Con olling Re ail De elopmen be ween
Res ic i eness and Inno a ion. Insigh s om Po ugal
Ped o Po í io GUIMARÃES
1
1
Uni e si y o Lisbon, Ins i u e o Geog aphy and Spa ial Planning, Cen e o Geog aphical S udies, Lisboa, PORTUGAL
E-mail: ped oguima [email protected]
DOI: 10.19188/04JSSP012016 h p://dx.med a.o g/10.19188/04JSSP012016
K e y w o d s: e ail, Po ugal, e ail planning, planning pe missions, e ail de elopmen
A B S T R A C T
1. INTRODUCTION
The e olu ion el in e ail in he second hal o
he las cen u y b oke he adi ional link ha i had
wi h ci ies, adi ionally cha ac e ized by i s
concen a ion in he main own cen e. The appea ance
o la ge-scale shopping cen es and e ail o ma s such
as hype ma ke s has led o he de elopmen o new
e ail cen ali ies in pe iphe al a eas. Howe e , his
dissemina ion o e ail h ough pe iphe al loca ions was
also a consequence o he e olu ion o ci ies and
socie ies. The displacemen o inhabi an s om cen al
loca ions o new pe iphe al u baniza ions and he
inc ease o he mo o iza ion a e cons i u e wo o
se e al changes ha os e ed e ail decen aliza ion.
Soon, some impac s began o be el on own cen es
causing a dec ease o hei i ali y and iabili y.
Consequen ly, na ional go e nmen s el he need o
ac i ely de elop policies and ins umen s o con ol
e ail, mee ing he needs o di e en sec o s o socie y.
The pu pose o his pape is o cla i y he p ocess o
egula ion o e ail de elopmen in Po ugal in he las
wen y- i e yea s and, hus, s imula ing he deba e on
e ail planning policies. The main esea ch ques ion
ha unde lies his a icle is as ollows: “Wha ha e been
he main cha ac e is ics o planning pe missions o
new e ail de elopmen s in Po ugal?” To answe his
ques ion we ha e analysed planning egula ions, wi h a
ocus on all legal documen s ha se e as he basis o
e ail planning policies implemen ed in Po ugal. The
balance be ween he implemen a ion o es ic i e
measu es o p ese e exis ing e ail sec o and
adi ional cen es o comme ce and he sea ch o
inno a ion in he sec o is an issue explo ed in his
pape . In he nex sec ion we will con ex ualize he
p ocedu es usually adop ed o con ol e ail. To do so,
Cen e o Resea ch on Se lemen s and U banism
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning
J o u n a l h o m e p a g e: h p://jssp. e is e.ubbcluj. o
Re ail planning policies ha e become mo e impo an in he cou se o e ail change ha nega i ely a ec ed adi ional ade
cen e s
o
se e al Wes e n Eu opean coun ies a e he 1950s. Consequen ly, go e nmen s ha e begun o mo e ac i ely con ol he de elopmen
and loca ion o new la ge-scale e ail de elopmen s. The objec i e o his a icle is o analyze he e olu ion o he policy designed o
con ol he implemen a ion o new e ail de elopmen s in Po ugal. We aim o answe he ollowing esea ch ques ion: “Wha ha e been
he main cha ac e is ics o planning pe missions o new e ail de elopmen s in Po ugal?” Besides he heo e ical suppo , ou esea ch
was based on he analysis o he Po uguese legisla ion implemen ed o egula e e ail, especially majo e ail de elopmen s. We
conclude ha , o e all, e ail planning policies balance be ween pe iods cha ac e ized by he es ic i eness ega ding he opening o
new la ge e ail de elopmen s and pe iods whe e he legisla ion is smoo he , mainly wi h he objec i e o inc easing inno a ion in e ail,
h ough new o ma s and companies. Consequen ly, al hough ambiguous, his con ol o e ail de elopmen has allowed he
go e nmen o espond bo h o p i a e p omo e s and independen e aile s.
Ped o Po í io GUIMARÃES
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning, ol. 7, no. 1 (2016) 35-43
36
we will begin wi h a b ie in oduc o y o e iew o some
app oaches adop ed in di e en Eu opean coun ies,
namely F ance, Sweden, England, Denma k,
Ne he lands and Ge many. We choose o inco po a e
hese coun ies because hey i in o wha Da ies, R.
(2004) appoin ed as coun ies o es ain ,
cha ac e ized by a igh con ol o e e ail de elopmen
[1]. In he ollowing sec ion, we will analyse he
e olu ion o he main planning pe mission legisla ion in
Po ugal. Finally, some concluding ema ks will be
d awn. Re ail is a e y dynamic sec o , ei he om he
p i a e bu also om he public sec o poin o iew,
h ough new egula ions o amendmen s o exis ing
ones. The e o e, he examples gi en in his pape abou
e ail planning policies es ablished in o he coun ies
should be in e p e ed as illus a i e.
O he ype o egula ion has been used, such as
egula ions on opening hou s. Acco ding o Da ies
(2004) he p edominan ly ca holic coun ies o Wes e n
Eu ope ha e had e y s ic laws on when s o es can o
canno be open, ocusing on cons ain s on Sundays and
e enings [1]. Howe e , because i is no he aim o his
esea ch, we will ocus ou analysis on he main land-
use planning documen s, al hough some e e ences will
be made o o he measu es.
2. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
Acco ding o Da ies (1995) he inc ease o
ele ance o e ail planning policies eme ged wi h he
changes in he indus y, wi h he “huge g ow h in he
sizes o new s o es, in he sizes o new shopping cen es
and in he sizes o leading companies” [2]. Alongside
hese changes is he sea ch o new loca ions o hei
deploymen and, consequen ly, he nega i e impac s on
independen e ail loca ed in adi ional cen es o
comme ce. Al hough no limi ed o his in- own o ou
o own e ail, i was he deba e o how much e ail
decen alisa ion was necessa y ha Da ies (1995)
assumed o be he co ne s one o e ail planning
policies [2]. To his au ho he co e o his deba e ocus
on wo opposing goals: he sea ch o e ail
mode niza ion, aiming o imp o e he e iciency o he
indus y and he equi abili y, assuming ha he en i e
popula ion should ha e access o shopping
oppo uni ies. In he las hal a cen u y di e en
au ho s ha e ecognized his ambigui y o goals in e ail
planning policies (Boddewyn and Hollande (1972),
Dawson (1979a).
The con ol o e ail is usually made h ough
he na ional planning sys em and/o by speci ic
egula ion [7]. In he i s case we may exempli y wi h
Sweden, whe e besides some occasionally non-
manda o y guidelines om he Swedish Na ional Boa d
o Housing, Building and Planning (Bo e ke ) he
con ol o e e ail loca ion is made h ough he na ional
documen “Planning and building ac ” and municipal
plans “Comp ehensi e plan”, “De ailed de elopmen
plan” and “Building, demoli ion o si e imp o emen
pe mi ”. In his coun y almos all o he decision lies in
ci y councils h ough wha is known as planning
monopoly [8], [9]. In Denma k his p ocess is simila
wi h he con ol o e ail being made h ough he
Planning Ac [10]. Ne e heless, as opposed o wha
happens in Sweden, he de ence o own cen es is one
o he main poin s conside ed in he Danish na ional
e ail planning policies [11]. In Ge many he con ol o
e ail is also made h ough he land-use planning,
especially wi h Baugese zbuch and
Baunu zungs e o dnung, plans ha con ol he
loca ion and size o new e ail s o es [12], [13]. In he
Ne he lands, a coun y wi h es ic i e e ail planning
policies owa ds he implemen a ion o new
es ablishmen s, he con ol is also made h ough land-
use planning, namely h ough he PDV policy (Pe i e e
De aihandels Ves iging) implemen ed in 1973 and GDV
policy (Geconcen ee de g oo schalige
de ailhandels es iging) in he 1990s, allowing he
con ol o he loca ion o pe iphe al and la ge scale
e ail [14], [15]. In an opposi e way, in F ance, in 1973,
mainly a e he apid g ow h o he numbe o
hype ma ke s, he con ol o e ail, was made h ough
he implemen a ion o he Loi d’o ien a ion du
comme ce e de l’a isana , usually known as Loi
Roye , aiming o s agna e he decline o small e ail
[16], [17], [18]. In England, since he adop ion o Town
Cen e Fi s policy in mid-1990s, he egula ion o e ail
has been done h ough he 1996 e ised Planning policy
guidance (PPG6) which has b ough a new se o
ins umen s, such as he sequen ial app oach [19] and
he concep o lexibili y [20]. In his pe iod, he need
es , al eady applied since he 1970s, acqui ed a
ele ance i did no ha e be o e [21]. Subsequen ly his
planning policy was eplaced by Planning Policy
S a emen 6 in 2005 [22], Planning Policy S a emen 4
in 2009 [23] and Na ional Planning Policy F amewo k
in 2012 [24].
In all o hese coun ies he e is a con ol o he
implemen a ion o new la ge s o es o shopping
cen es. Ne e heless he each o he implemen ed
measu es a ies and ep esen s a poli ical choice om
he espec i e na ional go e nmen . Usually i is a gued
ha in an ex eme si ua ion he es ic ions on planning
pe missions will limi e ail inno a ion. This was he
case in he Ne he lands, when i was a gued ha PDV
policy was oo p o ec ionis , hus opening he pa h o
GDV policy [25]. Conside ing ha , in an opposi e way,
he absence o es ic ions may in oduce nega i e
impac s on he exis ing e ail sec o and on he
adi ional cen es o comme ce, in mos coun ies a
mixed solu ion was adop ed, i.e., no limi ing new
s o es and o ma s bu con olling i and in oducing a
posi i e disc imina ion o independen e ail. Thus, no
a ely, opposi e measu es can occu simul aneous in he
Con olling Re ail De elopmen , be ween Res ic i eness and Inno a ion
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning, ol. 7, no. 1 (2016) 35-43
37
same coun y, o ins ance, allowing he
implemen a ion o new s o es and, ecognizing he
impac s hey will p oduced, new ins umen s and
measu es a e implemen ed o suppo he
mode niza ion o independen e ail and ehabili a ing
he public space o he adi ional cen es o comme ce.
Examples can be ound on he u banis ic in e en ions
aimed o pedes ianize se e al High S ee s o in own
cen e managemen schemes al eady dissemina ed
h ough di e en Eu opean coun ies.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Re ail planning in Po ugal
In Po ugal, un il he 1980s and 1990s, e ail
sec o was cha ac e ized by small es ablishmen s,
commonly wi h a amily-based managemen , mainly
loca ed in own cen es. In ha pe iod, ollowing some
changes ha had p e iously happened in o he
coun ies o Wes e n Eu ope, Po uguese e ail sec o
was a ec ed by he en ep eneu ial concen a ion, he
a i ma ion o ci ies polycen ic s uc u e and he
consump ion socie y [26]. Due o impac s caused by
la ge e ail s uc u es ha p og essi ely opened in some
Po uguese ci ies du ing he 1980s, he ep esen a i es
o independen e ail pu some p essu e on he
go e nmen o es ablish ules o con ol hei
implemen a ion [27]. The chosen p ocess was no
comple ely es ic i e. Ne e heless, i equi ed ha
la ge comme cial de elopmen s unde go an
au ho iza ion p ocess [28]. Consequen ly, in 1989, he
i s law wi h es ic ions on he licensing o la ge-scale
e ail was app o ed [29]. Wi h his law, all e ail
es ablishmen s o e 3,000 sq. m. had o ha e a p e ious
app o al (in 1991 his es ic ion was ex ended o
wholesale). In 1992 his law was amended and began o
inco po a e all es ablishmen s la ge han 2,000 sq.m.
In a p ocess simila o he one occu ed in F ance upon
he implemen a ion o Loi Roye [30], [31], [32],
p i a e p omo e s eac ed in o de o ci cum en his
egula ion and, consequen ly, a la ge amoun o new
es ablishmen s sized om 1,500 o 1,999 sq. m we e
open [33]. Since hen, some amendmen s ha e been
made o ha law and wo signi ican changes a e
pe cep ible. The i s was he in oduc ion in 1995 o he
popula ion c i e ia, assuming ha in smalle
se lemen s he impac s o a la ge-scale e ail s o e
would be highe .
The second was he subs i u ion o his las
c i e ion o ano he ela ed wi h en ep eneu ial
en i onmen . Consequen ly, he opening o an
es ablishmen om a mul iple chain would always
equi e p io au ho iza ion, e en i i was a small e ail
s o e loca ed in a own cen e. Ins ead, he opening o
an independen medium-size s o e did no equi e ha
au ho iza ion.
Table 1. Decision c i e ia o he app o al o la ge-scale e ail es ablishmen s [34].
Yea o legisla ion
Decision
c i e ia 1989 1991 1992 1995 1997 2004 2009
Size
Popula ion
En ep eneu ial
Table 2. En i y esponsible o he app o al, acco ding o he ype o es ablishmen [35].
En i y esponsible o
app o al Type o es ablishmen
Re ail es ablishmen s wi h sales a ea be ween 500 sq m and 1,500 sq m, no belonging o he same
company ha uses one o mo e emblems o no pa o a en ep eneu ial g oup;
Re ail s o es o non- ood in eg a ed in o shopping cen e s;
Wholesale es ablishmen s in sel -se ice;
Regional Di ec o a e o
Economy
Re ail s o es, including he ones who expand hei sales a eas less han 20%
Regional commission Re ail es ablishmen s wi h mo e han 3,000sq m o sales a ea and he s o es who expand hei sales
a eas mo e han 20%
Municipal commission The emaining cases
Un il 1997 he decision o app o al ell back on
he Minis y o Re ail and Tou ism. Following some
changes in he go e nmen s uc u e bu also as
ecogni ion o he ele ance o e ail o he economy, in
ha yea he Minis y o Economy became esponsible
o he app o als. Following an app oach ha was
p e iously applied in F ance wi h Commission
Dépa emen ale d’U banisme Comme cial and
Commission Na ionale d’U banisme Comme cial [4],
in 2004 he decision was decen alized o he Regional
Di ec o a e o Economy and o a egional and municipal
commission. In pa , his was he ecogni ion o he
Ped o Po í io GUIMARÃES
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning, ol. 7, no. 1 (2016) 35-43
38
ele ance o la ge e ail s uc u es, whose impac s
ex end beyond he municipali y's bo de s whe e hey
a e loca ed.
The egional Di ec o a e o Economy became
esponsible o he app o al o single s o es be ween
500 and 1,500 sq. m while he egional commission
decided he app o al o s o es o mo e han 3,000 sq. m
and e ail s uc u es.
The egional commission in eg a ed se e al
elemen s om he municipal le el, speci ically he
mayo om he municipali y whe e a new e ail
de elopmen was p oposed and he espec i e local
chambe o comme ce. The consume s associa ion, no
necessa ily wi h a p ede ined e i o y o in e en ion,
was also inco po a ed in his commission. The
municipal commission became in cha ge o he
app o al o he emaining au ho iza ion applica ions.
Because i was supposed o only inco po a e he
app o al o s o es whose ca chmen a ea would no go
beyond he municipali ies’ bo de s, he majo i y o he
elemen s we e om his e i o ial le el. On he basis o
his commission decision-making p ocess is
decen alized, allowing ci y councils o decide abou he
implemen a ion o s o es wi h small ca chmen a ea
which, he e o e, would no cause nega i e impac s on a
neighbou ing municipali y.
Fig. 1. Elemen s o he egional commission [35].
Fig. 2. Elemen s o he municipal commission [35].
In 2009, he 2004 law was amended by O de
nº 21/2009, om 19 h o Janua y [36]. Recognizing
ha some bu eauc a ic p oblems we e ound in he
applica ion o he p e ious legisla ion, his 2009
e ision in ended o simpli y he au ho iza ion p ocess.
To do so, he p e ious h ee le els o app o al we e
eplaced by a single one: COMAC ( e ail e alua ion
commission). As we can see in igu e 3, in p ac ical
e ms, his commission ep esen ed an amendmen o
he p e ious egional commission, o which was
wi hd awn he chambe o comme ce and consume s
associa ion. The emo al o hese en i ies om he
decision commi ee mean he loss o powe o he local
le el ep esen a i es, emphasized wi h he exclusion o
he municipal commission. Alongside his ins umen
o con ol he de elopmen o new la ge e ail s o es
Con olling Re ail De elopmen , be ween Res ic i eness and Inno a ion
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning, ol. 7, no. 1 (2016) 35-43
39
and shopping cen es, he egula ion o opening hou s
has been an ac i e e ail planning ins umen . Since
1977, his law has been amended i e imes. Un il 1995,
due o weak p esence o la ge shopping cen es in he
Po uguese e i o y, he s o es loca ed in hose e ail
spaces had o comply wi h he same opening hou s o
e ail loca ed on High S ee s.
Howe e , in 1995, ecognizing he inc easing
impo ance o new o ms o comme ce, la ge e ail
s o es (o mo e han 1.000 o 2.000 sq m acco ding o
he numbe o popula ion in he espec i e
municipali y, ei he loca ed in a shopping cen e o in
he s ee , could only be open on Sundays o a pe iod o
six hou s, be ween Janua y and Oc obe . Only i een
yea s la e , wi h O de nº111/2010, om he 15
h
o
Oc obe , his es ic ion ceases o occu [37]. Al hough
o mally he 1995 egula ion con inued o exis , he
2010 amendmen made i possible o he inal decision
o be aken by he ci y council.
This decen alisa ion led o he pe mission o
all es ablishmen s, ega dless o hei size, o be open
on all Sundays. Al hough his decision was c i icized by
he ep esen a i es o independen e ail, he
municipali ies de ended hei op ion, jus i ying i by
claiming ha consume s demanded his change.
Fig. 3. Elemen s o COMAC [
36].
3.2. The de ence o own cen es and small
e ail
Du ing hese las decades, accompanying he
egula ion o new es ablishmen s and hei opening
hou s, he Po uguese go e nmen ha e been launching
a se o measu es ha posi i ely disc imina es own
cen es and independen e ail loca ed in hose a eas.
These cons i u e compensa o y measu es o he
p e ious dissemina ion o shopping cen es and la ge
e ail s o es. Among o he measu es, pedes ianiza ion
was one o he mos impo an measu es implemen ed
in Po ugal [33].
Howe e , due o i s ele ance, in e ms o
in es men and s akeholde s in ol ed, he public
p og ammes implemen ed o suppo e ail
mode niza ion s ands ou . The i s one (SIMC) was
implemen ed in 1989, ollowed by P ocom (1994),
U bcom (2000), Modcom (2005) and Comé cio In es e
(2013). Wi hin hese, P ocom and U bcom mus be
enhanced, which became known as Comme cial
U banism P og ammes [34], [38].
These p og ammes we e inno a i e because i
was ecognized ha own cen es p oblems could no be
ea ed independen ly bu in a holis ic way.
Fig. 4. Municipali ies wi h a leas one P ocom
and/o U bcom p ojec (sou ce: Da a om DGAE [39].
Ca og aphy pe o med by he au ho ).

Ped o Po í io GUIMARÃES
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning, ol. 7, no. 1 (2016) 35-43
40
The e o e, hese p og ammes inco po a ed
p ojec s ha simul aneously suppo ed he physical
ehabili a ion o he main adi ional cen es o
comme ce, he mode niza ion o e ail s o es loca ed on
hose a eas and he c ea ion o p omo ional e en s.
Be ween 1997 and 2008, unde P ocom and U bcom
inancial package 192 p ojec s we e implemen ed,
co e ing 176 municipali ies.
Gene ally, hese p og ammes in ol ed he
inancial suppo o he mode niza ion o 8408 e ail
s o es, o he physical ehabili a ion o he 192
in e ened a eas and o he c ea ion o anima ion
e en s. In o al €635,925,656 was in es ed, o which
328,285,044 was om non- e undable public unds
(51.6% o o al).
Despi e he implemen a ion o egula ion o
con ol he opening o new la ge- e ail s o es o
shopping cen es, be ween he i s law, in 1989, un il
2010, he e was a con inuous p ocess o app o als o
new la ge e ail s o es o shopping cen es [40]. As we
can see in able 3, he e a e some a ia ions be ween
1989 and 2010, in e ms o he opening o
es ablishmen s (measu ed in sq m) and in e ms o he
e ail ca ego y (di ided in o ood and non- ood e ail).
The i s pe iod ma ks he beginning o e ail
mode niza ion, al hough s ill qui e incipien .
The second is clea ly cha ac e ized by he wide
dissemina ion o new e ail o ma s like hype ma ke s,
wi h ood e ail accoun ing 90% o all au ho iza ion
g an s. In he ollowing wo pe iods he e was a
educ ion o he ele ance o ood e ail, al hough his
ca ego y s ill accoun ed o almos hal o all
au ho iza ion g an s. E en i no compa able o hese
pe iods, in he yea o 2010 he pe cen age o new non-
ood e ail was signi ican ly highe han in p e ious
yea s.
Table 3. G an ed au ho iza ion o he opening o new la ge e ail s o es o shopping cen es, in sq m (sou ce: A e CCP and
DGAE (2011, in Co ez [41]).
Food (o p edominan ly) e ail Non ood e ail To al ( e ail)
Yea s
(sq m) (%) (sq m) (%) (sq m) (%)
1989 - 1992 177,950 90 19,114 10 197,064 100
1993 - 1997 897,230 90 98,911 10 996,141 100
1997 - 2004 358,694 42 489,889 58 848,583 100
2004 - 2009 1,045,518 51 1,003,041 49 2,048,559 100
2010 51,140 29 127,855 71 178,995 100
To al 2,530,532 59 1,738,810 41 4,269,342 100
4. CONCLUSION
The public in e en ion conce ning e ail
egula ion became mo e ac i e du ing he p ocess o
e ail mode niza ion. The implemen ed egula ion did
no in end o hinde ha p ocess bu somehow jus o
delay i and minimize i s impac on exis ing own
cen es and independen e ail. In ac , d awing om
he analysis made on o he Eu opean coun ies
p e iously analysed, i became e iden ha Po uguese
e ail planning sha es some o hei ambigui y.
Fu he deepening his a gumen , as we can
see in able 3, al hough he egula ion demanding o a
p e ious app o al was implemen ed in he same yea as
he i s public p og amme (Simc), i did no p e en
he la ge scale app o al o la ge- e ail s o es and
shopping cen es.
Table 4. Syn hesis o majo ends in e ail planning policies in Po ugal.
Pe iod
Re ail planning ins umen 1980s 1990s 2000s
Licensing Non-exis en (un il 1989) Ac i e Ac i e
Opening hou s Non- es ic i e Res ic i e Decen aliza ion (non-
es ic i e)
Re ail mode niza ion p og ammes Non-exis en (un il 1989) Ac i e Ac i e
In ac , answe ing he esea ch ques ion wha
we ha e ound is he end o he decen aliza ion o
majo decisions on planning pe missions, in a p ocess
somehow simila o wha can be ound in Sweden and
he Ne he lands. To illus a e his a gumen is he
powe gi en o municipal s akeholde s in he egional
and municipal c ea ed in he 2004 e ised law
(al hough e oked in 2009). The 2010 amendmen o
Con olling Re ail De elopmen , be ween Res ic i eness and Inno a ion
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning, ol. 7, no. 1 (2016) 35-43
41
shopping hou s egula ion decen alized he decision-
making o municipali ies, which e en ually led o he
libe aliza ion o he opening and closing hou s. I is in
his a ie y o di e en egula ions and e isions ha ,
as a concluding ema k, one may ind ha d o say ha
he e is a public policy owa ds e ail in Po ugal. Wha
we ound is a se o de ached laws, wi h no common
pu pose, some imes e en con adic o y, i.e. app o ing
a he same ime he implemen a ion o new e ail
s o es and, in pa allel, ecognizing he nega i e impac s
hey will p oduce, new compensa ion ins umen s s a
o be a ailable h ough e ail mode niza ion
p og ammes. This way, he Po uguese go e nmen was
able o answe di e en sec o s o he socie y, bo h o
la ge p i a e p omo e s who aimed o p o ide new
shopping acili ies o a socie y which has become mo e
consume is and o independen e ail seen as an
impo an pa o he socie y, in pa due o i s loca ion
in adi ional own cen es bu also o he p essu es
es ablished by hei ep esen a i es.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The au ho is g a e ul o he edi o s o he
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning and o he
e iewe s o hei use ul commen s. An
acknowledgemen is made o FCT, he Po uguese
na ional unding agency o science, esea ch and
echnology o unding he PhD in which his esea ch
was based upon. The au ho wishes o make ecogni ion
o his Resea ch Cen e , CEG - Cen e o Geog aphical
S udies om Lisbon Uni e si y o he ins i u ional
suppo .
REFERENCES
[1] Da ies, R. (2004), Planning policy o e ailing, in
J. Reynolds, C. Cu hbe son (eds.), Re ail S a egy, he
iew om he b idge. UK: Else ie , pp. 78-95.
[2] Da ies, R. (1995), P e ace, in R. Da ies (ed.),
Re ail Planning Policies in Wes e n Eu ope. London:
Rou ledge, pp.xxiii-xx
[3] Guy, C. (2007), Planning o e ail de elopmen , a
c i ical iew o he B i ish expe ience. Oxon:
Rou ledge.
[4] Bu , S. (1985), The Loi Roye and Hype ma ke
de elopmen in F ance – A s udy o public policy
owa ds e ailing. PhD Disse a ion. Uni e si y o
S i ling. A ailable a : h p://hdl.handle.ne /1893/2534.
Las accessed: Janua y, 05, 2014.
[5] Guy, C. (1998), Con olling new e ail spaces: The
imp ess o planning policies in Wes e n Eu ope. U ban
S udies, ol. 35, no. 5-6, pp. 953-979. A ailable a :
h p://usj.sagepub.com/con en /35/5-6/953. Las
accessed: Feb ua y, 04, 2011.
[6] Howe, S. (2003), O e iew and conclusion, [in] S.
Howe (ed.), Re ailing in he Eu opean Union:
s uc u es, compe i ion and pe o mance. London:
Rou ledge, pp. 188-213.
[7] Pe ei a, M., Teixei a, J. A., Biaggio, S. (2002),
Regulação do equipamen o come cial nos países da
União Eu opeia [ Regula ion o comme cial equipmen
in he Eu opean Union coun ies]. Lisbon: Gabine e de
Es udos e P ospec i a Económica.
[8] Kä holm, M., Nylund, K. (2011), Escala ing
Consump ion and Spa ial Planning: No es on he
E olu ion o Swedish Re ail Spaces, Eu opean Planning
S udies, ol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1043-1059. A ailable a :
h p://www. and online.com/doi/pd /10.1080/096543
13.2011.568819. Las accessed: June, 05, 2014.
[9] F anzén, M. (2004), Re ailing in he Swedish
Ci y: The mo e owa ds he ou ski s, in M. F anzén, J.
Halleux (eds.), Eu opean Ci ies Dynamics – Insigh s on
Ou ski s. Eu opean Science Founda ion. B ussels, pp.
93-112. A ailable a : h p://c daln.documen a ion.
de eloppemen -du able.gou . /documen s/C daln/
0100/Cdu-0100721/EQUTEX00010092_1.pd . Las
accessed: Decembe , 14, 2012.
[10] Minis y o he En i onmen (2007), The
Planning Ac in Denma k, Minis y o he
En i onmen . A ailable a : h p://na u s y elsen.dk
/media/ns /A achmen s/planlo enpengelsk2007.pd .
Las accessed: Decemeb , 15, 2013.
[11] Os e ga d, N., Wi , H. (2007), Spa ial planning
in Denma k, Minis y o he En i onmen . A ailable a :
h p://na u s y elsen.dk/media/ns /A achmen s/Plan
ning_260907_NY6.pd . Las accessed: Feb ua y, 11,
2016.
[12] Pe ei a, M., Teixei a, J., Di Biaggio, S.,
Quin ino, F. (2002ª), Ho á ios do comé cio:
libe aliza ou condiciona ?[Re ail opening hou s:
libe alize o condi ioning?]. Lisbon: Gabine e de
Es udos e P ospec i a Económica.
[13] Ge ha d, U., Hahn, B. (2005), Wal-Ma and
Aldi: Two e ail gian s in Ge many. Geojou nal, ol.
62, no. 1-2, pp. 15-26. A ailable a :
h p://www.js o .o g/s able/41147971. Las accessed:
No embe , 14, 2013.
[14] Spie ings, B. (2006), Window on he
Ne he lands - he e u n o egula ion in he shopping
landscape? Re lec ing on he pe sis en powe o ci y
cen e p ese a ion wi hin shi ing e ail planning
ideologies, Tijdsch i oo Economische en Sociale
Geog a ie, ol. 97, no. 5, pp. 602-609. A ailable a :
h p://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-
9663.2006.00366.x/pd . Las accessed: Decembe , 10,
2012.
[15] E e s, D. (2006), Building o consump ion – an
Ins i u ional analysis o pe iphe al shopping cen e
de elopmen in no hwes Eu ope. PhD Disse a ion.
Uni e si y o Ams e dam. A ailable a :
h p://da e.u a.nl/ eco d/1/253615. Las accessed:
Ma ch, 12, 2012.
Ped o Po í io GUIMARÃES
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning, ol. 7, no. 1 (2016) 35-43
42
[16] Be and, M., K ama z, F. (2001), Does en y
egula ion hinde job c ea ion? E idence om he
F ench e ail indus y. NBER Wo king Pape , Na ional
Bu eau o Economic Resea ch, Camb idge. A ailable a :
h p://www.nbe .o g/pape s/w8211.pd . Las accessed:
Sep embe , 15, 2013.
[17] Colla, E. (2003), F ance. In S. Howe (ed.),
Re ailing in he Eu opean Union: s uc u es,
compe i ion and pe o mance. London: Rou ledge, pp.
23-55.
[18] Monino, J.. Tu olla, S. (2009), Re ail planning
and Re ail Food Sec o - Empi ical Analysis and
Assessmen o he Ra a in Law, P esen a ion on he
Con e ence “P oduce s and dis ibu o s: can egula ion
o e ail help o be e egula ion o he In e ne ”,
Pa is. A ailable a : h p://inno a ion-
egula ion2. elecom-pa is ech. /wp-con en /uploads/
Documen s/ hema iques/Digi al_Dis ibu ion/Tu olla.
pd . Las accessed: June, 05, 2013.
[19] CB Hillie Pa ke , Ca di Uni e si y (2004),
Policy e alua ion o he e ec i eness o PPG6. London:
O ice o he Depu y P ime Minis e Publica ions.
A ailable a : h p://www.n p .o g.uk/PDF/Policy%20
e alua ion%20o %20 he%20e ec i eness%20o %20PP
G6.pd . Las accessed: Janua y, 25, 2012.
[20] Depa men o he En i onmen (DOE)
(1996), Re ised Planning Policy Guidance 6. DOE.
A ailable a : h p://www.n p .o g.uk/PDF/PPG%206
%20-%20June%201996%20.pd . Las accessed:
Feb ua y, 21, 2012.
[21] Guy, C. (2007a), Is ‘Demons a ion o Need’
Necessa y in Re ail Planning Policy?, Regional S udies,
ol. 41, no. 1, pp. 131-137. A ailable a :
h p://www. and online.com/doi/pd /10.1080/003434
00600990467. Las accessed: Ma ch, 12, 2012.
[22] O ice o he Depu y P ime Minis e
(ODPM) (2005), Planning Policy S a emen 6:
Planning o Town Cen es (PPS6). ODPM. A ailable a :
h p://weba chi e.na ionala chi es.go .uk/2012091913
2719/h p:/www.communi ies.go .uk/documen s/plan
ningandbuilding/pd /147399. Las accessed: Feb ua y,
15, 2010.
[23] Communi ies and Local Go e nmen (CLG)
(2009), PPS 4 – Planning o Sus ainable G ow h.
Depa men o Communi ies and Local Go e nmen .
CLG. A ailable a : h p://weba chi e.
na ionala chi es.go .uk/20120919132719/www.commu
ni ies.go .uk/documen s/planningandbuilding/pd /pla
nningpolicys a emen 4.pd . Las accessed: Decembe ,
18, 2012.
[24] Communi ies and Local Go e nmen (CLG)
(2012), Na ional Planning Policy F amewo k,
Depa men o Communi ies and Local Go e nmen .
CLG. A ailable a : h ps://www.go .uk/go e nmen
/uploads/sys em/uploads/a achmen _da a/ ile/6077/
2116950.pd . Las accessed: Ma ch, 14, 2013.
[25] E e s, D. (2002), The ise (and all?) o na ional
e ail planning. Tijdsch i oo Economische en
Sociale Geog a ie, ol. 93, no 1, pp.107-113. A ailable a :
h p://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-
9663.00186/epd . Las accessed: Sep embe , 22, 2013.
[26] Fe nandes, J. (2012), Os p ojec os de u banismo
come cial e a e i alização do cen o da cidade
[Comme cial u banism p ojec s and he e i aliza ion
o ci y cen e]. Re is a Memó ia em Rede, Pelo as, ol.
2, no. 6, pp. 76-89. A ailable a : h p://docplaye .
com.b /2478668-Os-p ojec os-de-u banismo-
come cial-e-a- e i alizacao-do-cen o-da-cidade.h ml.
Las accessed: Janua y, 12, 2016.
[27] Ba a a-Salguei o, T. (1996), Do Comé cio à
Dis ibuição – o ei o de uma mudança [F om e ail o
dis ibu ion – oadmap o a change]. Oei as: Cel a
Edi o a.
[28] Guima ães, P. (2013), The ools o ci y cen e
e i aliza ion in Po ugal. Jou nal o Place
Managemen and De elopmen , ol. 6, no 1, pp. 52-66.
A ailable a : h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1108/17538331
311306131. Las accessed: Janua y, 15, 2015.
[29] Fe nandes, J. A., Chamusca, P. (2014), U ban
policies, planning and e ail esilience. Ci ies, ol. 36,
pp. 170-177. A ailable a : h p://dx.doi.o g/
10.1016/j.ci ies.2012.11.006. Las accessed: Janua y, 12,
2016.
[30] Pila , D. (1997), Regula ion and Pe o mance in
he Dis ibu ion Sec o , OECD Economics Depa men
Wo king Pape s, no. 180, OECD Publishing. A ailable
a : h ps://www.oecd.o g/eco/ e o m/1864037.pd .
Las accessed: No embe , 25, 2014.
[31] Me on, A. (1995), Re ail planning policy in
F ance. In R. Da ies (ed.), Re ail Planning Policies in
Wes e n Eu ope. London: Rou ledge, pp.62-77.
[32] Clique , G. (1999), Re ail Planning
En i onmen : F ance. Eu opean Re ail Diges , ol. 23,
pp. 27-29.
[33] Fe nandes, J. A.. Cachinho, H.. Ribei o, C.
(2000), Comé cio adicional em con ex o u bano –
dinâmicas de mode nização e polí icas públicas
[T adi ional e ail on he u ban con ex –
mode niza ion dynamics and public policies]. Po o:
GEDES-UP. A ailable a : h p://le .le as.up.p /
uploads/ ichei os/10081.pd . Las accessed: Feb ua y,
02, 2015.
[34] Guima ães, P. (2015), O planeamen o
come cial em Po ugal, os p ojec os especiais de
u banismo come cial [Re ail planning in Po ugal, he
special p ojec s o comme cial u banism]. PhD
Disse a ion. Uni e sidade de Lisboa. A ailable a :
h p://hdl.handle.ne /10451/18261. Las accessed:
Sep embe , 18, 2015.
[35]*** (2004), O de nº12/2004, om 30
h
o Ma ch,
Po uguese legisla ion ega ding he au ho iza ion
p ocess o e ail de elopmen s.
Con olling Re ail De elopmen , be ween Res ic i eness and Inno a ion
Jou nal o Se lemen s and Spa ial Planning, ol. 7, no. 1 (2016) 35-43
43
[36]*** (2009), O de nº 21/2009, om 19s o
Janua y, Po uguese legisla ion ega ding he
au ho iza ion p ocess o e ail de elopmen s.
[37]*** (2010), O de nº111/2010, om 15
h
o Oc obe ,
Po uguese legisla ion ega ding he au ho iza ion
p ocess o e ail de elopmen s.
[38] Balsas, C. (2000), Ci y cen e e i aliza ion in
Po ugal - Lessons om wo medium size ci ies. Ci ies,
ol. 17, no 1, pp. 19-31. A ailable a :
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/S0264-2751(99)00049-9.
Las accessed: May, 09, 2016.
[39] DGAE (2010), Dinamização económica dos
cen os his ó icos. [ ypesc ip ].
[40] Guima ães, P. (2014), The p ospec i e impac o
new shopping cen es on he e ail s uc u e o B aga,
Bulle in o Geog aphy. Socio–economic Se ies, ol.
25,pp. 167–180. A ailable a : h p://dx.doi.o g/
10.2478/bog-2014-0037. Las accessed: May, 09, 2016.
[41] Co ez, J. (2011), Da economia da c ise à c ise
das polí icas [ F om he economy o he c isis o he
c isis o policies]. Lisbon: Con ede ação do Comé cio e
Se iços de Po ugal.