Sap Flow Response o Oli e Wa e S ess: a Compa a i e S udy wi h
T unk Diame e Va ia ions and Lea Tu go P essu e
J.E. Fe nández, M.V. Cue as, C.M. Rod iguez-
Dominguez, A. Pe ez-Ma in, J.M. To es-Ruiz, S.
Elsayed-Fa ag and A. Diaz-Espejo
Insi u o de Recu sos Na u ales y Ag obiología
A enida de Reina Me cedes, 10
41012-Se illa, Spain
M.J. Ma ín-Palomo
ETSIA, Dep. de Ciencias
Ag o o es ales, Ca e e a de
U e a, 41013 Se illa, Spain
Keywo ds: Olea eu opaea, de ici i iga ion, i iga ion scheduling, anspi a ion, unk
g ow h
Abs ac
The aim o his wo k was o e alua e he po en ial o used sap low (SF),
unk diame e a ia ion (TDV) and lea u go (LT) senso s o assessing wa e
s ess in a ‘A bequina’ hedge ow oli e o cha d wi h 1667 ees ha-1. Measu emen s
we e made in con ol ees i iga ed o eplace 100% o he c op wa e needs, and in
ees unde wo egula ed de ici i iga ion s a egies, 60RDI and 30RDI, in which
i iga ion eplaced ca. 60% and 30% o he con ol, espec i ely. F om he SF and
TDV measu emen s we calcula ed he daily di e ence, bo h o ee wa e
consump ion (DEp) and maximum unk diame e (DMXTD), be ween RDI ees and
con ol ees. Wi h he LT senso s we eco ded he lea pa ch ou pu p essu e (Pp),
which is ela ed o he lea u go p essu e. Bo h DEp and DMXTD esponded quickly
and ma kedly o changes in wa e s ess. The seasonal dynamics o bo h indices
ag eed wi h ha o he s em wa e po en ial. A dec ease in he eliabili y o DEp was
eco ded on days o highly a iable a mosphe ic demand. The LT senso s also
showed o be highly sensi i e o changes on wa e s ess. Any o he h ee me hods
ha e a po en ial as indica o s o p ecise i iga ion in hedge ow oli e o cha ds wi h
high plan densi y and low soil wa e -holding capaci y.
INTRODUCTION
The wo ld su ace o hedge ow oli e o cha ds (HOO) wi h plan densi ies close o
o e 2000 ees ha-1 is ca. 100.000 ha (Rius and Laca e, 2010). These o cha ds a e also
known as supe -high-densi y hedge ow o cha ds (Vossen, 2007). In addi ion o he need
o imp o ing c op wa e p oduc i i y in HOO, plan igou mus be con olled o
op imum illumina ion p o iles on canopy walls and o keep a ee size sui able o
mechanical ha es e s (Gomez-del-Campo e al., 2009). De ici i iga ion (DI) con ibu es
o he achie emen o bo h equi emen s and, he e o e, i is highly ad isable o HOO.
Regula ed de ici i iga ion, RDI (Chalme s e al., 1981), is an ad isable DI
s a egy o HOO. I consis s in eplacing he c op e apo anspi a ion (ETc) by i iga ion
du ing he phenological s ages a which he c op is mo e sensi i e o wa e s ess, and
educing o e en wi hholding i iga ion o he es o he cycle. A eliable moni o ing o
wa e s ess in ui ee o cha ds unde RDI is equi ed o a oid signi ican wa e s ess
le els in sensi i e phenological s ages, and so o ensu e he c op pe o mance in he
cu en and u u e yea s (Conno and Fe e es, 2005). Among he cha ac e is ics o a good
indica o o i iga ion scheduling, de ailed by Fe nández and Cue as (2010) among
o he s, he sensi i i y and ea liness becomes c ucial in HOO wi h high plan densi ies,
because o he possibili y o sudden inc eases o wa e s ess in he ees due o he
educed oo zones, i.e. o he small amoun s o a ailable wa e .
Some o he mos p omising senso s o he con inuous and au oma ic moni o ing
o ee wa e s ess a e based on measu emen s o sap low, SF (Fe nández e al., 2008),
unk diame e a ia ion, TDV (Fe nández and Cue as, 2010; O uño e al., 2010) and
lea u go , LT (Ben-Gal e al., 2010; Fe nández e al., 2011a). Ou hypo hesis is ha
ei he me hod can be used o a p ecise moni o ing o he ee’s wa e s ess in HOO,
p o ided a p ope index, de i ed om he ou pu s o each me hod, is used. Bu e y ew
compa a i e s udies ha e been made on he ad an ages and sho alls o each me hod.
The aim o his wo k was o e alua e he use ulness o indices de i ed om SF, TDV and
LT measu emen s as indica o s o wa e s ess in a ully p oduc i e HOO wi h high plan
densi y. Resul s o he h ee me hods wi h ees unde wo di e en RDI s a egies we e
compa ed wi h midday s em wa e po en ial (Ψs em) measu emen s. This wo k shows he
pe o mance o each indica o bo h o a pe iod o inc easing wa e s ess and o a pe iod
o elease om wa e s ess.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The o cha d
The expe imen s we e made in a HOO close o Se ille, sou hwes Spain (37º 15’
N, -5º 48’ W), wi h 4-yea -old ‘A bequina’ ees plan ed a 4 m × 1.5 m (1667 ees ha-1).
The ees ows un N-NE o S-SW. The o cha d has a dual soil wi h a op 0.6 m laye
(77.7% sand, 2.2% sil and 20.1% clay) which o e laid a less po ous, hea ie laye
(60.9% sand, 37.1% clay and 2.0% sil ). The oo zones o mos ees was in he op soil
laye (Fe nández e al., unpublished esul s). Tha laye had a olume ic soil wa e (θ )
con en o 0.181 m3 m-3 o ield capaci y (soil ma ic po en ial: Ψm = -0.03 MPa) and
0.089 m3 m-3 o he wil ing poin (Ψm = -1.5 MPa). The a ea has a Medi e anean
clima e, wi h a mild, we season (Oc obe o Ap il) and a ho , d y season o he es o
he yea . Yea ly a e age p ecipi a ion (P) and po en ial e apo anspi a ion (ETo) o he
2002-2010 pe iod we e 554.7 mm and 1542.8 mm, espec i ely.
Expe imen s we e made in 2010. F om May 18 o May 31, all ees in he o cha d
ecei ed enough wa e o ma ch he c op wa e equi emen s. F om June 1, day o yea
(DOY) 152 o No embe 2 (DOY 306), wo RDI ea men s we e es ablished in he
o cha d, scaled o a o al i iga ion amoun (IA) o 60% (60RDI) and 30% (30RDI) o
ETc. Wa e supplies in bo h ea men s we e close o c op wa e equi emen s bo h a he
beginning o pi ha dening and du ing he pe iod o ac i e oil accumula ion in he ui s
om la e Augus , wo pe iods o which oli e is sensi i e o wa e s ess. Wa e supplies,
howe e , we e ma kedly educed in midsumme , when he oli e ee is less sensi i e o
wa e s ess (Conno and Fe e es, 2005; Fe nández e al., 2011a). We used a andomized
block design wi h ou 12 m × 16 m plo s pe ea men . Each plo con ained 8 cen al
ees su ounded by 24 bo de ees. All measu emen s we e made in he cen al ees o
each plo . We also had an addi ional plo , named con ol plo , in which he ees we e
daily i iga ed o eplace 100% o he i iga ion needs (IN), calcula ed as IN = ETc – Pe,
being Pe he e ec i e p ecipi a ion calcula ed as 75% o P eco ded by a wea he s a ion
loca ed in he o cha d. Daily alues o ETc we e de e mined wi h he c op coe icien
app oach, as explained by Fe nández e al. (2011a). The i iga ion sys em consis ed o
one d ip line pe ee ow wi h a 2 L h-1 d ippe e e y 0.5 m. We used an i iga ion
con olle (Ag onic 2000, Sis emes Elec ònics PROGRÉS, S.A., Lleida, Spain) o
supplying he calcula ed INs. The i iga ion sys em had one caudalime e pe ea men , o
eco d he applied i iga ion amoun s (IAs).
Plan measu emen s
Measu emen s o s em wa e po en ial a midday (Ψs em) we e made once e e y
wo weeks du ing he whole i iga ion season. We used a Scholande - ype p essu e
chambe (PMS Ins umen Company, Albany, O egon, USA). Fo he RDI ea men s we
sampled one lea pe ee om wo ep esen a i e ees pe plo (n = 8). In he con ol plo
we sampled wo lea es pe ee om ou ees in o de o ha e he same numbe o
eplica es. The lea es, aken om he inne pa o he canopy, we e w apped in
aluminum oil ca. 2 h be o e he measu emen s.
On May 4 wo Ve d ech s a ions (Ve d ech Nue o Campo, S.A., Huel a, Spain)
we e ins alled in he o cha d. The s anda d Ve d ech sa ion was desc ibed by Cue as e
al. (2010). The ones we ins alled in he o cha d had Plan sens adial dend ome e s
(Ve d ech un Nue o Campo S.A., Spain). We eco ded TDV in a ep esen a i e ee pe
plo , in h ee plo s o each RDI ea men . In he con ol plo we ins umen ed h ee ees.
The dend ome e s we e placed in he no h side o he unks, a abou 0.3-0.4 m abo e
g ound, in loca ions ee o sca s. The s a ions s o ed 15 min a e ages o he TDV da a
om May 4 o No embe 2, 2010. We used hese da a o calcula e he DMXTD index,
de ined by Fe nández e al. (2011b) as he daily di e ence be ween he RDI ees and he
con ol ees o he maximum unk diame e (MXTD).
F om June 2 o No embe 2, 2010, we used hea -pulse eloci y (HPV) p obes
(T anz lo NZ L d., Palme s on No h, New Zealand) o measu e SF wi h he Tz hea -
pulse me hod (G een e al., 2003). Two se s o p obes we e ins alled in he unk o each
ee ins umen ed wi h a dend ome e . Each se had wo empe a u e p obes, loca ed a 5
mm ups eam and 10 mm downs eam o a linea hea e p obe. Each empe a u e p obe
had ou he mocouples, a 6, 13, 22 and 33 mm. Taking in o accoun ha he a e age
unk adius wi hou ba k was 20 mm, he e ec i e dep hs we e 6, 7, 13 and 18 mm
below he cambium. One se o HPV p obes aced eas and he o he wes , and he
minimum dis ance be ween he wo se s was o ca. 0.1 m. The dis ance be ween he
dend ome e and he closes HPV p obe was also o ca. 0.1 m. Hea pulses (60 W o e 1
s) we e applied once e e y 30 min. We used a CR10X Campbell da alogge (Campbell
Scien i ic Inc, No h Logan, USA) bo h o i e he hea pulses and o eco d he ou pu s.
The me hod was alida ed o oli e by Fe nández e al. (2006). A e a e aging he
ou pu s o he wo p obe se s pe ee, we calcula ed he sap lux (Q, L h-1) in he unk o
each ins umen ed ee, as well as he daily ee wa e consump ion (Ep, L ee-1 day-1).
Fo each RDI ea men we calcula ed he DEp index as he daily di e ence be ween he
RDI ees and he con ol ees o he Ep.
Fo he LT measu emen s in he RDI ees, we ins alled, on Ap il 26, a ZIM p obe
(ZIM Plan Technology GmbH, Hennigsdo , Ge many) in each ee ins umen ed wi h
TDV and SF senso s. P obes we e clamped on lea es o he eas side o he canopy, a
abou 1.5 m abo e g ound. The ou pu p essu e (Pp) sensed by he p obe is in e sely
p opo ional o he lea u go p essu e (Pc) (Zimme mann e al., 2008). In he con ol plo
we ins umen ed one ep esen a i e ee only. The ou pu p essu e signals o he p obes
we e collec ed e e y 5 min o abou i e mon hs. The sys em associa ed o he ZIM
p obes o da a eco ding and ansmission is desc ibed in Fe nández e al. (2011a).
Soil and wea he measu emen s
In e e y RDI plo we ins alled wo access ubes o a P o ile p obe (Del a-T
De ices L d, Camb idge, UK), a ca. 0.5 m om he ee unk and o 0.1 m and 0.4 m,
espec i ely, om he nea es d ippe . In he con ol plo we ins alled six access ubes,
h ee a a dis ance o 0.1 m and h ee a a dis ance o 0.4 m om he d ippe .
Measu emen s o θ we e made 1-2 imes pe week, in each access ube. F om he
measu ed θ alues we de i ed a dep h equi alen o wa e exp essed as he le el o
ela i e ex ac able wa e , REW (G anie , 1987).
Daily FAO-56 Penman-Mon ei h ETo alues we e collec ed om a nea by
wea he s a ion belonging o he Ag oclima ic In o ma ion Ne wo k o he Jun a o
Andalusia.
S a is ical analysis
Da a a e gi en as mean ± s anda d e o . The e ec o he i iga ion ea men on
Ψs em, Ep, MDS and MXTD was e alua ed by analysis o a iance (ANOVA; sepa a ion
o means wi h he Tukey’s es ; s a is ically signi ican di e ences a P < 0.05; SigmaPlo
11.0, Sys a So wa e, Inca., USA).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Wa e condi ions and plan wa e s a us
The a mosphe ic demand du ing he i iga ion season was as usual in he a ea: he
mos demanding condi ions occu ed in July and Augus , while dec easing ETo alues
we e eco ded om he beginning o Sep embe onwa ds h oughou au umn (Fig. 1A).
In he con ol ea men , he o al IA h oughou he i iga ion season (Fig. 1B)
amoun ed o 100.8% o IN. F om June 1 (DOY 152) o June 22 (DOY 173), he 60RDI
ees we e i iga ed daily wi h 70-80% o ETc. F om June 23 o Augus 23 (DOY 235),
he 60RDI ees we e i iga ed wice a week only (Fig. 1B). Fo ha pe iod he 60RDI
ees ecei ed less han one hi d o he INs. F om Augus 24 (DOY 236) o Oc obe 11
(DOY 284) he 60RDI ees we e i iga ed daily again, wi h enough wa e o eplace he
INs. The 30RDI ees we e i iga ed daily un il DOY 173. Be ween DOY 174 and DOY
235 hey we e i iga ed once a week (Fig. 1B). F om DOY 236 o 284, he 30RDI ees
we e i iga ed wice a week. Fo he whole i iga ion season he 60RDI and 30RDI
ea men s ecei ed 61.8% and 29.7% o IN, espec i ely.
In he con ol ea men REW alues showed soil wa e condi ions close o ield
capaci y (Fig. 1C). In bo h RDI ea men s REW alues dec eased om DOY 174, when
i iga ion was educed, o DOY 235. In he 60RDI ea men he inc ease in i iga ion
om DOY 236 was enough o he REW alues o eco e in some wo weeks. In he
30RDI ees REW alues inc eased om DOY 236 bu hey did no become simila o
hose in he con ol ea men un il la e in he season, a e he i s signi ican ain all
e en s o he au umn, eco ded in mid-Oc obe (Fig. 1B).
In he con ol plo , Ψs em was usually g ea e han -1.4 MPa (Fig. 1D), a h eshold
alue o wa e s ess in oli e ees wi h hea y ui load (A. Mo iana, Uni e si y o
Se ille, pe sonal communica ion). In he 60RDI ees, Ψs em alues we e below ha
h eshold om mid-July o he beginning o Sep embe . Simila Ψs em alues we e
eco ded in he 60RDI ees and in he con ol ees om he beginning o Sep embe o
he end o he season. In he 30RDI ees, he dec ease o Ψs em in July was simila o ha
in he 60RDI. In Augus , howe e , he 30RDI ees became mo e s essed. Fo he es o
he mon h and all h oughou Sep embe Ψs em alues emained lowe in he 30RDI ees
han in he 60RDI ees. This ag ees wi h di e ences be ween hose ea men s in he
a ailable soil wa e (Fig. 1C).
Response o he h ee me hods o wa e s ess condi ions
The esponse o DEp, DMXTD and Pp o he inc easing wa e s ess in he RDI
ea men s a e he educ ion in i iga ion a he beginning o he midsumme pe iod is
shown in Fig. 2. The dec ease in DEp began on DOY 174 in he 30RDI ea men , and on
DOY 177 in he 60RDI ea men (Fig. 2B). This di e ence be ween ea men s could be
due, a leas in pa , o he i iga ion e en applied o he 60RDI ees on DOY 176 (Fig.
2B). Fo bo h RDI ea men s, dec easing DEp alues we e eco ded un il DOY 186. S ill,
some inc ease in he DEp alues we e eco ded on he days in which i iga ion was applied
o he RDI ees we e. On hese days EP in he RDI ees inc eased (da a no shown),
which led o an inc ease in he co esponding DEp alue (Fig. 2B). The DMXTD alues
began o dec ease 1-2 days la e han he DEp alues (Fig. 2C), o bo h RDI ea men s.
As o DEp, DMXTD alues luc ua ed acco ding o he i iga ion e en s o each RDI
ea men . Fo he 60RDI ees, he Pp alues showed inc easing daily maximums and
inc easing nigh alues om DOY 174 (Fig. 2D). Acco ding o undamen als o he ZIM
p obes (Zimme mann e al., 2008), bo h cha ac e is ics show inc easing wa e s ess.
Values o Pp dec eased on he days in which i iga ion was applied, showing a high
sensi i i y o he ZIM p obes o changes on he ees wa e s a us. Pp changes we e mo e
d ama ic on he 30RDI ees (Fig. 2E), which ag ee wi h he lowe wa e supplies
ecei ed by hose ees (Fig. 2A). On DOY 182 we eco ded he i s signs o in e sion in
he Pp cu es eco ded om he 30RDI ees, and by DOY 185 he cu es we e ully
in e ed (Fig. 2E). Acco ding o Eh enbe ge e al. (2011), in e se diu nal Pp cu es
appea when Pc <<< 50 kPa. i.e. he lea is signi ican ly dehyd a ed. In e se cu es we e
epo ed by Ben-Gal e al. (2010) in oli e ees unde se e e wa e es ic ions.
Figu e 3 shows he de ails o he DEp, DMXTD and Pp dynamics on he days be o e
and a e he inc ease in i iga ion om DOY 236. The DEp alues luc ua ed om ca.
DOY 225 o 235, due o he in luence o ma ked changes in ETo on Ep. I is known ha ,
o high a ailable soil wa e condi ions, Ep in oli e is closely ela ed o ETo (Fe nández e
al., 2001; Togne i e al., 2009). Ou esul s, howe e , show ha he sudden dec ease in
ETo a ound DOY 230 (Fig. 1A) had a s onge in luence in he Ep o con ol ees han in
ha o RDI ees (da a no shown). This was likely due o Ep in he la e being al eady
es ic ed by he educed a ailable wa e in he soil. This beha iou limi ed he po en ial
o DEp as indica o o wa e s ess, on hose days o changing wea he condi ions. F om
DOY 236, when he wea he condi ions we e s able again, DEp sligh ly inc eased in bo h
RDI ea men s, in ag eemen wi h he inc easing soil wa e con en caused by he
inc eases in i iga ion. Fo he pe iod shown in Fig. 3, alues o DMXTD we e less
in luenced han hose o DEp by he changing wea he condi ions. Thus, DMXTD alues
dec eased con inuously un il DOY 236, excep on he same day and he day a e each
i iga ion e en , as al eady men ioned. The endency changed o inc easing DMXTD alues
immedia ely a e he inc ease in i iga ion om DOY 236. In he 60RDI ees, no mal Pp
cu es, i.e. wi h maximum alues eco ded du ing he day and minimum alues du ing
he nigh , we e eco ded soon a e he inc ease on i iga ion om DOY 236 (Fig. 3D).
Bo h he maximum Pp alues du ing he day and he minimum alues du ing he nigh
dec eased om ha day on, in ag eemen wi h he wa e s a us eco e y in hose ees

(Fig. 1C). In he 30RDI ees, he inc ease in i iga ion a e DOY 236 was no enough o
ge no mal Pp cu es (Fig. 3D). Once again, his is in ag eemen wi h he slow and
incomple e eco e y o m wa e s ess o he 30RDI ees a ha ime o he yea (Fig.
1C).
The dec easing and inc easing ends bo h o DEp and DMXTD shown in Figs. 2 and
3 ag ee wi h hose o Ψs em (Fig. 1D). The same can be said o Pp. By he ime he i s
in e se diu nal Pp cu es we e eco ded, Ψs em was ca. -1.70±0.16 MPa. In e se Pp cu es
we e eco ded du ing he mos s essing midsumme pe iod, in ees o bo h RDI
ea men s. A e he eco e y om DOY 236, he in e se Pp cu es disappea when he
ees show Ψs em alues o ca. -1.6±0.06 MPa.
Ou esul s show a sa is ac o y esponse o DEp and DMXTD as indices o moni o
changes in he plan wa e consump ion and wa e s ess o he ees o bo h RDI
ea men s as compa ed o hose o he con ol ea men . The commen ed limi a ions o
DEp as a wa e -s ess indica o , on days o sudden changes in ETo, may ha e li le impac ,
since in mos a eas whe e he oli e ee is c opped wea he condi ions du ing he
i iga ion season a e usually s able. The use ulness o he DEp index o moni o he
in luence o DI on he oli e ee wa e consump ion was i s epo ed by Fe nández e al.
(2011b). They obse ed a limi ed use ulness o he DEp index o moni o he onse o
wa e s ess, caused by he high capaci y o he oli e ee o ake up wa e om d ying
soils. Bu hey wo ked wi h old ‘Manzanilla’ oli e ees wi h la ge hizosphe es, plan ed
in a soil wi h medium- o-high wa e holding capaci y. In ou case he ees had much
smalle oo sys ems, and he wa e -holding capaci y o ou expe imen al soil was
smalle . Fo ou condi ions, he e o e, he bu e capaci y o he soils was much smalle .
The ea liness o he DMXTD index was simila o ha o DEp o de ec ing bo h he
onse o wa e s ess in bo h RDI ea men s soon a e he educ ion in i iga ion om
DOY 174 (Fig. 2B and 2C) and he elease om wa e s ess a e he inc ease in
i iga ion om DOY 236 (Fig. 3B and 3C). Con a y o DEp, DMXTD beha ed acco dingly
o Ψs em on he days o sudden changes in ETo. Likely his was due o he MXTD eco ds
being less a ec ed han he Ep eco ds by he luc ua ing a mosphe ic demand on hose
days. Fe nández e al. (2011b) concluded ha he ime cou se o DMXTD was use ul o
indica e he onse , and se e i y, o wa e s ess bo h in hei DI60 and DI30 ees, which
we e unde simila i iga ion egimes han ou 60RDI and 30RDI ees, espec i ely.
Fe nández e al. (2011c) wo ked wi h 12-yea -old ‘A bequina’ oli e ees plan ed a 7 m
× 6 m, unde low equency de ici i iga ion condi ions, and ound ha DMXTD was a
sensi i e and eliable wa e -s ess indica o . In ou high-densi y HOO, wi h a low soil
wa e -holding capaci y, ei he DEp o DMXTD can be used alone o easonably p ecise
assessmen s o wa e s ess and wa e needs in he o cha d.
The ZIM p obes, oge he wi h he ailo ed eleme y sys em o da a ans e o an
in e ne se e , showed o be use - iendly and obus . The sys em was able o moni o
changes in he lea wa e s a us in e sely coupled o he u go p essu e. As o DEp and
DMXTD, he in o ma ion p o ided by he senso s, a ailable in eal- ime, is o bene i o
assessing wa e s ess in comme cial HOO. S ill, mo e in o ma ion is equi ed on how o
p ocess he in o ma ion de i ed om in e se Pp cu es. Also impo an is o de i e an
app op ia e index o schedule i iga ion om Pp cu es. Th ee p omising indica o s o
he ea ly de ec ion o wa e s ess ha e been desc ibed (Wes ho e al., 2009; Rüge e
al., 2010): (i) he inc ease o he Pp peak alues a noon, (ii) he inc ease o he eco e y
ime o u go p essu e du ing he a e noon and (iii) he inc ease o he Pp nigh alues.
The use ulness o hese indica o s o schedule i iga ion in HOO could be a ma e o
u u e esea ch.
CONCLUSIONS
The h ee compa ed me hods, based on SF, TDV and LT measu emen s we e
use ul o an ea ly assessmen o wa e s ess in HOO. Bo h DEp and DMXTD ha e a
po en ial o high p ecision i iga ion in HOO. The Pp ou pu s sugges ha a use ul index
o schedule i iga ion in HOO could be de i ed. The ea liness, eliabili y and obus ness
o he h ee app oaches a e easonably good, al hough he use mus ake in o accoun
limi a ions de i ed om he undamen als o each me hod and om he physiological
esponse o he plan o wa e demanding condi ions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This expe imen was unded by he Spanish Minis y o Science and Inno a ion,
esea ch p ojec AGL2009-11310/AGR. Thanks a e due o he owne s o In e nacional
Oli a e a, S.A.U. (In e oli a), o allowing us o make he expe imen s in he Sanab ia
a m. An onio Mon e o helped us wi h he ield measu emen s. We also hank Sil ia
Selle , ag onomis , and Juan F ancisco Be nabé, o eman, o hei echnical assis ance.
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Figu es
Fig. 1. Seasonal cou ses o (A) he po en ial (ETo) and c op (ETc) e apo anspi a ion, (B)
he i iga ion amoun s (IA) supplied o each ea men and he collec ed
p ecipi a ion (P), (C) he ela i e ex ac able wa e (REW), and (D) he midday
s em wa e po en ial (Ψs em) measu ed on ep esen a i e ees o each ea men
du ing he expe imen al pe iod (n = 8). Ve ical ba s ep esen ± he s anda d
e o . In Figs. C and D, di e en le e s indica e s a is ically signi ican di e ence;
da a se s wi hou le e s means no di e ence be ween ea men s. DOY = day o
yea .
DOY 2010 (135 = May 15)
160 180 200 220 240 260 280
s em (MPa)
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
P (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
REW
0.0
0.5
1.0
ET (mm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
ETo
ETc
IA (L ee-1 day-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 Con ol = 4767 m3 ha-1
60RDI = 2819 "
30RDI = 1389 "
A
B
C
June July Augus Sep embe Oc obe
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Con ol
60RDI
30RDI
D
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