manu ac u ing s a egy (MS). Some esea che s ha e
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classi ied he impo an dimensions o echnology ha a e adjus ed o a pa icula s a egy (e.g.
Fos e , 1986). Fo his pa , Pa ke (2000) explo ed he cu en and u u e dynamics be ween
business s a egy and echnology, and hei e ec on pe o mance, wi hou conside ing ime se ies
(longi udinal s udies).
POM esea che s ha e s udied he empi ical connec ions be ween speci ic dimensions o
echnology and business s a egy (e.g. Hamb ick e al., 1983). Some o hei disco e ies indica e he
need o de e mine he i be ween speci ic dimensions o business s a egy and echnology (e.g.
Pa hasa hy and Se hi, 1993).
Thus, some o he abo e s udies ha e p oposed in eg a ed models ha desc ibe i be ween
se e al dimensions o echnology and business s a egy (e.g. Maidique and Pa ch, 1988). Howe e ,
hey do no conside whe he he e is a supplemen a y ela ionship be ween s a egy and echnology
in hei impac on pe o mance
Al hough hese s udies ha e inc eased he gene al unde s anding o he link be ween s a egy and
echnology, hey ha e no examined di e en ial aspec s and hei impac on pe o mance.
Fu he mo e, al hough hey ha e p o ided ideas on he ela ionships be ween s a egy and
echnology, he co esponding empi ical alida ions hus a ha e been minimal and e en ewe
ha e been aluable om he p esen poin -o - iew o conside ing Manu ac u ing S a egy
speci ically, since mos o hese s udies analyse he ela ionships om he pe spec i e o business
s a egy a he han ha o MS.
Speci ically, i we explo e he esul s ob ained om he High Pe o mance Manu ac u ing
P ojec compiled in he book edi ed by Sch oede and Flynn, 2001, one may see ha ou o he o e
110 s udies included, only Mo i a and Flynn (1997) di ec ly deal wi h he MS - TM ela ionship.
Howe e , hey do so in nei he an exclusi e no an exhaus i e way, since om he MS pe spec i e,
hey app oach he ela ionship only h ough he dimension o s a egic adap a ion wi h o he
p ac ices se s. Fu he mo e, om he echnological poin -o - iew, hey deal only wi h he concep
o echnology being adap ed o i s scales. Amongs hei conclusions, hey indica e ha an impo an
link does exis be ween hese concep s and ha he e is a high deg ee o co ela ion o his link o
di e en dimensions o pe o mance.
Simila ly, only h ee pape s on his impo an issue we e ound a e he HPM book was
published. Ma sui (2002) s udied he con ibu ion o di e en manu ac u ing p ac ices—including
MS (wi h di e en dimensions)— o he de elopmen o echnology manage ial p ac ices ( ha is,
e ec i e p ocess implemen a ion, in e unc ional design e o s, design p oduc simplici y). His
esul s p o ide clea e idence ha he employmen o se e al manu ac u ing p ac ice se s (including
MS) in he de elopmen o echnology has a s ong impac on he compe i i eness o a
manu ac u ing plan . Meanwhile, McKone and Sch oede (2002) iden i ied he ype o plan s ha
make use o p ocess and p oduc echnology by aking in o conside a ion a plan ’s ela ionship wi h
i s con ex (including s a egic aspec s bu no including pe o mance). Finally, Ke oki i and
Sch oede (2004) seek o use s a egic e en uali ies in ol ed in he adop ion and implemen a ion o
se e al manu ac u ing p ac ices o achie e high pe o mance. Howe e , hey include “design o
manu ac u abili y" as he only echnology- ela ed a iable. Thus, none o hese HPM pape s es s
o in e ac ion be ween TM and MS.
In conclusion, in gene al e ms p e ious esea ch has had undamen ally concep ual o ien a ions.
Likewise, he ew exis ing empi ical s udies ha e no documen ed he impac o he MS-TM
supplemen a y in e ac ion on pe o mance, as can be seen in he bibliog aphy below (mos o he
s udies ela ed o supplemen a y in e ac ion ha e been done om he accoun ing and no om he
POM poin -o - iew). Because o his, i is no clea whe he a supplemen a y ela ionship be ween
MS and TM exis s, o whe he his in e ac ion has any impac on ope a ional pe o mance. This
esea ch seeks o in es iga e possible impac s o he supplemen a y in e ac ion be ween MS and
TM on ope a ional pe o mance.
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3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES
I is a ac ha manu ac u ing p ac ices (MPs) impac on pe o mance, whe he posi i ely o
nega i ely, and al hough empi ical con i ma ion o his may shed mo e ligh on ascina ing
in e ences, i is a mo e in e es ing challenge o in es iga e how links be ween MPs con ibu e o
se ing plan s on hei pa hs owa d high pe o mance (Sch oede and Flynn, 2001).
In his espec , one impo an ocus o in es iga ion in POM has been o ou line he impac o he
link be ween di e en manu ac u ing p ac ices on pe o mance (e.g. Sch oede and Flynn, 2001).
Following his line o esea ch, his pape in es iga es whe he a se o echnology manage ial
p ac ices and a se o MS p ac ices in luence each o he in hei ela ionship wi h pe o mance. This
wo k uses he concep o i be ween he wo p ac ice g oups. B oadly-speaking, i means ha
cong uency be ween wo o mo e ac o s leads o imp o ed pe o mance (see Venka aman and
P esco , 1990). This concep has also been p oposed in o he a eas wi h o he denomina ions (e.g.
Ald ich, 1979).
In he ollowing, a p oposed ‘ma ching’ model and i s espec i e hypo heses a e desc ibed o
he ela ionship being s udied. This is done by concep ualising he ole o he e ec on pe o mance
o he in e connec ion be ween he p ac ices in ques ion om he pe spec i e o in e ac ion i
(Venka aman, 1989; Dele y and Do y, 1996). In e ac ion ies o measu e an ou come in he link
be ween wo independen a iables since bo h i s and mis i s a e expec ed in he link. The
in e ac ion o m is discussed in mo e de ail below. Mos o he i li e a u e conside ed he e is in
keeping wi h con ingency heo y (e.g. D azin and Van de Ven, 1985), which will be commen ed
upon in 3.1.
3.1 In e ac ion i
The Con ingency Pe spec i e has been a e y impo an ocus in empi ical esea ch and has
gene a ed a subs an ial body o knowledge (e.g. Chenhall 2003). I s a es ha he e ec o a ac o
canno be uni e sally supe io in all con ingen and o ganisa ional con ex s. Thus i s undamen al
pos ula e is ha one single be e way o o ganising does no exis . Donaldson (1994) s a es ha he
concep o i be ween s uc u al and con ex ual (con ingency) cha ac e is ics is a he co e o
con ingency heo y and ha ailu e o achie e a i would lead o in e io esul s.
Con ingency s udies in he nine een-six ies and -se en ies (Woodwa d, 1965; Van de Ven and
Delbecq, 1974) concen a ed on seeing how his i was achie ed om selec ion pe spec i es. The
adjus men p emise assumed in selec ion is cong uency be ween wo independen a iables
mu ually in luencing each o he while ope a ing in a plan . No ou come is measu ed since we
expec no mis i s in he wo a iable in e ela ionship. In o he wo ds, i s possible impac on
pe o mance is no analysed. Al hough some esea che s ou lined hypo heses on dependencies
be ween i and e ec i eness, hese ela ionships we e no usually concep ualised o e alua ed.
O e ime his o m o es ing i came o be ques ioned (e.g. Pennings, 1992) and i was a gued ha
con ingencies should be unde s ood as ela ionships wi h a ypical ou come, such as pe o mance
(Van de Ven and D azin, 1985; Venka aman, 1989), whe e e ec i eness is he esul o he
in e ac ion be ween a leas wo a iables, gene ally one con ex ual and one s uc u al (in e ac ion
pe spec i e).
Resea ch based on con ingency has mainly ocused on he s udy o i assuming ha manage s
ac wi h he in en ion o adap ing hei o ganisa ions o changes in con ex o achie e i and o
inc ease pe o mance. Al hough he con ingency iew is a e y impo an ocus in POM (e.g. Weill
and Olson, 1989) he concep o i , especially in e ac ion, has been modelled in o ms ha limi
s a is ical compa isons, since POM esea che s mos ly pos ula e ela ionships swi ching back and
o wa d be ween in e ac ion, mode a ion and con ingency e ms.
Howe e , his pape does no seek o be c i ical o he seemingly simple explana ions o
con ingency heo y (e.g. Schoonho en, 1981; Van de Ven and D azin, 1985; Meilich, 2006)

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because o ague p edic ions and an inabili y o make i wo k p ope ly. I conside s such d awbacks
and ies o o e come hem when modelling i .
Two heo e ical o ms o i a e gene ally used o classi y an in es iga ion based on con ingency:
bi a ia e and sys emic. The bi a ia e model examines he way in which con ex ual (con ingen )
ac o s a e ela ed o he s uc u al aspec s o plan s (e.g. a manu ac u ing plan) connec ing his
associa ion wi h pe o mance (D azin and Van de Ven, 1985). The sys emic model conside s he
way in which mul iple s uc u al and con ex ual aspec s combine in a a ie y o ways o imp o e
pe o mance (Chenhall, 2003). This esea ch ocuses on he de elopmen o me hods o he
bi a ia e model.
The bi a ia e model is used he e because, wi hin con ingency, i inco po a es and es s he
unique and iden i iable e ec s o con ingen a iables in hei ela ionship wi h a company’s
s uc u al cha ac e is ics in o de o imp o e he ou come. This model con empla es wo ini ially
independen a iables and one dependen a iable. Going beyond con ingency, ou s udy examines
wo independen a iables (MS and TM p ac ice se s) o de e mine whe he some ype o in e ac ion
be ween he wo exis s. The goal is o de ec whe he hese a iables simul aneously play bo h
con ingen and s uc u al oles in imp o ing pe o mance (ou dependen a iable). Al hough his is
no he con ingency pe spec i e pe se, bu a he a i ype used wi hin i , i se es as a s a ing
poin o compa ison since he small amoun o exis ing li e a u e on he link be ween hese
p ac ices (wi h hei di e en app oaches) has been w i en om wi hin he con ingency iew (e.g.
Be ge on and Raymond, 1995).
In con ingency-based esea ch, wo ways o concep ualising bi a ia e i commonly appea (Van
de Ven and D azin, 1985; Venka aman, 1989): selec ion and in e ac ion. Fi in POM may be gi en
when he managemen ies o con ol o imp o e a manu ac u ing p ac ice (MP1; in his pape ,
ei he a manu ac u ing s a egy o a echnology managemen p ac ice se ) by egula ing o adap ing
i s implemen a ion le el o ake in o accoun he implemen a ion le el o a second p ac ice (MP2; in
his pape , he co esponding se ) and/o ice- e sa (D azin and Van de Ven, 1985). On he one
hand, selec ion ep esen s a cong uence app oach by es ing he dependency be ween MP1 and
MP2, wi hou any examina ion o whe he his ela ionship in luences pe o mance. In o he wo ds,
i assumes implici ly ha i is he esul o a na u al selec ion p ocess ha ensu es ha only high
pe o me s su i e o be obse ed a any poin in ime, and hus he e is no need o es he link wi h
pe o mance (D azin and Van de Ven, 1985).
On he o he hand, in e ac ion mis i be ween he wo p ac ices may occu when he MP1
implemen a ion le el does no easily adap o ha o MP2 and shows a wide ange o adap a ion
a iance wi h espec o he op imal le el o MP2 implemen a ion and/o ice- e sa (i.e. mis i
be ween he wo p ac ices se s). Speci ically (see Figu e 1), a gi en alue o he MP2
implemen a ion le el may in e ac wi h di e en alues o he MP1 implemen a ion le el and/o
ice- e sa, leading o di e en alues o pe o mance (P) changes. When his happens, he e is a
s a e o disequilib ium in he plan ’s pe o mance due o a mis i be ween MPs. Figu e 1 shows
di e en pe o mance alues (op imal and lowe pe o mances) associa ed wi h di e en mis i
le els be ween he wo manu ac u ing p ac ices. The op imal line shows be e pe o mances
associa ed wi h highes i s (lowes mis i s), while he di e en poin s o lowe pe o mances show
wo se pe o mances associa ed wi h lowes i s (highes mis i s).
Take in Figu e 1
The e ec on pe o mance o mis i be ween p ac ices may be seen as a was e o esou ces. Tha
is, an e o has been made o implemen a ce ain p ac ice, bu i is no p o iding all he po en ial
bene i s because he o he p ac ice has no ollowed in i s own implemen a ion. The sugges ed
op ion would be o adjus bo h p ac ices’ implemen a ions o he le el o ha which is mo e
implemen ed, as he expec ed pe o mance will be g ea e .
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Fu he mo e, i we ake MS and echnology managemen (TM), TM may be a uni a ia e a iable
anging om a low le el (-) o a high le el (+) o implemen a ion. MS design may also be measu ed
wi h espec o “implemen a ion le el” anging om low o high. Figu es 2 and 3 illus a e he
expec ed ela ionship be ween MS le els and pe o mance o low and high le els o echnology
managemen implemen a ion, espec i ely. An in e ac ion o m o i is seen because he expec ed
ela ionship be ween MS le els and pe o mance di e s be ween bo h low and high le els o TM,
espec i ely (D azin and Van de Ven, 1985). The al e na i e is also possible: TM implemen a ion
le els-pe o mance di e om le els o he MS implemen a ion ela ionship.
Take in Figu e 2
Take in Figu e 3
Two in e ac ion o ms, di e ence/ma ching ( esidual analysis o de ia ion sco e) and he
mul iplica i e o m, seem o domina e he con ingency li e a u e (Schoonho en, 1981;
Venka aman, 1989; Pennings, 1992). In his pape , he in e ac ion o ma ching may be summa ised
as dis inguishing how close he equi alen implemen a ion alues o he MS se and he TM se a e
(Venka aman, 1989, pp. 430-432). Hence, he causal ela ionship is be ween his ype o i and
pe o mance, whe e ma ching explains in e ac ion as unc ion changes o a cu ilinea pe o mance.
Mul iplica i e in e ac ion exis s when he impac o one independen a iable on pe o mance
di e s o di e en alues o he o he independen a iable, whe e in e ac ion is desc ibed as
g adien s al e ed by unc ions o linea pe o mance. This pape ocuses on he ma ching o m,
based on he heo e ical supposi ions ha a e p oposed in he ollowing.
3.2 P oposals
As ou lined abo e, he e a e di e en opinions in he li e a u e ega ding he na u e o a possible
ela ionship be ween MS and TM. Howe e , his s udy ocuses on examining he e ec o he
in e ac ion (ma ching) be ween bo h se s o manu ac u ing p ac ices on pe o mance using a i
heo y. The i concep may explain why di e en p ac ices a ec speci ic pe o mance measu es.
Fo example, i he goal o a plan is he cos educ ion, a ce ain g oup o hese p ac ices may be
he bes choice. I , on he con a y, a plan wan s o pu sue high quali y, a di e en g oup o
p ac ices may be be e sui ed. Commonly, he co-alignmen complexi y be ween ac o s makes i
di icul o o esee he na u e o he speci ic in e connec ions. Mo eo e , he i concep is no
su icien ly de eloped in POM esea ch o he combina ions o p ac ices ha will lead o low cos s
o o imp o emen s in any o he pe o mance measu e o be p esc ibed exac ly.
As al eady indica ed, in o de o achie e highe pe o mance, manu ac u ing p ac ices should
somehow be linked in he way hey a e implemen ed. Hence, when a plan seeks o capi alise on he
implemen a ion o one o he p ac ice se s in ques ion (TM o MS), bene i s will be maximised
when he plan also implemen s p ac ices om he o he se . Thus, using he i concep (Van de
Ven and D azin, 1985; Venka aman, 1989), MS and TM will be examined wi hin linked heo e ical
amewo ks o enable bo h he e ec s o hei combined implemen a ion on pe o mance, and hei
possible di e en ial e ec s, o be s udied. Mo e speci ically, when di e en p ac ices o MS and
TM a e implemen ed in combina ion, a g ea e le el o ope a ional pe o mance is p esupposed. I
is he e o e assumed ha manu ac u ing plan s ha ha e implemen ed dimensions o bo h MS and
TM p ac ice se s/a eas, a he han a single p ac ice se alone, may be classi ied as high pe o me s.
As p e iously s a ed, he ma ching pe spec i e will be used o es how MS and TM p ac ice se s
i each o he in a s a e o disequilib ium. This model is concep ually de ined as he e ec i e
combina ion (coexis ence) o wo a iables and al hough i does no speci ically ela e o an
ou come, i s e ec on his may be examined. Toge he , hese op imal combina ions o m a i line,
8
whe e pe o mance is assumed o be maximised when he le els o bo h MP se s i each o he .
Thus, he i line should coincide wi h a pe o mance line deno ing maximum pe o mance a each
le el o he MP se s.
Hence, while he ma ching o m assumes inc emen al changes in i , he mul iplica i e
in e ac ion o m canno be used he e since i only ecognises wo p edic o s ha op imise
pe o mance (i.e. i implici ly assumes ha pe o mance is imp o ed by i , bu i as an op imal
combina ion be ween bo h p edic o s is ne e concep ualised.). The implici mul iplica i e i may
be one o he e o-pe o mance, whe e maximal pe o mance would a y. The mul iplica i e o m
es s he e ec o a p edic o on a dependen a iable a one le el o a second p edic o wi h ha a
ano he le el o his las p edic o (Venka aman, 1989; Jacca d and Tu issi 2003, p 7).
Thus, inc emen al changes in any MS o TM se do no necessa ily a ec a plan ’s pe o mance
nega i ely, p o ided ha measu es a e aken by he i m o adjus he le el o implemen a ion o he
o he MP se (TM o MS, espec i ely) acco dingly. D awing on Schoonho en (1981), ma ching is
an in e ac ion o m whe e pe o mance inc eases when he MP1 le el ma ches he equi alen alue
o he MP2 le el (Figu a 4).
Take in Figu e 4
Al hough, ma ching en ails ha a “- & -" combina ion would be as e ec i e as a “+ & +"
combina ion, his seems less plausible in POM a p io i. F om Figu a 4, pe o mance is lowe when
he e is mis i han when he e is i . In he la e case, i is expec ed ha pe o mance will be g ea e
when he i occu s a a highe le el (+ & +) o implemen a ion o he p ac ices han a a lowe le el
(- & -). Howe e , when he implemen a ion le el o one o he p ac ices is kep low, i is
ope a ionally be e o keep he o he low ins ead o ha ing a mis i (- & + o + & -). This las
op ion would mean a highe (i.e. op imal) pe o mance han a mis i bu no he highes expec ed
pe o mance.
Thus, he model may be suppo ed i i can be demons a ed ha -in a s a e o disequilib ium- plan s
using an MS p ac ice se ha is i ed o (o coincides wi h) a TM p ac ice se achie e highe
pe o mance, while plan s wi h he MS se mis i ed o he TM se p esen lowe pe o mances.
In o he espec s, acco ding o he esul s ob ained by O ega e al. (2008b), in which a deg ee o
cong uency/selec ion i was ound be ween he same MS and TM p ac ice se s conside ed below, i
can be an icipa ed ha condi ions o disequilib ium ha would allow he ma ching i o measu e
signi ican di e ences in pe o mance do no exis . This does no mean ha di e ences in
pe o mance be ween bo h plan g oups (High Pe o me s/Wo ld Class and S anda d Pe o me s)
do no exis in eal e ms o ha he e is no in e ela ionship be ween he MP se s, bu a he ha an
adap a ion i migh exis due o possible simila e o s made o implemen he MPs in bo h g oups
(O ega, 2009).
The e o e, aking he abo e in o accoun and assuming ha he e a e no mis i condi ions (whe e
each alue o MS canno be assumed o be op imal o a ce ain alue o TM), he ollowing
hypo heses a e o mula ed:
H1: The e is no ma ching i be ween implemen a ion le els o MS and TM p ac ice se s
H2: E en i he e is no in e ac ion, highe implemen a ion le els o MS and TM a e ound in
HPM
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1. Da a collec ion
The p oposals men ioned in he p e ious sec ions we e es ed by means o a su ey in plan s om
he au o supplie sec o . The su ey was conduc ed in en coun ies ac oss No h Ame ica, Eu ope
9
and Asia wi hin he amewo k o he in e na ional High Pe o mance Manu ac u ing (HPM)
p ojec .
Fo each uni o analysis ( he plan ), he di e en scales o measu emen s and objec i e ques ions
we e a anged in a o al o 12 ques ionnai es di ec ed a 12 di e en posi ions wi hin he company.
The ques ionnai es we e e u ned om a o al o 21 in o man s om di e en manage ial le els.
Many o he scales we e included in a leas wo di e en ques ionnai es, wi h he aim o
iangula ing in o ma ion by making compa isons be ween he di e en g oups o in e iewees ( o
example be ween manage s and plan wo ke s and supe iso s) and likewise o minimising he
a iabili y esul ing om he di e ences be ween indi iduals, hus ob aining a highe deg ee o
eliabili y. The i ems ha ela e o each scale we e ea anged wi hin each ques ionnai e, wi h he
idea ha i should no be ob ious which i em belonged o which scale o e en which scales we e
being used. Once he ques ions and scales we e de ined by he in e na ional HPM p ojec , hey we e
included in he ques ionnai es.
The ques ionnai es had been widely es ed o eliabili y and alidi y. Ne e heless, du ing his
s udy, he o iginal ques ionnai es we e he objec o e iew in each na ional con ex o ake in o
accoun po en ial con ex ual in luences. The ques ionnai es con ained a ound one housand i ems,
dis ibu ed o e almos wo housand ques ions.
The p ocess o su eys applied o he plan s in his sample is explained as ollows. Fi s ly,
plan s o a leas 100 employees om a s a i ied sampling we e asked o ake pa . Up o 60% o
he plan s con ac ed in all coun ies submi ed da a o he s udy. The inal sample consis ed o 90
plan s wi h an a e age size o 867 wo ke s.
4.2. Resea ch a iables and measu emen
This s udy conside s and de ines ope a ional pe o mance, MS and TM wi h some o he cons uc s
om he HPM p ojec . The ocus is on he compe i i e implica ions om ela ionships be ween
p ac ice clus e s o bo h MS and TM and ope a ional pe o mance dimensions, and pa icula ly on
he impac o he link be ween bo h clus e s on pe o mance.
As p oduc ion plan s do no con ol inancial measu es o pe o mance di ec ly, his s udy will
ocus on he pe o mance measu es ha a e con olled a plan le el, such as cos , quali y, deli e y
and lexibili y (see Hayes and Wheelw igh , 1984; Ro h and Mille , 1992; Ke oki i and Sch oede ,
2004), which a e he basic objec i es o he p oduc ion unc ion (Skinne , 1969; Fe dows and De
Meye , 1990; Mille and Ro h, 1994; Hu chison and Das, 2007). This pape will conside he
ollowing compe i i e pe o mance dimensions (Sch oede and Flynn, 2001): uni cos o
manu ac u ing; con o mance o p oduc o speci ica ions; on- ime deli e y; as deli e y; lexibili y
o p oduc mix; lexibili y o p oduc olume. These dimensions ep esen di e en scales o he
abo e men ioned pe o mance measu es.
Wi h ega d o Manu ac u ing S a egy, Ba es e al. (2001) explain ha MS de e mines how he
p oduc ion a ea suppo s he gene al objec i es o he company h ough he app op ia e design and
use o p oduc ion esou ces and capaci ies (Ro h and Mille , 1990; De Toni e al., 1992). In his
suppo , i is essen ial o ensu e he alignmen o MS wi h bo h ma ke ing s a egy and business
s a egy (Sch oede and Flynn, 2001). In o he espec s, he e a e clea signs ha manu ac u ing
s a egies play a undamen al ole in he assessmen o new echnologies (Ba es e al., 1995;
P e o ius and We , 2000), since an analysis o app op ia e echnology can elimina e many isks and
also because wo ld-class echnology is a key ac o in global compe i i eness. In o he ega ds,
aking he classic concep ion de ined in s a egy li e a u e ha dis inguishes be ween p ocesses and
con en (e.g. Swamidass and Newell, 1987; Wei e al., 2000; Dangayach and Deshmukh, 2001), i
can be said ha he o mal s a egic planning p ocess is key o he o mula ion o manu ac u ing
s a egy. In his s udy, he ollowing MS manage ial p ac ices a e included (Ba es e al., 1995; 2001;
Sun and Hong, 2002): an icipa ion o new echnologies, o mal s a egic planning, and he
manu ac u ing-business s a egy linkage.
16
Thus, bo h subg oup analysis me hods show signs o a posi i e ela ionship be ween he wo
manu ac u ing p ac ice a eas and pe o mance, despi e he ac ha he deg ee o which hey a e
implemen ed and pe o mance a e signi ican ly simila in bo h high and s anda d pe o me plan
g oups. Fu he mo e, small non-signi ican di e ences ound be ween bo h plan g oups con i m
ha he HP plan s ha e a sligh ly g ea e di e en ial o implemen a ion le el in he wo p ac ice
se s, MS and TM, which may indica e ha HPs can mo e easily implemen he i o bo h se s
allowing hem o ocus on o he a eas o he plan . This migh indica e ha he di e ence in MS
and TM implemen a ion le els be ween high and s anda d pe o me s lies in e iciency a he han
e ec i eness: imp o ed compe i i eness leads o a educ ion in e o o makes he implemen a ion
o manu ac u ing p ac ices ou ine.
Hence, al hough combina ions o high MS-TM implemen a ions le els seem o ha e
signi ican ly he same pe o mance as he lowe implemen a ion le els, esul s show ha he way
MS and TM in e ac is mo e impo an o explaining he design/implemen a ion le els o bo h
p ac ices se s. Thus, om a p ac ical and conc e e poin -o - iew, au o supplie plan s will be able
o ha e a mo e de ailed unde s anding o he kind o in e ela ionship analysed and o he way o
apply MS and TM o all o hei plan s: beyond he ma ching in e ac ion i , his pape seems o
show ha he e is an associa ion be ween MS and TM and ha any s a e o mis i would lead o
di icul ies o su i al o o a es uc u ing o he plan in a compe i i e en i onmen (i.e. a na u al
selec ion e sion o con ingency heo y).
As in any empi ical esea ch s udy, esul s and conclusions should be in e p e ed wi h cau ion
due o he limi a ions o he echniques and cons uc s employed. On he one hand, he e a e some
me hodological p oblems wi h he de ia ion sco es me hod. Fi s ly, he de ia ion sco es me hod
measu es indisc imina ely and pu s ac ual de ia ions oge he wi h measu emen and speci ica ion
e o s in p edic ing an MP a iable (see Dewa and We bel, 1979). Secondly, his app oach hinges
on an unspeci ied (medium) le el o selec ion: selec ion o ces need o be s ong enough o ma k
ou he baseline. When hese o ces a e no so s ong, pe o mance di e ences be ween su i ing
o ganisa ions a e oo small o be de ec ed. As s a ed abo e, his migh be wha has occu ed he e.
Howe e , co ela ion and ANOVA subg oups p o ide g ea e de ail han de ia ion sco e.
Fu he mo e, showing a i line, whe e he e a e simila implemen a ion le els o bo h p ac ices,
may pose a ques ion: why should a plan in his case change i s le el o ei he o he a iables,
especially when his means addi ional esou ces? This lea es he op ion o emodel he i line as a
he e o-pe o mance line (i.e. mul iplica i e in e ac ion), so ha i s a y in hei pe o mance
e ec s, p o iding an oppo uni y o u he esea ch. In pa icula , i could be es ed i i s a highe
le els o ei he p edic o p oduce highe pe o mances han i s a lowe le els. Thus, i i we e
ound ha pe o mance inc eases as plan s mo e along he i line, plan s will be mo i a ed o mo e
along he i line by in es ing in highe le els o ei he p edic o .
Di e en esul s could be ound in o he sec o s, whe e he ela ionship be ween MS and TM is
ulne able o s a egic and echnological changes which could lead o mis i s be ween hem. These
cases a e beyond he objec i es o his pape and p o ide an oppo uni y o u he esea ch.
Fu he mo e, as his esea ch ela es o he au o supplie sec o , i means ha he esul s may
enjoy a high in e en ial capaci y o he popula ion analysed. Thus, he simila i y be ween high and
s anda d pe o me s may come om he au o supplie indus ial cha ac e is ics, whe e he possible
compe i i e si ua ion may ha e changed MS and TM om an o de winne o an o de quali ie .
Such a ela ionship could be a mus a he han p o ide a compe i i e ad an age; i any hing i
migh help o achie e compe i i e pa i y. One possible explana ion o his is ha bo h ypes o
plan s may al eady ha e bo h TM and MS embedded in hei decision making p ocess ou ine.
Hence, bo h ypes o plan s may no ha e o de o e as much e o o he implemen a ion o he wo
MPs. Di e en esul s could be ound in o he sec o s, whe e he ela ionship be ween MS and TM
is ulne able o s a egic and echnological changes ha could lead o mis i s be ween hem. These
cases a e beyond he objec i es o his pape and p o ide an oppo uni y o u he esea ch.

17
Finally, a second possible explana ion o hese esul s is ha TM and MS measu es in his s udy
demons a e e o s by managemen o implemen hem, bu do no show he quali y o hei
implemen a ion.
Consequen ly, u u e analysis is ecommended in o he sec o s o u he es his
in e ela ionship. This esea ch also lea es IT dimensions aside o u u e esea ch as IT- ela ed
p ac ices we e ou side he scope o his pape . Fu he mo e, o he MS and TM dimensions and o he
ac o s may in luence ope a ional pe o mance. This pape was no in ended o conduc a s udy o
hese ac o s.
These limi a ions p o ide an oppo uni y o u u e esea ch using possible na u al ex ensions o
he bi a ia e i pe spec i e. One o hese is he sys emic pe spec i e, which allows a b oade
holis ic iew o he plan s.
Acknowledgemen : This s udy is pa o he Spanish Minis y o Educa ion and Science
Na ional P og amme o Indus ial Design (DPI-2006-05531 and DPI 2009-11148) and he Jun a de
Andalucía (Spain) PAIDI (Plan Andaluz de In es igación, Desa ollo e Inno ación) Excellence
P ojec s (P08-SEJ-03841).
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20
Figu e 1. In e ac ion i
(Adap ed om Ge din & G e e, 2004)
Figu e 2. In e ac ion i : Low le el TM
(Adap ed om Ge din & G e e, 2004)
Figu e 3. In e ac ion i : High le el TM
(Adap ed om Ge din & G e e, 2004)
21
Figu e 4. MP1 le el pe o mance a di e en MP2 implemen a ion le els (ma ching)
(Adap ed om Chenhall and Mo is, 1986)
MS
le el
+
Mis i
Lowe
pe o mance
Fi
The highes
pe o mance
-
Fi
Highe
pe o mance
Mis i
Lowe
pe o mance
-
+
TM le el
Figu e 5. Ma ching Fi
(Adap ed om Venka aman, 1989)