E alua ing he impac o d edging s a egies a idal
inle s: pe o mance assessmen
Ca men Za zueloa, Alejand o L´opez-Ruiza,∗, Miguel O ega-S´anchezb
aDepa amen o de Ingenie ´ıa Ae oespacial y Mec´anica de Fluidos, Uni e sidad de
Se illa, Camino de los Descub imien os s/n, 41092, Se ille, Spain
bAndalusian Ins i u e o Ea h Sys em Resea ch, Uni e si y o G anada, A da. del
Medi e ´aneo, s/n, 18006, G anada, Spain
Abs ac
Despi e ele an ad ances achie ed in ecen yea s, sedimen anspo and
sedimen a ion p oblems a idal inle s a e s ill wo ldwide issues o be ad-
d essed. Fu he mo e, d edging s a egies a e ca ied ou ollowing adi-
ional layou s, such as channel deepening, las ing sho pe iods o ime de-
spi e he high economic expendi u es and he po en ial en i onmen al im-
pac s. This wo k p oposes a new d edging s a egy o idal inle s and an-
alyzes i s mo phodynamic e olu ion by means o nume ical modeling. This
nume ical model, used o pe o m hyd o–mo phodynamic simula ions, is ap-
plied o a highly al e ed idal inle (Pun a Umb ´ıa inle , Sou he n Spain)
wi h a na iga ional capaci y being con inuously comp omised. A e cali-
b a ed and es ed, he model is applied o di e en d edging s a egies, in-
cluding channel deepening, li o al d i ba ie and shoal emo al. Among
hese s a egies, he shoal emo al, which is a new so –enginee ing s a egy,
is ound o be he mos e icien o imp o e he na iga ional channel ope -
∗Co esponding au ho
alop[email p o ec ed]
P ep in submi ed o Science o he To al En i onmen Decembe 13, 2018
a i i y, de ined as he pe cen age o na igable hou s pe yea o di e en
essel d a s; his ope a i i y imp o es up o 60% compa ed o he o he
s a egies. This solu ion, which educe he equency o main enance in e -
en ions and hence he en i onmen al impac s, may be sui able o o he
inle s wi h comp omised na iga ional capaci ies due o he p esence o ebb
shoals. The ela ion be ween he main ma i ime d i e s and he mo phody-
namic changes is analyzed, concluding ha he mo phodynamic e olu ion o
he na iga ional channels is closely ela ed no only o he wa e ene ge ic
con en , bu la gely o he wa e di ec ionali y. Finally, he shoal emo al
also inc eases he low eloci ies a he inle modi ying he s abili y o he
mou h and hampe ing i s long– e m closu e. The po en ial en i onmen al
impac s de i ed om he shoal emo al a e also discussed.
Keywo ds:
na iga ional channel, mo phodynamics, d edging s a egy, nume ical
model, ope a i i y, en i onmen al impac
1. In oduc ion1
Tidal inle s cons i u e he hyd aulic connec ion be ween he open ocean2
and coas al en i onmen s such as es ua ies, i e s o bays, among o he s3
(Mili ello and K aus, 2001; Ray, 2001). They a e equen ly used o human4
ac i i ies including comme cial ou es o ec ea ional a eas, which d i e im-5
pac s on hei hyd o–mo phodynamics and en i onmen al quali ies, such as6
educ ions on sedimen supply, wa e discha ge o idal p ism, wha in u n7
modi y he mo phodynamic equilib ium and he wa e quali y o he inle s8
(Da is and Fi zge ald, 2004; Seminack and McB ide, 2018). Mo eo e , idal9
2
inle s a e essen ial o sho e and dune p ocesses and he exchange o bo h10
wa e and sedimen s (Fo una o e al., 2014). Thei dynamics a e mainly11
con olled by complex in e ac ions be ween di e en d i e s (wind, ides, o 12
wa es) and he in e ac ions wi h hei own opog aphic ea u es (Vikas e al.,13
2015).14
All hese in e ac ions a e he main eason o he idal inle s abili y and15
mo phodynamics, de e mining also he e olu ion o human in e en ions.16
Among hese in e en ions, he comme cial and/o ec ea ional exploi a ion17
o po s loca ed inside idal inle s usually equi es pe iodic d edging wo ks18
o main ain minimum wa e dep hs along he na iga ional channels assu ing19
hei ope a ional capaci y. These d edging wo ks no only impac he econ-20
omy o public adminis a ions, d i ing also en i onmen al impac s de i ed21
om he sand emo al and he associa ed inc ease in suspended sedimen 22
(Va iale e al., 1985; B own e al., 1990; Wilbe and Cla ke, 2001; Ha 23
e al., 2009; Obe le e al., 2014).24
Gi en he signi ican sedimen anspo a es and he apid mo pho-25
dynamic a ia ions a idal inle s, he li e– ime o he d edging s a egies26
a ound ebb idal shoals is gene ally educed o some yea s (in some cases27
only mon hs) hus inc easing he p edic ed impac s o hese ac i i ies (Je28
e al., 2007; Dabees and K aus, 2008; Wang e al., 2014b,a). Hence, im-29
p o ing he unde s anding o he idal inle dynamics, he complex p ocesses30
he ein, and he mo phodynamic e olu ion o d edging s a egies is essen ial31
o he sus ainable managemen o hese coas al a eas in iew o educing32
he d edging main enance cos s (Knowles and Cayan, 2004; Hinwood and33
McLean, 2018).34
3
While a numbe o s udies ha e e alua ed he s abili y o idal inle s35
h ough he analysis o he sedimen dynamics (Bales and Holley, 1989; Ro-36
man e al., 1997; Duong e al., 2016; Hinwood and McLean, 2018), he e i-37
ciency and impac o d edging s a egies ha e ecei ed much less a en ion38
(Van Ma en e al., 2015). These d edging ac i i ies, mainly designed o39
main ain he na iga ion equi emen s, equen ly al e he na u al en i on-40
men (Mon e o e al., 2013) and imply ex ac ing millions o cubic me e s41
o sand and g a el (annually) in de eloped coun ies (Meng e al., 2018).42
Fu he mo e, he exca a ion, anspo a ion and disposal o hese sedimen s43
may lead o a ious ad e se impac s on he ma ine en i onmen (E emeije 44
and Robin Lewis, 2006), ha can be especially ele an when d edging o 45
disposal a e pe o med in he icini y o sensi i e ma ine en i onmen s, such46
as co al ee s (E emeije e al., 2012) and seag ass beds (E emeije and47
Robin Lewis, 2006).48
One o he ew analyses on he e iciency o d edging ac i i ies was pe -49
o med by Ga el (2017), who s udied he ela ion be ween d edged olumes50
and he equency o main enance ope a ions a he Guadiana ebb idal del a51
using a simpli ied e sion o he Inle Rese oi Model (K aus, 2000; ´
Al a ez52
e al., 2017). Mo e ecen ly, Reyes-Me lo e al. (2017) p oposed a new d edg-53
ing s a egy based on he educ ion o he low ene gy luxes and i s di-54
e gence, al hough nei he i s pe o mance no he sedimen anspo we e55
analyzed in de ail. The e a e wo main easons o his small numbe o s ud-56
ies: (1) he pe o mance assessmen o d edging s a egies using nume ical57
models is challenging due o he complexi y o he simul aneous simula ion o 58
di e en d i e s, and (2) hese simula ions equi e obus and eliable mo -59
4
phodynamic p edic ions, demanding an accu a e calib a ion and es ing o 60
he model.61
The main objec i e o his wo k is o de ine a new e icien d edging s a -62
egy, analyzing i s mo phodynamic e olu ion by means o nume ical modeling.63
The e iciency o he s a egy is measu ed in e ms o na iga ional capaci y64
and ope a i i y o he main na iga ion channels o di e en essel d a s.65
This ope a i i y is de ined as he pe cen age o na igable hou s pe yea o 66
di e en essel d a s. The model is calib a ed and es ed bo h o hyd o– and67
mo phodynamics using mid– e m simula ions and mul i–beam ba hyme ies.68
Di e en al e na i es o d edging s a egies a e simula ed wi h he model, in-69
cluding channel deepening, li o al d i ba ie and shoal emo al, which is70
a new so –enginee ing s a egy p e iously p oposed by Reyes-Me lo e al.71
(2017) bu which e iciency was no analyzed. This s a egy may be sui able72
o any o he idal inle whe e he p esence o an ebb shoal comp omise he73
na iga ional capaci y. The pe o mance o he s a egies is assessed ob aining74
he ope a i i y on he main na iga ional channels. Finally, he ela ion be-75
ween he main ma i ime d i e s and he mo phodynamic e olu ion, as well76
as he po en ial hyd odynamic and en i onmen al impac s, a e discussed o 77
he mos e icien s a egy. The me hodology is applied o Pun a Umb ´ıa78
inle (Sou he n Spain), a highly human–al e ed en i onmen whe e he na -79
iga ion capaci y is con inuously comp omised despi e he equen d edging80
s a egies. This a ea cons i u es a p o o ypical na igable inle a ec ed by81
he p esence o an ebb idal shoal whe e pe iodic d edging wo ks a e ca ied82
ou .83
5
2. S udy si e84
The R´ıa de Huel a is a shallow meso idal es ua y, loca ed on he sou h-85
wes e n Spanish coas acing he Gul o C´adiz (37◦11’N, 6◦57’W; Fig. 1). I 86
occupies an a ea o 250 km2including in e idal zones, he in e sec ion o wo87
main i e s (Tin o and Odiel) and he Pun a Umb ´ıa inle (PUI he eina e ).88
The Tin o Ri e (Fig. 1) has a leng h o 100 km wi h a d ainage basin o 89
720 km2, whe eas he Odiel Ri e (Fig. 1) lows 140 km un il he mou h o 90
he es ua y (Sainz e al., 2004).91
PUI is an 8 km long (NW–SE) and 0.5 km wide (SW–NE) channel wi h92
a maximum dep h o 12 m below mean sea le el (MSL he eina e ). I is an93
ebb– idal sys em wi h mino ebb channels, shoals and on al lobes (Reyes-94
Me lo e al., 2017), which is cha ac e ized by la ge sal ma shes wi h a high95
densi y o shallow meande ing idal c eeks, sand la s and a complex ne wo k96
o na u al and pa ially d edged channels. I s mou h is bound a he A lan ic97
Ocean side by a li o al ba ie and a mix u e o sandbanks and highly mobile98
shallow channels wi h dep hs o 2–3 m espec o MSL (Ba ba-B ioso e al.,99
2010). The PUI sys em is cha ac e ized by he p esence o an ebb shoal wi h100
a a e aged wa e dep h o 3 m espec o MSL (Fig. 1d). The shoal sligh ly101
mig a ed o he Eas du ing las decades due o he d edging wo ks pe o med102
in he a ea (Reyes-Me lo e al., 2017). The p esence o his shoal ha e caused103
na iga ional p oblems a PUI o decades, p omo ing he cons uc ion o a104
je y in he mid 80’s o he 20 h cen u y a he wes e n side o he inle 105
mou h, ex ending o app oxima ely 4 m dep h. Two na iga ional channels,106
NC–W and NC–E in Fig. 1d, a e used by he local essels o c oss he shoal107
owa ds he wo main po a eas along PUI (Fig. 1d).108
6
Mo ales e al. (2014) analyzed he sedimen a y e olu ion o he PUI en-109
i onmen , poin ing ou ha i has been in ensi ied by ecen human in e -110
en ions wi h ex ensi e and in ense d edging wo ks pe o med du ing he111
las yea s wi h he aim o a oiding he closu e o he inle and he sil ing o 112
he channel. Di e en designs o na iga ional channel deepening ha e been113
ca ied ou , al hough hey had a limi ed li e– ime (up o 4 yea s) and ha e114
been unable o esol e he na iga ional issues a PUI (Reyes-Me lo e al.,115
2017).116
Tidal da a ob ained om a idal gauge (REDMAR 3329, Pue os del117
Es ado, Spanish Minis y o Public Wo ks), loca ed a Huel a Po (Fig. 1),118
indica e ha ides a e semi–diu nal wi h a idal ange a ying be ween 1119
and 4 m. Acco ding o Rod ´ıguez-Ram´ı ez (2008) his idal ange con ols120
he hyd odynamics and sedimen anspo in he a ea. Fu he mo e, Reyes-121
Me lo e al. (2017) ound ha ide–induced cu en s can each 1.2 m/s and122
0.8 m/s a i s mou h du ing ebb and lood, espec i ely. Di e en wo ks123
(Mu˜noz e al., 1997; Sainz and Ruiz, 2006; Ruiz e al., 2014) concluded ha 124
he mo phological amewo k o he PUI is con olled by he ides in he125
deepe channels whe e sil and clay a e deposi ed, whe eas in he middle126
pa o he PUI o he ac o s such as wind wa es, he p esence o ege a ion127
o he weak lu ial ac ion a ec he sedimen dynamics. A he Sou h o he128
PUI, he mo phology is la gely in luenced by wind and swell wa es. This129
a iabili y has an e ec on he sedimen dis ibu ion, which is coa se (D50
130
≈2 mm) ups eam and ine (D50 ≈0.53 mm) downs eam.131
The local wa e clima e, ob ained om he hindcas da a o SIMAR132
1052048 (Pue os del Es ado, Spanish Minis y o Public Wo ks, Fig. 1), is133
7
cha ac e ized by mode a e sea s a es (wa e heigh s and pe iods in he ange134
0.5–1 m and 4–6 s, espec i ely), p edominan ly app oaching om Wes o135
he Sou hwes . S o ms ypically app oach PUI om Sou hwes wi h wa e136
heigh s be ween 3 and 6 m. This wa e clima e esul s in a local ne long-137
sho e sedimen anspo o he wes o app oxima ely 0.5–3 ×105m3/yea 138
(CEDEX, 2013; Reyes-Me lo e al., 2015). Fu he mo e, acco ding o I.E.O.139
(1992) and Mu˜noz e al. (1997) he highes uno s occu om Decembe o140
Feb ua y o bo h i e s, wi h a e aged discha ges o 38.6 m3/s, whe eas he141
lowes a e concen a ed du ing he summe mon hs (≤0.4 m3/s).142
FIGURE 1143
3. Ma e ials and me hods144
3.1. Ba hyme y and opog aphy da a145
Be ween 2002 and 2015 egula ba hyme ic su eys we e ca ied ou 146
a he mou h and d edged channels o PUI o con ol he main enance147
(d edging) wo ks o he na iga ional channels. A o al o 18 mul i–beam148
ba hyme y su eys we e p o ided by Agencia P´ublica de Pue os de An-149
daluc´ıa (APPA, Andalusian Regional Go e nmen ), al hough he majo i y150
o he da ase only co e ed some c oss–sec ions o he d edged a ea along151
he main na iga ion channel (NC–E). The spa ial esolu ion o he ba hyme-152
ies is 2×2 m, and da a we e co ec ed and e e enced o he MSL a he153
s udy si e using wa e le els om he idal gauge REDMAR 3329 (Fig. 1).154
APPA ba hyme ies co e ing he comple e PUI we e used in he anal-155
ysis, being comple ed wi h o sho e ba hyme y da a p o ided by he Hy-156
d og aphic Ma ine Ins i u e (IHM, Spain) wi h a spa ial esolu ion o 5×5157
8
m. The opog aphy close o he inle was de ined wi h da a om a Digi al158
Ele a ion Model (DEM, p o ided by Na ional Geog aphic Ins i u e, Spain)159
wi h a esolu ion o 5×5 m a idal la s and 25×25 m elsewhe e.160
3.2. Field su ey161
Field measu emen s o wa e le els, cu en s and wa e heigh s we e used162
o calib a e and es he nume ical model. The su ey was ca ied ou du ing163
he sp ing 2014 collec ing da a a 5 loca ions along he main channel o PUI164
and he inne con inen al shel wi h 4 cu en p o iles (ADCP he eina e )165
and 1 idal gauge (Fig. 1). Ins umen s we e deployed on May 2014 and166
e ie ed on June 2014. Fo u he de ails on he su ey he eade is e e ed167
o Reyes-Me lo e al. (2017).168
3.3. Nume ical model169
The Del 3D model, which is a ini e–di e ence nume ical model de el-170
oped by WL/Del Hyd aulics and Del Uni e si y o Technology (Lesse 171
e al., 2004), was used o s udy he PUI hyd o–mo phodynamics. I is a172
widely used compu a ional model o simula e he main physical p ocesses173
ha a e ele an in coas al en i onmen s, such as embaymen s and es ua -174
ies (Van Leeuwen e al., 2003; Van Rijn, 2007; Ruggie o e al., 2009; Iglesias175
e al., 2012; Hansen e al., 2013). We used wo modules o he model: FLOW176
and WAVE. The o me is based on he wo dimensional (dep h–in eg a ed)177
Na ie –S okes equa ions o an incomp essible luid unde he shallow wa e 178
and he Boussinesq assump ions. I also includes mo phodynamic e olu ion179
equa ions, o which he o al anspo is ob ained as he sum o bed and180
suspended load anspo s based on he dep h–in eg a ed ad ec ion–di usion181
9
obse ed bed e olu ion, wi h alues o 0.66 (0.54) o he calib a ion ( es ing)304
pe iods.305
FIGURE 3306
3.4. D edging s a egies307
Acco ding o Reyes-Me lo e al. (2017), he s ong sil a ion caused by308
he li o al d i esul ed in he g ow h o ebb shoal nea he mou h o PUI309
a e each channel deepening pe o med in he a ea, educing i s na iga ional310
capaci y and equi ing ecu en in e en ions. Thus, he p esen geome y311
o he shoal is in luenced by pas human in e en ions. In his wo k ou 312
di e en s a egies we e de ined o imp o e he na iga ional capaci y o he313
inle and educe he numbe and impac o he in e en ions. Among hese314
s a egies, he mos e icien , i.e. he one ha main ains he highes na iga-315
ional capaci y du ing a 3-mon h pe iod, was chosen based on he esul s o 316
he mo phodynamic simula ions. A e ha , we used he selec ed s a egy317
o pe o m a deepe analysis o i s mo phodynamic e olu ion and i s e ec s318
on he PUI hyd odynamics. The ou s a egies de ined a e cha ac e ized as319
ollows.320
3.4.1. S1: PUI in 2014321
This i s s a egy does no imply any in e en ion in PUI. The ba hyme y322
co esponds o he mos unal e ed con igu a ion o he s udy si e (Fig. 4a),323
since i was ob ained a e he longes pe iod wi hou d edging wo ks in he324
a ea (4 yea s). Acco ding o he ba hyme ic da ase , i is he mos na u al325
con igu a ion o PUI.326
16
3.4.2. S2: Channel deepening327
This s a egy deepen he main na iga ion channel in S1(NC–E, Fig. 4b),328
simila o he pas d edging wo ks pe o med in PUI. I inc eases he wa e 329
dep h in he shallowes zone o he subme ged sandba o PUI o educe i s330
ecu ing sil a ion. The a e age d edged olume is 1.3 ×105m3and he331
d edged olume in he shoaling a ea ep esen s ≈30% o all he mobilized332
ma e ial. The dep h o he d edged channel is 4 m due o he maximum333
d a o he main essels ha na iga e in he a ea.334
3.4.3. S3: Li o al d i ba ie 335
This s a egy enla ges he je y o he i e mou h (Fig. 4c). The cu en 336
je y ex ends o app oxima ely 4 m dep h ( espec o MSL), allowing he337
sedimen bypass o he eas e n–o ien ed li o al d i gene a ed up–d i PUI,338
being he main eason o sedimen a ion in he channel. Wi h his s a egy,339
he je y is ex ended o 8 m dep h (300 m in leng h), which is app oxima ely340
he closu e dep h o he adjacen beach, con ibu ing o signi ican ly educe341
he sand bypass. This is he mos expensi e and long– e m s a egy, and can342
be used in combina ion wi h any o he s a egy. Howe e , o simpli y he343
analysis hese combina ions we e no conside ed.344
3.4.4. S4: Shoal emo al345
This s a egy, o iginally p oposed by Reyes-Me lo e al. (2017), consis s346
o a le eling and pa ial emo al o he shoal a he lee–side o he je y (Fig.347
4d), o educe he ene gy di e gence and hence he sedimen anspo . The348
main goal o his solu ion is o ex end he li e– ime o he in e en ion imi a -349
ing how na u e wo ks, educing he ex e nal g adien s and hence minimizing350
17
he sedimen a ion a PUI. I is a so al e na i e (no s uc u es equi ed)351
ha p omo es ecosys em se ices and he esilience o he sys em. The wa-352
e dep hs a e consis en wi h he equi emen s o na iga ion a PUI (≃4 m353
below MSL), wi h maximum di e ences be ween he ini ial and inal p o iles354
o ≃2 m. The o al a ec ed egion co e s 7.4 ×105m2and he olume o 355
emo ed ma e ial is 2 ×105m3(Reyes-Me lo e al., 2017). This s a egy is356
p esen ed as a mo e na u al–adap ed and sus ainable s a egy in he mid o357
long– e m main enance o he inle , being applicable o any o he wo ldwide358
inle wi h na iga ional issues de i ed om he p esence o ebb idal shoals.359
FIGURE 4360
4. Resul s361
4.1. E iciency o he s a egies362
Mo phodynamic simula ions o he 4 s a egies de ined (Fig. 4) we e363
pe o med by means o mo phological e olu ion and ope a i i y. The sim-364
ula ions span h ee mon hs o a win e pe iod wi h ex eme wa e clima e365
condi ions (Decembe 22 h, 2009 o Ma ch 20 h, 2010).366
Fig. 5 shows he wa e, wind and wa e le el clima e du ing he 3–mon h367
pe iod using he da a om SIMAR 1052048 and REDMAR 3329 (Fig. 1).368
Th ee di e en phases in e ms o wa e clima e can be de ined: (1) a se-369
quence o 4 impo an s o ms un il he middle o Janua y, (2) a pe iod o 370
app oxima ely 20 days o milde wa e ene gy condi ions, and (3) ano he 371
20 days o consis en s o m condi ions wi h wa e heigh s abo e 2 m, s o m372
su ges up o 0.5 m and impo an wind eloci ies ( ed dashed boxes-Fig. 5).373
Du ing he en i e pe iod, wa es p edominan ly eached PUI om he374
18
WSW wi h heigh s ypically up o app oxima ely 4 m a he peak o he375
s o ms. Wind di ec ions we e p edominan ly NW and NE wi h speeds a y-376
ing be ween 2 and 15 m/s and a mon hly a e age close o 10 m/s. Gi en he377
ene ge ic con en o wa es and winds, impo an ba hyme y changes we e378
expec ed.379
FIGURE 5380
4.1.1. Mo phodynamic e olu ion o he inle 381
Fig. 6 shows he ba hyme ic di e ences be ween he beginning and he382
end o he 3–mon h simula ions o each s a egy. Resul s we e ob ained no 383
only o e PUI (le panels), bu also along he wo na iga ional channels384
NC–W and NC–E.385
Fo S1, S2and S3 he e osion/acc e ion pa e ns a e simila : e osion is386
concen a ed a he su oundings o he main channel, specially a he eas e n387
sho eline o PUI, whe eas acc e ion is obse ed a la ge a eas o e he cen al388
pa o he PUI whe e he NC ansec . This is clea ly obse ed in Fig.389
6 (panels e and ) whe e he di e ences along NC a e plo ed: signi ican 390
educ ions o wa e dep hs a e iden i ied, specially o NC–W whe e his391
educ ion is abo e 10% o he ini ial wa e dep h. Along hese NC, e osion392
is only sligh ly p esen (≃3-5%) a he sou he n end o NC–W. These esul s393
highligh ha S2and S3sca cely educe he acc e ion a he sou he n end394
o NC–W, whe e he loss o wa e dep h dec eased 1% compa ed o he395
unal e ed s a egy (S1).396
Resul s a e clea ly di e en o S4: al hough he e is also a gene alized397
acc e ion along he NC, wa e dep hs only educed up o 3.5%. The mo pho-398
logical changes a e weake compa ed o S1and S3e en o he a eas loca ed399
19
ou side he shoal emo al a ea; u he mo e, he wa e dep h educ ion ob-400
se ed a NC–W o he o he s a egies is anished. Hence, his s a egy401
clea ly educes he mo phodynamic a ia ions and i s g adien s along he402
NC. Resul s a e summa ized in Table 4.403
FIGURE 6404
4.1.2. Ope a i i y405
Al hough S4was ound o be he mos e icien s a egy in e ms o e-406
ducing he mo phodynamic changes (i.e. less acc e ion), we quan i ied he407
e ec s o hese changes on he na iga ional capaci y o PUI assessing he op-408
e a i i y along he NC. We de ine he ope a i i y as he pe cen age o ime409
du ing he simula ion pe iod o which he minimum wa e dep h along he410
comple e NC is g ea e han a h eshold alue in co espondence o di e -411
en essel d a s. Hence, he ope a i i y depends on he clea ance a he412
minimum wa e dep h poin along he comple e NC.413
The esul s o each s a egy a e shown in Fig. 7, whe e he wa e dep h414
o 3 m is highligh ed wi h a e ical black line. Acco ding o local adminis-415
a ions, his alue co esponds o he d a (including he sa e y clea ance)416
o he design essel expec ed o na iga e along he NC o PUI. The ope a-417
i i ies o S1and S3a e closely ela ed wi h he mo phodynamic e olu ion418
ob ained in Fig. (6), wi h alues o app oxima ely 60% and 40% o NC–E419
and NC–W, espec i ely, o 3 m wa e dep h. The imp o emen s on he420
ope a ional capaci y o S2a e e y na ow and only pe cep ible o NC–W,421
whe e a sligh inc ease o ≃2% is obse ed. The ope a i i y o essels wi h422
d a s abo e 5 m is 0 using nei he NC–W o NC–E.423
On he o he hand, esul s o S4highligh he imp o emen o he op-424
20
Max. e osion (%) Max. acc e ion (%) Ope a i i y, 3m (%)
S a egy NC–W NC–E NC–W NC–E NC–W NC–E
S12 0 12 4.4 60 40
S22 0 10 4.6 60 42
S31 0 10 4.4 60 40
S40 0 4 3.5 80 100
Table 4: Summa y o he esul s a e he e alua ion o s a egies.
e a i i y o bo h NC. In he case o NC–E, he ope a i i y o 3–m wa e 425
dep h inc eases om 60% o 80%, whe eas i ises om 40% o 100% o 426
NC–W. Hence, wi h he shoal emo al he design essel is able o na iga e427
du ing he comple e pe iod o he simula ion. Mo eo e , essels wi h d a s428
o e 6 m a e able o na iga e du ing ce ain ime windows (high wa e le -429
els a sp ing ides) o he simula ion pe iod. Acco ding o hese esul s, S4
430
was chosen as he mos e icien s a egy, p o iding no only a signi ican 431
imp o emen in e ms o na iga ional capaci y, bu also a educ ion o mo -432
phodynamic changes, hus inc easing i s li e– ime. The esul s o he analysis433
o he di e en d edging s a egies is summa ized in Table 4.434
FIGURE 7435
4.2. Analysis o he shoal emo al436
We pe o med longe mo phodynamic simula ions o analyze in de ail how437
S4e ol es in e ms o ope a i i y. The simula ions we e also pe o med o 438
S1 o compa e wi h he unal e ed s a egy, and spanned a comple e yea o439
analyze he in luence o he en i e ange o clima e condi ions. Wi h he aim440
21
o pe o ming ealis ic simula ions, he selec ed pe iod s a s on Oc obe 1s ,441
2014, app oxima ely he da e o which he ba hyme y o S1was ob ained.442
Fig. 8 shows he sea le els and wind and wa e clima es du ing he sim-443
ula ed pe iod. Be ween No embe and Ma ch, s o ms we e equen wi h444
maximum wa e heigh s ypically o e 3 m (bo h om he Eas and Wes )445
and wind eloci ies up o 20 m/s. Howe e , du ing sp ing and summe milde 446
condi ions we e eco ded, wi h wa e heigh s ba ely eaching 1.5 m and p e-447
dominan ly app oaching PUI om he Sou hwes , and wind eloci ies usually448
below 10 m/s.449
FIGURE 8450
4.2.1. Mo phodynamic e olu ion451
Fig. 9 a and b show he non–dimensional bed le el di e ences be ween452
he ini ial and inal ba hyme ies o each s a egy. A gene al sedimen a ion453
o e PUI (app oxima ely 8% o he ini ial wa e dep h) is obse ed, excep 454
o he shallow wa e a ea loca ed a he Eas o he i e mou h, whe e455
e osion is obse ed. This gene al sedimen a ion, which was negligible o he456
esul s on sec ion 4.1, ag ee wi h he endency o he inle o be illed up457
wi h sedimen s desc ibed by Reyes-Me lo e al. (2017).458
The esul s in he a ea whe e he NC di e ge a e clea ly di e en o S1
459
and S4: whe eas consecu i e a eas o impo an sedimen a ion (up o 40%)460
and e osion (20%) a e ob ained o S1, he emo al o he shoal educes sig-461
ni ican ly he mo phodynamic ac i i y o he a ea, wi h only sedimen a ion462
in he a ea close o he NC–W bend. These di e ences a e also obse ed463
in Fig. 9c, whe e he ba hyme y changes along he NC a e depic ed: he464
maximum wa e dep h educ ion is dec eased om 40% (S1) o 12% (S4).465
22
Fu he mo e, o he la e he bed le el a ia ions a e smoo hed no only466
o e he shoal, bu also ups eam he a ea usually d edged.467
FIGURE 9468
4.2.2. Ope a i i y469
The consequences o hese di e ences on bed le el e olu ion be ween S1
470
and S4we e quan i ied in e ms o ope a i i y. Fig. 10 shows he ope a i i y471
du ing he comple e yea o bo h s a egies. A signi ican inc ease o bo h472
NC is obse ed o S4, specially in he case o NC–W, whe e he esul s o 473
3 m d a imp o es om 65% o 100%. Al hough hese inc eases we e also474
obse ed o he 3–mon h simula ions (sec ion 4.1), some di e ences a ise:475
whe eas he ope a i i y o 3 m d a along NC–E is app oxima ely 80% a -476
e he 3–mon h simula ions, i inc eases up o 90% o he comple e yea .477
These di e ences demons a e ha he ope a i i y is no en i ely dependen 478
on he ini ial ba hyme y (and hence on he d edging s a egy) bu also on479
he local wa e clima e and he subsequen mo phodynamic e olu ion. This480
mo i a es he analysis o he ela ion be ween wa e clima e and mo phody-481
namic e olu ion pe o med in sec ion 5.1.482
FIGURE 10483
To comple e he analysis, he ope a i i y o e he en i e PUI was also484
ob ained o he comple e yea conside ing a d a o 3 m. Fig. 11a shows485
how he shoal a he PUI mou h signi ican ly educes he ope a i i y o he486
unal e ed condi ions (S1), wi h alues sligh ly o e 50% in some a eas. The487
e ec s o he shoal emo al a e e iden o he a ea be ween he NC Fig.488
11b, whe e he ope a i i y is almos 100%. Fig. 11c depic s he di e ences489
be ween bo h s a egies showing ha he ope a i i y imp o emen is gene -490
23
alized along he a ea be ween he NC, being only educed in small and e y491
shallow a eas a he eas e n ma gin o PUI. In hese a eas, small a ia ions492
in wa e dep hs esul s in la ge educ ions in ope a i i y due o he limi ed493
ini ial wa e dep h.494
FIGURE 11495
5. Discussion496
In his sec ion, we use he 1–yea simula ions o S1and S4 o discuss497
(1) he ela ion be ween he d i e s and he mo phological e olu ion o he498
a ea; (2) he e ec s o he shoal emo al on PUI hyd odynamics and (3) he499
po en ial en i onmen al impac s de i ed om he shoal emo al.500
5.1. Rela ion o ides and wa e clima e wi h mo phodynamic e olu ion501
To deepen he unde s anding o he mo phodynamic beha io o PUI, he502
shoal emo al, and he loss o ope a i i y, we analyze he ela ion be ween503
ides and wa e clima e wi h he e osion/deposi ion pa e ns. Because his504
kind o analysis is di icul due o he complex in e ac ions be ween wa es,505
ides, wind and sedimen , we ied o isola e he ole o wa es and ides on506
he mo phodynamic e olu ion o PUI.507
Fig. 12 shows he mon hly a ia ions o he wa e dep h along he NC,508
including hei ne alues and he mon hly–a e aged wa e powe ec o ob-509
ained a PUI mou h. The deposi ion/e osion alues (panels a and c) we e510
ob ained as he accumula ed mean deposi ion/e osion a es along he NC o 511
each mon h, whe eas hei ne a ia ion is showed in panels b and d. The512
24
wa e powe ec o was ob ained as:513
−→
P=1
8ρg−→
H2cg(2)
whe e he o e –a ow indica es ec o , ρis he wa e densi y, gis g a i y,514
−→
His he signi ican wa e heigh ec o a e aged in a mon hly scale and cgis515
he g oup cele i y.516
Resul s show ha he bed ele a ion along he NC is closely ela ed wi h517
bo h he in ensi y and o ien a ion o wa e powe . Gene ally, he la ge he518
in ensi y and he wes e ly he di ec ion o he wa e powe , he la ge mo -519
phodynamics changes along he NC a e ound. The wa e di ec ionali y plays520
an impo an ole: al hough he no m o he wa e powe ec o is highe 521
in Feb ua y, la ge mo phodynamic a ia ions a e ound o Ap il and May,522
which a e mo e wes e ly o ien ed. Conside ing he o ien a ion o he coas ,523
esul s show ha he expec ed ba hyme y changes a e mo e in ense o wa e524
powe ec o s wi h highe obliqui y. The impo ance o wa e di ec ionali y525
on coas al mo phodynamics was desc ibed in p e ious s udies, such as L´opez-526
Ruiz e al. (2015), al hough i s impo ance on na iga ional channel capaci y527
was no p e iously add essed. These ype o analyses a e inc easingly el-528
e an , since one o he main impac s o u u e clima e change is expec ed529
o be he a ia ion on wa e clima e di ec ionali y (Fe nandino e al., 2018),530
al hough no eliable in o ma ion abou he local u u e endencies a e a ail-531
able.532
FIGURE 12533
25
The a e aged idal p ism is educed, which is a p oxy o he inle en-672
dency o eaching i s mo phodynamic equilib ium, in acco dance wi h673
he educ ion o he bed le el changes o e he inle obse ed o his674
s a egy.675
•Resul s show ha shoal emo al is an e ec i e solu ion o na igable676
inle s in which pe iodic d edging wo ks a e ca ied ou due o he p es-677
ence o ebb shoals. The simila i y be ween PUI and many o he s inle s678
loca ed Uni ed S a es (Dabees and K aus, 2008; Buonaiu o and K aus,679
2003) o Eu ope (Ga el e al., 2014, 2015; Ga el, 2017) enhance he680
applicabili y o he indings desc ibed in his wo k, speci ically o sci-681
en is s and coas al manage s dealing wi h ope a ional, inancial and/o 682
en i onmen al issues de i ed om channel deepening.683
Acknowledgmen s684
This wo k was pa ially unded by he Eu opean Union h ough FEDER685
ounding (G-GI3002/IDII), p ojec DRAGAPORT o he P og ama Ope -686
a i o FEDER 2007-2013. We also hank he s a and esea che s o he687
Agency o Public Wo ks o he Andalusia Regional Go e nmen o hei 688
dedica ion and p o essionalism. Miguel A. Reyes-Me lo, Ped o O ´ı˜na and689
Ra ael J. Be gillos a e acknowledged o hei help du ing he ield campaign690
and he necessa y da a. Two anonymous e iewe s and Filip Tack (Associa e691
Edi o ) a e also acknowledged o hei commen s and sugges ions which im-692
p o ed signi ican ly he manusc ip .693
32
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41
Figu e 3: Bo om ele a ion obse ed (a) and compu ed (b) and di e ences o he bo om
ele a ion be ween he ini ial and inal s eps o he simula ion o he measu ed (c) and
modeled (d) da a. Red and blue colo s indica e e osion and sedimen a ion, espec i ely.
48
Figu e 4: S a egies es ed: a) S1, ini ial con igu a ion o PUI, b S2, channel deepening,
c) S3, li o al d i ba ie and d) S4, shoal emo al.
49
0
2
4
6
Wa e
Heigh
[m]
0
5
10
15
20
Peak
Pe iod
[s]
0
100
200
300
400
Wa e
Di ec ion [º]
Jan10 Feb10 Ma 10
-2
-1
0
1
2
Wa e
Le el
[m]
-0.2
0
0.3
0.6
S o m
Su ge [m]
-15
0
15
-15
0
Wind
Veloci y
[m/s]
(3)
(2)
(1)
Figu e 5: F om op o bo om: Panel 1 shows he peak pe iod and wa e di ec ion a
SIMAR 1052048 in blue and ed lines, espec i ely (Fig. 1). Panels 2 and 3 ep esen he
wa e heigh and wind eloci ies measu ed o he coas a SIMAR 1052048 (Fig. 1). Panel
4 ep esen s he wa e le el and he s o m su ge measu ed a REDMAR 3329 (Fig. 1) in
blue and ed line, espec i ely. The ed dashed boxes indica e h ee di e en phases in
e ms o wa e clima e iden i ied: (1) sequence o s o ms, (2) milde wa e ene gy condi ions,
and (3) consis en s o m condi ions.
50
Figu e 6: Non–dimensional bed le el di e ences be ween he ini ial and he end o he
simula ions (blue = sedimen a ion): (a) S1, (b) S2, (c) S3and (d) S4. The hi d column
ep esen s he di e ences o wa e dep h be ween he end and he beginning o he sim-
ula ion o NC–W (e) and NC–E ( ). Nega i e alues ep esen sedimen a ion. The NC
a e ma ked wi h solid lines in panels a-d.
51
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Ope a i i y
S1
NC-W
NC-E
S2
0 2 4 6
Dep h [m]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Ope a i i y
S3
0 2 4 6
Dep h [m]
S4
a) b)
c) d)
Figu e 7: Ope a i i y (non–dimensional a io o na igable hou s pe yea ) o each NC o
S1(a) o S4(d). The NC a e plo ed in panel e.
52
0
2
4
6
Wa e
Heigh
[m]
0
10
20
Peak
Pe iod
[s]
0
100
200
300
400
Wa e
Di ec ion [º]
Sep14 Oc 14 No 14 Dec14 Jan15 Feb15 Ma 15 Ap 15 May15 Jun15 Jul15 Aug15 Sep15 Oc 15
-2
0
2
Wa e
Le el
[m]
0
1
S o m
Su ge [m]
-18
-9
0
9
18
Wind
Veloci y
[m/s]
Figu e 8: F om op o bo om: Panel 1: Peak pe iod and wa e di ec ion (SIMAR 1052048,
Fig. 1) a e ep esen ed in blue and ed line, espec i ely. Panels 2 and 3 show, espec i ely,
he wa e heigh and wind eloci ies (SIMAR 1052048, Fig. 1). Panel 4 ep esen s he
wa e le el and he s o m su ge measu ed a REDMAR 3329 (Fig. 1) in blue and ed line,
espec i ely.
53
Figu e 9: Non–dimensional bed le el di e ences be ween ini ial and inal ba hyme ies o
PUI (blue colo s indica e sedimen a ion): a) S1, b) S2and c) esul s along NC–W (solid
line) and NC–E (dashed line). The NC a e ma ked wi h solid lines in panels a and b.
54
01234567
Dep h [m]
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Ope a i i y
Figu e 10: Ope a i i y along NC–W (g een) and NC–E ( ed) o S1and S4(solid and
dashed lines, espec i ely). The inse ep esen s he loca ion o NC and ini ial ba hyme y
o S1.
55
Figu e 11: Ope a i i y o e PUI o a 3 m d a essel: a) S1, b) S4and c) non–dimensional
di e ences be ween S1and S4.
56
Figu e 12: Mon hly a ia ions in cumula i e sedimen a ion/e osion along he NC and
mon hly–a e aged wa e powe ec o a he PUI mou h. Panels a and c (b-d) depic s
he cumula i e mean deposi ion/e osion and he ne wa e dep h changes along NC–W
(NC–E) on a mon hly basis. Panels e and show he wa e powe ec o o each mon h.
57
