Finis e a, XLiX, 98, 2014, pp. 95-111
CoMpa iSoN oF MEaSU ED aND SiMULaTED
MEaN aDiaNT TEMpE aTU E.
CaSE STUDY iN LiSBoN (po TUGaL)
Ágo a SzűcS1
aMáS gál2
hen ique and ade3
abs ac – Mean adian empe a u e (M ) is one o he mos ele an human
bioclima ic indices, pa icula ly sui able o assessing he in luence o clima ic pa ame e s
on he mal com o ou doo s. M can be calcula ed ei he om physical measu emen s,
ca ied ou using a globe he mome e o a py anome e and a py geome e , in o de o
quan i y sho and long wa e adia ion luxes, o h ough compu e simula ion. he i s
me hod, al hough accu a e, en ails he measu emen o adian luxes om six di ec ions,
he e o e i is ime consuming, complex and i equi es he use o expensi e equipmen . he
second me hod is based on ayMan, enVi-me and sOLWeiG compu a ional models,
o en employed in u ban clima ological esea ch. he p esen esea ch deals wi h he
compa ison o M da a ob ained by measu emen and compu a ional simula ion in
Campo de Ou ique, a den sely popula ed ci y qua e o Lisbon. he measu emen s we e
ca ied ou in a pa k and in he su ounding canyon s ee s du ing ou summe days in
2006. he h ee compu a ional models p esen some di e ences ega ding hei iabili y
in es ima ing M compa ed o measu emen : in case o di ec sola exposu e ayMan and
sOLWeiG p o ided pa icula ly good app oxima ion (wi h an a e age di e ence o 6 and
9%, espec i ely), whe eas he a e age o e es ima ion o M ob ained by enVi-me
is a ound 20%. Howe e , in shaded loca ions enVi-me p o ided he mos accep able
ag eemen be ween measu ed and simula ed M ; in con as ayMan and sOLWeiG
o e es ima ed M by 15% on a e age.
Keywo ds: Mean adian empe a u e, measu emen , simula ion, ayMan,
enVi-me , sOLWeiG, Lisbon (Po ugal).
esumo – SiMulação e MedidaS in-Si u da eMpe a u a adia iVa Média.
exeMplo eM liSBoa (po ugal). a empe a u a adia i a Média (M ) é um dos índices
ecei ed: Decembe 2013. accep ed: July 2014
1 Uni e si é de La ochelle, a enue Michel C épeau, 17042 La ochelle Cedex, ance.
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
2 Depa men o Clima ology and Landscape ecology, Uni e si y o szeged, egye em u. 2. 6722
szeged, Hunga y. email: [email p o ec ed]
3  1960-2013 -ins i u e o Geog aphy and spa ial Planning, CeG-iGO - Uni e sidade de Lisboa
96 A. Szűcs, T. Gál and H. And ade
bioclimá icos melho adap ados pa a a ap eciação da in luência dos pa âme os climá icos
no con o o é mico em espaços ex e io es. Pode se de e minada a pa i de medições com
um e móme o-globo ou com pi anóme o e pi geóme o pa a quan i ica os di e sos luxos
de adiação, ou po simulação numé ica. O p imei o mé odo dá esul ados p ecisos, mas
exige a medição dos luxos de adiação em seis di ecções e os apa elhos são ca os. O segund o
mé odo u iliza os modelos ayMan, enVi-me e sOLWeiG, equen emen e usados em
clima ologia u bana. Os esul ados ob idos po medição e simulação o am compa ados no
caso de um bai o u bano denso de Lisboa (Campo de Ou ique). as medições o am e ec-
uadas du an e qua o dias, no Ve ão de 2006, num espaço e de e uas izinhas. O cálculo
de M pelos modelos numé icos dá esul ados algo di e en es. nos locais ao sol, os alo es
ob idos po ayMan e sOLWeiG são os que mais se ap oximam dos alo es medidos (di e-
enças médias de 6% e 9%, espec i amen e), ao passo que enVi-me os sob es ima em
20%. nos locais à somb a, enVi-me o nece o melho esul ado, ao passo que ayMan e
sOLWeiG sob es imam os alo es em 15%.
Pala as-cha e: empe a u a adia i a Média, medição, simulação numé ica,
ayMan, enVi-me , sOLWeiG, Lisboa (Po ugal).
ésumé – SiMula ion e MeSu e in-Si u de la eMpé a u e adian e
Moyenne. un exeMple à liSBonne (po ugal). La empé a u e adian e Moyenne
(M ) es un des indices bioclima iques le plus adap é pou app écie l’in luence des pa a-
mè es clima iques su le con o he mique en espace ex é ieu . elle peu ê e calculée soi
à pa i des mesu es physiques e ec uées pa un he momè e di “globe” ou a ec un py a-
nomè e e un py geomè e pou quan i ie les lux de adia ion, soi pa simula ion numé-
ique. La p emiè e mé hode donne des ésul a s p écis, mais exige la mesu e des lux selon
six di ec ions. elle es longue e compliquée à me e en œu e, en plus l’appa eil de mesu e
es coû eux. La secon de mé hode u ilise les modèles ayMan, enVi-me e sOLWeiG,
cou ammen employés dans les eche ches de clima ologie u baine. Les ésul a s ob enus
pa ces deux mé hodes on é é compa ées dans le cas d’un qua ie u bain dense si ué à
Lisbonne: Campo de Ou ique. Les mesu es on é é e ec uées pendan 4 jou s, en é é 2006,
dans un pa c e dans des ues en i onnan es. Les modèles numé iques u ilisés mon en
quelques di é ences en ce qui conce ne leu alidi é pou calcule la M . Pou les
end oi s ensoleillés, les aleu s ob enues pa ayMan e sOLWeiG co esponden le plus
aux aleu s mesu ées (la di é ence moyenne é an espec i emen de 6 e de 9 %), cepen-
dan enVi-me les su es ime de 20% en moyenne. Dans le cas des end oi s omb agés,
enVi-me ou ni l’app oxima ion la plus pe inen e, alo s que ayMan e sOLWeiG
p ésen en une su es ima ion de 15%, en moyenne.
Mo s-clés: empé a u e adian e Moyenne, mesu e, simula ion numé ique,
ayMan, enVi-me e sOLWeiG, Lisbonne (Po ugal).
97
Compa ison o measu ed and simula ed Mean Radian Tempe a u e
i. esea CH COn eX
na u al and a i icial su aces can be ound in u ban en i onmen s whe e mo e
han hal o he ea h’s popula ion li es. he o me su aces can be mine al o con-
ain ege a ion whe eas he la e can be dense o po ous and made o me al, glass
e c. he a mosphe ic a iables in u ban a eas, and he e o e human he mal com o
ou doo s, a e signi ican ly a ec ed by he geome y o he con olu ed u ban en i-
onmen and by he physical cha ac e is ics o he ma e ials.
nowadays, public awa eness has been aised owa ds he a ious consequences
o u banisa ion and, among hem, he u ban hea island phenomena (UHi).
he UHi is a esul o a combina ion o ac o s a ec ing he local ene gy
balan ce, such as he building geome y, su ace oughness, physical p ope ies o
building ma e ials, an h opogenic hea sou ces e c. (Oke, 1982, in yow, 2007).
acco ding o Oke (1982) and a n ield (2003) seasonal clima ic and daily synop ic
condi ions, such as diu nal cycle, play an impo an ole in de e mining UHi cha-
ac e is ics. he e o e, each u ban a ea has a speci ic UHi uniqueness due o he
ci cums ances a a gi en loca ion.
he e a e a ious ypes o UHi and se e al me hods o obse ing and s udying
hem. UHi occu s a g ound le el, a di e en heigh s and as su ace hea islands.
a mosphe ic UHi may be measu ed wi hin he plane a y bounda y laye (abo e he
ci y) and in he u ban canopy (up o he op o he buildings o he u ban zone). he
su ace UHi occu s a he le el o he a ious u ban su aces and yow (2007) e e s
o i as skin su ace empe a u e. su ace UHi has a pa icula ly s ong e ec on
adia i e en i onmen and he e o e on he mal com o o humans in ou doo u ban
en i onmen s, especially in case o s ong sola adia ion exposu e. i can exace ba e
he mal discom o , in pa icula du ing wa m summe pe iods: he a i icial su -
aces, such as asphal and conc e e abso b hea du ing day ime, wa m up he ai by
con ec ion and elease hea in o he a mosphe e du ing he nigh (Oke, 1982;
Ku le , 2008; a mson e al., 2012). he educ ion o ege a ion and he inc ease o
a i icial su aces lead o lowe albedo (and he dec ease o e lec ed sho -wa e
adia ion) and o he educ ion o e apo anspi a ion (in o he wo ds, he dec ease o
cooling due o la en hea ans e ).
a mosphe ic and su ace UHi ep esen an impo an p oblem du ing ho sum-
me pe iods ha occu egula ly in sou he n eu ope. he inc eased use o ai condi-
ioning du ing hese pe iods eleases mo e hea in o he ou side ai which adds o he
high sho and long wa e adia ion luxes in he u ban en i onmen esul ing in
ex en ded and mo e equen he mally uncom o able pe iods. hese in u n gi e ise
o heal h p oblems especially among child en and he elde ly.
he UHi phenomenon is p edic ed o inc ease wi h clima e change, since mean
empe a u es, he equency o hea wa es and hei du a ion a e o ecas ed o ise
(Vanos e al., 2010).
98
he p esen s udy aims o e alua e he compu a ionally simula ed M alues
agains in-si u measu ed M alues. M was measu ed and e alua ed in an u ban
ga den and also in su ounding s ee s − bo h on shaded and sunexposed sides.
ii. He MaL COM O in OU DOO enVi OnMen s
he human body exchanges ene gy wi h i s en i onmen h ough con ec ion,
conduc ion and adia ion. in an ou doo en i onmen he clima ic pa ame e s a y o
a subs an ially la ge ex en han in an indoo en i onmen : in pa icula , long-, and
sho wa e adia ion, ai mo emen , su ace and ai empe a u es. as a consequence,
he human body needs o adap o he ex ended ange o en i onmen al ou doo con-
di ions h ough i s he mo egula ion sys em, in o de o main ain a cons an deep
body empe a u e. he mal com o signi ies a s a e whe e he cons an deep body
empe a u e can be main ained by he leas ene gy exchange occu ing a he body’s
su ace. Discom o desc ibes he depa u e om com o .
in e ms o human he mal com o , ou doo s he mal condi ions a e s ongly
in luenced by empe a u e and e en mo e so by adia ion, whose a iable pa e n
induce la ge di e ences be ween sun-exposed and shaded zones (Ége házi e al.,
2013; Kán o e al., 2012).
he Mean adian empe a u e (M ) is one o he indices ha akes in o
accoun all sho and long-wa e adia i e lux eaching he indi idual and is
applicable in complex ou doo en i onmen s. i in eg a es he incoming and
e lec ed di ec and di use sho wa e adia ion, as well as long wa e adia ion om
he su ounding su aces, he g ound and om he sky.
in wha conce ns he human he mal com o ou doo s, conduc i e hea luxes
can be neglec ed. On he con a y, adia i e and con ec i e luxes play an impo an
ole in he hea balance o he human body. Con ec i e luxes o la en and sensible
hea a e modi ied mainly by ai humidi y and ai empe a u e, espec i ely, while
bo h a e in luenced by wind speed (Kán o e al., 2012). Howe e , he M is he
key ac o a ec ing he mal com o in case o s ong di ec sola adia ion.
MRT can be measu ed wi h a globe he mome e − a ool used o iginally in
indoo en i onmen al condi ions and la e adap ed o ou doo se ings. he s anda d
globe he mome e is a hollow sphe e o coppe , pain ed black and con aining a he -
mome e in i s cen e. he wall hickness is 0.4mm and he sphe e diame e is
150mm. he empe a u e measu ed in he cen e o he globe he mome e esul s
om adia i e and con ec i e luxes. indoo s, whe e ai mo emen is es ic ed, he
globe empe a u e gi es a good app oxima ion o M , whe eas in ou doo loca ions
i s eading is signi ican ly in luenced by con ec ion and is close o ai empe a u e.
he e o e i is no an ideal ool o measu e M ou doo s.
A. Szűcs, T. Gál and H. And ade

99
M can also be measu ed using a py geome e and a py anome e , p oposed
by Höppe and also sugges ed by VDi 3789 Guideline (Höppe, 1992; VDi, 1998).
i equi es cos ly equipmen and he measu emen p ocedu e is edious and ime-
consuming. e es ial and sola adia ion luxes ha all on a pe son a e measu ed
sepa a ely: a py anome e is used o measu e adia i e luxes wi hin he sho wa e
domain and a py geome e is used o eco d adia i e luxes si ua ed in he long-
wa e domain. he 3D space is di ided in o six pa s: uppe and lowe di ec ions, and
he ou ca dinal di ec ions. he di e en di ec ions ha e di e en weigh ing ac o s
acco ding o he body’s posi ion (sea ing down o s anding) (Kán o e al., 2012)
he mean adian lux densi y (ss in W/m2) abso bed by he indi idual is cal-
cula ed om he measu ed e es ial (Li in W/m2) and sola (Ki in W/m2) luxes in he
abo e men ioned six di ec ions, mul iplied by he weigh ing ac o s (Wi) acco ding
o he body shape co esponding o each di ec ion (i = 1 o 6), and by he abso p ion
coe icien s o he clo hed body om sho − (ak), and longwa e adia ion (al) − as
equa ion 1 illus a es (Höppe, 1992, in Kán o e al., 2012).
eq. 1
he M can be calcula ed om ss acco ding o he s ephan –Bol zmann law,
using equa ion 2 (Kán o e al., 2012):
eq. 2
whe e
σ is he s e an-Bol zmann cons an and
εp is he emissi i y o he clo hed human body which is equal o al acco ding o
K ichho ’s law (Kán o e al., 2012).
in o de o a oid di icul and leng hy measu emen s, a ious compu a ional
models can be used o es ima e M : ayMan (Ma za akis e al., 2000; Ma za akis
e al., 2007), enVi-me (B use, 1999 and 2006) and sOLWeiG (Lindbe g e al.,
2008; Lindbe g and G immond, 2011).
he p esen esea ch p o ides a de ailed compa ison o compu e simula ed
M alues wi h measu ed M a Campo de Ou ique, a densely popula ed ci y
qua e o Lisbon, Po ugal. i is he ex ension o a p e ious esea ch p ojec ca ied
ou by Oli ei a e al. (2011), which ocused on he assessmen o he he mal pe o -
mance o an u ban ga den and i s in luence on he a mosphe ic pa ame e s in he
neighbou ing a ea.
Compa ison o measu ed and simula ed Mean Radian Tempe a u e
100
iii. s UDy a ea
he chosen s udy a ea is si ua ed in Lisbon, a ci y loca ed nea he wes e n
coas o Po ugal, a 38°43’ la i ude n and 9°9’ longi ude W, lying 30km o he eas
o he a lan ic sho e, on he agus i e es ua y (alco o ado e al., 2009). Lisbon’s
clima e is “Medi e anean” wi h mild win e s and ho , d y summe s. he ho es
mon h is augus (a e age empe a u e: 23°C), ollowed by July (22.7°C) and
sep embe (21.8°C) (alco o ado e al., 2009). he p e ailing wind in summe blows
om n and nW du ing he whole day (40% o he ime) and du ing la e a e noon
(30% o he ime) (alco o ado e al., 2006). o al a e age p ecipi a ion is less han
7mm in July and augus , while i inc eases o 28mm in sep embe .
he s udied u ban qua e is si ua ed in a densely buil -up zone in he wes e n
pa o Lisbon, close o he Monsan o hill o es pa k. he s udy a ea is ela i ely la
wi h an al i ude o app oxima ely 90m abo e sea le el. i has a ga den, he Ga den
Teó ilo de B aga, su ounded by 15-25m high buildings along a n-s and e-W
o ien ed ne wo k o app oxima ely15 m wide s ee s (Oli ei a e al., 2011). he
a e age sky iew ac o o he s ee s calcula ed by ayMan is 0.28, which leads o
p onounced di e ences ega ding du a ion o insola ion along he longi udinal axis
o he n-s and he e-W o ien ed s ee s: 3.5 hou s o he o me and 11 hou s o he
la e (Oli ei a e al., 2011).
he ga den has a ec angula shape and occupies 0.58ha. i is a pleasan place
o es , con empla ion o na u e and ec ea ion. i has a small lake in i s cen e
and a dense plan communi y consis ing mos ly o deciduous ees (Oli ei a
e al., 2011).
iV. Me HODOLOGy: MeasU eMen anD COMPU e siMULa iOn
i ine an measu emen campaigns we e ca ied ou in 2006 du ing ou
summe days, a 2 loca ions in he ga den (poin s 1 and 2) and a 4 loca ions in he
neighbou ing s ee s (poin s a, C, D, e), as shown in igu e 1, in o de o measu e
ai empe a u e, ela i e humidi y, wind speed, sho and long wa e adia ion. he
measu emen poin s we e chosen so ha hey could p o ide some in o ma ion on
he in luence o he ga den on mic oclima ic pa ame e s in di e en s ee o ien-
a ions and in s ee s wi h and wi hou ees. Poin s a, C and D a e si ua ed in
s ee s wi h no ees and a n-s, nW-se and e-W di ec ion espec i ely. Poin e is
loca ed in a n-s di ec ion s ee lined wi h dense ows o ma u e ees. Poin 1
is si ua ed wi hin he ga den, in a loca ion whe e people enjoy si ing a ables, and
is exposed o sun du ing he en i e a e noon, while poin 2 is cons an ly unde
shade p ojec ed by he ee c owns.
A. Szűcs, T. Gál and H. And ade
101
ig. 1 – Loca ion o obse a ion poin s (www.googlemaps.com), ed awn om Oli ei a e al. (2011).
Fig. 1 – Localização dos pon os de obse ação (www.googlemaps.com), edesenhada a pa i
de Oli ei a e al. (2011).
ig. 2 – Obse a ion poin s: s ee iews. Pho os om Oli ei a e al. (2011).
Fig. 2 – Pon os de obse ação. Fo og a ias de Oli ei a e al. 2011.
Compa ison o measu ed and simula ed Mean Radian Tempe a u e
102
ai empe a u e, ela i e humidi y and wind speed we e eco ded a all si es,
a a heigh o 1.5 m, using es o p obes, while inciden sho -, and longwa e adia-
ion om six di ec ions we e measu ed a a heigh o 1.1m, using CM21 Kipp &
Zonen py anome e and a CG1 Kipp & Zonen py geome e , espec i ely. he mea-
su emen s we e pe o med acco ding o he in eg al measu emen me hod de e-
loped ini ially by Jend iz ky and nüble (Jend iz ky and nüble , 1981; VDi, 1988;
Oli ei a e al., 2011; Kán o and Unge , 2011) du ing he ea ly a e noon hou s
when mos people isi he ga den o ind shel e om he summe hea . he py a-
nome e measu es he sho wa e adia ion (K), and he py geome e he long wa e
adia ion luxes (L). K and L ha e been eco ded o he ou ca dinal di ec ions, as
well as downwa ds and upwa ds. he mean adia ion lux in ensi y abso bed by he
human body was calcula ed using he e es ial and he sola adia ion luxes,
weigh ed acco ding o he di ec ion and he abso p ion coe icien o he body o
sho and longwa e adia ion. he M was calcula ed acco ding o he s e an-
Bol zmann law (Oli ei a e al., 2011) aking in o accoun he di ec ion o he sola
and he mal in a ed adia i e luxes. he M can be conside ed as an indica o o
all su ace empe a u es combined and as an o e all desc ip o o pe cep ion ega -
ding he adia i e en i onmen su ounding he human body, and he e o e is a
biome eo ological indica o .
wo se s o in-si u measu emen we e ca ied ou consecu i ely a each s ee
poin , one in he shade and he o he unde di ec sola adia ion ( he ins umen was
mo ed om he shade o he sun), in o de o de ec he impac o sola adia ion.
he measu emen equipmen s ayed in place o 10-15 minu es du ing each mea-
su emen a he sun exposed and a he shaded loca ions.
able i – Obse a ion poin s, equipmen used and measu ed pa ame e s.
Measu emen s we e ca ied ou be ween 13:00 and 15:00 on 07/08/2006, 09/08/2006,
10/08/2006 and 05/09/2006.
Quad o I – Pon os de obse ação, equipamen o usado e pa âme os me eo ológicos medidos
en e as 13:00 e as 15:00 em 07/08/2006, 09/08/2006, 10/08/2006 e 05/09/2006.
Obse a ion Poin s Loca ion equipmen (pa ame e s
measu ed)
1 Ga den (sun) Ho wi e anemome e ( )
CM21 Kipp & Zonen
py anome e (K)
CG1 Kipp & Zonen
py geome e (L)
es o p obes ( , , H)
2 Ga den (shade)
a s ee – o ien a ion: n s
C s ee – o ien a ion: nW - se
D s ee – o ien a ion: e W
e s ee – o ien a ion: n s
A. Szűcs, T. Gál and H. And ade
109
Compa ison o measu ed and simula ed Mean Radian Tempe a u e
Vi. COnCLUsiOn
Modelling M ep esen s a challenge o esea che s in u ban clima ology
pa icula ly in complex en i onmen s, ha include buildings om a ious a chi ec-
u al pe iods, cons uc ed wi h di e en ma e ials, as well as ege a ion ha has e y
di e en physical cha ac e is ics om he buildings.
he esul s ob ained in Campo de Ou ique dis ic , h ough simula ions and
h ough physical measu emen s, highligh some di e ences in he iabili y o he
h ee es ed models o es ima e M .
in gene al, i can be s a ed ha he e is always a es ed compu a ional model
ha p o ides M es ima ions wi h an accep able ag eemen wi h he in-si u mea-
su emen s, o he en i e se o alues. among he h ee models, ayMan has p o-
ided a pa icula ly good i o si es exposed o di ec sola adia ion. enVi-me
o e es ima ed subs an ially he M in case o di ec sola exposu e: he simula-
ed alues exceed hose measu ed by 15ºC on a e age, and in some cases he di e-
ence eaches 20°C. sOLWeiG p o ided mo e p ecise esul s han enVi-me o
he sola exposu e case, wi h abou 4-5°C di e ence o he measu ed M alues.
he la ge e o s occu ing using enVi-me indica e he ayMan model as he i s
choice o M es ima ion in si es unde sola exposu e and he sOLWeiG as he
second choice.
a shaded loca ions, simula ion esul s ob ained by enVi-me p esen he
bes i wi h obse ed da a. ayMan o e es ima es he M by 15-20°C, as does
sOLWeiG, albei o a smalle ex en . as a consequence, enVi-me is e ained as
he be e adap ed ool o M simula ion o shaded loca ions, agains ayMan
and sOLWeiG.
he a en ion d awn o he quali y o li e in u ban a eas by s udies o he mal
com o is o g ea impo ance when designing o enewing u ban a eas as he num-
be o u ban ci izens is cons an ly inc easing. he mal ambience has o be planned
concomi an ly wi h buildings, s ee s, ege a ion e c. an ea ly-phase inclusion o
clima ic pa ame e s in o he a chi ec u al and landscape design p ocess p omo es he
c ea ion o com o able, mo e pleasan and heal hie open spaces.
aCKnOWLeDGeMen s
his esea ch has been ca ied ou a he Cen e o Geog aphical s udies o he Uni e si y o
Lisbon, oge he wi h he la e Hen ique and ade (1960-2013) in he ame o he U BKLiM P ojec .
One yea a e his passing away, his pape is also p esen ed as homage o him. he au ho s would like
o s a e ha some esul s o he p esen esea ch ha e been published p e iously in con e ence p ocee-
dings (And ade and Szűcs, 2011).They exp ess hei g a i ude o D Be nade Balázs, D Ágnes
Gulyás, D ed ik Lindbe g o he assis ance p o ided in using enVi-me , ayman and sOLWeiG
models. hanks a e also due o he anonymous e e ees who ha e helped o imp o e he manusc ip .

110 A. Szűcs, T. Gál and H. And ade
BiBLiOG aPHy
alco o ado MJ, and ade H, Lopes a, Vasconcelos J
(2009) applica ion o clima ic guidelines o
u ban planning. he example o Lisbon
(Po u gal). Landscape and U ban Planning,
90: 56-65.
alco o ado MJ, and ade H, Lopes a, Vasconcelos J,
Viei a (2006) Obse a ional s udies on
summe winds in Lisbon (Po ugal) and hei
in luence on day ime egional and u ban he -
mal pa e ns. Me ha im 6: 88–112.
And ade H, Szűcs Á (2012) Compa ison o obse ed
and es ima ed mean adian empe a u e. P o-
ceedings o he iCUC8 - 8 h in e na ional
Con e ence on U ban Clima es, 6 h-10 h
augus , 2012 UCD Dublin i eland.
a mson D, s inge P, ennos a (2012) he e ec
o ee shade and g ass su ace on su ace
empe a u es in an u ban a ea. U ban Fo es-
y & U ban G eening, 11: 245-255.
B use M (2006) enVi-me 3 – a h ee dimensio -
nal mic oclima e model. uh Uni e si ä
Bochum, Geog aphische ins i u , Geoma ik.
a ailable: h p://www.en i-me .com ( e ie-
ed 16 h June 2008).
B use M (1999) The in luence o local en i onmen-
al design on mic oclima e, PhD hesis, Uni-
e si y o Bochum, Ge many.
CG4 Handbook (2003) CG4 py geome e . Ins uc-
ion manual. Kipp&Zonen, Del Holland.
Ége házi La, Ko ács a, Unge J (2013) applica ion
o mic oclima e modelling and onsi e su ey
in planning p ac ice ela ed o an u ban mic o
en i onmen , Ad ances in Me eo ology, a i-
cle iD 251586, 10 pages.
Kán o a, Unge J (2011) he mos p oblema ic
a ia ble in he cou se o human-biome eo o-
logical com o assessmen – he mean adian
empe a u e. Cen al Eu opean Jou nal o
Geosciences, 3(1): 90-100.
Kán o n, Ége házi L, Unge J (2012) subjec i e
es ima ions o he mal en i onmen in ec ea-
ional u ban spaces - Pa 1: in es iga ions in
szeged, Hunga y, In e na ional Jou nal o
Biome eo ology, 56: 1075-1088.
Ku le W (2008) he u ban clima e - basic and
a pplied aspec s. In Ma zlu J M e al. (eds.)
U ban Ecology - An In e na ional Pe spec-
i e on he In e ac ion Be ween Humans and
Na u e, sp inge , new yo k: 233 - 248.
Lindbe g , Holme , B, ho sson s (2008) sOL-
WeiG 1.0 – Modelling spa ial a ia ions o
3D adian luxes and mean adian empe a-
u e in complex u ban se ings. In e na ional
Jou nal o Biome eo ology, 52(7): 697-713.
Lindbe g , G immond C s B (2011) he in luence
o ege a ion and building mo phology on
shadow pa e ns and mean adian empe a-
u es in u ban a eas: model de elopmen and
e alua ion. Theo e ical and Applied Clima-
ology, 105(3-4): 311-323.
Hedquis B C, B azel a J, Di saba ino s, Ca e W
(2009) Phoenix u ban hea island expe i-
men : mic ome eo ological aspec s. 8 h sym-
posium on he U ban en i onmen , Phoenix
a izona. a ailable: h p://www.sc ibd.com/
doc/41753627/145712 ( e ie ed 16 h June
2012).
Höppe P (1992) ein neues Ve ah en zu Bes im-
mung de mi le en s ahlungs empe a u in
eien. (a new measu emen p ocedu e o
ob ain he mean adian empe a u e ou -
doo s). We e und Leben, 44: 147-151 (in
Ge man).
Hwang -L, Lin -P, Ma za akis a (2009) Ou doo
he mal com o in uni e si y campus in ho -
humid egions. The se en h In e na ional
Con e ence on U ban Clima e, yokohama
Japan. a ailable: h p://www.ide. i ech.ac.
jp/~icuc7/ex ended_abs ac s/pd /361686-1-
090504094823-006.pd ( e ie ed 16 h June
2012).
Jend i zky G, nüble W (1981) a model analyzing
he u ban he mal en i onmen in physiologi-
cally signi ican e ms. A chi ü Me eo o-
logie, Geophysik und Bioklima ologie, se . B,
29: 313-26.
Ma za akis a, u z , Maye H (2007) Modelling
adia ion luxes in simple and complex en i-
onmen s - applica ion o he ayMan model.
In e na ional Jou nal o Biome eo ology, 51:
323–334.
Ma za akis a, u z , Maye H (2000) es ima ion
and calcula ion o he mean adian empe a-
u e wi hin u ban s uc u es. In de Dea J,
Kalma J D, Oke , auliciems a e al. (eds)
Biome eo ology and U ban Clima ology a
he Tu n o he Millennium, Macqua ie Uni-
e si y sydney: 273–278.
111
noguei a P, Paixão e (2008) Models o mo ali y
associa ed wi h hea wa es: upda e o he Po -
uguese hea heal h wa ning sys em. In e na-
ional Jou nal o Clima ology, 28(4):545-62.
Oke (1982) he ene ge ic basis o he u ban hea
island. Qua e ly Jou nal o he Royal Me eo-
ological Socie y, 108 (455): 1-24.
Oli ei a s, and ade H (2007) an ini ial assessmen
o he bioclima ic com o in an ou doo
pu blic space in Lisbon. In e na ional Jou nal
o Biome eo ology, 52: 69–84.
Oli ei a s, and ade H, Vaz , (2011). he cooling
e ec o g een spaces as a con ibu ion o
he mi iga ion o u ban hea : a case s udy in
Lisbon. Building and En i onmen , 46:
2186-2194.
ho sson s, Lindbe g , eliasson i, Holme B (2007)
Di e en me hods o es ima ing he mean
adian empe a u e in an ou doo u ban
se ing. In e na ional Jou nal o Clima ology,
27: 1983–1993.
Vanos J K, Wa land J s, Gillespie J, and Kenny n
a (2010) e iew o he physiology o human
he mal com o while exe cising in u ban
landscapes and implica ions o bioclima ic
design. In e na ional Jou nal o Biome eo-
ology, 54: 319–334.
VDi (1998) En i onmen al me eo ology, me hods
o he human-biome eo ological e alua ion
o clima e and ai quali y o u ban and
egio nal planning a egional le el. VDi-
-Ve la g, Düsseldo .
Viúdez-Mo a a (2011) a mosphe ic downwelling
longwa e adia ion a he su ace du ing
cloudless and o e cas condi ions. Measu e-
men s and modeling. Doc o al hesis, Uni e -
si a de Gi ona, isBn 978-84-694-5001-7.
yow D M (2007) U ban hea islands: obse a ions,
impac s, and adap a ion. Geog aphy Com-
pass, 1(6), pp. 1227-1251.
Compa ison o measu ed and simula ed Mean Radian Tempe a u e