Finis e a, XLiX, 98, 2014, pp. 49-58
oUTDoo THE MaL pE CEpTioN
iN DiFFE ENT CLiMaTiC EGioNS.
iNiTiaL ESULTS F oM TaiCHUNG (TaiWaN) aND LiSBoN (po TUGaL)
zu-ping lin1
hen ique and ade2
Sand a oliVei a3
uey-lung hwang4
and eaS Ma za akiS5
abs ac – People li ing in di e en clima ic egions ha e adap ed o speci ic wea he
condi ions and hei ole ance o high empe a u es and wind speeds is di e se. his s udy
analyses he e ec o he mal adap a ions on he he mal pe cep ion o use s o ou doo
spaces in wo di e en egions: aichung ( aiwan) and Lisbon (Po ugal), by means o ield
su eys and measu emen s o wea he pa ame e s. he he mal accep able ange, ep esen-
ing he sa is ac ion o people wi h he mal condi ions, was calcula ed based on he Physio-
logical equi alen empe a u e (Pe ) and he esul s ob ained o each egion we e com-
pa ed. People in Lisbon a e less sa is ied wi h highe alues o Pe han in aiwan, due o
he adap a ion o local people o highe alues o ai empe a u e and ela i e humidi y in
aiwan. On he con a y, people in Lisbon showed a highe ole ance o s ong wind, as a
esul o hei exposu e o highe a e age wind speeds han hose in aiwan. he esul s
demons a ed ha people’s he mal pe cep ions a y wi h di e en clima ic and cul u al
backg ound. he in luence o he mal adap a ions in he use o ou doo spaces can con i bu e
o imp o e he quali y o hese spaces, adap ing hem o he p e e ences o local use s.
Keywo ds: Human biome eo ology, he mal pe cep ion, aiwan, Po ugal.
ecei ed: ap il 2014; accep ed: Oc obe 2014.
1 Depa men o a chi ec u e, na ional Cheng Kung Uni e si y, 1 Uni e si y oad, ainan 701,
aiwan. e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
2  1960-2013 - CeG/iGO /ULisboa, ins i u e o Geog aphy and spa ial Planning, Uni e si-
dade de Lisboa. Po ugal
3 niCi , acul y o Le e s, Uni e si y o Coimb a. La go da Po a é ea, 3004-530 Coimb a,
Po ugal. e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
4 Depa men o a chi ec u e, na ional Uni ed Uni e si y, 1 Lienda, Miaoli 360, aiwan.
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
5 albe -Ludwigs-Uni e si y eibu g. D-79085 eibu g. e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
50
esumo – pe cepção é Mica no ex e io eM di e en eS egiõeS cliMá-
icaS. eSul adoS iniciaiS pa a aichung ( aiwan) e liSBoa (po ugal). as po-
pulações de di e sas egiões climá icas es ão adap adas a de e minados es ados do em-
po sendo mui o di e sa a sua ole ância a condições ex emas, como al as empe a u as
e en os o es. analisa-se a impo ância da ole ância e da adap ação na pe cepção é -
mica dos habi an es de aichung ( aiwan) e Lisboa (Po ugal), baseada na empe a u a
isiológica equi alen e (Pe ). Ve i ica-se que os habi an es de Lisboa icam mais insa-
is ei os com al os alo es de Pe do que os de aichung, habi uados a empe a u a e
humidade mais al as. Pelo con á io, os lisboe as êm maio ole ância a en os o es,
como esul ado da sua ele ada equência. O conhecimen o da in luência da adap ação
é mica em espaços ex e io es pe mi e ape eiçoa a qualidade desses espaços e o ná-
-los mais a ac i os.
Pala as-cha e: Biome eo ologia humana, pe cepção é mica, aiwan, Po ugal.
ésumé – pe cep ion he Mique a l’ai liB e SouS di é en S cliMa S: une
coMpa aiSon en e aiwan e le po ugal. Les gens qui i en dans des égions
clima iquemen di é en es son adap és à ce ains ypes de emps e on un inégal deg é
de olé ance aux empé a u es éle ées e à la iolence des en s. On a compa é l’in luence
que ces ypes d’adap a ion on su les habi an s de aichung ( aiwan) e de Lisbonne
(Po ugal). La mesu e de leu olé ance he mique es basée su l’indice de empé a u e
Physiologique Équi alen e (Pe ). On cons a e que, pou des aleu s éle ées de ce
i ndice, les habi an s de Lisbonne son moins sa is ai s que les aiwanais, mieux habi ués
à ces aleu s. Pa con e les Lisboè es suppo en mieux les en s o s, équen s pou
eux. Mieux connai e les deg és d’adap a ion des usage s aux condi ions he miques à
l’ai lib e pe me a d’amélio e les ca ac é is iques des espaces é udiés e de les end e
ainsi plus a ac i s.
Mo s-clés: Biomé éo ologie humaine, pe cep ion he mique, aiwan, Po ugal.
i. in ODUC iOn
se e al s udies indica e ha he a endance and use o ou doo spaces is sig-
ni ican ly co ela ed wi h ou doo he mal com o (eliasson e al., 2007; Lin, 2009;
nakano and anabe, 2004; nikolopoulou e al., 2001; ho sson e al., 2007;
ho sson e al., 2004). some s udies demons a ed ha hese ela ionships a e
di e se in di e en clima ic egions (Lin, 2009; Lin e al., 2013a, 2013b). he e o e,
i is impo an o de ec and quan i y he cha ac e is ics o people’s he mal com o
in egions wi h di e en clima ic condi ions. o example, people li ing in a eas
T.-P. Lin, H. And ade, S. Oli ei a, R.-L. Hwang and A. Ma za akis
51
wi h a ho clima e may be be e adap ed o ho wea he and ole a e highe he mal
condi ions han hose who a e usually exposed o empe a e clima es. his s udy
compa es he cha ac e is ics o he mal com o by means o ield su eys in
aichung ( aiwan) and Lisbon (Po ugal), in o de o alida e he e ec o he mal
adap a ions on people’s he mal pe cep ions in di e en clima ic egions. he main
aim o his s udy is o e i y how he long- e m egional clima ic condi ions
in luence local people’s he mal pe cep ions.
ii. Da a anD Me HODs
1. Backg ound o he wo su eyed a ea
in he p esen s udy, wo a eas in di e en clima ic egions ha e been chosen
o compa ison: Po ugal o he Medi e anean egion and aiwan o he sub o-
pical egion. aiwan ( aichung), loca ed a 23º la i ude n wi h ho -humid clima e
and Po ugal (Lisbon), loca ed a 38º la i ude n wi h ho -d y summe and mild
win e s, a e he a eas analysed ( ig. 1). he su ey in aiwan was conduc ed in 2004
and 2005 in he amewo k o he iO p ojec (Hwang and Lin, 2007; Lin e al.,
2011; Lin and Ma za akis, 2008), whe eas he he mal com o da a in Po ugal was
collec ed in 2006 and 2007, du ing he ou seasons, in he amewo k o he
U bKlim p ojec (Oli ei a and and ade, 2007; and ade e al., 2011).
ig. 1 – Loca ion o aichung, aiwan and Lisbon, Po ugal, and he co esponding clima ic
egions acco ding o Köppen-Geige classi ica ion.
Fig. 1 – Localização de Taichung (Taiwan) e Lisboa (Po ugal) e egiões climá icas
co esponden es na classi icação de Köppen-Geige .
sou ce: Ko ek e al., 2006
Ou doo he mal pe cep ion in di e en clima ic egions
52
2. Me eo ological measu emen s
in aiwan, mic o-me eo ological ins umen s, posi ioned on a ipod a a heigh o
1.1 m abo e he g ound, we e used o he measu emen s and au oma ic collec ion
o da a on he mal com o pa ame e s, including ambien ai empe a u e, globe empe-
a u e, ela i e humidi y, ai speed and global adia ion. he accu acy o each pa a me e
is ±0.7°C o ai empe a u e, ±2.5% o ela i e humidi y, ±0.1 m/s o wind speed and
±5 W/m2 o global adia ion. in Lisbon, measu emen s o ai empe a u e, ela i e
humi di y, wind speed, sho and long wa e adia ion we e made in a simila way o hose
aken in aiwan. Mean adian empe a u e was calcula ed om sho and long wa e
adia ion; Pe was calcula ed by he ayMan model (Ma za akis e al., 2007, 2010).
3. Ques ionnai e su eys
People we e asked o comple e ques ionnai es abou hei pe cep ion o he mal
com o while me eo ological measu emen s we e being aken. he scope o he
ques ionnai es was based on appendix e o he he mal en i onmen su ey in
asH ae s anda d 55 (asH ae, 2004). in aiwan, he ques ionnai e comp ised
h ee sec ions. he i s sec ion deal wi h demog aphic in o ma ion such as age,
gende , ac i i y le el and he clo hing ha indi iduals we e wea ing. ac i i y and
clo hing le els a e ans e ed o he inpu o ma h ough asH ae s anda d 55.
in he second sec ion people we e asked abou hei he mal com o s a us a
he ime. he ASHRAE 7-poin scales o he mal sensa ion o e ( sV: -3: cold,
-2: cool, -1: sligh ly cool, 0: neu ali y, 1: sligh ly wa m, 2: wa m and 3: ho ), he
3-poin McIn y e p e e ence scales ( igh now i “wan coole ”, “wan no change” o
“wan wa me ”), and di ec assessmen s o he mal dissa is ac ion (“sa is ied” o
“dissa is ied”) we e used o help esponden s o a e hei he mal sensa ion
conside ing hei en i onmen . esponden s we e also asked o indica e hei sensa-
ion a he ime and gene al p e e ences ega ding ai mo emen and adia ion.
A 7poin scale om −3 o “ e y weak wind/sun” o 3 o “ e y s ong wind/sun”
wi h 0 = “neu al” o wind and sun a e i s ly e alua ed. hen a 3-poin scale wi h
“i would p e e wind/sunshine weake ”, “i p e e no change in wind/sunshine” and
“i would p e e wind/sunshine o be s onge .” a o al o 1,644 da a se s o
ques ionnai e su eys we e included in his s udy.
in Lisbon, he ques ionnai es we e designed wi h equi alen ques ions and o -
ma in ela ion o aichung, al hough he le els o sa is ac ion we e agg ega ed in a
smalle se o classes o be consis en wi h e minology applied in Po ugal. he
ques ionnai es we e di ided in wo main sec ions: in he i s pa , he pe sonal
cha ac e is ics o he in e iewees (age, gende , clo hing, ac i i y, geog aphical
o igin, among o he s) a e desc ibed, and in he second pa he ques ions we e
ela ed o he pe cep ion o he a mosphe ic condi ions by he in e iewees, wi h
ega ds o he indi idual pa ame e s (ai empe a u e, ai humidi y, wind speed,
adia ion) and also hei o e all p e e ences.
T.-P. Lin, H. And ade, S. Oli ei a, R.-L. Hwang and A. Ma za akis

53
iii. esUL s anD DisCUssiOn
a he mal accep able ange is ob ained om he es ima ion o he he mal index
(e.g. Pe , Physiologically equi alen empe a u e, Maye and Höppe, 1987; Höppe,
1999; Ma za akis e al., 1999) and ep esen s he sa is ac ion o di e en g oups o
occupan s in ela ion o he mal condi ions. o ob ain his ange, he dissa is ac ion
o each empe a u e bin should be calcula ed. Based on p e ious sugges ions (de
Dea and oun ain, 1994), he dissa is ac ion can be ega ded as a o e by subjec s
ou side he h ee cen al ca ego ies o he sV scale: cold (-3), cool (-2), wa m (2),
and ho (3).
igu e 2 shows he subjec s’ dissa is ac ion o each empe a u e bin o which
second-deg ee polynomial cu es we e i ed. he Pe on he lowes poin o he cu e
is he empe a u e ha sa is ied he majo i y o people, i.e. neu al empe a u e ( n).
he same igu e indica es ha he n o aichung (31.3°C Pe ) is highe han he one
o Lisbon (29.7°C Pe ). u he mo e, subjec s exposed o ce ain Pe condi ions in
Lisbon we e mo e dissa is ied wi h he he mal condi ion han hose in aichung. o
example, when people we e exposed o 40°C Pe , a ound 38% o people in Lisbon
exp essed dissa is ac ion, whe eas in aichung his p opo ion is a ound 30%.
ig. 2 – Co ela ion be ween he pe cen age o he mal dissa is ied people and Pe
in aichung and Lisbon.
Fig. 2 – Co elação en e a pe cen agem de indi íduos e micamen e insa is ei os
e PET em Taichung e Lisboa.
he analy ical esul s can be explained by he ollowing compa isons o long-
e m clima ic condi ions in aichung and Lisbon. Compa ed o Lisbon, aichung
Ou doo he mal pe cep ion in di e en clima ic egions
The mal dissa is ield people
%
54
has highe ai empe a u e (highe han 5°C) du ing he ho season ( ig. 3).
Mo eo e , ela i e humidi y in summe in aichung is much highe han in Lisbon.
he dis ibu ion o hese wo pa ame e s indica es ha aichung is ho e and mo e
humid han Lisbon.
ig. 3 – Mon hly a e age ai empe a u e and ela i e humidi y in aichung (1981-2010)
and Lisbon (1961-1990).
Fig. 3 – Tempe a u a média mensal e humidade ela i a em Taichung (1981-2010)
e Lisboa (1961-1990).
sou ces/ on es: Cen al Wea he Bu eau o aiwan; ins i u o Dom Luiz, ULisboa
o e i y how he long- e m sola adia ion a ec s local people’s he mal
pe cep ion, we calcula ed he a e age maximum global adia ion o aichung and
Lisbon. his alue is, heo e ically, he maximum alue as modelled by ayMan
(Ma za akis e al., 2007, 2010). igu e 4 shows ha aichung has a highe global
adia ion han Lisbon. his means ha people in aichung a e exposed o highe
mean adian empe a u e ( m ) alues han people in Lisbon. om he compa i-
sons o long- e m clima e, he highe ai empe a u e, ai humidi y, and global
adia ion in aichung con ibu e o highe Pe alues han hose in Lisbon. as
such, because people in aichung usually expe ience highe Pe alues hey ha e
adap ed o i , he e o e hey show highe ole ance o ho condi ions han he people
in Lisbon. his in e ence can be e i ied om he p e ious he mal com o clas-
T.-P. Lin, H. And ade, S. Oli ei a, R.-L. Hwang and A. Ma za akis
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Jan Feb Ma Ap May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oc No Dec
A e age ela i e humidi y (%)
A e age ai empe a u e (°C)
Taichung-Ta Lisbon-Ta
Taichung-RH Lisbon-RH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Jan Feb Ma Ap May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oc No Dec
A e age ela i e humidi y (%)
A e age ai empe a u e (°C)
Taichung-Ta Lisbon-Ta
Taichung-RH Lisbon-RH
55
si ica ion compa isons be ween aiwan and Wes e n/Middle eu opean (Lin and
Ma za akis, 2008) and be ween aichung and szeged (Hunga y) (Kán o e al.,
2012a, 2012b). he adap a ion concep , aking in o accoun he a ia ion o indi-
iduals’ com o ange wi h backg ound he mal condi ion, has been applied in
na u al en ila ed indoo spaces, acco ding o asH ae 55 (asH ae, 2010) and
en 15251(Cen s anda d en15251, 2007).
ig. 4 – Mon hly heo e ical maximum global adia ion o aichung and Lisbon
(modelled by ayMan).
Fig. 4 – Valo eó ico mensal máximo da adiação global em Taichung e Lisboa
(modelada po RayMan).
since wind speed is also an impo an pa ame e o ou doo he mal com-
o , we u he analysed people’s pe cep ion o di e en le els o wind speed,
wi h he same me hod applied o assessing o e all he mal dissa is ac ion.
igu e 5 shows he wind dissa is ac ion o bo h ci ies. Unlike wha was ound o
Pe , i is ob ious ha people in Lisbon ha e much highe ole ance o s onge
wind speeds han people in aichung. he highe a e age wind speed in Lisbon
(a ound 3.3-4.1m/s), han in aichung (a ound 1.6-2.8 m/s), may explain he
esul s, shown in igu e 5.
u he mo e, a he low wind speed o 1 m/s, he majo i y o people in Lisbon
a e dissa is ied, whe eas mos people in aichung a e sa is ied. Compa ed o peo-
ple in aichung, he esul indica es ha people in Lisbon p e e o ha e some wind
han no wind a all in summe .
Ou doo he mal pe cep ion in di e en clima ic egions
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Taichung Lisbon
56
ig. 5 – Wind dissa is ac ion o aichung and Lisbon.
Fig. 5 – Insa is ação de ido ao en o em Taichung e Lisboa.
ig. 6 – a e age wind speed in aichung (1981-2010) and Lisbon (1961-1990).
Fig. 6 – Velocidade média mensal do en o em Taichung (1981-2010) e Lisboa (1961-1990).
sou ces/ on es: Cen al Wea he Bu eau o aiwan; ins i u o Dom Luiz, ULisboa.
T.-P. Lin, H. And ade, S. Oli ei a, R.-L. Hwang and A. Ma za akis
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Wind dissa is ied (%)
Wind speed (m/s)
Taichung Lisbon Taiwan Lisbon
100
80
60
40
20
0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Taichung Lisbon
m/s