You h
and gene a ions
in imes o c isis:
Po ugal in he
global si ua ion
Vi o Sé gio Fe ei a
6.
136 ci izenship in c isis
in oduc ion
The discou se on gene a ions is, p esen ly, p oli ic and widesp ead in he
public and poli ical sphe es. The e is a sequence o le e s o iden i y age
coho s bo n in dis inc decades (gene a ion “x”, “y” o “z”), as well as mul iple
ca ego ies o desc ibe oday’s young people as a gene a ion dis inc om he
p e ious ones. The label Millennials – a ch onological quali ica ion ini ia ed by
Howe and S auss (2000) o name he young people bo n a e 1980 – became
he mos popula gene a ional ca ego y in he media, unde lining supposed
speci ici ies o he age coho s ha li e he ansi ion o adul hood in he u n
o he millennium o la e .
Beyond he Millennials label, o he gene a ional ca ego ies we e la e used
o dis inguish he cu en young people, mainly based on hei p ac ices
and expe iences in he sphe es o wo k, mobili y, and digi al li e: “ge ação
mileu is a” (F ei e 2006; Gen ile 2014),1 “p eca ious gene a ion” (Bessan ,
Fa hing and Wa s 2017), o “los gene a ion” (Allen and Ainley 2010;
P i cha d and Whi ing 2014); “global gene a ion” (Edmunds and Tu ne
2005; Beck and Beck-Ge nsheim 2009), “Eu ope gene a ion” (Lopes 2014)
o “E asmus gene a ion” (Wilson 2011; Ie aci ano 2014); “digi al gene a ion”
(Feixa 2014; Pon e 2011), “ne gene a ion” o “digi al na i es” (Tapsco 1998;
Ha gi ai 2010; Jones and Shao 2011). Among many o he s, hese a e some
o he labels ecu en ly assigned o con empo a y you h in he sense o
emphasizing di e ences, con lic s, o lows be ween hei ways o li e and
hei pa en s’ and g andpa en s’ – who also ecei ed hei own gene a ional
epi he s: “baby boome gene a ion” (Robe s 2012) o “G ea Wa gene a ion”
(Pais 1998a).
The p oli e a ion o gene a ional ca ego ies has no been ollowed, howe e ,
by empi ical esea ch wide enough and wi h a deep analy ical engagemen in
he social sciences scope. The claims conce ning he exis ence o gene a ions
and gene a ional changes a e su ounded by oo much specula ion, a e
oo simplis ic, and ha e a uni e salis ic exagge a ion, some imes e en
con adic ion. These gene aliza ions a e usually based on ma ke s udies
p omo ed by la ge companies guided owa d ma ke ing and o business
1 The e e ence o his designa ion is he imagined a e age wage o he con empo a y you h. In
Po ugal, i has acqui ed equi alen discu si e o mula ions ha , howe e , disclose he p esump ion o
lowe wages in ela ion o o he Eu opean coun ies, a ound 500-600 eu os.
you h and gene a ions in imes o c isis 137
(Williams and Page 2011; Pa men 2014), wi h mo e ma ke -cen ed han
scien i ic in e es s in hei analyses and conclusions.
In gene al, hese s udies in end o e alua e he o e all economic capaci y
and he symbolic a ailabili y o speci ic you h segmen s o he acquisi ion o
ce ain consume goods (objec s, expe iences, se ices, e c.), assigning o hem
p e e ences, poin ing ou social p ac ices, and de ining li e s yles ha a e made
a ailable in he ma ke , la e gene a ing pop labels o speci ic consump ion
p o iles. These a e s udies ha end o homogenize he you h condi ion and
he espec i e beha iou s, blu ing unequal social and cul u al condi ions in
ligh o wes e n you h expe iences, loca ed in Anglo-Saxon coun ies, among
he whi e, u ban, and mo e educa ed middle classes (Li le and Winch 2017).
Fu he mo e, hose s udies ake o g an ed ha dis inc demog aphic coho s
– ha is, young people bo n be ween da e x and da e y – ha e a gene a ional
co espondence. Howe e , he e a e no de ini ions consensually accep ed
conce ning he con en o all gene a ional labels c ea ed, no hei age coho s.
In his pe spec i e, I s a his essay by in oducing he cu en sociological
app oaches o he concep o gene a ion. Conside ing he global con ex o
sys emic c isis and es ablishmen o aus e i y policies in se e al coun ies o
he wo ld since 2008, om he usa o Eu ope and B azil, I will discuss he
hypo hesis ha his momen is, indeed, a gene a ional ma ke : o young people
who a e making hei ansi ion o adul hood, aus e i y measu es iden i y a
u ning poin ha c ea es dis inc i e s uc u al condi ions o hei li e cou ses,
so ha hey a e expe ienced, iewed, and planned in s uc u ally di e se and
unequal o ms o li e when compa ed o hei pa en s’ li es. This happens,
o a la ge ex en , because o se e al eo ganiza ions es ablished by aus e i y
policies ha ha e ex ended beyond he c isis en i onmen , jeopa dizing social
ci izenship igh s ha a e c i ical in he o ganiza ion o p esen and u u e li e
cou ses o young people.
The lexibili y es ablished in he labou condi ions and i s po en ial
ex ension h oughou he li e cou se pu he ocus o he inequali ies in
he discussion on gene a ions, eeing i om he me e cul u al alues and
e hics o li e di e ences. In his sequence, I in oduce he hypo hesis ha
“p eca iousness”, al hough expe ienced in e y dis inc ways due o he unequal
social suppo s o young people, can be pa o he co e o a new gene a ional
conscience as a s uc u al condi ion conside ed h oughou li e, wi h deep
and ex ended e ec s ha go beyond he sphe e o he labou li e, ei ying a
con ex ha is a ou able o he on ological insecu i y o he younge ci izens.
138 ci izenship in c isis
Conce ning o a g ea ex en he case o Po ugal, one o he coun ies mos
a ec ed by he c isis and he aus e i y policies wi hin he Eu o zone, his
discussion will be de eloped wi h ecou se o se e al sou ces and s udies.
gene a ions and gene a ionalism
Despi e he empi ical app oach o he concep o “gene a ion” being o en
made h ough age g oups, he ac is ha , sociologically, gene a ions do no
eme ge “na u ally” om he secula cadence es ablished by he biological o
demog aphic hy hms ansla ed in he ages o he indi iduals. Assuming a
gene a ional app oach implies going beyond he analysis o he age e ec s
indica ed by he ch onological s uc u e o successi e age coho s. I
demands a eading ha is cen ed on he long e m o social s uc u es, and
no only on he a ia ions ha he a i udes and beha iou s ha e h oughou
he “ages” o “cycles” o he li e cou se. As poin ed ou by Mannheim – one
o he p edecesso s o he gene a ional app oach in he beginning o he 20 h
cen u y wi h he publica ion, in 1928, o The P oblem o Gene a ions (1990) –
he age g oups co espond o “po en ial gene a ions” ha , only when ouched
by a pic u e o deep social des abiliza ion, wi h su icien dis up i e and
ans o ming powe o make eme ging a i ude and beha iou al s anda ds
ha a e dis inc om hose sha ed in he pas , will be able o con igu e
“e ec i e gene a ions”.
The gene a ional pe spec i e inaugu a ed by Mannheim and sus ained in
sociology wi h di e en ia ed inpu s2, sha es wo cen al a ibu es o iden i y
and unde s and a gene a ion in i s uni y and speci ici y as social eali y:
on one hand, he exis ence o a pic u e o e en s ha a e qui e wide and
in ense o sepa a e he his o ical con inui y o he collec i e li e, e en s ha
in he p esen can co espond o “slow and non-ca as ophic p ocesses wi h
economic, poli ical and cul u al na u e” (Feixa and Lecca di 2010, 191). On
he o he hand, his exac same pic u e o his o ical discon inui ies mus be
expe ienced in a comp ehensi e way by he membe s o a social o ma ion
in an ea ly phase o hei socializa ion, so ha he new s uc u al condi ions
p oduce long- e m e ec s in hei li es and subjec i e ela ions wi h he
wo ld.
2 See, o ins ance, Eisens ad (2009 [1956]), A ias-Don u (1988), and Eye man and Tu ne (1998).
you h and gene a ions in imes o c isis 139
The e o e, he gene a ional pe spec i e is going o loca e he indi iduals
wi hin speci ic s uc u al con igu a ions o economic, social, cul u al, and/o
poli ical na u e. I conside s he change p ocesses ha allow he induc ion o
socializa ion condi ions ha a e su icien ly wide and dis inc om he pas o
p o ide new expe iences and o shape new subjec i i ies be ween he younge
laye s o he popula ion. In his sense, my hypo hesis is ha new eme ging
p io i ies and subjec i i ies in he con ex o new ma e ial condi ions o
exis ence o young people do no assume a me e “ ansi ional” eali y ( ha is,
he esul o an e ec o hei you h condi ion), bu ha e he abili y o being
anspo ed h oughou li e, esul ing in a gene a ional condi ion.
Do he labels al eady men ioned conce ning he con empo a y you h
eally ansla e he eme gence o new social gene a ions? Will hese labels
co espond o ac ual and objec i e social eali ies? A e con empo a y young
people o ging new o ms o ansi ion o adul hood? E en hough we li e in
imes o accele a ion o he his o ical empo ali y, i is ce ainly impossible o
hink abou changes ha a e so as ha hey jus i y such a quick succession o
gene a ions as he ecen p o usion o ague and has y quali ie s and ca ego ies
o gene a ional iden i ica ion. Mo e han showing he ac ual exis ence o
gene a ions, he an ic c ea ion o gene a ional ca ego ies wi nesses he ecen
end o gene a ionalism (Whi e 2013), ha is, he sys ema ic in oca ion
o he concep o gene a ion as a p inciple o ca ego iza ion, di ision, and
explana ion o he wo ld, aiming o loca e, na a e, and unde s and in ime
he global changes ha happen in he social, economic, and poli ical le el and
ha – supposedly – each he younge wi h highe in ensi y and con inui y.
In he gene a ionalis app oach, he concep o gene a ion is assumed
no as an objec i e social eali y, bu as a discu si e eali y (Sche ge 2012;
Aboim and Vasconcelos 2013; P i cha d and Whi ing 2014; Timonen and
Conlon 2015). The gene a ional labels a e discu si e eali ies in he sense
ha hey a e symbolic cons uc ions unde pinned by cul u al na a i es
ha in eg a e codes and e minologies ha in end o exp ess di e ences o
p e e ences, alues, ep esen a ions, and e hics o li e based on age p inciples.
In his pe spec i e, he gene a ions a e aken as symbolic ca ego ies used in
he public space and in he social in e ac ion, in di e se con igu a ions and
wi h di e en ia ed con en s and social in e es s. The indi iduals can mobilize
hose gene a ional ca ego ies in hei daily discu si e p ac ices as p inciples
o o ganiza ion and in e p e a ion o he wo ld and social change, in hei
p ocesses o social iden i ica ion and ca ego iza ion.

140 ci izenship in c isis
Thus, he gene a ionalis app oach mo es away om he gene a ional
app oach in he sense ha , in he o me he discu si e eali ies do no need o
ha e any objec i e co espondence wi h gene a ions as social eali ies ancho ed
o e en s endowed wi h po en ial o his o ical change. This does no hinde , as
claimed by Whi e (2013), he eme gence o gene a ionalis exp essions wi h he
eme gence o he social o ma ions ha conside iden i ying and desc ibing,
no only o ewa ning hem, bu also con ibu ing o hei social p oduc ion.
gene a ions and inequali ies
The gene a ionalis discou ses and labels allude, o a g ea ex en , o
ans o ma ions conce ning he dis inc p ac ices and expe iences o
cu en you h in di e en sphe es o hei daily li e, in ela ion o hei
p eceding gene a ions. And hey do i no only in a pe spec i e o iden i ying
in e gene a ional di e ences, in a ho izon al plan o cul u al di e ences, bu
also, and inc easingly, in he pe spec i e o making known in e gene a ional
inequali ies, in a e ical plan o asymme ies and powe ela ions in ol ed
in a mo al language ha o en ies o iden i y economic, social, and poli ical
injus ices and inequali ies wi hin he ela ions be ween gene a ions (Pe ei a
da Sil a and Ribei o 2017). This happens o he ex en ha , as Robe s a gues
(2012), in many Eu opean coun ies, ollowing he Second Wo ld Wa , he
baby boome gene a ion was he one, a e many, ha li ed be e han i s
p edecesso s and ha knows ha i was li ing be e in e ms o income,
consump ion le els, and social igh s.
Al hough wi h qui e dis inc hy hms, in ensi ies, and con igu a ions, his
con ex has been unde a wide econ igu a ion on a global scale, wi h a mass
o mo e educa ed and mo e “globalized” you h – ha is, mo e connec ed
among hemsel es and wi h he wo ld – expe iencing no only new o ms o
ansi ion o adul hood, bu also acing a deep ansi ion in he adul condi ion
i sel – ma ked by added di icul ies, e en blockage, in e ms o capaci y
o social au onoma ion and economic emancipa ion. To a la ge ex en his
is due o he s uc u al ans o ma ions ha happened in he labou sphe e
unde he aegis o a “new o m o capi alism” (Senne 1998; Bol anski and
Chiapello 1999), ma ked by he implemen a ion o a se o measu es guided o
he “ lexibiliza ion” o labou condi ions, wi h deep implica ions in he you h
capaci ies o planning and decision-making in se e al sphe es o hei li es.
you h and gene a ions in imes o c isis 141
The labou blockages ha hey expe ience end up ans o ming in o
ansi ional blockages, unde pinned by pos ponemen s in hei aspi a ions
and p ojec s due o he lack o means o achie emen . The you h condi ion has
been ex ended in such a way h oughou he li e cou se o he ci izens bo n
a e he 1980s ha he e is a isk ha you h s udies a e no longe analysing he
condi ions o pos ponemen o he adi ional ma ke s o en ance o adul hood
(Fe ei a and Nunes 2014). Ins ead, hey a e analysing he condi ions ha
es uc u e he adul condi ion i sel in his gene a ion, as well as i s u u e
condi ion as elde ly. In ac , we a e acing a e olu ion in he e y s anda ds o
li e cou ses, cu en ly less o ganized acco ding o p e-se and linea “cycles”
and mo e o ganized in con ingen “spi als”, inc easingly e iginous and isky,
wi h consequences in he in e gene a ional commi men s es ablished un il
now, ecen ly ques ioned and equen ly a acked. I is in his con ex ha he
e m “gene a ion”, especially a e he c isis, is empha ically adop ed as pa
o he language o he you h collec i ism, and i is equen ly ope a ed as a
poli ical ca ego y mobilizing collec i e ac ions in ace o he inequali ies ha
a e assigned o i . Jus as he social class was, oo, in he pas .
This does no mean, in any way, ha he inequali ies based on social classes
ha e disappea ed in he 21s cen u y, bu ha age – along wi h o he a iables
like gende , sexual o ien a ion, o e hnical- acial belonging – became a ele an
c i e ion in he access o and he s uggles o esou ces, wages, and social
igh s. The concep o “p eca ia ”, his new, wide, and he e ogeneous social
ca ego y cha ac e ized by he social ulne abili y esul ing om s uc u ally
p eca ious jobs, and by he ch onic unce ain y and insecu i y in e ms o
income in he u u e (S anding 2014), ei he om he poin o iew o he
wage o he e i emen , allows handling his new eali y o class in a icula ion
wi h he age/gene a ion.
I is a social ca ego y ha is no longe only associa ed wi h a se o
conc e ely and symbolically less quali ied p o essions, bu ha is inc easingly
ex ended, among he newcome s o highly quali ied and symbolically alued
p o essions and ac i i ies, o whom nowadays much mo e lexible, unsa e,
and disad an ageous con ac and sala y condi ions a e o e ed, con as ing
wi h he pas .3 Conce ning his, Cô é (2014) emphasizes he need o esume
he opic o he you h-as-class, e idencing he sys emic p ole a ianiza ion o
he young popula ion in many coun ies, in which young people a e le –
3 See, o he Po uguese case, Ma os, Domingos, and Kuma (2010), and Ma os and Domingos (2012).
142 ci izenship in c isis
namely by he S a e – a he me cy o neolibe al economic in e es s and hei
mechanisms o exploi a ion.
I is in his se ing ha he gene a ionalis discou ses o en exp ess social
s uggles conce ning policies o powe and income edis ibu ion, as well as
o ecogni ion o ce ain social ci izenship igh s ha begin o be ques ioned,
naming by hose who a e suscep ible o ha ing some commonali y in hese
ypes o expe iences.4 The e is, in ac , an unequal dis ibu ion o he powe
posi ions in gene a ional e ms, in which he “gene a ional au ho i y” is he
a ge o dispu es and ankings. The la ge socioeconomic changes p esen ly
occu ing a e no being p omo ed, o a g ea ex en , by he younge gene a ions,
bu by he inancial eli es who bene i in de imen o hose. Beyond ha , he
demog aphic ad an age ha olde age coho s ha e in he ace o he younge
in he adi ional elec o al and public consul a ion p ocess has a ou ed,
in se e al places o he wo ld, he ascen o powe o poli icians wi h mo e
conse a i e posi ions.
I is in his pe spec i e ha he e m “gene a ion” was a discu si e p ac ice
ha was challenged, o ins ance, du ing he e e endum associa ed wi h
B exi , when i was a gued in he s ee s and he media ha he o e s who
o ed yes in he e e endum o he exi o G ea B i ain om he Eu opean
Union, would ha e been, o e all, he olde o e s, hus de ining a u u e ha
hey would no li e hemsel es, and ha was no he u u e mos ly in ended
by he younge gene a ion, pe cei ed as mo e educa ed and cosmopoli an
han i s p edecesso .5
The gene a ion is also a ca ego y cu en ly mobilized discu si ely in ela ion
o p oblems pe aining o he ai edis ibu ion o weal h and igh s be ween
olde and newe gene a ions, namely conce ning he labou wo ld, whe e he
in e gene a ional con lic s a e being po en ialized. The inequali y ha can be
el be ween di e en gene a ions in he labou ield a e gene a ing unease
ega ding ela i e injus ice, when o en in one same o ganiza ion o company,
p esen ly, he younge wo ke s ake o e he same asks o e en mo e impo an
and demanding asks (qui e o en ela ed wi h new compe ences, digi al and
4 See, o ins ance, Gouglas (2013); Williamson (2014); Milkman (2017); Bessan , Fa hing, and Wa s
(2017).
5 I su ices sea ching, in any sea ch engine, o he e ms “B exi and gene a ion” o ind housands
o news and a icles published in he media such as bbc, The Independen , The Gua dian, The Times,
e c., ha be ween 2016 and 2017 ied o show and in e p e he Gene a ion Gap p esen in he B exi .
you h and gene a ions in imes o c isis 143
o he s) han he olde wo ke s, bu wi h much mo e un a ou able emune a ion,
con ac ual o ms, and social p o ec ion. In a socie y whe e e ili y has
dec eased, and he a e age li e span has inc eased, he gene a ional inequali ies
become e iden in e ms o he dis ibu ion o inc easingly sca ce public
esou ces, conside ing ha “ he new [gene a ions] will see he olde gene a ions
o ake possession o he ealized p oduc i i y gains, being inc easingly ha de
o jus i y e hically he ans e ences be ween hem” (Mendes 2005, 250).
In his con ex , I claim he possibili y o he cu en gene a ionalis discou ses
being analysed o be a symp om o a gene a ional change unde way and, o his
ex en , a es ige o a gene a ion as social eali y in cons uc ion. And i is no
only o ewa ning i , bu also con ibu ing o i s social and symbolic p oduc ion.
In ac , as Robe s claims (2012, 479), he condi ions ha made possible he
ep oduc ion o he expe iences and he s anda ds o li ing o he baby boome
gene a ion ha e disappea ed, o e elling he likely eme gence, al hough s ill
unde ined, o wha will o m a new gene a ion among young people bo n a e
he 1980s, who know and li e in a wo ld ha is dis inc om he one o he
pas and p ojec ed o he u u e. I is a hypo hesis wi h a global na u e o be
seen and ollowed in a con ex ualized and in e sec ed way, conside ing he
a ie y (in space) and a iabili y (in ime) o na ional public policies, as well
as a iables o schooling, class and amily social capi al and social backg ound,
gende , e hnic- acial and ci izenship s a u e, among o he a iables.
c isis as gene a ional ma ke
As some academic s udies al eady show, in se e al coun ies6 he gene a ion
bo n a e 1980 aces lowe wage s anda ds when compa ed o he p eceding
gene a ions, and wi h p eca ious labou condi ions ha go beyond he momen
o en ance in he labou ma ke , inc easingly ma king he ac i e li e cou se
o his gene a ion. In Po ugal, hese condi ions we e pa icula ly in ensi ied
when, in he a e ma h o he subp ime c isis in 2008, announced wo ldwide,
Po ugal asked o an in e na ional bailou in 2011 o ace i s public deb and, as a
consequence, a se o poli ical aus e i y measu es we e imposed by he so-called
6 See Bessan , Fa hing and Wa s (2017) o he cases o he usa, England, Aus alia, F ance, and
Spain. See Cô é (2014) o he Canadian case, and o he examples. Fo he case o Po ugal, see Fe ei a
e al. (2017), Bago d’U a and Fe nandes (2017).
150 ci izenship in c isis
unemploymen is unde s ood as a consequence o he ecen comp ession o
labou ma ke , in con as o he social pe cep ions and mo al judgemen s
adi ionally sha ed conce ning you h unemploymen . F om he poin o iew
o common sense, he si ua ion o you h unemploymen was adi ionally
pe cei ed as a esul o he olun a y e usal o young people o wo k, ensuing
in mo alizing judgemen based on a wo k e hics as a du y. Mo e ecen ly, he
mo al judgmen ends o be di ec ed o he school and he oca ional aining
sys em: based on a pu ely ins umen al iew o knowledge, i is a gued ha
he ins i u ional sys ems o knowledge ansmission, supposedly, do no
p omo e, be o e and a e hei ac ion, he a icula ion be ween compe ences,
quali ica ions, and places in he labou ma ke (Al es 2007; Ca doso e al.
2014). Consequen ly, you h unemploymen esul s om hese ins i u ions no
gua an eeing he supposed “you h employabili y” – hei capaci y o becoming
“employable” – p e ending ha young people would no be p epa ed o he
wo k places supposedly a ailable.
Howe e , a om common sense a gumen s ha easoned o “alle gy o
wo k” on he pa o he you h, o a om he heses cons uc ed a ound
he allacy o he “employabili y” and he supposed lack o p epa a ion by he
school, he e is a wide in e gene a ional consensus in he Po uguese socie y
ega ding he pe cep ion o you h unemploymen as ha ing a s uc u al na u e,
caused o e all by he educ ion o he olume o jobs and he consequen
comp ession o he wo k ma ke . In a su ey om 2015 (Fe ei a e al. 2017)
mo e han 60% o he Po uguese people ecognized ha he causes o he
you h unemploymen a e linked o he ac o ha ing “inc easingly ewe jobs
o hose who a e en e ing in he labo ma ke ”, e lec ing he ch onic lack
o capaci y o he Po uguese p oduc i e sys em o gene a e su icien wo k
posi ions, widely expanded du ing he economic and mone a y c isis.
To a g ea ex en , he s uc u al subsis ence o his ea u e in he Po uguese
socie y happens because he egula ion made by he S a e has kep i s ole as
coach, keeping i s adi ional ecommenda ions in e ms o you h employmen
public policies: (a) on he one hand, policies o employmen ac i a ion,
unde pinned in sho - e m measu es based on epheme al o ms o aining,
in e nships, o inse ion con ac s, o gua an ee he “employabili y” o he
young – a wa chwo d unde s ood as he capaci y o he wo ke in adap ing o
he demands o he wo k wo ld; (b) on he o he hand, policies o p omo ion
o sel -employmen and c ea ion o en e p ises, known unde he name o
“en ep eneu ship p omo ion policies”, unde - inanced and wi h a esidual

you h and gene a ions in imes o c isis 151
adhesion among he unemployed young popula ion, wi h li le capaci y o
i s la e sus ainabili y. The igu e o he “young en ep eneu ” and he image
o he “employabili y”, nu u ed on a la ge scale by he mos ecen public
policies o ackle he you h unemploymen , a e ypical igu es o he economic
neolibe alism, ha places on he indi idual he bu den o he esponsibili y
(and he culpabili y) o he condi ion o unemploymen and o his exi om
his condi ion, dis ega ding he s uc u al ac o s ha a e he basis o he
addi ion o young people in his si ua ion.
Finally, he mos ecen policies ha e been in he di ec ion o he
libe aliza ion o he labou ma ke (labou lexibiliza ion, p o essional
mobili y, collabo a ion in p ojec s, e c.), which ha e no had he suppo o
any “in isible hand” in he Po uguese economy in he sense o ende ing
he expec ed ou comes (inc easing employmen ), esul ing in mobili y “ om
p eca iousness o p eca iousness” (Ma os 2014), passing h ough pe iods
o inc easingly longe unemploymen . In ac , o hose young people who
ha e been employed, he aus e i y policies es ablished by he T oika we e
ollowed by equi emen s in he sense o ola iliza ion o s eady employmen ,
consolida ion o a mo e lexible, con ingen , p eca ious, and indi idualized
labou ela ion, wage educ ion in compa ison wi h p e ious gene a ions in
equi alen posi ions and occupa ions, esul ing in he ques ioning o many
public social p o ec ion gua an ees.
In his con ex , in which he p eca iousness o labou ela ions is ins alled
wi h in ensi y and h oughou he li e cou se, he Po uguese young people
sha e wi h o he s om sou he n Eu ope a pa adoxical social condi ion: he e
has ne e exis ed in Po ugal such a condi ion o quali ied you h, while,
simul aneously being so us a ed in he aspi a ions and labou expec a ions
socially nou ished by he school and he amily, as well as unde such a g ea
di icul y o ansi ion o he labou ma ke , in ajec o ies inc easingly mo e
discon inuous and in which he laby in h ends o almos always lead o he
same goal: p eca iousness. I is a gene a ion in “dys hy hmia be ween he
idealized and he accomplished”, “when he imagined u u es a e denied by
he eali y” (Pais 2012, 267). A eali y o labou di icul ies ha a e p opaga ed
o se e al dimensions and phases o li e, su passing he labou dimension and
esul ing in wide p oblems o social inclusion.
152 ci izenship in c isis
om labou p eca iousness o on ological insecu i y
The e ec o he aus e i y measu es ha e in ense and lace a ing e ec s a
beyond he economic sphe e, as he condi ions o you h p eca iousness a e
no el only in hei ansi ion o he labou ma ke , bu each a much wide
dimension in he ansi ions o adul hood, a ec ing o he dimensions o you hs’
li es in e ms o social (un)p o ec ion and (in)dependence and, ul ima ely,
o on ological (in)secu i y. The on ological secu i y, acco ding o Giddens
(1995, 75-82), e e s o a eeling o con inui y in he pe sonal iden i y o he
subjec , o s abili y and o de in he e en s and expe iences passed h ough,
and o s eadiness o he social and ma e ial en i onmen s in ol ing he /him.
The p eca iousness el in you h ansi ions o labou ends o be a consis en
h ea o his sense o exis en ial and pe sonal secu i y, con amina ing and
na owing u u e ho izons.
The e a e se e al ecen s udies ha ha e poin ed ou he ema kable
impac s o he di icul ies el in e ms o labou inse ion in he managemen
o he daily li e o young people, as well as in he delinea ion and ealiza ion o
u u e p ojec s ha go a beyond he p o essional li e, bu ha depend on his
o a g ea ex en . I am e e ing o ansi ion ma ke s o adul hood ha c oss
o he sphe es o you hs’ li es, like lea ing pa en s’ home and li e au onomy,
conjugali y, and pa en hood (Pais 2012; Al es e al. 2011).
In ac , he decision-making o oday’s young adul s in ela ion o p ojec s
like lea ing pa en s’ home, buying a house, o o ming a amily is much mo e
di icul and isky. No by chance, hese a e p ojec s ha a e pos poned and
whose accomplishmen will happen acco ding o he ex en o he ma e ial
condi ions o each you h segmen , always wi h he spec e o being e e sed
a any ime. This is also a ma k o he cu en gene a ion, an indica o o i s
exis en ial p eca iousness: he e e sibili y o which he social s a u es ha hey
ake o e in li e a e subjec ed. They lea e hei pa en s’ home unning he isk
o coming back, ela ionships a e ied, and conjugali y is expe ienced; hey
a e no s uden s anymo e, being awa e o he need o go back o school la e ;
hey a e wo ke s and in he ollowing day hey a e unemployed; in e nships,
aining and simila e en s accumula e in a li e cou se inc easingly mo e
laby in hine, wi hou guiding landma ks.
On he o he hand, acing he “lack o u u e” o hei li e, he you h
condi ion o his gene a ion ends up being mo e “p esen is ” han young
people o p e ious gene a ions. Tha is, hey end up app ecia ing much mo e
you h and gene a ions in imes o c isis 153
he expe iences ha a e p o ided o hem in he p esen and he espec i e
g a i ica ion han aluing u u e p ojec s, much mo e di icul o delinea e
and o ma e ialize and wi h unce ain g a i ica ion. Facing a eali y in which
s abili y is qui e di icul o gua an ee, and he u u e is made o open scenes
and sho e ms, he impo an hing is o li e he p esen momen , day-by-
day, and o enjoy i no only in hedonis e ms, bu also wi h pe sonal and
iden i a ian accomplishmen – despi e being, om now on, in a p o isional
and ecyclable, lexible and adap i e way. The no ion o “expe ience” becomes a
discu si e alue in he mos di e se sphe es o li e, whose p ac ical conc e ion
is ce ainly qui e dependen on he espec i e objec i e condi ions.
A he same ime, e en by means o he massi e p esence o new echnologies
o in o ma ion and communica ion among he younges gene a ion, bu also
he ela i e democ a iza ion o he access o “ a eling” (low cos ligh s,
di e en o ms o lodging a low cos , s uden exchange p og ammes, e c.),
i is a globally connec ed gene a ion ha ends o ha e “mo e wo ld” in hei
ho izons, and o ha e access o mo e and di e si ied expe iences, much mo e
segmen ed, uns anda dized, and un i ualized han i was in he pas . The
accele a ed lexibiliza ion o he labou ma ke , in e ms o con ac , secula ,
and e en geog aphic bonds, he ubiqui ous digi aliza ion o li e wo lds, and
he lack o condi ions o design p ojec s o (and wi h) he u u e ul ima ely
makes he li e cou se o oday’s young people a sequence o olun a y o
condi ioned expe iences.
A a ime when he no ion o “p o essional inse ion” canno be
concep ualized anymo e as a speci ic momen in li e (deno ed wi h ideas o
“en ance in he ac i e li e” o “ ansi ion om school o wo k”), con e ing
in o an inc easingly zigzagging, inde e mina e, and inexac p ocess (Al es
2008; Pais 2001), he a icula ions o his p ocess wi h adi ional ma ke s
o passage a e c ea ing ansi ion o ms o adul hood made o complex,
unce ain, and insecu e se ings and i ine a ies (Viei a, Fe ei a and Rowland
2015). I is in his con ex , when he s uc u es o oppo uni y o he access
o employmen a e inc easingly blocked, ul ima ely hinde ing mo e and
mo e you hs’ access o he ealiza ion o o he p ojec s o li e, ha he idea o
p o essional inse ion inc easingly con e ges wi h he idea o social inclusion,
and he a ainmen o jobs is in insically associa ed wi h mechanisms o
p o ec ion om social exclusion (Al es 2008, 76).
Howe e , o hose who li e hei you h condi ion in a c isis and pos -c isis
con ex , his will happen no necessa ily al eady unde he aegis o a eeling o
154 ci izenship in c isis
ic imiza ion and us a ion in on o p ojec ed u u es and iden i ies, like
he Ap il Gene a ion. Socialized in condi ions o labou sca ci y, he hypo hesis
o he p eca iousness no being discussed as such is isible, and he new ules
o capi alis and neolibe al games end o be li ed along wi h a unc ional
eeling o accep ance and na u aliza ion. Those who ha e backing o explo e
in an ad en u ous and c ea i e way he limbos o unce ain y and insecu i y
migh e en app ecia e he p ac ices and expe iences ha such ules migh
p o ide. E en hough he objec i e condi ions s imula e e o s ha qui e
o en a e inglo ious, he psychological adjus men s compel he inco po a ion
and ep oduc ion o neolibe al belie s: one needs o be op imis ic and es a ,
always wi h ene gy and ha d wo k (F anceschelli and Kea ing 2018), looking
o escaping, managing, always mo ing, wi hou complain s o a alism, e en
when his mo emen is made in ci cles ha un ailingly e u n o he home le
(o en he pa en s’ home).
conclusion
Will hese impasses lea e a gene a ional ma k on he p o essional li e o
young people? Will hey be, along wi h o he li e dimensions, iden i ie s o a
s uc u al change o such an o de in he expe ience o he you h h oughou
hei li e cou se ha may signal he eme gence o a new gene a ion? Will he
aus e i y yea s and he changes ha happened (o we e in ensi ied) du ing
hem be a u ning poin and gene a ional up u e?
I is s ill ea ly o e alua e wi h igou he impac s o he changes ha ha e
happened in e ms o hei longe i y in he li e cou se o he age coho s
bo n a e he 1980s, bu i would be sociological nai e y o hink ha he
ends iden i ied in he c isis yea s in Po ugal, bu no only he e, will be
ci cumsc ibed o ansien ci cums ances. Fo he ime being, he e a e
ce ainly empo a y e ec s ha a e ans e sally sha ed wi h a long you h
condi ion and ha a e p olonged in he li e cou se, ha is, hey a e inc easingly
u he om being concep ualized as me e e ec s o “age” o “li e cycle”.
Gi en hei in ensi y and s uc u al oo ing, he de ec ed e ec s will ha e,
ce ainly, condi ions o dissemina e beyond empo a y c isis, legi imizing he
hypo hesis o c ys allizing in ime and becoming gene a ional e ec s, in he
sense o ex ending in he biog aphical ime o li e cou se and in he his o ical
ime o u u e age coho s.
you h and gene a ions in imes o c isis 155
This means ha hey a e e ec s ha ques ion he symbolic bo de s no only
o he “you h” condi ion, bu also, including, he “adul ” condi ion i sel . No
emba king on con o e sies ma ked o mu ually exclusi e posi ions – as do
hose who p esen he gene a ional pa adigm as a subs i u e o he ansi ions
pa adigm o poin o he gene a ional pa adigm as a “new eme gen o hodoxy
in he s udies o you h”.11 I is wo h conside ing ha a new gene a ional
amewo k will ha e among i s majo e ec s he econ igu a ion o o ms
o exis ence o he condi ion as “adul ” and o li e cou se hemsel es jus as
hey ha e been li ed and p ojec ed un il hen. The ac is ha we ha e been
wi nessing s uc u al changes ha ha e signi ican ly modi ied he expe ience o
he adi ional ma ke s o en ance o adul hood in Eu ope, wi h speci ic e ec s
among young people bo n a e he 1980s, allowing hem o know and li e in a
wo ld ha is dis inc om he one in he pas and p ojec ed o he u u e.
Facing he global change in he s uc u al condi ions ollowing he 1980s,
in e ms o condi ions o au onomy in pe sonal li e and communica ion in
daily li e, he Millennials, whe he in he discu si e o mula ions ha all on
hem, o in he objec i e condi ions ha in ol e hei expe iences and wo ld
expe iences, could be he basis o he con igu a ion o a new gene a ion, s ill
unde cons uc ion, ma ked by s uc u al changes ha he economic- inancial
c isis accele a ed and consolida ed. I is no ye an e ec i e gene a ion, in he
sociological sense o he e m, bu he exp ession o a p ocess o gene a ional
ansi ion li ed globally, in which hose bo n a e he 1980s we e he i s ones
dealing di ec ly wi h he eali y o he neolibe al capi alism, adjus ing many o
he expec a ions and aspi a ions o which hey s ill assign o he ha d s uc u e
o cons ain s and oppo uni ies made a ailable o hem, in insically ma ked
by he p eca iousness o hei exis ences.
This does no mean ha such changes will be expe ienced by you h in
an equal way. The gene a ional pa adigm is o en c i icized o supposedly
homogenizing he subjec s bo n in ce ain space- ime con ex s, c ys allizing
and s anda dizing di e ences om senses o up u e, and o le el di e si ies
and inequali ies exis ing a his momen . Howe e , he e is no gua an ee ha
his will happen. The ac ha he new gene a ion is unequally exposed o
he es uc u a ion unde way, which is s ongly asymme ical om he social
and spa ial poin o iew, makes i allacious o hink ha his ans o ma ion
11 C i icisms poin ed ou o Wyn and Woodman (2006, 2007), Wyn (2012); by Robe s (2007, 2012)
and F ance and Robe s (2015).

156 ci izenship in c isis
ine i ably c ea es a o alizing in agene a ional uni o symbolic cons ella ions.
The you h asymme ies pe sis and acqui e new con ou s. Fo such, he impac
o “ ime ma ks” among he you h and along he li e cou se will always be
il e ed by hei objec i e condi ions o exis ence, namely in e ms o hei
backg ound conce ning social class, schooling o social-p o essional si ua ion,
gende o sexual o ien a ion, e hnici y o s a u e o ci izenship, o ins ance.
Mannheim al eady con on ed his p oblem, ad ancing he concep o
“gene a ional uni s”, ha is, g oups ha al hough sha ing a “gene a ional
awa eness” ma ked by he p oximi y in he ace o a new s uc u al con ex
(and by he dis ance in ela ion o he p e ious one), e lec and eac in a
dis inc way ega ding he same, conside ing he social s a us ha hey
assume in i . Al hough imme sed in a ela i ely pa icula s uc u al con ex ,
ma ked by s uc u al p ocesses in common (as he expanded schooling, he
di icul ies and es ic ions in he inse ion in he wo k ma ke , he access
o new echnologies, among o he s), he you h ajec o ies a e c ossed by
di e en socializing expe iences, suppo s, and social condi ions ha ha e
dis inc and unequal e ec s in he di icul ies aced and he s a egies used o
deal wi h hem.
In his sense, he in ensi ies wi h which he on ological insecu i y is el
and he ways ha p eca iousness is expe ienced and managed along he li e
cou se a e socially di e si ied and unequal, as hei e ec s on he ajec o ies
depend, o a g ea ex en , on egimes o ansi ion o adul hood unde lying
he na ional poli ical con ex s, as well as he social backg ounds and he
capi als ha he subjec s, young o adul , ha e accumula ed in hei espec i e
cou se. Ce ainly he public, amily, and school backing o some young people
when compa ed o o he s will make i possible o hem o be e esis he
p ocesses o p o essional disquali ica ion ha a e no in consonance wi h hei
aspi a ions and/o quali ica ions. O he s, howe e , in posi ions o g ea e isk
o social exclusion, will expe ience he p eca iousness o hei labou ajec o y
in condi ions o s onge objec i e and subjec i e su e ing.
____________________________________
í o sé gio e ei a
Ins i u o de Ciências Sociais, Uni e sidade de Lisboa
A . P o . Aníbal Be encou 9 — 1600-036 Lisboa, Po ugal
i o [email p o ec ed]
o cid.o g/0000-0001-8080-9288
____________________________________
you h and gene a ions in imes o c isis 157
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