h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/11786221211028185
C ea i e Commons Non Comme cial CC BY-NC: This a icle is dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial
4.0 License (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which pe mi s non-comme cial use, ep oduc ion and dis ibu ion o he wo k wi hou
u he pe mission p o ided he o iginal wo k is a ibu ed as speci ied on he SAGE and Open Access pages (h ps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-a -sage).
Ai , Soil and Wa e Resea ch
Volume 14: 1–19
© The Au ho (s) 2021
A icle euse guidelines:
sagepub.com/jou nals-pe missions
DOI: 10.1177/11786221211028185
Cu en Wildland Fi e Pa e ns and
Challenges in Eu ope: A Syn hesis o
Na ional Pe spec i es
Nie es Fe nandez-Anez1, And ey K aso skiy2, Mo ime Mülle 3,
Ha ald Vacik3, Jan Bae ens4, Emi a Hukić5,
Ma ijana Kapo ic Solomun6, I ena A anasso a7, Ma ia Glushko a8,
Igo Boguno ić9, Hana Fajko ić9, Hakan Djuma10, Geo ge Bous as11, Ma in Adámek12,
Milosla De e e 13, Michaela H abaliko a14, Dalibo Huska15, Pe a Ma ínez Ba oso15,
Magdalena Da ia Va e ko á15 , Da id Zum 16, Kale Jõgis e17, Ma ek Me slaid17,
Kaja Kos e 18, Egle Kös e 18, Jukka Pumpanen19, Caius Ribei o-Kuma a18, Simone Di P ima20,
Amandine Pas o 21, Co nelia Rumpel22, Manuel Seege 23, Ioannis Daliakopoulos24,
E angelia Daskalakou25, A is eidis Kou oulis26, Ma ia P. Papadopoulou27,
Kosmas S ampoulidis27, Ga iil Xan hopoulos25, Réka Aszalós28, Deák Balázs29,
Miklós Ke ész29, O solya Valkó29, Da id C. Finge 30, Th os u Tho s einsson31,
Jessica Till31, So ia Bajocco32, An onio Gelsomino33, An onio Mine ino Amodio34,
Aga a No a a35, Luca Sal a i36, Luciano Telesca37, Nadia U sino38, A is Jansons39,
Ma a Ki enbe ga39, No munds S i ins40, Gediminas B azai is41, Vi as Ma ozas41,
Olesea Cojoca u42, Iachim Gumeniuc42, Vic o S ecla42, An on Imeson43, Sande Ve a e beke44,
Ragni Fjellgaa d Mikalsen45, Eugeniusz Koda46, Pio Osinski46, Ana C. Mei a Cas o47,
João Ped o Nunes21, Dua e Oom48, Diana Viei a49, Teodo Rusu50, S đan Bojo ić51,
D agana Djo dje ic51, Zo ica Popo ic51, Milan P o ic52, Sanja Sakan51, Jan Glasa53,
Danica Kaciko a54, Lubomi Lichne 53, And ea Majlingo a54, Ja osla Vido54, Ma eja Fe k55,
Ju e Tiča 55, Ma ija Zo n55, Vesna Zupanc56, M. Belén Hinojosa57, Heike Knicke 58,
Manuel Es eban Lucas-Bo ja59, Juli Pausas60, Nu ia P a -Gui a 61, Xa ie Ubeda62,
La a Vila 63, Geo gia Des ouni64, Na id Ghaja nia64, Zah a Kalan a i64,
Samaneh Sei ollahi-Aghmiuni64, Tu gay Dinda oglu65, Tug ul Yakupoglu66,
Thomas Smi h67, S e an Doe 68 and A emi Ce da69
1Wes e n No way Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, No way. 2In e na ional Ins i u e o Applied Sys ems Analysis (IIASA), Aus ia.
3Uni e si y o Na u al Resou ces and Li e Sciences, Aus ia. 4Ghen Uni e si y, Belgium. 5Uni e si y o Sa aje o, Bosnia and
He zego ina. 6Uni e si y o Banja Luka, Bosnia and He zego ina. 7Ins i u e o Soil Science Ag o echnologies and Plan P o ec ion “N.
Poushka o ,” Bulga ia. 8Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e—Bulga ian Academy o Sciences, Bulga ia. 9Uni e si y o Zag eb, C oa ia. 10The
Cyp us Ins i u e, Cyp us. 11Eu opean Uni e si y Cyp us, Cyp us. 12Ins i u e o Bo any o he Czech Academy o Sciences, Czech
Republic. 13Biology Cen e CAS, Czech Republic. 14All o Soil (Vse p o pudu, z.s.), Czech Republic. 15Mendel Uni e si y in B no, Czech
Republic. 16Czech Technical Uni e si y in P ague, Czech Republic. 17Es onian Uni e si y o Li e Sciences, Es onia. 18Uni e si y o
Helsinki, Finland. 19Uni e si y o Eas e n Finland, Finland. 20Uni e si e Lyon 1, F ance. 21Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Po ugal. 22Ins i u e o
Ecology and En i onmen al Sciences Pa is (IEES), F ance. 23T ie Uni e si y, Ge many. 24Hellenic Medi e anean Uni e si y, G eece.
25Hellenic Ag icul u al O ganiza ion “Deme e ,” Ins i u e o Medi e anean Fo es Ecosys ems, G eece. 26Technical Uni e si y o C e e,
G eece. 27Na ional Technical Uni e si y o A hens, G eece. 28Hunga ian Academy o Sciences, Hunga y. 29Cen e o Ecological
Resea ch, Hunga y. 30Reykja ik Uni e si y, Iceland. 31Uni e si y o Iceland, Iceland. 32Council o Ag icul u al Resea ch and Economics
(CREA), I aly. 33Uni e si y o Reggio Calab ia, I aly. 34Uni e si y o Molise, I aly. 35Uni e si y o Pale mo, I aly. 36Uni e si y o Mace a a,
I aly. 37Ins i u e o Me hodologies o En i onmen al Analysis, I aly. 38Uni e si y o Pado a, I aly. 39La ian S a e Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e
Sila a, La ia. 40Uni e si y o La ia, La ia; Tallinn Uni e si y o Technology, Es onia. 41Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y Ag icul u e Academy,
Li huania. 42S a e Ag a ian Uni e si y o Moldo a, Republic o Moldo a. 43Rijksdiens oo he Cul u eel E goed, The Ne he lands. 44V ije
Uni e si ei Ams e dam, The Ne he lands. 45RISE Fi e Resea ch, No way. 46Wa saw Uni e si y o Li e Sciences (SGGW), Poland. 47Na u al
Resou ces and En i onmen Cen e (CERENA), School o Enginee ing, Poly echnic o Po o (ISEP), Po ugal. 48Uni e si y o Lisbon,
Po ugal; Eu opean Commission, I aly. 49Uni e si y o A ei o, Po ugal. 50Uni e si y o Ag icul u al Sciences and Ve e ina y Medicine o
Cluj-Napoca, Romania. 51Uni e si y o Belg ade, Se bia. 52Uni e si y o Niš, Se bia. 53Slo ak Academy o Sciences, Slo akia. 54Technical
Uni e si y in Z olen, Slo akia. 55Resea ch Cen e o he Slo enian Academy o Sciences and A s, An on Melik Geog aphical Ins i u e,
Slo enia. 56Uni e si y o Ljubljana, Slo enia. 57Uni e sidad de Cas illa-La Mancha, Spain. 58Ins i u o de Recu sos Na u ales e
Ag obiologia In es igación, Spain. 59Cas illa La Mancha Uni e si y, Spain. 60CSIC, Spain. 61Pau Cos a Founda ion, Spain. 62Uni e si y o
Ba celona, Spain. 63Uni e si y o Alcala, Spain. 64S ockholm Uni e si y, Sweden. 65Kah amanma as Su cu Imam Uni e si y, Tu key.
66Yozga Bozok Uni e si y, Tu key. 67London School o Economics and Poli ical Science, UK. 68Swansea Uni e si y, UK. 69Uni e si a de
Valencia, Spain.
1028185ASW0010.1177/11786221211028185Ai , Soil and Wa e Resea chFe nandez-Anez e al.
esea ch-a icle2021
2 Ai , Soil and Wa e Resea ch
ABSTRACT: Changes in clima e, land use, and land managemen impac he occu ence and se e i y o wildland i es in many pa s o he
wo ld. This is pa icula ly e iden in Eu ope, whe e ongoing changes in land use ha e s ongly modi ied i e pa e ns o e he las decades.
Al hough sa elli e da a by he Eu opean Fo es Fi e In o ma ion Sys em p o ide la ge-scale wildland i e s a is ics ac oss Eu opean coun ies,
he e is s ill a c ucial need o collec and summa ize in-dep h local analysis and unde s anding o he wildland i e condi ion and associa ed
challenges ac oss Eu ope. This a icle aims o p o ide a gene al o e iew o he cu en wildland i e pa e ns and challenges as pe cei ed by
na ional ep esen a i es, supplemen ed by na ional i e s a is ics (2009–2018) ac oss Eu ope. Fo each o he 31 coun ies included, we p es-
en a pe spec i e au ho ed by scien is s o p ac i ione s om each espec i e coun y, ep esen ing a wide ange o disciplines and cul u al
backg ounds. The au ho s we e selec ed om membe s o he COST Ac ion “Fi e and he Ea h Sys em: Science & Socie y” unded by he
Eu opean Commission wi h he aim o sha e knowledge and imp o e communica ion abou wildland i e. Whe e ele an , a b ie o e iew o key
s udies, pa icula wildland i e challenges a coun y is acing, and an o e iew o no able ecen i e e en s a e also p esen ed. Key pe cei ed
challenges included (1) he lack o consis en and de ailed eco ds o wildland i e e en s, wi hin and ac oss coun ies, (2) an inc ease in wild-
land i es ha pose a isk o p ope ies and human li e due o high popula ion densi ies and sp awl in o o es ed egions, and (3) he iew ha ,
i espec i e o changes in managemen , clima e change is likely o inc ease he equency and impac o wildland i es in he coming decades.
Add essing challenge (1) will no only be aluable in ad ancing na ional and pan-Eu opean wildland i e managemen s a egies, bu also in
e alua ing pe cep ions (2) and (3) agains mo e obus quan i a i e e idence.
KEyWoRdS: wildland i e, socie y, Eu ope, pe cep ions
TyPE: Re iew CoRRESPoNdING AUTHoR: Nie es Fe nandez-Anez, Wes e n No way Uni e si y o
Applied Sciences, Bjø sonsga e 45, 5528 Haugesund, No way. Email: nie es. e nandez@
h l.no
In oduc ion
Wildland i es ha e been an in eg al pa o many o he Ea h’s
ecosys ems h oughou much o hei e olu ion (Pausas &
Keeley, 2019) bu a e also conside ed as one o he mos dan-
ge ous “na u al disas e s” o human socie ies (Doe & San in,
2016). The occu ence o i e is essen ial in he con inua ion o
many li e cycles and in main aining he na u al di e si y o
many ecosys ems (Pausas & Keeley, 2019). Ye in Eu ope, mil-
lennia o in ensi e ag icul u al and sil icul u al ac i i y, he use
o i e as a land managemen ool, addi ional igni ions by o he
human ac i i ies as well as e y e ec i e i e supp ession, has
le i s egions wi h a complex pa e n o land-co e s and i e
occu ence ha shows li le i any esemblance o a na u al i e
egime (San ín & Doe , 2016).
In some egions o Eu ope, he p obabili y and se e i y o
wildland i e is inc easing (Eu opean En i onmen Agency,
2017). This is due o se e al ac o s, including a dec ease in
a ming ac i i ies, popula ion aging, and he dec ease in he
exploi a ion o imbe and wood esou ces (Mo ei a e  al.,
2011). In addi ion clima e p ojec ions sugges (1) subs an ial
wa ming and inc eases in he numbe o hea wa es and (2)
d ough s and d y spells ac oss mos o sou he n Eu ope,
inc easing bo h he leng h and he se e i y o he i e season
(Wu e al., 2015).
Due o hei p e alence in sou he n Eu opean coun ies, he
beha io and consequences o wildland i es ha e been pa icu-
la ly s udied in hese egions o many decades; in some cases
wi h he di ec pa icipa ion o he s akeholde s (Champ e al.,
2012). Mo e ecen ly esea che s in mos o he Eu opean
coun ies a e joining he e o o unde s and and suppo
manage on he con ol o wildland i es. This may ha e in pa
been d i en by an inc ease o he spen budge (Eu opean
Commission, n.d.) and an inc easing end in he a ea bu ned
obse ed o Eas e n Eu ope (Eu opean Commission & Join
Resea ch Cen e, 2014), a end ha is expec ed o con inue o
inc ease due o global wa ming and land abandonmen in ag i-
cul u e a ea and in plan a ions o imbe p oduc ion pu poses.
In No he n Eu ope, ex ensi e i es ha e occu ed in ecen
yea s (Eu opean En i onmen Agency, 2019; K ikken e al.,
2019) accele a ing esea ch e o s in i s egions.
To e alua e and sha e in o ma ion abou wildland i es
ac oss Eu ope, many o i s coun ies ha e collec ed in o ma ion
on wildland i es since he 1970s. Howe e , he lack o ha mo-
nized in o ma ion has hinde ed i s analysis, e alua ion, and a
common app oach o wildland i e managemen (San-Miguel-
Ayanz e al., 2012). Accu a e and eliable compa isons be ween
coun ies a e no possible due o he di e ences in he in o -
ma ion om he Eu opean coun ies conce ning: (1) quali y o
i e-cause in es iga ion; (2) he he e ogenei y o na ional clas-
si ica ions, conce ning causes o i e ca ego ies, he classi ica-
ion c i e ia, and he le el o de ail; (3) leng h o ime o
na ional da abases; and (4) a es ic i e Eu opean wildland i e
classi ica ion scheme (Tedim e al., 2015).
Apa om epo s by he Global Fi e Moni o ing Cen e
(Fi e Ecology Resea ch G oup, n.d.), he mos comp ehensi e
Eu opean e o ha has been conduc ed o da e is he
Eu opean Fo es In o ma ion Sys em (EFFIS, n.d.), a join
collabo a ion be ween he Eu opean Commission and he
Eu opean coun ies. This is a la ge eposi o y o in o ma ion
on indi idual wildland i es in Eu ope, whe e 43 con ibu ing
coun ies (26 Eu opean Union [EU] membe s a es, 12
Eu opean non-EU, and 5 coun ies om Middle Eas and
No h A ica) p o ide e e y yea a common se o da a on
wildland i es such as ime o he i e, loca ions o i e, size o
he i e, and cause o he i e. Howe e , each coun y s ill has i s
own na ional ules o epo indi idual i e e en s, which di e
Fe nandez-Anez e al. 3
be ween coun ies, making di ec compa isons, and analyses o
i e e en s di icul .
To acili a e he exchange o in o ma ion on wildland i e
ac oss Eu ope he COST ac ion FIRElinks (CA18135; h ps://
i elinks.eu) was es ablished in 2018. I is an open, EU-spanning
ne wo k o esea che s, p ac i ione s, policymake s, and s ake-
holde s in ol ed in wildland i e esea ch and land manage-
men , acili a ing he discussion o di e se expe iences and he
eme gence o new app oaches o i e esea ch. The pa icipa-
ion o mos Eu opean coun ies in his ne wo k p o ided he
unique oppo uni y o colla e na ional da a and pe sonal pe -
spec i es o he wildland i e si ua ion and associa ed u u e
challenges om ep esen a i es o 31 coun ies ac oss Eu ope.
The aim o his a icle is he e o e o p o ide a gene al o e -
iew o he di e se wildland i e pa e ns and challenges ac oss
Eu ope. Fo each o he 31 coun ies, we p esen a pe spec i e
au ho ed by a scien is s o p ac i ione om each espec i e
coun y, ep esen ing a wide ange o disciplines and cul u al
backg ounds. This is accompanied o each coun y by a sum-
ma y o na ional i e s a is ics o he pe iod 2009–2018.
Whe e ele an , key s udies and no able i e e en s a e also
highligh ed. This is ollowed by a syn hesis o he di e se cha -
ac e is ics and pe cei ed challenges, and sugges ions o u u e
esea ch di ec ions associa ed wi h wildland i e among he
Eu opean coun ies co e ed he e.
Ma e ials and Me hods
Each coun y ep esen a i e was asked wi h p o iding (1) an
o e iew o cu en (as o Ap il 2020) wildland i e pa e ns
and challenges in hei coun y including pa icula ly no ewo -
hy e en s, and ele an key s udies, and (2) da a om annual
wildland i e s a is ics collec ed by he ele an na ional au ho -
i y o he yea s 2009–2018 on he o al numbe o i es and he
o al a ea bu ned (whe e a ailable; see Supplemen a y Table 1
o u he de ails). Whe e no a ailable, annual da a om
EFFIS o he same pe iod a e p o ided. I should be no ed
ha he na ional me hods o eco ding i es a y be ween
coun ies. Whe e EFFIS da a a e shown, his will only include
i e e en s exceeding ca. 30 ha in size (San-Miguel-Ayanz
e al., 2012). The da a p o ided in he Supplemen a y Table 1
should he e o e be seen as indica i e a he han di ec ly com-
pa able. The na ional pe spec i es a e p esen ed in alphabe ical
o de by coun y. They ollow an o e all common o ma whe e
bio-geog aphical and clima ic coun y cha ac e is ics a e p e-
sen , ollowed as app op ia e, by in o ma ion on his o ical as
well as cu en ly dominan wildland i e si ua ion, highligh ing
also pa icula ly no ewo hy e en s and key challenges.
Na ional Da a and Pe spec i es on Wildland Fi e
Aus ia
Aus ia is a Cen al Eu opean Alpine coun y wi h a o es
co e p ima ily domina ed by coni e ous ee species. I has a
o al land a ea o 8.4 m ha, and app oxima ely 4.0 m ha
is o es ed land (47.6%). Acco ding o he na ional o es
in en o y, Aus ia has 3.4 billion ees wi h 65 ee species
(Bundes o schungszen um ü Wald, 2020). Aus ian o es s
a e cu en ly no conside ed as pa icula ly i e-p one ecosys-
ems, as wildland i es play no majo ole compa ed o he
damages and cos s caused by o he na u al dis u bances, o
example, s o m e en s o ba k bee le ou b eaks (Mülle &
Vacik, 2017). Ne e heless, he summe seasons o 2003, 2013,
and 2015 ha e demons a ed ha wildland i es can be wide-
sp ead, indica ing ha hey migh become a mo e impo an
issue in he nea u u e. Al hough Aus ia has no been suscep-
ible o widesp ead wildland i es so a , in e na ional s udies
wa n ha he a ea bu ned will inc ease in he u u e unde
changing clima e (Khaba o e al., 2016).
The high popula ion densi y oge he wi h he highly de el-
oped in as uc u e, he eminen signi icance o ou ism and
o he human ac i i ies play a signi ican ole in wildland i e
igni ion h oughou he coun y. The majo causes o an h opo-
genic wildland i es ange om con olled bu ns ge ing ou o
con ol, spa ks om ain b akes, o a son and ciga e es (Vacik
e al., 2011). Howe e , na u al igni ions caused by ligh ning a e
also an impo an ac o . In he summe mon hs, up o 50% o
wildland i es can be igni ed by ligh ning s ikes. The Aus ian
wildland i e da abase includes mo e han 5000 wildland i e
inciden s, wi h almos comple e documen a ion o he las 25
yea s (Vacik e al., 2011). In ecen i e seasons, a ound 200
wildland i es and a mean a ea bu ned o 60 ha we e eco ded
pe yea . Almos 95% o wildland i es in Aus ia do no las
mo e han 1 day o exceed an a ea bu ned o 5 ha. The quick
ex inc ion is possible due o a high se lemen densi y and an
ea ly no i ica ion o i e b igades in he case o a i e. The legal
compe ence o i e igh ing lies wi h indi idual municipali ies.
A high numbe o olun a y i e igh e s (>340,000) and i e
b igades (>4500) in Aus ia suppo s a apid esponse a e.
Also, he high densi y o o es oads, which a e sui able o
hea y i e igh ing ucks, allows he apid a i al o i e igh e s
a he i e si e. I necessa y, ex inguishing lines a e es ablished o
helicop e s a e eques ed o suppo , especially in di icul o
inaccessible e ain.
Belgium
Cu en ly, abou 23% o Belgium’s e i o y, o 693,000 ha, is
co e ed by o es s. The o es ed a ea is dis ibu ed une enly
ac oss he coun y as he Walloon Region, which makes up he
sou he n pa o he coun y, is co e ed by abou 545,000 ha,
whe eas he Flemish and B ussels Region accoun o 146,000
ha and 2000 ha, espec i ely (Tallie e al., 2018). In he sou h-
e n pa o he coun y, o es s ypically consis o No way
sp uce (Picea abies) plan a ions, and oak (Que cus sp.) and beech
(Fagus syl a ica) s ands. The la e wo species a e also domi-
na ing o es s in cen al Belgium, bu in he no he n pa o
he coun y Sco s pine (Pinus syl es is) and mixed o es s a e
he mos common.
4 Ai , Soil and Wa e Resea ch
Gi en i s empe a e ma i ime clima e, wildland i es a e
ela i ely a e in Belgium and a e ypically smalle han 500 ha,
hough a wildland i e o mo e han 1000 ha was eco ded in
2011 and al oge he mo e han 2300 ha bu ned ha yea .
Conside ing wildland i es be ween 2008 and 2018, mos o
hem we e eco ded be ween Ap il and Augus du ing pe iods
o d ough and high empe a u es. This empo al pa e n can
be explained because Ap il is he mon h wi h he lowes
amoun o p ecipi a ion (Jou née e al., 2015), while he con-
secu i e mon hs a e cha ac e ized by ela i ely high empe a-
u es. The spa ial wildland i e dis ibu ion does no ma ch he
o es dis ibu ion, as mos wildland i es ha e been eco ded in
he Flemish Region, al hough he o es a ea in he Walloon
Region is h ee imes la ge han in he o me . This can be
explained by he p esence o hea hland and Sco s pine s ands
on he poo , sandy soils in he eas e n pa o he Flemish
Region (P o inces o An we p and Limbu g) (He my e al.,
2004), which a e especially ulne able o d ough s.
In he a e ma h o he majo wildland i es in 2011, he
Fede al Public Se ice In e io (2013) launched a na ional ac ion
plan on wildland i es o e alua e and imp o e he isk analysis
and ca og aphy, ma e ials, p ocedu es and aining, eme gency
planning, and exe cises ela ed o he ou b eak o wildland i es.
Among o he hings, his na ional ac ion plan esul ed in he
compila ion o a da a-based wildland i e isk map o he en i e
e i o y o Belgium (Depicke e al., 2020), based on land-co e ,
land use, soil, and his o ical wildland i e da a. This map can be
used o iden i y high- isk a eas, op imize esou ce alloca ion, and
inc ease p epa edness o he p ojec ed no hwa d expansion o
he zones a mode a e i e dange in Eu ope (de Rigo e al., 2017).
Despi e he a o emen ioned na ional ac ion plan, many
issues emain because wildland i es in Belgium a e no high on
he p io i y lis as hey a ely occu . Fo ins ance, wildland i es
a e no always p ope ly eco ded, especially in he case o mino
e en s, a ea bu ned is ypically eco ded only o majo e en s,
and he exac loca ion is o en lacking.
Bosnia He zego ina
The o al a ea o Bosnia He zego ina is 5.1 m ha, whe e he
Fede a ion o Bosnia and He zego ina’s (FBiH) o al a ea is
2.6 m ha (51%) and Republika S pska’s RS is 2.5 m ha (49%).
The o es co e o FBiH is 1,465,600 ha o 56.2% o FBiH
o al a ea, while o es co e o he RS is 1,282,412 ha o 51.7%
o RS o al a ea (Minis y o Fo eign A ai s and Economic
Rela ions o Bosnia and He zego ina, 2018). Fi e occu ence
in BiH is seasonal wi h maxima in Ma ch and seconda y peak
in Augus . Bo h, d ough pe iods o e he summe and human
in luence ha e inc eased he numbe o wildland i es in he
las decades. Fo example u al abandonmen con ibu es o
weed expansion, ege a ion succession, and con e sion o c op-
land in o sh ubland, making some a eas highly ulne able o
wildland i es (Kapo ić Solomun e al., 2018). This is a com-
mon p oblem in pos -con lic socie ies such FBiH.
Bulga ia
Fo es e i o ies in Bulga ia occupy abou 4.150 m hа (37% o
he o al a ea), wi h 71% o deciduous and 29% o coni e ous
o es s. Fo es s domina ed by Que cus sp. p e ailed (35.5%),
ollowed by Fagus syl a ica (16.5%) and Pinus syl es is (14.9%).
Abou 75% o o es s in he coun y a e owned by he s a e
om which by S a e Fo es y Agency abou 70% and by
Minis y o En i onmen abou 4% and o aining o es y
<1%. The es (25%) a e o es e i o ies owned by munici-
pali ies (13%), p i a e and legal en i ies (11%), eligious o gan-
iza ions, and o es s on o me ag icul u al lands (Minis y o
Ag icul u e and Foods, 2019).
Acco ding o he Execu i e Fo es Agency (Minis y o
Ag icul u e Food and he Fo es y, 2019) da abase in 2018, he
numbe o wildland i es in Bulga ia was 222 wi h an es ima ed
a ea bu ned o 1453 ha, o which 19.7 ha was bu ned by c own
i es. The a e age size pe wildland i e in 2018 was 6.5 ha,
while he bigges wildland i e was a g ound i e and a ec ed
617.7 ha o a ea. The la ges numbe and a ea bu ned by wild-
land i es we e epo ed in Regional Fo es Di ec o a e (RFD)
Lo ech wi h 20 i es and 667.3 ha, RFD Be ko i sa wi h 12
and 419.1 ha and RFD Blagoe g ad wi h 36 and 101.2 ha,
espec i ely. O e 80% o all bu ned o es a eas in he coun y
a e concen a ed in hese h ee RFDs.
By compa ison wi h he a e age annual bu ned o es e i-
o ies in he coun y o nea ly 9000 ha wi h an a e age numbe
o 560 wildland i es in he pe iod 2007–2017(San-Miguel-
Ayanz e al., 2019), 2018 anks second a e 2014 and is among
he yea s wi h he mos de ailed s a is ics on bu ned o es
a eas and he numbe o wildland i es occu ing.
C oa ia
Wildland i es in C oa ia can occu na u ally; howe e , in
ecen decades, hei occu ence has an ob ious human signa-
u e, whe e 95% o i es occu om human cause (Kisić, 2019).
Fi es occu in all C oa ian e i o y, al hough he mos a ec ed
egion a e he mid-Ad ia ic coas and islands. F om 1998 o
2008, ou o all he wildland i es in C oa ia, 31.7% we e
eco ded in he Dalma ia egion (C oa ian Medi e anean a ea
ha consis s o ou C oa ian coun ies). Dalma ia has as much
as 64.3% o he a eas bu ned o C oa ia, wi h hal (50.2%) o
hese a eas being co e ed by coppice o es s, sh ubs, ga igues,
and hicke s (Mamu , 2011). These i es do no only a ec eg-
e a ion and soil bu also ha e socioeconomic impac s. The i e
seasons o 2000, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2012, and 2017 we e pa -
icula ly impac ul, mos ly due o ex emely high summe em-
pe a u es when he Ad ia ic coas was hi by se e al consecu i e
hea wa es wi h s ong winds and low ela i e humidi y.
Ca as ophic wildland i es in C oa ia occu due o se e al ea-
sons: s ong wind ypes such as Bu a (NE), Jugo (SE), and
Maes al (NW); uel accumula ion (a o es a ion, land abandon-
men , including mine-a ec ed land, and in asion o alloch hones
Fe nandez-Anez e al. 5
plan species) and he sp ead o “impo ed” wildland i es om
neighbo ing coun ies. Fi es o en s a in u al a eas du ing Ap il
when ag icul u al ac i i ies inc ease (Kisić, 2019), while he sec-
ond maximum occu s in he ho and d y summe on Islands and
he coas line as a consequence o ou is s isi ing he densely
spaced coni e o es s (S ipaniče e al., 2007).
Helicop e s a e he p ima y ai c a used o igh wildland
i es (Kea ing e al., 2012). Howe e , a se ious p oblem o i e
supp ession in Dalma ia is he access o esh wa e . Seawa e
is he e o e used o wildland i e supp ession which can
changes soil chemical p ope ies. Howe e , only a ew s udies
in C oa ia ha e been ca ied ou on wildland i e impac s on
he en i onmen (Pa lek e al., 2017) and de ailed s udies on
socioeconomic impac s a e cu en ly sca ce.
Cyp us
Cyp us is he hi d la ges island in he Medi e anean Sea, wi h a
land a ea o ~925,000 ha. I s cool, we win e s and ho , d y sum-
me s combined wi h a long his o y o human in luence, a o he
occu ence o equen wildland i es (Agee, 1998; Bous as e al.,
2008). Cyp us anks second among 24 Eu opean coun ies when
he o al a ea bu ned is di ided by he coun ies’ su ace a ea
(EFFIS, n.d.). To al o es ed and wooded land in 2015 was
epo ed o be 386,190 ha, 28% o which is s a e o es , 14% is
p i a e o es and 50% is maquis and ga igue ege a ion (The
Food and Ag icul u al O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ions, 2015).
Se e al go e nmen agencies a e in ol ed in he supp ession
o i es, in pa icula he Fi e Se ice and he Depa men o
Fo es s and he Ci il De ense Fo ce (Bous as e al., 2008). The
na ional ins i u ional amewo k o wildland i es manage-
men , as well as he du ies and esponsibili ies o all bodies
in ol ed in i e igh ing, a e speci ied in he Fo es Law and he
Fi e Figh ing Ac ion Plan in Ru al A eas (Cyp us Depa men
o Fo es s, 2019). Acco ding o hese, he legal, adminis a i e,
and echnical esponsibili y o ex inguishing wildland i es lies
wi h he Depa men o Fo es s o he Minis y o Ag icul u e,
Ru al De elopmen , and En i onmen . Wildland i es a e
de ined as i es s a ing o sp eading inside s a e o es land, o
wi hin wo kilome e s om s a e o es bounda ies, o i es ha
upon he judgmen o he Di ec o o he Depa men o
Fo es s may pose dange o s a e o es land. Despi e he
impo ance o wildland i es in Cyp us, limi ed ele an
esea ch has been conduc ed in Cyp us. A o al o 17 scien i ic
pape s appea in he Scopus da abase, which ocus on wildland
i es in Cyp us (sea ched wo ds: “Fi e” AND “Cyp us”).
Rema kably, only i e o hese pape s had he i s au ho a ili-
a ed o an o ganiza ion in Cyp us, indica ing a lack o in e es
o capaci y o i e- ela ed esea ch in Cyp us. Nine pape s
we e abou i e occu ence, dynamics and p e en ion and ou
we e abou socioeconomic aspec s o wildland i es. The e we e
only h ee pape s abou wildland i e e ec s on soil, wa e , sedi-
men anspo , plan s o auna, indica ing an e en g ea e need
o his ype o esea ch in Cyp us.
Czech Republic
An o e whelming majo i y o ecen wildland i es in he
Czech Republic (CR) we e caused by humans (Adámek e al.,
2018; Holusa e al., 2018). Igni ion aside, he dis ibu ion o
wildland i es in he CR is also in luenced by en i onmen al
ac o s o bo h an h opogenic and na u al o igin. The CR has
a agmen ed e ain and a dense ne wo k o o es oads,
which has con ibu ed o minimizing he ex en o i es in he
pas (Niklasson e al., 2010). Ne e heless, i es ha e a ec ed
o es y in he CR (Adámek e al., 2015).
The o es ed a ea in he CR ep esen s 32.64% o he o al
a ea o he coun y. The numbe s o wildland i es a ied
be ween 444 and 1398 pe yea in he pe iod o 2006–2018,
725 pe yea on a e age. The a ea bu ned is usually no la ge,
a ely exceeding 0.35 ha, and abou 70% o all wildland i es a e
smalle han 0.05 ha. The incidence o wildland i es is no
uni o m; in some municipali ies, he e was no single wildland
i e, while in some municipali ies, he e we e mo e han 10
wildland i es (Holusa e al., 2018). Howe e , an inc easing i e
isk highligh s he need o unde s anding mo e abou i e
including he changes o ege a ion dynamics, soils, and wa e .
In he CR, he e is no da a on pos - i e con aminan s and li le
a en ion has been paid o long- e m e ec s o i e, especially
solu es and associa ed pollu an s.
Es onia
Es onia belongs o he hemibo eal ege a ion zone (Ah i e al.,
1968) whe e he a e age annual empe a u e is +5.2°C. The
coldes mon h is Feb ua y, and he wa mes mon h is July, wi h
an a e age empe a u e o –5.7°C and +16.4°C, espec i ely.
The a e age p ecipi a ion is 550–650 mm (Pa o e al., 2009).
In Es onia, wildland i e esea ch, mainly ocused on he na u al
eco e y o o es s, has been ca ied ou mainly in he no h-
wes e n pa o he coun y (Vih e palu and Nõ a). The e ain
is ela i ely la and o es consis s la gely o pu e Sco s pine
(Pinus syl es is L.) s ands. These o es s belong o he Vaccinium
uliginosum and Calluna ulga is si e ypes (Lohmus, 2004), wi h
sandy and d y soils. Du ing he las yea s, in es iga ions we e
ca ied ou in Es onia o assess he e ec o wildland i e and
pos - i e managemen on g ound ege a ion wi hin 12–14 yea s
a e he i e. The main esul s showed ha in he i s yea s
a e he i e, bi ch as a pionee species was he mos success ul
in egene a ion. Pine and aspen did no egene a e immedia ely
a e he i e, bu a e a while, pine s a ed o domina e. I was
also ound ha clea ing a eas bu ned a e i e signi ican ly
educed he abundance o egene a ion compa ed o bu ned
unclea ed a eas bu a o ed g ow h o Sco s pine in la e de el-
opmen (Pa o e al., 2015). The e a e also some s udies ela ed
o changes in abo eg ound and belowg ound biomass and ini-
ial eco e y o ca bon (C) and ni ogen (N) pools and CO2
e flux conside ing soil empe a u e and soil espi a ion alues
(Kös e e al., 2016), o a ia ions in ex acellula ac i i y, li e

6 Ai , Soil and Wa e Resea ch
decomposi ion, ege a ion biomass, and soil physicochemical
p ope ies in ela ion o ca bon dioxide (CO2), me hane (CH4),
and ni ous oxide (N2O) emissions (Ribei o-Kuma a e  al.,
2020).
Finland
Abou 23 m ha (75% o he o al a ea) is co e ed by o es s in
Finland, belonging o he bo eal coni e ous o es zone. The
mos common species a e No way sp uce (Picea abies) and
Sco s pine (Pinus syl es is) as well as bi ch (Be ula spp.). Abou
61% o he o es s a e p i a ely owned, 26% is owned by he
s a e, 8% by companies ( o es y en e p ises), and 5% by
o he s.
The wildland i e season in Finland is a he sho , usually
s a ing a he beginning o May and ending in Sep embe .
Finnish summe s a e cool and ela i ely we . Annually bu ned
a ea and he a e age size o a single wildland i e ha e dec eased
signi ican ly du ing he las cen u y in Finland acco ding o
s a is ics o he Finnish Fo es Se ice. The a e age annual a ea
bu ned was 5760 ha in he 1950s and dec eased o 936 ha by
1970s (Lindbe g e al., 2020). In ecen decades, he annually
bu ned a ea has a ied be ween 200 and 700 ha, occasionally
exceeding 1000 ha (Pel ola, 2014). The a e age size o a single
wildland i e was a ound 70 ha be ween yea s 1871–1900,
a ound 33 ha be ween yea s 1901–1920, while oday i is
a ound 0.4 ha (Lindbe g e al., 2020; Pel ola, 2014). The com-
bina ion o clima ic and biogeog aphic condi ions in Finland
does no a o he sp ead o la ge, ca as ophic wildland i es.
Fi e p e en ion in Finland is acili a ed by se e al ac o s.
Limi ed opog aphy, many na u al i e b eaks (a ound 188,000
lakes), and a e y ex ensi e oad ne wo k, which all helps o
keep wildland i es qui e small. In addi ion, Finland’s o es s
a e di ided in o small compa men s and a e hea ily managed
( he clea -cu sys em is used, and du ing ha es ing, mos o
he biomass [including b anches] a e emo ed om he o es
s ands). Occu ing wildland i es a e mos ly low-in ensi y su -
ace i es, which a e no able o sp ead widely, usually no sp ead
beyond a single compa men , wi h bo de s c ea ed by wide
pa hs o by ees wi h di e en heigh s. This all allows he
Finnish wildland i e managemen sys em o keep i es ela-
i ely small-scaled when compa ed Sou he n Eu ope.
F ance
F ance is he ou h mos o es ed Eu opean coun y wi h 16.9
m ha o o es . The size o i s wooded a eas makes i ulne able
o he isk o wildland i es, pa icula ly in summe . The egions
o he Sou h-Wes wi h he Aqui aine massi (New Aqui aine)
and he Sou h-Eas wi h i s Medi e anean o es s (Au e gne-
Rhône-Alpes, Co sica, Occi anie, P o ence-Alpes-Cô e
d’Azu ) a e he egions mos exposed o his isk. O e he
pe iod 2007–2018, he e was an annual a e age o 4040 i es
a ec ing 11,117 ha o o es in F ance (BDIF and P ome heus
da abases). The occu ence o la ge wildland i es is ela ed o
long- e m d ough s, and in he Medi e anean o he usual
summe d ough , and speci ically he soil mois u e de ici
(Ba be o e al., 2019). This highligh s he impo ance o soil
ac o s in addi ion o wea he condi ions o la ge wildland i e
occu ence.
The majo i y o la ge i es occu ed in he Medi e anean a ea
(6698 ha, compa ed o 4419 ha ou side his a ea), and ew la ge
wildland i es in he Sou he n pa o F ance a e esponsible o
he majo i y o he na ional o al a ea bu ned (Ba be o e al.,
2019). The e o e, some ecen in es iga ions we e speci ically
ocused on s udying he main d i ing ac o s and causes o he
la ge i es in his egion. Fo ins ance, Gan eaume and Jappio
(2013) in es iga ed he impac o di e en explana o y a iables,
ha is, clima e, land-co e , he densi y o anspo a ion ne -
wo ks, opog aphy and socioeconomic a iables, on he numbe
o la ge i es, and he ex ension o he a ea bu ned. These au ho s
epo ed ha la ge wildland i es mainly ini ia e on a eas wi h
high sc ubland and pas u e co e s and a high densi y o mino
oads and occu du ing he summe (July–Augus ). O he wise,
he incidence o la ge wildland i es dec eases on a eas wi h high
o es co e and high opog aphic he e ogenei y.
The main uel ypes in he Medi e anean a ea wi h lime-
s one-de i ed soils encompass species like Pinus halepensis and
mixed pine-oak (Que cus ilex and Q. pubescens). Sh ubs in land-
scapes called “ga igue” a e ano he dominan uel ype in he
Medi e anean a ea (Gan eaume & Long-Fou nel, 2015). The
p opo ion o wildland–u ban in e ace (WUI) was iden i ied as
one o he mos impo an ac o s d i ing high i e densi y. The
a ea bu ned is posi i ely co ela ed wi h socioeconomic a iables,
such as unemploymen a e and ou ism p essu e, which is pa -
icula ly high in summe on he Medi e anean coas . O he ac-
o s a ec ing i e ex en a e wildland ege a ion, especially
sc ubland co e s, long d yness in summe , and plan wa e a ail-
abili y be ween all and sp ing. Howe e , acco ding o Gan eaume
and Jappio (2013), he only signi ican p edic o s o occu ence
and a ea bu ned a e sc ubland co e (posi i ely co ela ed) and
opog aphic he e ogenei y (nega i ely co ela ed).
Since he 1990s, i e policy in F ance has been o ien ed
owa d apid agg essi e supp ession (E in e  al., 2018;
Gan eaume & Long-Fou nel, 2015). To p edic i e, i was ound
ha he e u n pe iod o la ge i es was impo an (Gan eaume
& Long-Fou nel, 2015). Howe e , despi e an e ec i e i e sup-
p ession policy showing a dec ease in he a e age a ea bu ned,
la ge wildland i es s ill occu due o a combina ion o clima e
change, uel accumula ion, and inc easing human p essu e. Fi e
policies should also conside he po en ial o i e igni ion o ga -
bage dumps and powe lines in he d y season.
Ge many
Fo es co e s ca. 33% o Ge many’s o al a ea and is dis ibu ed
e y i egula ly h oughou he di e en landscapes. Wildland
i e da a a e collec ed since he 1970s. The median annual o al
Fe nandez-Anez e al. 7
a ea bu ned since 1991 was a ound 447 ha bu only 283 ha
be ween 2009 and 2018. Ne e heless, 2018 had he second
highes o es a ea bu ned since 1991. The a e age a ea bu ned
pe i e gene ally a ound 0.5 ha. The cu en egional ho spo
o wildland i es is in he egion o B andenbu g wi h mo e
han hal o he a ea bu ned du ing he la ges i es in 2018
(725 ha bu n only in Augus ) and almos h ee imes mo e
han in he d y summe o 2003 when app oxima ely. 600 ha o
o es has bu n in his ede al s a e. This egion is e y p one
o wildland i es as i has la ge p opo ion o connec ed o es
a ea (44% o he o es is unde p o ec ion, LFU B andenbu g),
which a e o med by pine monocul u es on sandy soils, a pa -
icula ly d y and lammable o es ype. Since he indus ializa-
ion, changes in o es managemen in se e al egions o o me
P ussia ha e eplaced some o he p e ious and less- lammable
o es domina ed by deciduous ees (Die ze e al., 2019) by
pine monocul u es. This deep ans o ma ion was only possible
by s ong in e en ion in o he hyd ology, o example, build-
ing d ainage di ches, which now a e inc easing d ough p ob-
lems, and hus i e suscep ibili y, in he mid moun ain anges.
G eece
G eece has an a ea o 13.2 m ha o which abou 50% (6.5 m
ha) is cha ac e ized as o es land (Eu os a , 2020). Tall o -
es s cons i u e 2.6 m ha, he es being e e g een sh ublands
and pa ially o es ed a eas (3.4 m ha) o deg aded lands wi h
low ege a ion o mos ly ho ny spiny sh ubs (ph ygana) (0.5
m ha) (Eu opean En i onmen Agency e al., 2017). The cli-
ma e o e mos o G eece is ypically Medi e anean, wi h
ela i ely mild win e s and a ho and d y summe pe iod.
Especially in he eas e n pa , high empe a u es and low
ela i e humidi y in combina ion wi h he p e ailing nea
gale o ce winds called Mel emi, esul in a high le el o
wildland i e dange du ing he i e season ha peaks
be ween June and Sep embe (Keeley e al., 2011). Du ing
he pe iod 1980–2018, G eece has su e ed a o al o 56,043
i e e en s (1437 e en s pe yea ) which ha e led o an annual
a e age o 42,531 ha bu ned, ou o which 20,392 ha y-1 a e
pu ely o es a ea and he es (22,140 hay-1) ha e a mixed
land use ( o es and o he uses).
In he las ew decades, he i e p oblem is g owing mainly
due o (1) clima e change mani es ed h ough pe iods o ex eme
i e dange du ing he i e season, (2) socioeconomic changes in
land-use and demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he coun y; educ-
ion o he u al popula ion has led o ho izon al and e ical
ege a ion con inui y as well as o es biomass accumula ion,
inc easing he likelihood o s a ing i es and making hei con-
ol mo e di icul , (3) g ow h o poo ly planned WUI a eas
whe e he p obabili y o human-caused i e s a s as well as he
po en ial o damage inc ease s eeply. All he abo e wo k syne -
gis ically, while ins i u ional sho comings u he exagge a e he
p oblem. Besides he social, en i onmen al, and economic
impac s o landscape i es—including he loss o public and p i-
a e asse s, des uc ion o c i ical in as uc u es—wildland i es
ep esen a signi ican h ea o human heal h and secu i y,
mainly as a esul o WUI de elopmen .
In 1998, he esponsibili y o wildland i e igh ing passed
om he Fo es Se ice o he Fi e Se ice (Xan hopoulos,
2008). Since hen, he Fo es Se ice los i s op-down s uc-
u e, i s pe sonnel we e educed, and unding d opped sha ply,
wi h a di ec impac on he capaci y o o es managemen .
On he o he hand, in es men in i e supp ession mo e han
doubled, mainly due o a s eep inc ease in he employmen o
powe ul and expensi e ae ial i e igh ing esou ces, while i e
p e en ion was almos neglec ed (Xan hopoulos, 2008).
Howe e , he emphasis on i e igh ing did no sol e he p ob-
lem. A e age a ea bu ned in he 20 yea s since 1998 emained
essen ially he same as in he 20 yea s be o e 1998, while
damages and a ali ies inc eased s eeply wi h 80 dea hs in he
2007 i e season and 102 losses o li e in a single WUI i e in
Eas A ica in 2018 (Diakakis e al., 2017). In he a e ma h
o he la e disas e , which was one o he wo s wildland
i es in he ecen his o y o G eece, e o s a e unde way o
upg ade he i e managemen sys em, imp o ing, among
o he elemen s, he le el o coope a ion be ween in ol ed
agencies (Figu e 1).
Hunga y
The e is no na u al i e egime in Hunga y, bu i es a ec
app oxima ely 0.01% o he a ea o he coun y pe yea . In
Figu e 1. (a) A pe i-u ban i e on M Hyme us, in he ou ski s o A hens, on July 17, 2015, wi h one a ali y (Pho o: G. Xan hopoulos), (b) a pe i-u ban i e
on M Hyme us, in he ou ski s o A hens, on July 17, 2015 (de ail) (Pho o: G Xan hopoulos), and (c) i e in he u al a ea o Kalamos A ica G eece
(summe 2017) (Pho o: K. S ampoulidis).
8 Ai , Soil and Wa e Resea ch
lowland coni e ous plan a ions, i e damage can be signi ican
(Sza má i e al., 2016). Human-induced i e, which is gene ally
igni ed unin endedly, is he majo cause o wildland i es. A son,
o example, a ec s app oxima ely 10 000 ha o g assland pe
yea (Deak e al., 2014). P esc ibed bu ning is sca cely applied
due o legisla i e cons ain s, e en hough in g asslands i may
p esen a easible solu ion o se e al conse a ion challenges, o
example, o inc easing landscape-scale di e si y, c ea ing habi-
a s o specialis species o o dec easing he amoun o accu-
mula ed li e (Deak e al., 2014) and also o he p o ec ion o
he endange ed g ea bus a d (Vég á i e al., 2016).
In o es s, unde s o ey i es (su ace i es) a e he mos com-
mon i e ype, while c own i es a e he mos ypical in he coni -
e ous plan a ions. The main wildland i e seasons a e sp ing
(especially Ma ch, when he inc easing empe a u e leads o he
quick-d ying ou o he lea li e ) and he summe (especially
July and Augus , when he d y condi ions allow he igni ion o
li e plan biomass). Sp ing i es a e mos ypical in No heas -
Hunga y, in he hills, while summe wildland i es a e mos ypi-
cal in he Cen al-Hunga ian lowland egion. Due o he
clima ic and land-use changes, he size o wildland i es inc eased
almos en old in he las decades, and in he ecen yea s, many
la ge-scale wildland i es a ec ed a eas la ge han 1000 ha.
S udies on wildland i es in Hunga y e alua ed i e isk in
black pine plan a ions (Cson os & Cse esnyes, 2007; Sza má i
e al., 2016), and he egene a ion o dolomi e ocky g asslands
a e wildland i e in pine plan a ions (Tamas & Cson os, 2006).
Acco ding o Sza má i e al. (2016), wildland i e in lowland
con ibu es conside ably o he sp eading o in asi e plan spe-
cies. The majo i y o he s udies on he i e e ec s on Hunga ian
ecosys ems ocus on open habi a s (Ke ész e al., 2017; Ónodi
e al., 2008; Valkó e al., 2016, 2018). Ónodi e al. (2008) ound
ha la e sp ing sheep g azing dec eased i e sp ead and migh
inhibi he bu ning o la ge a eas o he sandy o es -s eppe.
Valkó e  al. (2016) obse ed ha do man -season single i e
e en s can suppo he di e si y and he specialis species o alka-
line, bu egula bu ning dec eases he biodi e si y and leads o a
decline o specialis plan s while a o ing he enc oachmen o
weeds in oo hill s eppe g asslands (Valkó e al., 2018).
Iceland
Iceland is equen ly called he land o i e and ice. The e m
is gi en by he unique en i onmen al condi ions caused
p edomina ely by olcanic ac i i ies and glacie s, co e ing
abou 11% o he o al a ea (A nalds e al., 2016). Mos wild-
land i es in Iceland a e small and limi ed o he summe
mon hs due o ex ensi e snow co e du ing win e ime (de
Nie e al., 2020; López-Mo eno e al., 2020); howe e , he e
we e 20 wildland i es la ge han 1 ha in he pe iod 2006–
2018 including 12 la ge han 10 ha. Mos o he i es a e due
o delibe a e o acciden al human igni ion (Tho s einsson
e al., 2008). The main eason o a e occu ences o wildland
i es in Iceland is he lack o connec ed o es and sh ubs,
which p e en s small camp i es om sp eading in o la ge
a eas. Since he i s se le s a i ed in Iceland 1000 y ago,
o es and sh ubs land-co e was educed om ~40% o less
han 2% (A ado i & A nalds, 2001). The e is a clea sea-
sonal signal in he occu ence o wildland i es in Iceland in
da a om 1943 o 2012. They mos o en occu in sp ing,
wi h 29% o i es each yea occu ing in May, ollowed by
28% in Ap il and 13% in Ma ch (Tho s einsson e al., 2008).
Wildland i e occu ence du ing he summe mon hs is a
ela i ely ecen de elopmen in Iceland. The ecen wildland
i es coincide wi h inc eased biomass due o global wa ming
and educed g azing, and dense summe house popula ions
inc easing he isk o igni ions. Fu he mo e, he Icelandic
go e nmen has pu o wa d a Clima e Ac ion plan ha aims
a es o ing pa s o he o iginal o es co e , and, addi ionally,
p ima y indus ies in Iceland plan o o se hei ca bon oo -
p in by plan ing ees o ca bon assimila ion. These plans
and he isk o ex ended pe iods o d ough wi h global
wa ming could subs an ially inc ease he isk o wildland i es
in Iceland and exempli y he need o ac ion in de eloping
isk assessmen s and including wildland i es in planning
(Tho s einsson e al., 2008).
The la ges eco ded wildland i e in Iceland’s his o y, he
My a i e (Figu e 2), occu ed in he sedges and sh ubs o a
we land a ea in wes e n Iceland om 30 Ma ch o 1 Ap il
2006. The a ea a ec ed by he i e was 7300 ha, as measu ed by
mapping on he g ound and sa elli e da a; a e y ex ensi e i e
o No dic coun ies (Tho s einsson e al., 2011).
I aly
I aly is lis ed as he ou h coun y in impo ance on wildland
i e e en s in he Medi e anean egion, a e Po ugal, Spain,
and F ance (San-Miguel-Ayanz e  al., 2017). Fi e equency
Figu e 2. (a) The My a wildland i e on 30 Ma ch 2006 a 12:55 (image om NASA/MODIS), (b) My a 24 July 2006, and (c) edge o a moss i e in June
2007 (Pho os: Th os u Tho s einsson).
Fe nandez-Anez e al. 9
and se e i y a e inc easing in he summe season (Ca lucci
e  al., 2019), simila ly o many o he coun ies in he
Medi e anean a ea (Keeley e al., 2011). The isk o wildland
i e is also co ela ed wi h human p essu e (e.g., popula ion den-
si y), socioeconomic de elopmen , and ag icul u al ac i i y.
Fi es ha e equen ly an an h opogenic o igin and a ec socie y
and he local economy signi ican ly.
The o al a ea bu ned a ies s ongly om yea o yea
(Ca lucci e al., 2019). This is majo ly due o he la ge egional
di e ences in mo phological, me eo ological, socioeconomic
condi ions, and biome dis ibu ion, which shape he amoun
and lammabili y o d y biomass. The e ec s o clima e on i e
egimes di e ac oss geog aphical egions and om hose a e -
aged o he whole I alian peninsula (Miche i & Pina , 2019).
Highe numbe o i es and a la ge a ea bu ned in he o es
and non- o es a ea ypically occu s in Sou he n I aly and on
he majo islands (Sicily and Sa dinia), whe e i e is mo e e-
quen and in ense a e he summe (www.ca abinie i.i ).
Wildland i es in 2017 we e excep ionally se e e when com-
pa ed wi h he i es in he las h ee decades wi h as i e
occu ences du ing summe , adding o he ypical au umn
e en s. The 2017 summe was no ably d y, causing excep ion-
ally se e e i es all o e I aly. Global change, in gene al, and
land-use change, in pa icula , lead o majo changes in he i e
egime since hey a ec he amoun o o es uel accumula ion
and i s d yness (Pausas & Fe nández-Muñoz, 2012). S a is ical
analysis o he empo al p ope ies o i e sequences occu ed in
I aly showed a clea inc ease o ime-clus e ing o i es om
No h o Sou h (Telesca & Lasapona a, 2010).
La ia
Cha coal mo pho ype-based econs uc ions e eal ha he
mean i e e u n in e al (mFRI) in La ia was 284 yea s o
he las 11,700 yea s (Feu dean e al., 2017). I is no able ha
highe i e ac i i y (mFRI 190 yea s) occu ed du ing he cool
and mois clima e cha ac e ized by a dominance o bo eal o -
es co e . Low i e ac i i y (mFRI 630 yea s) was dominan
du ing wa m (3°C abo e he mode n-day empe a u e) and d y
clima e condi ions did coincide wi h he expansion o empe -
a e deciduous b oadlea o es s. This highligh s he capabili y
o b oadlea deciduous o es s o ac as i e-supp essing land-
scape elemen s. A he same ime, he an h opogenic i e use
has su passed he baseline o na u al i e equency in he
hemibo eal/bo eal o es s (S einbe ga & S i ins, 2021).
Du ing he pe iod 1922–2014, he occu ence and a ea
a ec ed by wildland i es in La ia ha e dec eased. O e he
las 20 yea s, he majo i y o wildland i es ha e occu ed nea
he wo la ges ci ies o Riga and Dauga pils, sugges ing he
p e alence o human-caused igni ions (Donis e  al., 2017).
Recons uc ed wildland i e his o y based on i e sca s in semi-
na u al Sco s pine-domina ed o es s, showed a la ge a ia ion
o i e ac i i y o e he las 250 yea s, closely linked o he
socio-poli ical si ua ion in La ia (Ki enbe ga e al., 2019). Fi e
ac i i y in La ia has been linked o posi i e sea su ace em-
pe a u e anomalies in he Bal ic and No h Seas, sugges ing
he in luence o a high-p essu e cell de eloping du ing he
summe ime (Ki enbe ga e al., 2018, 2019).
In addi ion o he wildland i es, he e a e open lame and
smolde ing ype i es in bogs. Pea lands co e nea ly 12%
(7,514,000 ha) o he e i o y o La ia (Tannebe ge e al.,
2017). Howe e , he e is cu en ly e y limi ed knowledge o
such i e ypes.
Li huania
In Li huania, wildland i es ha e been supp essed e y e ec-
i ely du ing he las cen u y, due o e icien i e p e en ion
and con ol sys em. The limi ed esea ch on wildland i es
done in he egion included: impac s on ege a ion, soil p ope -
ies a e su ace i e (Ma ozas e al., 2011); he impac o wild-
land i es on ungi species and hei dis ibu ion (Ku o ga e al.,
2012; Lygis e al., 2010; Menkis e al., 2012). Se e al pape s
discussed wildland i es impo ance in he managemen o p o-
ec ed a eas (Ma ín & Lapelė, 2015), policy and legisla i e
amewo k, and s akeholde s’ pe cep ions abou i e impac s in
Li huania.
Acco ding o Li huanian o es s a is ics, he o al o es
land a ea in 2018 was 2,196,000 ha, co e ing 33.6% o he
coun y’s e i o y. Since 2000, he o es land a ea has inc eased
by 218,000 ha co esponding o 3.3% o he o al o es co e .
Wildland i e a e age numbe in he pe iod o 2000–2018
was 423 and anged om 80 in 2017 o 1556 in 2002. A e age
a ea bu ned in he pe iod o 2000–2018 was 231.4 ha and
anged om 20 ha in 2012 o 1199 ha in 2006. A e age i e
size in he pe iod o 2000–2018 was 0.527 ha and anged om
0.15 ha in 2007 o 2.06 ha in 2011.
Moldo a
Acco ding o he Land Cadas e, as o Janua y 1, 2010, he
o al o es a ea o he Republic o Moldo a amoun ed o 462.7
housand hec a es, o 13.7% o he coun y’s e i o y, and he
o es und—410.2 housand hec a es (12.1%); a ea co e ed by
o es —365,900 ha (10.8%); Fo es ege a ion—52.5 housand
hec a es (30.9 housand hec a es o o es bel s and 21.6 hou-
sand hec a es o plan a ions o ees and sh ubs). The S a e
Fo es y Agency—“Moldsil a” Agency is esponsible o 336.6
housand hec a es (9.9%), o which 302.2 housand hec a es
(8.9%) a e o es s. The 44.1 housand hec a es o o es
esou ces (1.3%) a e unde he ju isdic ion o local sel -go e n-
men , and 3.2 housand hec a es (0.1%) is p i a e p ope y; he
26.3 housand hec a es o o es a ea is loca ed on he e i o y
o T ansnis ia.
App oxima ely 95% o Moldo a’s o es s consis o decidu-
ous ees ha a e no pa icula ly suscep ible o i es, bu in
some cases g ass, o es li e and down wood can uel su ace
i es.
16 Ai , Soil and Wa e Resea ch
(Bowman e al., 2020; Jones e al., 2020; Me O ice Hadley
Cen e , 2018; Tu co e al., 2016).
The e is clea ly a need no only o mo e de ailed and consis -
en epo ing o wildland i es ac oss Eu ope, bu also o mo e
esea ch and collabo a ion be ween he di e en coun ies and
be ween he di e en ac o s in ol ed in wildland i es e en s,
hei p edic ion, con ol, and p o ec ion. The pe spec i es p e-
sen ed he e also highligh he need o de eloping new policies
a EU le el ha enable mo e e ec i e and sus ainable manage-
men o wildland i es and he associa ed isk o i s ci izens. To
his end, he EU has iden i ied he need o “De eloping syne -
gies be ween EU and na ional policies o imp o e wildland i es
isk managemen (Ca doso Cas o Rego e  al., 2018)” in i s
ecen epo on wildland i es in Eu ope.
Conclusion
The gene al o e iew o he cu en na ional wildland i e
pa e ns and challenges as pe cei ed by scien is s o p ac i-
ione s om 31 coun ies ac oss Eu ope, supplemen ed by
na ional i e s a is ics (2009–2018) p esen ed he e p o ide a
much g ea e di e si y o insigh s han could be colla ed om
examining only he published English-language li e a u e.
While he e is an eno mous di e si y in pa e ns and chal-
lenges pe cei ed ac oss Eu ope, he e a e some key ecu ing
hemes:
(1) The lack o consis en and de ailed eco ds o wildland
i e e en s, which hampe s e alua ion o e en s and
de ec ion o ends wi hin and ac oss coun ies.
(2) An inc ease in wildland i es ha pose a isk o p ope -
ies and human li e due o he high popula ion densi ies
and sp awl in o o es ed egions.
(3) I espec i e o changes in managemen , he iew ha cli-
ma e change is likely o inc ease he equency and
impac o wildland i es in he coming decades.
P og ess ac oss Eu ope in imp o emen and s anda diza ion o
wildland i e eco ding and assessmen sys ems will no only
help in ad ancing na ional and pan-Eu opean wildland i e
managemen s a egies bu also in enabling he pe cep ions
abou he inc eases in wildland i e isk associa ed wi h popula-
ion and clima ic ends o be e alua ed agains mo e obus
quan i a i e e idence.
We hope ha wha is p esen ed he e p o ides a use ul con-
ibu ion owa d unde s anding he di e si y o wildland i e
issues ac oss Eu ope and also se es as an example and ca alys
o close collabo a ion in his opic be ween di e se coun ies,
cul u es, and he di e en ac o s in ol ed in managing, epo -
ing, and in es iga ing wildland i e e en s.
Decla a ion o Con lic ing In e es s
The au ho (s) decla ed no po en ial con lic s o in e es wi h
espec o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his
a icle.
Funding
The au ho (s) disclosed eceip o he ollowing inancial sup-
po o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his
a icle: This a icle is based on wo k om COST Ac ion (g an
no. CA18135), suppo ed by COST (Eu opean Coope a ion in
Science and Technology).
ORCID iDs
And ey K aso skiy h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0940-
9366
Ma ijana Kapo ic Solomun h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-
5757-5663
Igo Boguno ić h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8345-458X
Hana Fajko ić h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-3901-228X
Magdalena Da ia Va e ko á h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-
2384-6207
Supplemen al Ma e ial
Supplemen al ma e ial o his a icle is a ailable online.
ReFeReNCeS
Adámek, M., Bobek, P., Hadinco á, V., Wild, J., & Kopecký, M. (2015). Fo es i es
wi hin a empe a e landscape: A decadal and millennial pe spec i e om a sand-
s one egion in cen al Eu ope. Fo es Ecology and Managemen , 336, 81–90.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. o eco.2014.10.014
Adámek, M., Janko ská, Z., Hadinco á, V., Kula, E., & Wild, J. (2018). D i e s o
o es i e occu ence in he cul u al landscape o Cen al Eu ope. Landscape
Ecology, 33(11), 2031–2045. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10980-018-0712-2
Agee, J. K. (1998). Fi e and pine ecosys ems. In D. M. Richa dson (Ed.), Ecology and
biogeog aphy o Pinus (pp. 193–218). Camb idge Uni e si y P ess.
Ah i, T., Häme -Ah i, L., & Jalas, J. (1968). Vege a ion zones and hei sec ions in
no hwes e n Eu ope. Annales Bo anici Fennici, 5(3), 169–211.
Albe son, K., Aylen, J., Ca an, G., & McMo ow, J. (2010). Clima e change and he
u u e occu ence o moo land wild i es in he Peak Dis ic o he UK. Clima e
Resea ch, 45(1), 105–118. h ps://doi.o g/10.3354/c 00926
A ado i , A. L., & A nalds, O. (2001). Ecosys em deg ada ion and es o a ion o
bi ch woodlands in Iceland. Man and he Biosphe e Se ies, 27, 293–306.
A nalds, O., Dagsson-Waldhause o a, P., & Ola sson, H. (2016). The Icelandic olca-
nic Aeolian en i onmen : P ocesses and impac s—A e iew. Aeolian Resea ch,
20, 176–195. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.01.004
Ba be o, R., Cu , T., Gan eaume, A., Maillé, E., Jappio , M., & Belle , A. (2019).
Simula ing he e ec s o wea he and clima e on la ge wild i es in F ance. Na u-
al Haza ds and Ea h Sys em Sciences, 19(2), 441–454. h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/
nhess-19-441-2019
Be glez, P., & Lidskog, R. (2019). Fo eign, domes ic, and cul u al ac o s in clima e
change epo ing: Swedish media’s co e age o wild i es in h ee con inen s.
En i onmen al Communica ion, 13(3), 381–394. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/175240
32.2017.1397040
Bous as, G., B a skas, R., Pou gou i, S., Michaelides, A., E s a hiades, A., & Ka -
sa os, E. (2008). A epo on o es i es in Cyp us. Aus alasian Jou nal o Disas-
e and T auma S udies. h p:// auma.massey.ac.nz/issues/2008-2/bous as.h m
Bowman, D. M. J. S., Kolden, C. A., Aba zoglou, J. T., Johns on, F. H., an de We ,
G. R., & Flannigan, M. (2020). Vege a ion i es in he An h opocene. Na u e
Re iews Ea h & En i onmen , 1, 500–515.
B andwee Nede land. (2016). Samen we ken aan na uu b andbehee sing.
Bundes o schungszen um ü Wald. (2020). Fo es s in Aus ia. h ps://b w.ac.a / z/
b wcms.web?dok=10282
Ca doso Cas o Rego, F. M., Mo eno Rod iguez, J. M., Vallejo Calzada, V. R., &
Xan hopoulos, G. (2018). Fo es i es: Spa king i esma policies in he EU
[Resea ch & inno a ion p ojec s o policy]. h ps://doi.o g/10.2777/248004
Ca lucci, M., Zambon, I., Colan oni, A., & Sal a i, L. (2019). Socioeconomic de el-
opmen , demog aphic dynamics and o es i es in I aly, 1961-2017: A ime-
se ies analysis. Sus ainabili y, 11(5), 1305. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su11051305
Cas ellnou, M., P a -Gui a , N., A illa, E., La añaga, A., Nebo , E., Cas ella nau,
X., . . . Mi alles, M. (2019). Empowe ing s a egic decision-making o wild i e
managemen : A oiding he ea ap and c ea ing a esilien landscape. Fi e Ecol-
ogy, 15(1), 31. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s42408-019-0048-6

Fe nandez-Anez e al. 17
Champ, J. G., B ooks, J. J., & Williams, D. R. (2012). S akeholde unde s andings o
wild i e mi iga ion: A case o sha ed and con es ed meanings. En i onmen al
Managemen , 50(4), 581–597. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s00267-012-9914-6
Che gui, B., Fahd, S., San os, X., & Pausas, J. G. (2018). Socioeconomic ac o s d i e
i e- egime a iabili y in he Medi e anean Basin. Ecosys ems, 21(4), 619–628.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10021-017-0172-6
Cockbu n, H. (2020, May 18). Clima e c isis: A c ic empe a u es “b eak eco ds,” as
ice mel ing season s a s ea ly. The Independen . h ps://www.independen .co.uk/
en i onmen /a c ic-sea-ice- empe a u e-sp ing- eco d-high-mel -clima e-
change-en i onmen -a9519931.h ml
Cson os, P., & Cse esnyes, I. (2007). Feke e eny esek űz eszélyességi iszonyainak
elemzése. In Cson os Pé e (ed) Sziklagyepek Szünbo anikai Ku a ása (pp. 57–79).
Scien ia Kiadó.
Ču o ić, Ž., Ču o ić, M., Spale ić, V., Janic, M., Ses as, P., & Popo íc, S. G. (2019).
Iden i ica ion and e alua ion o landscape as a p econdi ion o planning e i al-
iza ion and de elopmen o Medi e anean u al se lemen s—Case s udy:
M ko i Village, Bay o Ko o , Mon eneg o. Sus ainabili y, 11(7), 2039. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/su11072039
Cyp us Depa men o Fo es s. (2019). Fo es y laws. Minis y o Ag icul u e, Ru al
De elopmen and En i onmen , Depa men o Fo es s. h p://www.moa.go .
cy/moa/ d/ d.ns / d11_en/ d11_en?OpenDocumen
Deak, B., Valko, O., To ok, P., Vegb a i, Z., Ha el, T., Schmo ze , A., . . . To h-
me esz, B. (2014). G assland i es in Hunga y—Expe iences o na u e conse a-
ionis s on he e ec s o i e on biodi e si y. Applied Ecology and En i onmen al
Resea ch, 12, 267–283. h ps://doi.o g/10.2307/40277927
de Nie , J., Finge , D. C., B ing, A., Egilson, D., Gus a sson, D., & Kalan a i, Z.
(2020). Bene i s o combining sa elli e-de i ed snow co e da a and discha ge
da a o calib a e a glacia ed ca chmen in sub-A c ic Iceland. Wa e , 12, 975.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/w12040975
Depicke , A., De Bae s, B., & Ma cel Bae ens, J. (2020). Wild i e igni ion p obabili y
in Belgium. Na u al Haza ds and Ea h Sys em Sciences, 20(2), 363–376. h ps://
doi.o g/10.5194/nhess-20-363-2020
de Rigo, D., Libe à, G., Hous on Du an , T., A és Vi ancos, T., & San-Miguel-
Ayanz, J. (2017). Fo es i e dange ex emes in Eu ope unde clima e change: Va i-
abili y and unce ain y. JRC Science Hub. h ps://doi.o g/10.2760/13180
Diakakis, M., Nikolopoulos, E. I., Ma oulis, S., Vassilakis, E., & Ko akaki, E.
(2017). Obse a ional e idence on he e ec s o mega- i es on he equency o
hyd ogeomo phic haza ds. The case o he Peloponnese i es o 2007 in G eece.
Science o he To al En i onmen , 592, 262–276. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
sci o en .2017.03.070
Die ze, E., B ykała, D., Sch eude , L. T., Jażdżewski, K., Bla quez, O., B aue , A.,
. . . Słowiński, M. (2019). Human-induced i e egime shi s du ing 19 h cen-
u y indus ializa ion: A obus i e egime econs uc ion using no he n Polish
lake sedimen s. PLOS ONE, 14(9), A icle e0222011. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/
jou nal.pone.0222011
Doe , S. H., & San in, C. (2016). Global ends in wild i e and i s impac s: Pe cep-
ions e sus eali ies in a changing wo ld. Philosophical T ansac ions o he Royal
Socie y B: Biological Sciences, 371(1696), 20150345.
Donis, J., Ki enbe ga, M., Sneps s, G., Ma isons, R., Za ins, J., & Jansons, A. (2017).
The o es i e egime in La ia du ing 1922–2014. Sil a Fennica, 51(5), 1–15.
h ps://doi.o g/10.14214/s .7746
Donke s, H. (2019). Na uu b anden in Nede land. Geog a ie, 14–19.
Đo đe ić, D., Đu ičić-Milanko ić, J., Pan elić, A., Pe o ić, S., & Gamba o, A.
(2020). Coa se, ine and ul a ine pa icles o sub-u ban con inen al ae osols
measu ed using an 11-s age Be ne cascade impac o . A mosphe ic Pollu ion
Resea ch, 11(3), 499–510. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ap .2019.11.022
Đu ičić-Milanko ić, J., Anđelko ić, I., Pan elić, A., Pe o ić, S., Gamba o, A.,
An ono ić, D., & Đo đe ić, D. (2018a). Pa i ioning o pa icula e ma e and
elemen s o subu ban con inen al ae osols be ween ine and coa se modes. En i-
onmen al Science and Pollu ion Resea ch, 25(21), 20841–20853. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1007/s11356-018-2037-8
Đu ičić-Milanko ić, J., Anđelko ić, I., Pan elić, A., Pe o ić, S., Gamba o, A.,
An ono ić, D., & Đo đe ić, D. (2018b). Size-seg ega ed ace elemen s in con-
inen al subu ban ae osols: Seasonal a ia ion and es ima ion o local, egional,
and emo e emission sou ces. En i onmen al Moni o ing and Assessmen , 190(10),
615. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10661-018-6962-2
Eu opean Commission. (n.d.). DRMKC—Disas e Risk Managemen Knowledge Cen e
Home. h ps://d mkc.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/knowledge/Gaps-Explo e / o es -Fi es#!/
ue
Eu opean Commission, Join Resea ch Cen e. (2014). Fo es i es in Eu ope, Middle
Eas and No h A ica 2013 [Join epo o JRC and Di ec o a e-Gene al En i-
onmen ]. h ps://doi.o g/10.2788/99870
Eu opean En i onmen Agency. (2017). Clima e change, impac s and ulne abili y in
Eu ope 2016. An indica o -based epo . h ps://www.eea.eu opa.eu/publica ions/
clima e-change-impac s-and- ulne abili y-2016
Eu opean En i onmen Agency. (2019). Fo es i es. h ps://www.eea.eu opa.eu/da a-
and-maps/indica o s/ o es - i e-dange -3/assessmen /#_edn3
Eu opean En i onmen Agency, Bü ne , G., & Kosz a, B. (2017). CLC2018 echnical
guidelines. h ps://land.cope nicus.eu/use -co ne / echnical-lib a y/clc2018
echnicalguidelines_ inal.pd
Eu opean Fo es In o ma ion Sys em. (n.d.). Eu opean Fo es Fi e In o ma ion Sys em.
h ps://e is.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/
Eu os a . (2020). Da ase demo_ _d3a ea. h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/eu os a /web/p oduc s-
da ase s/-/demo_ _d3a ea
E in, G., Cu , T., & Ecke , N. (2018). Has i e policy dec eased he e u n pe iod o
he la ges wild i e e en s in F ance? A Bayesian assessmen based on ex eme
alue heo y. Na u al Haza ds and Ea h Sys em Sciences, 18(10), 2641–2651.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/nhess-18-2641-2018
Fede al Public Se ice In e io . (2013). Na ionaal Ac ieplan Na uu b anden.
Feu dean, A., Veski, S., Flo escu, G., Vanniè e, B., P ei e , M., O’Ha a, R. B., . . .
Hickle , T. (2017). B oadlea deciduous o es coun e balanced he di ec e ec
o clima e on Holocene i e egime in hemibo eal/bo eal egion (NE Eu ope).
Qua e na y Science Re iews, 169, 378–390. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.quasci e .
2017.05.024
Fi e Ecology Resea ch G oup. (n.d.). Global i e moni o ing cen e . h ps://g mc.online/
in o/abou .h ml
The Food and Ag icul u al O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ions. (2015). Global o es
esou ces assessmen 2015, coun y epo , Cyp us.
Gan eaume, A., & Jappio , M. (2013). Wha causes la ge i es in Sou he n F ance.
Fo es Ecology and Managemen , 294, 76–85. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
o eco.2012.06.055
Gan eaume, A., & Long-Fou nel, M. (2015). D i ing ac o s o i e densi y can spa-
ially a y a he local scale in sou h-eas e n F ance. In e na ional Jou nal o Wild-
land Fi e, 24(5), 650–664. h ps://doi.o g/10.1071/WF13209
Gazza d, R., McMo ow, J., & Aylen, J. (2016). Wild i e policy and managemen in
England: An e ol ing esponse om i e and Rescue Se ices, o es y and c oss-
sec o g oups. Philosophical T ansac ions o he Royal Socie y B: Biological Sciences,
371(1696), 20150341. h ps://doi.o g/10.1098/ s b.2015.0341
Glasa, J., Weisenpache , P., & Halada, L. (2010, No embe 15–18). T agic o es i e in
Slo ak Pa adise: Ten yea s a e [Con e ence session]. P oceedings o he In e na-
ional Con e ence on Fo es Fi e Resea ch, Coimb a, Po ugal.
G ajewski, S. M. (2017). E ec i eness o o es i e secu i y sys ems in Poland. h ps://
yadda.icm.edu.pl/baz ech/elemen /bwme a1.elemen .baz ech-c24 ebe3-d8bd-
4146-9095- b82c 6818a3
Hagelin, H., & Cluzel, M. (2016). Applying FARSITE and P ome heus on he Väs man-
land Fi e, Sweden (2014): Fi e g ow h simula ion as a measu e agains o es i e sp ead:
A model sui abili y s udy. h p://lup.lub.lu.se/s uden -pape s/ eco d/8881384
He my, M., de Blus , G., & Sloo maeke s, M. (2004). Na uu behee . Da ids onds.
Holusa, J., Be cak, R., Lukaso a, K., Hanuska, Z., Agh, P., Vanek, J., . . . Ch omek, I.
(2018). Fo es i es in he Czech Republic-de ini ion and classi ica ion. Repo s o
Fo es y Resea ch-Zp a y Lesnickeho Vyzkumu, 63(2), 102–111.
Ins i u o de Conse acao da Na u eza e das Flo es as. (2020). Mapas de á eas a didas.
h p://www2.icn .p /po al/ lo es as/d ci/inc/mapas
Jakša, J. (1997). Obseg in posledice gozdnih poža o Slo eniji le ih 1991 do 1996
e loga gozda s a a s u p ed poža i gozdu. Gozda ski Ves nik, 55(9),
385–395.
Jones, M. W., Smi h, A., Be s, R., Canadell, J. G., P en ice, I. C., & Le Qué é, C.
(2020). Clima e change inc eases he isk o wild i es. h ps://www.p e en ionweb.
ne / iles/73797_wild i esb ie ingno e.pd
Jou née, M., Del aux, C., & Be and, C. (2015). P ecipi a ion clima e maps o Bel-
gium. Ad ances in Science and Resea ch, 12(1), 73–78. h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/
as -12-73-2015
Kapo ić Solomun, M., Ba ge , N., Ce da, A., Keess a, S., & Ma ko ić, M. (2018).
Assessing land condi ion as a i s s ep o achie ing land deg ada ion neu ali y:
A case s udy o he Republic o S pska. En i onmen al Science and Policy, 90, 19–
27. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.en sci.2018.09.014
Kea ing, E. G., Mo al, A. R., P ice, C. C., Woods, D., No on, D. M., Panis, C., . . .
Sanchez, R. (2012). Ai a ack agains wild i es: Unde s anding US Fo es Se ice
equi emen s o la ge ai c a . Rand Co po a ion.
Keeley, J. E., Bond, W. J., B ads ock, R. A., Pausas, J. G., & Rundel, P. W. (2011). Fi e
in Medi e anean ecosys ems: Ecology, e olu ion and managemen . Camb idge Uni-
e si y P ess.
Keize , J. J., Sil a, F. C., Viei a, D. C. S., González-Pelayo, O., Campos, I., Viei a, A.
M. D., . . . P a s, S. A. (2018). The e ec i eness o wo con as ing mulch appli-
ca ion a es o educe pos - i e e osion in a Po uguese eucalyp plan a ion. Ca -
ena, 169, 21–30. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ca ena.2018.05.029
Ke ész, M., Aszalós, R., Lengyel, A., & Ónodi, G. (2017). Syne gis ic e ec s o he
componen s o global change: Inc eased ege a ion dynamics in open, o es -s eppe
g asslands d i en by wild i es and yea - o-yea p ecipi a ion di e ences. PLOS
ONE, 12(11), A icle e0188260. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.0188260
Khaba o , N., K aso skii, A., Obe s eine , M., Swa , R., Dosio, A., San-Miguel-
Ayanz, J., . . . Miglia acca, M. (2016). Fo es i es and adap a ion op ions in
Eu ope. Regional En i onmen al Change, 16(1), 21–30. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/
s10113-014-0621-0
18 Ai , Soil and Wa e Resea ch
Kisić, I. (2019, Feb ua y 17–22). En i onmen al aspec s o open space i e [Con e ence
session]. 54. H a ski i 14. Me{ dj}una odni Simpozij Ag onoma, Vodice,
H a ska.
Ki enbe ga, M., D obyshe , I., El e s, D., Ma isons, R., Adamo ics, A., Ka e ics, J.,
. . . Jansons, A. (2019). A mix u e o human and clima ic e ec s shapes he 250-
yea long i e his o y o a semi-na u al pine domina ed landscape o No he n
La ia. Fo es Ecology and Managemen , 441, 192–201. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
o eco.2019.03.020
Ki enbe ga, M., Ma isons, R., Jansons, A., & Donis, J. (2018). Teleconnec ion
be ween he A lan ic sea su ace empe a u e and o es i es in La ia and Es o-
nia. Sil a Fennica, 52(1), 8.
Kös e , K., Kös e , E., O umaa, A., Pa o, K., Jõgis e, K., Be ninge , F., . . . Me slaid,
M. (2016). How ime since o es i e a ec s s and s uc u e, soil physical-chem-
ical p ope ies and soil CO2 e lux in hemibo eal sco s pine o es i e ch onose-
quence? Fo es s, 7(9), 201. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ 7090201
K awchuk, M. A., Mo i z, M. A., Pa isien, M. A., Van Do n, J., & Hayhoe, K.
(2009). Global py ogeog aphy: The cu en and u u e dis ibu ion o wild i e.
PLOS ONE, 4(4), A icle e5102. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.
0005102
K ikken, F., Lehne , F., Haus ein, K., D obyshe , I., & an Oldenbo gh, G. J. (2019).
A ibu ion o he ole o clima e change in he o es i es in Sweden 2018. Na -
u al Haza ds and Ea h Sys em Sciences. Ad ance online publica ion. h ps://doi.
o g/10.5194/nhess-2019-206
Ku o ga, E., Adamony ė, G., I šėnai ė, R., Juzėnas, S., Kaspa a ičius, J., Ma ko s-
kaja, S., . . . T eigienė, A. (2012). Wild i e and pos - i e managemen e ec s on
ea ly ungal succession in <i xmlns=. Geode ma, 191, 70–79.
K amme, M., & Kaland Pe e , E. (2009). P esc ibed bu ning o Coas al Hea hlands in
Wes e n No way: His o y and p esen day expe iences. In e na ional Fo es Fi e
News, 38(38), 35–50.
Lidskog, R., & Sjödin, D. (2016). Ex eme e en s and clima e change: The pos -disas e
dynamics o o es i es and o es s o ms in Sweden. Scandina ian Jou nal o Fo -
es Resea ch, 31(2), 148–155. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/02827581.2015.1113308
Lindbe g, H., Pun ila, P., & Vanha-Majamaa, I. (2020). The challenge o combining
a iable e en ion and p esc ibed bu ning in Finland. Ecological P ocesses, 9(1),
1–12. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s13717-019-0207-3
Lohmus, E. (2004). Ees i me sakas ukoha üübid. Ees i Loodus o o.
López-Mo eno, J. I., Leppänen, L., Luks, B., Holko, L., Pica d, G., Sanmiguel-Val-
lelado, A., . . . Ma y, C. (2020). In e compa ison o measu emen s o bulk snow
densi y and wa e equi alen o snow co e wi h snow co e sample s: Ins umen-
al bias and a iabili y induced by obse e s. Hyd ological P ocesses, 34(14), 3120–
3133. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/hyp.13785
Lygis, V., Vasiliauskai e, I., S enlid, J., & Vasai is, R. (2010). Impac o o es i e on
occu ence o He e obasidion annosum s.s. oo o and o he wood-inhabi ing
ungi in oo s o Pinus mugo. Fo es y, 83(1), 83–92. h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/ o -
es y/cpp036
Majlingo a, A., D i omský, M., & Kapusniak, J. (2010). Manažmen a ak ika hasenia
požia o p í odnom p os edí [Managemen and ac ics o o es i es supp es-
sion] (1s ed., p. 140). Z olen (SK): Technická uni e zi a o Z olene. (In Slo ak)
Mamu , M. (2011). Veza p i odnogeog a ske i sociogeog a ske osno e dalmacije s
ug oženošću o o enog p os o a poža om. Suma ski Lis , 135(1–2), 37–50.
Ma ozas, V., Plaušiny ė, E., Augus ai is, A., & Kačiuly ė, A. (2011). Changes o
g ound ege a ion and ee- ing g ow h a e su ace i es in sco s pine o es s.
Ac a biologica uni e si a is Dauga piliensis, 11(2), 156–162.
Ma ín, D., & Lapelė, M. (2015). Fo es i e e idences in Dzūkija Na ional Pa k.
Li huania, 6(2), 71–74.
Menkis, A., Lygis, V., Bu okienė, D., & Vasai is, R. (2012). Es ablishmen o Ec omy-
co hiza-inocula ed Pinus syl es is seedlings on coas al dunes ollowing a o es
i e. Bal ic Fo es y, 18(1), 33–40.
Me O ice Hadley Cen e . (2018). S a e o he UK clima e 2017: Supplemen a y epo on
clima e ex emes. h ps://www.me o ice.go .uk/bina ies/con en /asse s/me o -
icego uk/pd /wea he /lea n-abou /uk-pas -e en s/s a e-o -uk-clima e/soc_
supplemen -002.pd
Miche i, M., & Pina , M. (2019). Fo es i es ac oss I alian Regions and Implica ions
o Clima e Change: A panel da a analysis. En i onmen al and Resou ce Econom-
ics, 72(1), 207–246. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10640-018-0279-z
Minis s o za kme ijs o gozda s o in p eh ano. (2006). Ocena eganja za elik
poža na a nem okolju.
Minis y o Ag icul u e and Foods. (2019). Annual epo o he Execu i e Fo es Agency
o 2018.
Minis y o Ag icul u e Food and he Fo es y. (2019). Annual epo on he s a e and
de elopmen o ag icul u e (ag icul u al epo 2019).
Minis y o Ag icul u e Na u e and Food Quali y. (2005). Na u e conse a ion in he
Ne he lands.
Minis y o Fo eign A ai s and Economic Rela ions o Bosnia and He zego ina.
(2018). S a egic plan o u al de elopmen o Bosnia and He zego ina (2018-2021).
Moen, A. (1987). The egional ege a ion o No way; ha o Cen al No way in
pa icula . No sk Geog a isk Tidssk i /No wegian Jou nal o Geog aphy, 41,
179–226.
Mo ei a, F., Viedma, O., A ianou sou, M., Cu , T., Kou sias, N., Rigolo , E., . . . Bil-
gili, E. (2011). Landscape—Wild i e in e ac ions in sou he n Eu ope: Implica-
ions o landscape managemen . Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen , 92(10),
2389–2402. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jen man.2011.06.028
Mülle , M. M., & Vacik, H. (2017). Cha ac e is ics o ligh nings igni ing o es i es
in Aus ia. Ag icul u al and Fo es Me eo ology, 240–241, 26–34. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.ag o me .2017.03.020
Niklasson, M., Zin, E., Zielonka, T., Feijen, M., Ko czyk, A. F., Chu ski, M., . . .
B zeziecki, B. (2010). A 350-yea ee- ing i e eco d om Białowieża P ime al
Fo es , Poland: Implica ions o Cen al Eu opean lowland i e his o y. Jou nal o
Ecology, 98(6), 1319–1329. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01710.x
No ák, V., Lichne , L., Zhang, B., & Kňa a, K. (2009). The impac o hea ing on he
hyd aulic p ope ies o soils sampled unde di e en plan co e . Biologia, 64(3),
483–486. h ps://doi.o g/10.2478/s11756-009-0099-2
Nunes, A. N. (2012). Regional a iabili y and d i ing o ces behind o es i es in Po -
ugal an o e iew o he las h ee decades (1980–2009). Applied Geog aphy, 34,
576–586. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.03.002
Nunes, A. N., Lou enço, L., & Mei a, A. C. C. (2016). Explo ing spa ial pa e ns and
d i e s o o es i es in Po ugal (1980–2014). Science o he To al En i onmen ,
573, 1190–1202. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .2016.03.121
Ónodi, G., Ke ész, M., Bo a-Duká , Z., & Al bäcke , V. (2008). G azing e ec s on
ege a ion composi ion and on he sp ead o i e on open sand g asslands. A id
Land Resea ch and Managemen , 22(4), 273–285. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/
15324980802388223
Oswald, B. P., B ennan, A., Williams, P. S., Da ille, R., & McCa ey, S. (2019).
Public pe cep ions owa ds wild i e p epa edness in he Veluwe egion o he
Ne he lands. In e na ional Jou nal o Wildland Fi e, 28(1), 25–34. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1071/WF18138
Pa en e, J., Am aoui, M., Menezes, I., & Pe ei a, M. G. (2019). D ough in Po ugal:
Cu en egime, compa ison o indices and impac s on ex eme wild i es. Science
o he To al En i onmen , 685, 150–173. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .
2019.05.298
Pa o, K., Kös e , K., Jõgis e, K., & Vodde, F. (2009). Vege a ion dynamics in a i e
damaged o es a ea: The esponse o majo g ound ege a ion species. Bal ic Fo -
es y, 15(2), 206–215.
Pa o, K., Me slaid, M., Renel, G., Sims, A., S an u , J. A., Jõgis e, K., & Kös e , K.
(2015). Impac o pos i e managemen on o es egene a ion in a managed
hemibo eal o es , Es onia. Canadian Jou nal o Fo es Resea ch, 45(9), 1192–1197.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1139/cj -2014-0514
Pausas, J. G., & Fe nández-Muñoz, S. (2012). Fi e egime changes in he Wes e n
Medi e anean Basin: F om uel-limi ed o d ough -d i en i e egime. Clima ic
Change, 110(1–2), 215–226. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10584-011-0060-6
Pausas, J. G., & Keeley, J. E. (2019). Wild i es as an ecosys em se ice. F on ie s in
Ecology and he En i onmen , 17(5), 289–295. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/ ee.2044
Pa lek, K., Bišće ić, F., Fu čić, P., G đan, A., Gugić, V., Malešić, N., . . . C i ano ić,
M. (2017). Spa ial pa e ns and d i e s o i e occu ence in a Medi e anean
en i onmen : A case s udy o sou he n C oa ia. Geog a isk Tidssk i /Danish
Jou nal o Geog aphy, 117(1), 22–35. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/00167223.2016.126
6272
Pel ola, A. (2014). Me sä ilas ollinen uosiki ja 2014 [Finnish s a is ical yea book o
o es y]. SVT Maa-, me sä- ja kala alous 2014 [O icial S a is ics o Finland:
Ag icul u e, o es y and ishe y]. Me sän u kimuslai os [Finnish Fo es
Resea ch Ins i u e].
Pe ei a, M. G., A anha, J., & Am aoui, M. (2014). Land co e i e p oneness in Eu ope.
Fo es Sys ems, 23(3), 598–610. h ps://doi.o g/10.5424/ s/2014233-06115
Piwnicki, J., Ubysz, B., & Szczygieł, R. (2008). Fo es i e dange o ecas ing in
Poland. WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , 119, 81–87. h ps://
doi.o g/10.2495/FIVA080091
Republic o Tu key Gene al Di ec o a e o Fo es y. (2019a). Fo es i e o icial
s a is ics. h ps://web.ogm.go . /lang/en/Pages/Fo es s/S a is icalIn o.aspx
Republic o Tu key Gene al Di ec o a e o Fo es y. (2019b). The p esence o Tu key’s o -
es a ea s a is ics. h ps://web.ogm.go . /lang/en/Pages/Fo es s/S a is icalIn o.
aspx
Ribei o-Kuma a, C., Pumpanen, J., Heinonsalo, J., Me slaid, M., O umaa, A.,
Jõgis e, K., . . . Kös e , K. (2020). Long- e m e ec s o o es i es on soil
g eenhouse gas emissions and ex acellula enzyme ac i i ies in a hemibo eal
o es . Science o he To al En i onmen , 718, 135291. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
sci o en .2019.135291
San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Du an , T., Boca, R., Libe à, G., B anco, A., Rigo, D., . . .
de Jacome FelixOom, D. (2019). Fo es i es in Eu ope, Middle Eas and No h
A ica 2018. h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/j c/en/publica ion/ o es - i es-eu ope-middle-
eas -and-no h-a ica-2018
San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Du an , T., Boca, R., Libe à, G., B anco, A., Rigo, D., . . . de
Le ay, T. (2018). Fo es i es in Eu ope, Middle Eas and No h A ica 2017. h ps://
publica ions.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/ eposi o y/handle/JRC112831
San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Du an , T., Boca, R., Libe à, G., B anco, A., Rigo, D., . . . de
Lo le , P. (2017). Fo es i es in Eu ope, Middle Eas and No h A ica 2016.
h ps://publica ions.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/ eposi o y/handle/JRC107591
Fe nandez-Anez e al. 19
San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Mo eno, J. M., & Camia, A. (2013). Analysis o la ge i es
in Eu opean Medi e anean landscapes: Lessons lea ned and pe spec i es.
Fo es Ecology and Managemen , 294, 11–22. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. o eco.
2012.10.050
San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Schul e, E., Schmuck, G., & Camia, A. (2013). The Eu opean
Fo es Fi e In o ma ion Sys em in he con ex o en i onmen al policies o he
Eu opean Union. Fo es Policy and Economics, 29, 19–25. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
o pol.2011.08.012
San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Schul e, E., Schmuck, G., Camia, A., S obl, P., Libe a,
G., . . . Ama ulli, G. (2012). Comp ehensi e moni o ing o wild i es in
Eu ope: The Eu opean Fo es Fi e In o ma ion Sys em (EFFIS). In Tie -
enbache , J. P. (Ed.), App oaches o managing disas e —Assessing haza ds,
eme gencies and disas e impac s. In echOpen. h ps://www.in echopen.
com/books/app oaches- o-managing-disas e -assessing-haza ds-eme -
gencies-and-disas e -impac s/comp ehensi e-moni o ing-o -wild i es-in-eu ope-
he-eu opean- o es - i e-in o ma ion-sys em-e is-
San ín, C., & Doe , S. H. (2016). Fi e e ec s on soils: The human dimension. Philo-
sophical T ansac ions o he Royal Socie y B: Biological Sciences, 371(1696), 28–34.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1098/ s b.2015.0171
Shakesby, R. A. (2011). Pos -wild i e soil e osion in he Medi e anean: Re iew and
u u e esea ch di ec ions. Ea h-science Re iews, 105(3–4), 71–100. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.ea sci e .2011.01.001
Sil a, F. C., Viei a, D. C. S., an de Spek, E., & Keize , J. J. (2019). E ec o moss
c us s on mi iga ion o pos - i e soil e osion. Ecological Enginee ing, 128, 9–17.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.12.024
S a is ics Poland. (2018). S a is ical yea book o o es y 2018. h ps://s a .go .pl/en/ op-
ics/s a is ical-yea books/s a is ical-yea books/s a is ical-yea book-o - o -
es y-2018,12,1.h ml
S einbe ga, D., & S i ins, N. (2021). Fi e equency du ing he Holocene in cen al
La ia, no heas e n Eu ope. Es onian Jou nal o Ea h Sciences, 70(2), 127–139.
S ipaniče , D., H as nik, B., Š ula, M., & Vujcic, R. (2007, May). Holis ic app oach o
o es i e p o ec ion in spli and Dalma ia Coun y o C oa ia [Con e ence session].
4 h In e na ional Wildland Fi e Con e ence.
Šu da, P., Lichne , L., Nagy, V., Kollá , J., Io ino, M., & Ho el, Á. (2015). E ec s o
ege a ion a di e en succession s ages on soil p ope ies and wa e low in sandy
soil. Biologia, 70(11), 1474–1479. h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/biolog-2015-0172
Šus ek, Z., Vido, J., Šk a enino á, J., Šk a enina, J., & Šu da, P. (2017). D ough
impac on g ound bee le assemblages (Coleop e a, Ca abidae) in No way sp uce
o es s wi h di e en managemen a e winds o m damage—A case s udy om
Ta a M s. (Slo akia). Jou nal o Hyd ology and Hyd omechanics, 65(4), 333–342.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/johh-2017-0048
Sza má i, J., Tobak, Z., & No ák, Z. (2016). En i onmen al moni o ing suppo ed by
ae ial pho og aphy—A case s udy o he bu n down Bugac Junipe Fo es , Hun-
ga y. Jou nal o En i onmen al Geog aphy, 9(1–2), 31–38. h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/
jengeo-2016-0005
Szczygieł, R., Ubysz, B., & Piwnicki, J. (2007, Augus ). Impac om global wa ming on
he occu ence o o es i es in Poland. Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e.
Tallie , P. A., Ve bo en, H., Vandeke kho e, K., Bae é, H., & Ve heyen, K. (2018).
S a e o es y in Belgium since he end o he eigh een h cen u y. In Jan
Oos hoek, R. K., & Hölzl, K. J. (Eds.), Managing no he n Eu ope’s o es s: His o-
ies om he age o imp o emen o he age o ecology (pp. 92–129). Be ghahn Books.
Tamas, J., & Cson os, P. (2006). Dolomi e üle ek izsgála a a Budai—hegységben—
milyen a nö ényze e dő űz u án 10 é el? In Kalapos, T. (Ed.), Jelez a Fló a És
a Vege áció. A 80 É es Simon Tibo Köszön jük (pp. 105–115). Scien ia Kiadó.
Tannebe ge , F., Tege meye , C., Busse, S., Ba helmes, A., Shumka, S., Ma iné, A.
M., . . . Joos en, H. (2017). The pea land map o Eu ope. Mi es and Pea , 19(22),
1–17. h ps://doi.o g/10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.264
Tedim, F., Leone, V., Am aoui, M., Bouillon, C., Coughlan, M., Delogu, G., . . .
Xan hopoulos, G. (2018). De ining ex eme wild i e e en s: Di icul ies, chal-
lenges, and impac s. Fi e, 1(1), 9. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ i e1010009
Tedim, F., Xan hopoulos, G., & Leone, V. (2015). Chap e 5: Fo es i es in Eu ope:
Fac s and challenges. In Sh ode , J. F., & Pa on, D. (Eds.), Wild i e haza ds, isks,
and disas e s (pp. 77–99). Else ie . h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/B978-0-12-410434-
1.00005-1
Telesca, L., & Lasapona a, R. (2010). Analysis o ime-scaling p ope ies in o es - i e
sequence obse ed in I aly. Ecological Modelling, 221(1), 90–93. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.019
Tho s einsson, T., Magnusson, B., & Gudjonsson, G. (2011). La ge wild i e in Iceland
in 2006: Size and in ensi y es ima es om sa elli e da a. In e na ional Jou nal o
Remo e Sensing, 32(1), 17–29. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/01431160903439858
Tho s einsson, T., Magnússon, B., & Guðmundsson, G. (2008). Sinuelda ni miklu á
Mý um 2006 [The la ge wild i e a My a in 2006]. Ná ú u æðingu inn, 76(3–
4), 109–119.
T y e ud, E. (2003). Fo es i e his o y in No way: F om i e-dis u bed pine o es s o
i e- ee sp uce o es s. Ecog aphy, 26(2), 161–170. h ps://doi.o g/10.1034/j.
1600-0587.2003.02942.x
Tu co, M., Bedia, J., Di Libe o, F., Fio ucci, P., Von Ha denbe g, J., Kou sias, N., . . .
P o enzale, A. (2016). Dec easing i es in Medi e anean Eu ope. PLOS ONE,
11(3), A icle e0150663. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.0150663
Ubysz, B. (2003, Sep embe 21–28). The in luence ac o s on he o es i e dange in
Poland [Con e ence session]. XII Wo ld Fo es y Cong ess, Quebec Ci y, QC,
Canada.
Up a a za sume C ne Go e. (2019). Godisnji iz jes aj o adu, Plje lja.
U bančič, M. (2002). Vpli i poža o na la č nobo o ih in puha če ih gozdo ih
slo enskega P imo ja. Zbo nik Gozda s a in Lesa s a, 69, 7–42.
U bančič, M. (2003). In es iga ions o wild i e e ec s on o es soils in Slo enia. Mi -
eilungen De Ös e eichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellscha , 69, 111–118.
U bie a, I. R., F anquesa, M., Viedma, O., & Mo eno, J. M. (2019). Fi e ac i i y and
bu ned o es lands dec eased du ing he las h ee decades in Spain. Annals o
Fo es Science, 76(3), 1–13. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s13595-019-0874-3
Vacik, H., A nd , N., A paci, A., Koch, V., Muelle , M., & Gossow, H. (2011). Cha -
ac e isa ion o o es i es in Aus ia. Aus ian Jou nal o Fo es Science, 128(1),
1–31.
Valkó, O., Deák, B., Magu a, T., Tö ök, P., Kelemen, A., Tó h, K., . . . Tó hmé ész,
B. (2016). Suppo ing biodi e si y by p esc ibed bu ning in g asslands—A
mul i- axa app oach. Science o he To al En i onmen , 572, 1377–1384. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .2016.01.184
Valkó, O., Kelemen, A., Miglécz, T., Tö ök, P., Deák, B., Tó h, K., . . . Tó hmé ész,
B. (2018). Li e emo al does no compensa e de imen al i e e ec s on biodi-
e si y in egula ly bu ned semi-na u al g asslands. Science o he To al En i on-
men , 622–623, 783–789. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .2017.11.356
Vaughan, A. (2020). “Zombie” i es a e bu ning he A c ic a e smoulde ing unde snow.
h ps://www.newscien is .com/a icle/2243591-zombie- i es-a e-bu ning-
he-a c ic-a e -smoulde ing-unde -snow/
Veble, D., & B ečko G uba , V. (2016). Pogos os in obseg poža o na a i na K asu
in slo enski Is i. Geog a ski Ves nik, 88(1), 9–20.
Vég á i, Z., Valkó, O., Deák, B., Tö ök, P., Konyhás, S., & & Tó hmé ész, B. (2016).
E ec s o land use and wild i es on he habi a selec ion o g ea bus a d (O is
a da I.)—Implica ions o species conse a ion. Land Deg ada ion and De elop-
men , 27(4), 910–918. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/ld .2495
Wu, M., Kno , W., Thonicke, K., Schu ge s, G., Camia, A., & A ne h, A. (2015).
Sensi i i y o bu ned a ea in Eu ope o clima e change, a mosphe ic CO2 le els,
and demog aphy: A compa ison o wo i e- ege a ion models. Jou nal o Geo-
physical Resea ch: Biogeosciences, 120(11), 2256–2272. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/
2015JG003036
Xan hopoulos, G. (2008). Who should be esponsible o o es i es? Lessons om he
G eek expe ience. In P oceedings o he Second In e na ional Symposium on Fi e
Economics, Planning, and Policy: A Global View (pp. 189–201). h ps://ci esee x.
is .psu.edu/ iewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.522.1266& ep= ep1& ype=pd
Zajączkowski, G., Jabłoński, M., Jabłoński, T., Małecka, M., Kowalska, A.,
Małachowska, J., & Piwnicki, J. (2018). Rapo o s anie lasów w Polsce 2017.
Pańs wowe Gospoda s wo Leśne Lasy Pańs wowe, Cen um In o macyjne
Lasów Pańs wowych.
Za od za gozdo e. (n.d.). Po očilo za oda za gozdo e slo enije o gozdo ih za le a
2004–2018.
Zupančič, B., & P eska , F. (1994). Analiza: o s a is ičnih poda kih o poža ih na a-
nem okolju Slo eniji le ih 1983–1992. In Va s o p ed poža i na a i, Bled
’93 (pp. 252–259).