Documen a ion and Main ance o
Con ac Languages om Sou h Asia o Eas Asia
Edi ed by Má io Pinha anda-Nunes
and Hugo C. Ca doso
Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion Special Publica ion 19
Documen a ion and
Main enance o
Con ac Languages
om Sou h Asia o
Eas Asia
Edi ed by Má io Pinha anda-Nunes
and Hugo C. Ca doso
Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion Special Publica ion No. 19
Published online in 2019 as a Special Publica ion o Language Documen a ion &
Conse a ion
Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion Depa men o Linguis ics
Uni e si y o Hawai‘i a Mānoa
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Ó All ex s and images a e copy igh o he espec i e au ho s/c ea o s, 2019
All chap e s a e licensed unde C ea i e Commons Licenses.
Co e design by Bea iz Pinha anda
Licensed unde C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Non-Comme cial No De i a i es
License
ISBN 978-0-9973295-6-8
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Con en s
Con ibu o s
i
Fo ewo d
Má io Pinha anda
-Nunes & Hugo C. Ca doso
ii
1
Documen ing mode n S i Lanka Po uguese
Hugo C. Ca doso, Mahesh Radhak ishnan, Pa ícia Cos a & Rui
Pe ei a
1
2
Kod ah K is ang: The Ini ia i e o Re i alize he K is ang
Language in Singapo e
Ke in Ma ens Wong
35
3
Pe anakans in Singapo e: Responses o language endange men
and
documen a ion
Nala H. Lee
123
4
Documen ing online w i ing p ac ices: The case o nominal
plu al ma king in Zamboanga Chabacano
Edua do Toba Delgado
141
Con ibu o s
Hugo C. Ca doso holds deg ees om he uni e si ies o Coimb a and Ams e dam and
is cu en ly Assis an P o esso a he Uni e si y o Lisbon. His esea ch ocuses on
language con ac in ol ing Po uguese, ha ing wo ked on Sa amaccan, a c eole o
Su iname, bu especially on he Po uguese-based c eoles o Sou h Asia – hose o India
(in pa icula , Diu and he Malaba Coas ) and S i Lanka –, endange ed languages
which he has documen ed ex ensi ely. His wo k combines a synch onic desc ip i e
pe spec i e wi h an in e es in he his o y o hese languages and in compa a i e
app oaches. Among his (co-)edi ed olumes a e Language endange men and
p ese a ion in Sou h Asia (2014, LD&C Special Publica ion), Ibe o-Asian C eoles:
Compa a i e pe spec i es (John Benjamins, 2012; co-edi ed wi h Alan Bax e & Má io
Pinha anda Nunes), and G adual C eoliza ion; S udies in hono o Jacques
A ends (John Benjamins, 2009; co-edi ed wi h Rachel Selbach & Ma go an den
Be g).
Pa ícia Cos a holds an MA in Linguis ics and is cu en ly a PhD candida e a he
Uni e si y o Lisbon. He doc o al esea ch mainly ocuses on language a ia ion and
change in he Po uguese-based c eole o S i Lanka. P e iously, o he mas e 's hesis,
she has also wo ked on ideophones in San ome, a c eole spoken in São Tomé and
P íncipe, be o e engaging, as a esea ch assis an , in he mul idisciplina y p ojec
Documen a ion o S i Lanka Po uguese.
Nala H. Lee is an Assis an P o esso o Linguis ics a he Na ional Uni e si y o
Singapo e. She is in e es ed in he spec um o language change b ough abou by
mul ilingualism. Speci ically, he esea ch in e es s include language endange men ,
language dea h, and c eole s udies. She w o e a g amma o Baba Malay o he PhD
disse a ion, and is a co-de elope o he Language Endange men Index, which is used
by he Ca alogue o Endange ed Languages (www.endange edlanguages.com). She
has published in jou nals such as Language in Socie y, Jou nal o Pidgin and C eole
Languages, Language Documen a ion and Conse a ion, and he Annual Re iew o
Linguis ics.
Rui Pe ei a holds a deg ee in Languages, Li e a u es and Cul u es – Po uguese and
English, om he Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa and is cu en ly inishing his mas e ’s
deg ee in Linguis ics a he Uni e si y o Lisbon, unde he supe ision o P o . Hugo
C. Ca doso. The ocus o his esea ch is a sociolingui ic s udy o
he Bu ghe communi y in S i Lanka, aiming o assess he i ali y and ansmission
a es (and ele an ela ed a iables) o he communi y’s endange ed language

Con ibu o s
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Mahesh Radhak ishnan (PhD, Macqua ie Uni e si y) is an an h opological linguis
and e hnomusicologis wi h a b oad esea ch in e es in many aspec s o language,
music, cul u e and pe o mance and is a collabo a o a Cen o de Linguís ica da
Uni e sidade de Lisboa (CLUL), Visi ing Fellow in An h opology a he Aus alian
Na ional Uni e si y, and Resea ch Assis an a he Paci ic and Regional A chi e o
Digi al Sou ces in Endange ed Cul u es (PARADISEC) a he Sydney Conse a o ium
o Music, Uni e si y o Sydney in addi ion o being a Resea ch A ilia e a he
Aus alian Resea ch Council Cen e o Excellence o he Dynamics o Language.
Mahesh ecen ly comple ed a Pos doc o al Resea ch Fellowship a CLUL (Sep 2017-
Feb 2019), wo king as an e hnomusicologis /linguis on he ELDP- unded
Documen a ion o S i Lanka Po uguese (DSLP) p ojec coo dina ed by D . Hugo C.
Ca doso since Sep embe 2017. Wi hin his p ojec Mahesh was documen ing and
esea ching he pe o mance adi ions and language o speake s o S i Lanka
Po uguese. Besides he p esen publica ion and o he s in p epa a ion om he DSLP
p ojec Mahesh has p e iously published on I ish sean-nós and Sou h Indian Ca na ic
singing, and on e hnog aphic, pe o mance-cen ed and musicolinguis ic app oaches o
he s udy o song, and has also p esen ed esea ch in he a eas o language
documen a ion, Aus alian Abo iginal languages, Cel ic S udies and pe o mance
s udies, in addi ion o con ening he Sung Poe y g oup, an in e disciplina y discussion
g oup based in Aus alia explo ing schola ship a he in e sec ions o language, music
and cul u e in sung pe o mance.
Edua do Toba Delgado has a PhD in Linguis ic S udies om he Uni e si y o A
Co uña, Spain and an MA in he use o In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies
in Language Resea ch om he Na ional Dis ance Educa ion Uni e si y, Spain. A e
s a ing a ca ee as an English Teache o he Spanish Public Ne wo k o Language
Schools, he was a consul an o he Spanish Minis y o Educa ion in Mad id, and o
he Spanish Embassies in Po ugal and he USA. He is cu en ly a membe o he
Depa men o Spanish o he Uni e si y o Vigo, Spain. His esea ch ocuses on
Zamboanga Chabacano, a a ie y o Philippine C eole Spanish, including aspec s such
as online w i ing p ac ices, lexical o igins o eduplica ions. His main inno a ion in he
ield o c eolis ics is he s udy o spon aneous online in e ac ion, mos ly aken om
social media. This app oach has p o ided him wi h a unique and ex ensi e co pus o
con empo a y Zamboanga Chabacano samples.
Ke in Ma ens Wong is he ounde and di ec o o he Kod ah K is ang e i aliza ion
ini ia i e in Singapo e, and a g adua e in linguis ics om he Na ional Uni e si y o
Singapo e. His esea ch ocuses on he his o y o K is ang and he Eu asian communi y
in Singapo e, and his wo k has been published in he edi ed olumes Singapo e
Eu asians: Memo ies, Hopes and D eams (Wo ld Scien i ic) and Re i alizing
endange ed languages: A p ac ical guide (Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, o hcoming).
i Acknowledgmen s
!
Acknowledgmen s
We a e e y g a e ul o Alexand e Lebel o his p ecious assis ance wi h he inal
p oo eadings and he o ma ing o his olume.
We also wish o hank Bea iz Pinha anda o he design o he co e .
!
Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion Special Publica ion No. 19
Documen a ion and Main enance o Con ac Languages om Sou h Asia o Eas Asia
ed. by Má io Pinha anda-Nunes & Hugo C. Ca doso, pp.
ii–x
h p:/n l c.hawaii.edu/ldc/sp19
h p://hdl.handle.ne /10125/24904
Fo ewo d
Má io Pinha anda-Nunes
Uni e si y o Macau
Hugo C. Ca doso
Uni e sidade de Lisboa
In he ime spanning om Himmelmann’s (1998) seminal a icle, he p ac ice o
language documen a ion has unde s andably de eloped a disce nible ocus on
endange ed, mino i y and lesse desc ibed languages. While he p ima y conce n o
documen a y linguis ics lies speci ically in ‘da a collec ion, ep esen a ion and
di usion (…) wi h g amma s, dic iona ies, and ex collec ions as seconda y,
dependan p oduc s’ (Aus in, 2006:87), a na u al en anglemen wi h linguis ic
desc ip ion has become e iden , bu also wi h language conse a ion and e i aliza ion.
As a esul o he ealiza ion o he global pe asi eness o language
endange men , hese associa ed endea ou s ha e signi ican ly expanded hei i ali y
and isibili y in ecen yea s. Howe e , as Ga e (2006) no es, con ac languages ha e
been o some ex en absen om discou ses on language endange men , bu also om
ins i u ional ini ia i es o coun e he si ua ion, a ac he a ibu es o ac o s ela ed o
many o hese languages’ ela i e ecen ness and a pe cei ed lack o au onomy (wi h
espec o hei lexi ie s). Howe e , he eali y is ha , in p ac ice, con ac languages
ha e also been and con inue o be he objec o language documen a ion, desc ip ion,
and e i aliza ion e o s, as demons a ed in his special olume wi h conc e e
e e ence o he egions o Sou h, Sou heas and Eas Asia.
This pa icula geog aphic ocus – which is highly pe inen , since con ac
languages o Asia a e in gene al less p ominen han hei A lan ic coun e pa s in he
li e a u e – de i es om he ac ha he genesis o his olume ela es o he 2nd
Con e ence o Language Con ac in Asia and he Paci ic, hos ed by he Uni e si y o
iii Fo ewo d by Má io Pinha anda-Nunes & Hugo C. Ca doso
!
Macau in Sep embe 2016. The con e ence co e ed a di e se scope o sub ields ela ed
o language con ac , in ol ing language desc ip ion o mo pho-syn a ic and
phonological phenomena, language acquisi ion s udies, and language documen a ion
and e i aliza ion o mino i y languages. F om his a he eclec ic lis o opics, a
selec ion o hose con e ence pape s, wi h wo o he addi ions, ocusing on
documen a ion and e i aliza ion, came o cons i u e his special publica ion o
Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion.
Th oughou he cen u ies, he egions o Sou h, Sou heas , and Eas Asia ha e
been e ile in ins ances o linguis ic con ac , and hey ha e he e o e wi nessed he
o ma ion o se e al con ac languages, unde s ood he e, wi h e.g. Ansaldo (2007: 4),
as languages o med in “high-con ac en i onmen s”, which may ange om pidgins o
c eoles and mixed languages. This olume includes s udies ela ed o a small subse o
hese, namely S i Lanka Po uguese, Papia K is ang, Baba Malay, and Zamboanga
Chabacano. The ac ha h ee ou o hese ou languages a e Ibe ian-lexi ied c eoles
does no – despi e he expe ise o he edi o s – e lec an in en ional na owing o he
scope o he olume; i is he esul o he submissions ecei ed and o he subsequen
pee - e iew p ocess.
The opening a icle, en i led ‘Documen ing mode n S i Lanka Po uguese’, is co-
au ho ed by Hugo C. Ca doso, Mahesh Radhak ishnan, Pa ícia Cos a and Rui Pe ei a
and epo s on a documen a ion p ojec unded by he Endange ed Languages
Documen a ion P og amme. The au ho s begin by p o iding a his o ical o e iew o
he sociohis o ical con ex behind he o ma ion o S i Lanka Po uguese (SLP), a
c eole language o ha Sou h Asian island, as well as o he ex en o i s documen a ion
since he 19 h cen u y. The a icle hen goes on o desc ibe he ac ions unde aken wi hin
he ‘Documen a ion o S i Lanka Po uguese’ (DSLP) p ojec o engage wi h i s a ious
ace s: i) he su ey o he sociolinguis ic s a us o mode n SLP, including geog aphic
dis ibu ion, numbe o speake s, speake pe cep ions o luency, language ansmission
and i ali y; ii) he me hodology o language documen a ion, including he de ini ion
o an o hog aphy ansc ip ion and anno a ion s a egies; iii) he coo dina ion be ween
language documen a ion and e hnomusicological esea ch, buil in o he p ojec ; i ) he
loca ion and ansc ip ion o a e and a chi al sou ces ela ing o SLP. This a icle
p o ides a desc ip i e accoun o he challenges, me hods and choices in ol ed in a
speci ic documen a ion p ojec ocusing on an endange ed c eole, which may se e o
in o m simila endea ou s elsewhe e.
Ke in Ma ens Wong’s ‘Kod ah K is ang: The ini ia i e o e i alize he K is ang
language in Singapo e’ is a de ailed desc ip ion and sel -assessmen o a e i aliza ion
p ojec se up by he himsel , aimed a e i ing he use o Papia K is ang (PK), he
Po uguese-lexi ied c eole o iginally de eloped in Malacca, among he Eu asian
communi y o Singapo e. The a icle begins wi h a desc ip ion o he genesis o PK and
i s he i age communi y, i s sp ead o Singapo e, cu en issues on he naming o he
language, and numbe o speake s. The emainde o his ex ensi e a icle in oduces