THE TROJAN WARS
AND THE MAKING OF
THE MODERN WORLD
edi ed by
Adam J. Goldwyn
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS
S udia G aeca Upsaliensia
22
THE TROJAN WARS
and he Making o
he Mode n Wo ld
edi ed by
Adam J. Goldwyn
ISSN: 0562-2743
ISBN: 978-91-554-9322-6
© 2015 Adam J. Goldwyn o selec ion and edi o ial ma e ;
indi idual chap e s, hei con ibu o s
Dis ibu ed by Uppsala Uni e si y Lib a y,
Box 510, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, ac [email protected]
ii
Con en
Acknowledgemen s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adam J. Goldwyn
In oduc ion: “Tha men o come shall know o i ”: Theo izing aes he ic
inno a ion, he oic ideology, and poli ical legi imacy in T ojan Wa ecep ion . . . 1
Valen ina P ospe i
1 Iliads wi hou Home : The Renaissance a e ma h o he T ojan legend in
I alian poe y (ca 1400–1600) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
De ek Pea sall
2 Chauce ’s C iseyde and Shakespea e’s C essida: T ans o ma ions in he
ecep ion his o y o he T oy s o y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Mau a Giles-Wa son
3 T is is O es es? The ecs asy o ecep ion, e enge, and edemp ion in he Ea ly
Mode n English O es es plays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Janek Kucha ski
4 The T ojan o igins o Polish agedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Anas assiya And iano a
5 Aeneas among he Cossacks: Eneïda in mode n Uk aine . . . . . . . . . . 91
Rui Ca los Fonseca
6 The Pinda ic poe y o C uz e Sil a and he neoclassical e i al among
Lusi anian na ional he oes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Ba ba a Wi ucki
7 Vic o Hugo’s T ojan Wa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

iii The T ojan Wa s
Johanna Akujä i
8 An epic ba le: Aes he ic and poe ic s uggles o e he Swedish Iliads . . . . 161
Vasiliki Dimoula
9 Gende and na ionalism in he Medi e anean a an -ga de: The T ojan Wa s
o he Mode nis Pain e -Poe s Gio gio de Chi ico and Nikos Engonopoulos 185
Jenni e E. Michaels
10 The T ojan Wa as a wa ning o he ime: Ch is a Wol ’s depic ion o
eminism and he Cold Wa in he Cassand a p ojec . . . . . . . . . . .203
Johan Callens
11 The ola ile alue o su e ing: Jan Ri sema’s Philok e es Va ia ions . . . . . 223
Adam J. Goldwyn
12 Achaeans, A henians and Ame icans in he Pos -9/11 e a: Compa ing empi es
in The New Yo k Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Con ibu o s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
111
6
The Pinda ic poe y o C uz e Sil a and
he Neoclassical e i al among Lusi anian
na ional he oes
Rui Ca los Fonseca
•
In 1755 Lisbon was s uck by a iolen ea hquake: many p i a e houses and public
buildings collapsed, i es b oke ou , and he i e swallowed much o he down own
a ea. The king’s sec e a y a he ime, be e known as Ma quês de Pombal,1 ook e ec-
i e sho - e m measu es o con ain he damage and planned long- e m a angemen s
o ebuild he ci y. Thanks o him, Lisbon acqui ed a new and mo e mode n a chi-
ec u al appea ance, a well-de ined geome ical layou , and an imp essi e o namen al
squa e. This agic e en had impo an consequences no only o Po uguese socie y
and poli ics, bu also o poe y. The enewal o social li e was accompanied by a li e -
a y e i al.
In he yea immedia ely a e he ea hquake, a g oup o enligh ened schola s and
poe s es ablished a li e a y socie y called A cádia Lusi ana2 wi h he in en ion o e-
o ming he language and poe y o he ime. Towa ds his end, i s membe s ad oca ed
he imi a ion o G eek and La in models.3 The A cadian poe s a gued ha al hough
imi a ion does no es ain he p ocess o c ea ion, he sa es pa h is o ollow he one
al eady aken by ancien au ho s.4 Inspi ed by he classical adi ion, hese and o he
eigh een h-cen u y poe s adop ed inno a i e poe ic o ms.
1 His bi h name was Sebas ião José de Ca alho e Melo. He wo ked wen y-se en yea s as Sec-
e a y o S a e (1750–1777), ecei ed he hono a y i le o “Ma quês de Pombal” by oyal dec ee
(1770), and became “one o he g ea es ac o s o Po uguese his o y” (Se ão 1996, 19). In ac , due
o his inno a i e p og am o he ci y and o his qui e known poli ical despo ism, he emained a
con o e sial his o ical igu e. E en oday, he mos in luen ial man in he poli ical scena io o he
eigh een h cen u y is emembe ed bo h as an excep ional ule and a b u al y an . See Se ão 1987
and Se ão 1996, 11–83.
2 Also known as A cádia Ulissiponense, his li e a y socie y las ed wen y yea s (1756–1776) and
was o iginally ounded by h ee young poe s: An ónio Dinis da C uz e Sil a (1731–1799), Manuel
Nicolau Es e es Neg ão (?–1824), and Teo ónio Gomes de Ca alho (1728?–1800). In he ollowing
yea s, many o he epu ed poe s o he ime joined hem.
3 Gonçal es 1999, 344.
4 Cidade 1984, 257.
112 Rui Ca los Fonseca
The heo iza ion ega ding A cadian aes he ics and li e a u e is based no only
on con empo a y F ench and I alians models (such as Boileau, Vol ai e, Mu a o i, and
o he s), bu also on G eek and La in au ho i ies (mainly A is o le, Longinus, Ho ace
and Quin ilian). In ac , neoclassical poe s ake much o he li e a y heo ies hey lea n
om Ho ace’s A s Poe ica and A is o le’s Poe ics. A cadian poe y is in ended o be
selec i e, he mos sui able and bes quali ied, balanced in i s s yle, wi hou he he-
o ical excess o Ba oque’s a is ic o mali ies. I has mo al and social pu poses, being
closely connec ed wi h con empo a y e en s: his poe y imi a es eali y by p aising
he oyal amily and o he conspicuous membe s om poli ical li e. One may ind in
A cadian poe y philosophical in luences (Locke and Desca es a e equen ly pa a-
ph ased) along wi h quo a ions o classical poe s ( hose om epics, ly ics and d ama).
My hology is one o he main aspec s o A cadian aes he ics: he wide ange o my h-
ological cha ac e s and hei s o ies se es as poe ic o namen and is always used wi h
allego ical meaning. Mo eo e , he p esence o my hical elemen s aims o digni y he
li e o he A cadian bou geois poe and he deeds o g ea Po uguese men, and a he
same ime o make hem imeless.5
An ónio Dinis da C uz e Sil a was one o he ounding membe s o A cádia and
one o he mos amous neoclassical poe s. He le a e y ex ensi e and di e si ied se o
ly ic wo ks: in addi ion o con en ional poe ic composi ions, such as he sonne (mo e
han h ee hund ed), he also eshaped G eek and La in ma e ial (he w o e wen y- i e
idylls, nine di hy ambs, eigh odes, o y-one anac eon ic odes, ou hymns, i y-se en
epig ams, wo elegies, wel e me amo phoses, a mock-he oic poem, and also a disse -
a ion on he eclogue s yle).6 In ac , C uz e Sil a was he i s among he neoclassical
Po uguese poe s o he eigh een h cen u y o w i e Pinda ic odes, poems which imi-
a e Pinda in s uc u e and heme bo h di ec ly and indi ec ly.7
Fo y- i e odes w i en by he Boeo ian poe come down o us. They deal wi h he
ame o a hle ic winne s, ha e a s anda d iadic s uc u e, and a e cha ac e ized by a
s ong my hological componen . Taking his example, C uz e Sil a w o e o y- ou
Pinda ic odes in o de o p aise he deeds o Po uguese na ional he oes, such as sailo s,
cap ains, soldie s, and minis e s. Each o hese Po uguese odes ollows he same i-
5 On he A cadian aes he ics see Sa ai a & Lopes 2005, 596–603.
6 The comple e wo k o C uz e Sil a is edi ed in ou olumes, h ee o hem by U bano (2000,
2001, 2003), he las one (con aining he mock-he oic poem in eigh books) by Ga cía Ma ín &
Se a (2006).
7 In addi ion o he p ima y G eek sou ce, C uz e Sil a also ollows I alian and F ench models,
namely Gab iello Chiab e a’s (1552–1638) and Pie e de Ronsa d’s (1524–1585) Pinda ic poe y.
The Pinda ic poe y o C uz e Sil a 113
adic pa e n (s ophe, an is ophe and epode) and de elops my hological con en .8 O
C uz e Sil a’s o y- ou Pinda ic composi ions, eigh een e ell he my h o he T ojan
Wa , om i s beginnings wi h E is o i s ou come wi h he impe ishable ame o he
mos conspicuous Home ic igh e s.
C uz e Sil a hen adjus ed bo h he con en and he hy hmic sequences o Pin-
da ic poe y o na ional equi emen s and o he poe ic con en ions o his ime.9 As he
Po uguese schola Adelina Júlia Se pa has al eady no ed, he Po uguese neoclassicis
wan ed o be like he ancien ly ic poe , he in e p e e o he g ea es pas achie e-
men s and he in e p e e o na ional adi ions symbolized in a as galle y o he oes.10
This eliance on he Pinda ic model and he connec ion be ween Poe y and His o y
a e he wo main opics discussed a he beginning o C uz e Sil a’s i s ode:
Clio, celes ial guide o he A gi e songs gen le Alpheus was lis ening o, when he
swan o he i e Asopus, eleasing his oice, aised he ic o ious A hle e o he
Hea ens: you inspi e oday in o he Lusi anian ly e he high sounds which he, by
lying in o he clouds, has sp ead.11
The poe opens his i s Pinda ic ex in oking Clio, he Muse o His o y, who sp eads
he memo y o men’s mos amous deeds and who guides hem in hei poli ical a -
ai s.12 The Muse who helped he ancien G eek poe glo i y he winne s o a hle ic
games is now e oked o inspi e “high sounds” in o he “Lusi anian ly e.” This in oca-
ion o he Muse is ollowed i s by a e e ence o Pinda , iden i ied as “ he swan o he
i e Asopus,” and second by an allusion o his poe y in he pe iph as ic ph ase “he
aised he ic o ious A hle e o he Hea ens.”
Only in Ode XXXVI (s .1) is Pinda e e ed o by his name (“I play he g ea ly e
ha Pinda pulsed wi h golden plec um”). All he o he imes, he Po uguese poe
men ions his p ime model by his g ea alen as a musician o his local p o enance:
“ he Di cean swan” (II, ep.5), “ he shining a che om Di ce” (III, an .2), “ he g ea
8 On he egula i y o he ancien ly ic poe y, see o ins ance “A Discou se on he Pinda ique
Ode” by Cong e e. On he s uc u e and con en o a Pinda ic ode, see o ins ance F eeman 1939, 145.
9 Rebelo 1979, 748.
10 Se pa 1939, 47.
11 Clio, celes e guia | Das A gi as Canções, que o Al eu b ando | Suspenso um empo ou ia, |
Quando do Asopo o cisne a oz sol ando, | O iun an e A le a aos Céus alça a: | Hoje na Lusa li a |
Os al os sons inspi a, | Que ele, oando às nu ens, de ama a. (Ode I, s .1) All English ansla ions
o C uz e Sil a’s poe y a e my own.
12 Clio is e oked again in o he nine Pinda ic odes: V (s .1), XVI (an .5), XIX (an .3), XXI (s .1),
XXII (ep.1), XXV (ep.3), XXXII (s .1), XLI (s .1), XLIII (ep.3). This Muse appea s once in Pinda ’s
epidic ic poe y: N. III, ep.4.
120 Rui Ca los Fonseca
In ac , his deed p o ec ing he ships was so ema kable ha C uz e Sil a clams him a
supe io wa io han he Cyclops (s .2), G ea e Ajax (an .2), and Aeneas (ep.2, s .3,
an .3). Ode XVI ends wi h he acknowledgemen o his epu a ion beyond na ional
bo de s: “Rome saw him glo ious” (ep.5).36
C uz e Sil a’s Pinda ic odes also ocus on he e u n o Achilles a e losing Pa-
oclus (odes XII, XXII, XXVIII, XXXIII). Ped o Jacques de Magalhães’ mili a y
achie emen s in he Res o a ion Wa in he se en een h cen u y ha e da kened he
ame o Aeacus’ p ogeny, namely he ame o Achilles (as one can ead in ode XII,
an .1). Ped o Jacques de Magalhães (1620–1688) was a nobleman om he Royal
House, a Viscoun , wa counselo o King Ped o II, and he Gene al who de ea ed
he Du ch a my ha kep he B azilian o ess o Reci e, in Pe nambuco, unde siege
(1653).37 He dis inguished himsel igh ing in he Res o a ion Wa : a se o mili a y
con lic s ough agains Spain be ween 1640 and 1668, which pu an end o he Span-
ish Philippine dynas y in Po ugal and led Po ugal o ull independence.
Magalhães is aised o he s a us o na ional he o by he pa allel d awn wi h he
ancien G eek he o, who aced he god- i e Xan hos (ode XII, ep.3), killed he son
o King P iam, and slaugh e ed he T ojan a my (s .4). Achilles’ ac ions agains T oy
a e said o be less he oic han hose o Magalhães, who is sung as “a s a ha shines in
he emple o Glo y” (an .1). In ac , his Lusi anian wa io collec ed coun less ic o-
ies by acing “g ea dange s” when igh ing in he ba les o na ional independence,
speci ically hose o Linhas de El as in 1659 (an .2), Canal in 1663 (s .2), Cas elo Ro-
d igo in 1664 (an .4), and Mon es Cla os in 1665 (an .2).38 The esemblance be ween
some wo ds and ph ases unde lines he mili a y expe ience o hese wo epu ed he-
oes: Achilles le Xan hos “sca ed” (ep.3), subdued Hec o wi h his “ emendous a m”
(s .4), and “dis up ed he T ojan ba alions” (s .4); Magalhães also “ ushed” himsel
o e Spain causing much dea h (an .5); de ea ed Ossuna, he leade o he Spanish a my
in he Ba le o Cas elo Rod igo, wi h his “w a h ul a m” (ep.5); and le he Spanish
mo he s “sca ed” (s .6). G ea e han he w a h ul G eek he o, Magalhães e en caused
all o Spain o mou n and he en i e ci y o Mad id o emble (s .6).
Achilles’ a is eia along he Xan hos Ri e is again a opic o in e es in wo o he
passages o C uz e Sil a’s Pinda ic poe y. In ode XXII (an .4), Achilles is called he
“ho o o he b a e Xan hos” when he poe is p aising Hen ique de Macedo’s sea
ic o y in India agains he Moo ish lee (1528). And i is said in ode XXXIII (ep.2)
36 A e he Ba le o Aljuba o a, Rod igues de Sá led an embassy o Pope Boni ace IX on behal
o King João I wi h he pu pose o discussing ma e s ela ed o he c own.
37 See Ode XII, s .3.
38 On he Res o a ion Wa , see Se ão 1982, 11–58.

The Pinda ic poe y o C uz e Sil a 121
ha , a he sigh o he G eek he o, “ igh ened Xan hos lows back.” This s a emen
has as i s pa allel in Po uguese his o y he conques o he o i ied Asian ci y o Jo
(loca ed in he Singapo e S ai ). The man esponsible o his ic o y was he Po u-
guese commande D.Paulo de Lima, who is now acclaimed as “a new Achilles” (an .3)
o he housand dea hs he caused among he Asian enemies.39
Achilles and Hec o a e he wo highly p aised he oes on each side o he T ojan
Wa . Ye hey a e no he only ones o ha e ough a T oy. O he ancien wa io s
equally amous appea immo alized in C uz e Sil a’s Pinda ic poe y, such as Odys-
seus, Ajax, and he wo b o he s Agamemnon and Menelaus. In Ode VII, Odysseus
is he i s cha ac e men ioned among o he amous cap ains and sailo s om Po -
uguese his o y. C uz e Sil a e en desc ibes he my hological ounda ion o Lisbon
by Odysseus: c ossing he seas in a agile piece o wood and leeing om Poseidon’s
w a h, he cunning he o eached Lusi anian e i o y and aised i s capi al o he s a s
(an .1).
Tes imonies on Odysseus’ a i al on he Ibe ian sho e a e ancien bu unce ain.
S abo was one o he i s ancien au ho s who e e ed o he legend ha he ci y
o Lisbon was ounded by Odysseus.40 In ac , Odysseus is aken as he a che ype o
he cunning and ba le- es ed na iga o o Po uguese sailo s o he six een h cen u y.
Despi e he unce ain y o he legend ha assigns an odyssean o igin o Lisbon (and
i is wo h no ing ha he my hical name o he ci y is Olissipo, di ec ly de i ed om
Odysseus’ name), he associa ion wi h his G eek he o g ew s ong in Po uguese li e -
a u e and cul u e and was sp ead as an indispu able u h.41
The mili a y expedi ions o Odysseus a T oy (Dolon’s dea h, he wooden ho se,42
and he he o he Paladium) and his ad en u es a sea on his e u n home a e episodes
om G eek epics old in he my hological excu sus o Ode XXVII (an .1, ep.1, s .2),
whe e he πολύτροπος ἀνήρ is ela ed o Lopo de Sousa Cou inho, a Po uguese soldie
and w i e who li ed in he six een h cen u y (1515–1577). A he age o eigh een, he
depa ed om Po ugal o he Eas , and accomplished ou s anding he oic deeds in he
siege o Diu. He had a unique mili a y alen o epelling la ge numbe s o enemies
39 Al hough Achilles is no di ec ly men ioned by name, his p esence is implied in Ode XXVIII
when we a e old abou Memnon’s dea h (an .2).
40 See, o ins ance, Geog aphy 1.2.11, 3.2.13, 3.4.3–5.
41 On he legend and i s p esence in Po uguese cul u e, see Fe nandes 1985, 139–61 and P ie o
2009, 173–76. Two Po uguese epics om he se en een h cen u y ell Odysseus’ jou neys owa ds
Lusi anian seasho e and his ounda ion o a ci y named a e him: Gab iel Pe ei a de Cas o’s Ulisseia
ou Lisboa Edi icada (1636) and An ónio de Sousa de Macedo’s Ulissipo (1640).
42 The wooden ho se is men ioned again in Ode IX as an “a ogan machine” ha ga e bi h o
many he oes in T oy (an .4).
122 Rui Ca los Fonseca
wi h a small g oup o men.43 Bo h he his o ical Po uguese and ancien G eek my h-
ological cha ac e s we e sailo s, bo h we e ic o s in wa , and bo h e u ned o hei
coun ies many yea s a e hey le (Odysseus is wen y yea s absen om I haca, and
Lopo de Sousa wel e om Po ugal, depa ing in 1533 and no e u ning un il 1545).
C uz e Sil a p esen s Odysseus bo h as he des oye o T oy and an expe sailo :
Bu in Ph ygia, ull o unmeasu ed u y, he shed blood, e o and c ies, and hen
mas e ed he g ea w a h o he Sea.
[…]
His bu che swo d had no es in ba le un il he managed o make he ie ce ci y o
Ilios all! He wande ed h ough he ields o The is; and a e blinding he a ocious
Cyclops, he ic o iously eached I haca, despi e Poseidon!44
The neoclassical po ai o Sousa Cou inho is also in ended o ecall he bipa i e
s uc u e o he s o y o Odysseus, since he poe epo s he he o’s ic o ies bo h a wa
and a sea: when p o ec ing he o ess o Diu, he “ uns o e he bloody ields o Ma s”
(an .2), ic o iously igh ing wi h his “ e ocious a m agains he sa age enemies” (s .3).
While a elling, he mee s “ he e ol ing olks o he ang y winds” and a “ housand ho
hunde bol s b eak ou ” (ep.2), bu he manages o “lea e he s o my sea, u ning he
p ow owa ds peace ul land” (ep.3).
The g ea Ajax, son o Telamon, was he second bes G eek soldie du ing he
T ojan Wa , jus a e Achilles. His mili a y p owess made him wo hy o being sung
abou in Ode XXXIV (s .2, an .2, ep.2). The momen chosen, howe e , is his de ea
in he qua el wi h Odysseus o Achilles’ di ine a mo .45 In his poem, he au ho , “by
enhancing pa e ns o immo al glo y,” as he s a es, “will eco d he g ea his o y o Ri-
bei o” (an .1), he conque o o he Asian kingdom o Pegu. Sal ado Ribei o de Sousa
(?–1603) was a Po uguese cap ain who success ully de ended he Po uguese and he
43 As a schola , who was much ond o ancien li e a u e, Sousa Cou inho w o e books on he Po -
uguese p esence in he Eas (his included), and ansla ed Lucan’s Ci il Wa and some o Seneca’s
wo ks. See “Sousa Cou inho (Lopo)”, in G ande Enciclopédia Po uguesa e B asilei a, ol. 29, 856–57.
44 Mas em F ígia, de imensa ú ia cheio, | Sangue, e o , e p an o de amando, | E a g ão sanha
do Ma depois domando. (Ode XXVII, an .1, 8–10) | […] | Como a alhan e espada não sossega | Na
bá ba a campanha, | Té que o e o Ílion p os a po e a! | Como de Té is pelos campos e a; | E em
Í aca, cegando o a oz gigan e, | De Nep uno apesa en ou iun an e! (Ode XXVII, s .2, 5–10)
45 Ajax’s dea h and claim o Achilles’ a mo a e men ioned by Pinda in N. VII (s . 2, an .2) and
N. VIII (an .2, ep.2). I is s iking how C uz e Sil a’s wo ds esemble, a a hema ic le el, Pinda ’s lines
when elling o Ajax’s de ea by he cunning Odysseus: “μέγιστον δ’ αἰόλῳ ψεύδει γέρας ἀντέταται”
(N. VIII, an .2) [“while he g ea es p ize ha h been o h o cunning alsehood”, . Sandys 1968];
“Po ém logo que a as úcia o nada / Da co oa po seu alo ganhada” (ode XXXIV, ep.2) [“Howe e ,
he sees he o na e cunning winning he p ize”].
The Pinda ic poe y o C uz e Sil a 123
indigenous o esses o Pegu om Moo ish a acks. Many local chie s and indigenous
wa io s placed hemsel es unde his command because Ribei o de Sousa had secu ed
he en i e s a e o Bu ma. The Asian popula ions elec ed him king o Pegu o his b a e
ac ions p o ec ing he land. Despi e his ha d-ea ned glo y, howe e , he Po uguese
cap ain e used he c own o himsel and handed i o e o his supe io s.46
Like he G eek he o, he Po uguese commande ’s mili a y me i goes un ecog-
nized by hose he led: “An a a icious, un o una e s a dec eed o Ribei o he same
des iny [as Ajax]” (s .3). He handed o e he en i e o une he had acqui ed in he
Eas o he Po uguese king’s emissa ies. Acco ding o U bano, in he commen a y o
ode XXXIV, “This was in ac one o he mos sublime ac ions o loyal y and g ea ness
o mind in Po uguese his o y.”47 The a i ude did no please he inhabi an s hough.
Because o his loyal y o his coun y and king, Ribei o de Sousa pe ished wi hou he
p ize he dese ed, wi hou any iches in Po ugal.
C uz e Sil a e okes Clio a he beginning o ode XXI in o de o p aise he mili-
a y iumphs o An ónio Co eia (c. 1487/88–1566), a nobleman who dis inguished
himsel igh ing in he Eas . When he was wel e yea s old, he managed o escape om
he Moo s’ a ack in India (Calicu ), whe e he e u ned o yea s la e , a ound 1519, as
cap ain o a small c ew. His g ea accomplishmen , he one ha made him amous, was
he success ul mili a y expedi ion agains he Asian island o Baha em in 1521. By ha
ime, Co eia had al eady led he Po uguese lee as i s chie cap ain. His expedi ion
was in ended o help he Pe sian king o O mus and deal wi h he ebellion led by he
king o Baha em. Co eia succeeded in s opping he insu ec ion, killing he ebellious
ule , and es ablishing he so e eign y o Po ugal in his Asian island.48 The poe ex-
plains he subjec o ode XXI by claiming ha he sons o A eus a e no he only
hono able men pa icipa ing in he u y o wa (s .1). Thus, his Lusi anian cap ain
dese es o be immo alized in poe y because he conque ed he Asian island o Baha-
em on behal o he Po uguese c own (1521), jus like Agamemnon and Menelaus had
conque ed T oy.
46 See “Ribei o de Sousa (Sal ado )”, in G ande Enciclopédia Po uguesa e B asilei a, ol. 25, 619–
20. See also Dan e s’ Chap e VI (1894, ol. 2, 122–28).
47 U bano (ed.) 2003, 362.
48 As a ewa d o his ic o y, King João III allowed An ónio Co eia, by oyal dec ee o 1540, o
join he name Baha em o his own (since hen he became known as An ónio Co eia Baha em), and
o inco po a e he memo y o he iumph in o his amily’s coa o a ms. See “Baha ém (An ónio
Co eia)”, in G ande Enciclopédia Po uguesa e B asilei a, ol. 3, 1025–26. C uz e Sil a men ions Co -
eia’s “glo ious name” ha his own deeds p o ided him wi h (ode XXI, ep.4) and he splendo o his
amily’s emodeled a ms (“in memo y o his deeds, he g ea splendo o high ic o y shines in his
shield”, s .3).
124 Rui Ca los Fonseca
Finally, Ode XLII pays ibu e o João Fe nandes Viei a (1602–1681), a Po u-
guese soldie who ough b a ely agains he Du ch a my and has became he he o o
he B azilian ci y o Pe nambuco in i s Res i u ion Wa (1654). He ook pa in he
discussions o and p epa a ions o he ise o B azil agains he Du ch a my and won
his i s ic o y a he Ba le o Tabocas Moun ain (1645). I was such a success ha
he eed 50 o his sla es, who la e became soldie s. He won again a he Ba les o
Gua a apes ( he i s one in 1648, he second in 1649). Viei a dis inguished himsel in
he ba le ield o isking his li e many imes. He su e ed so many wounds, endu ed so
many a acks all alone, and pu himsel in dange so many imes ha he news o his
dea h e en sp ead among he enemy o ces. A e hese ic o ies, he besieged he Du ch
o esses in B azil, o cing hem i s o su ende and hen expelling hem om all o
B azil.49
Viei a was bo n in Madei a Island, in Po ugal. C uz e Sil a compa es he glo y o
Madei a, which ga e bi h o a na ional he o, wi h he glo y o Aegina, a G eek island
which was he bi hplace o many he oes who ough a T oy. Many o Aeacus’ p ogeny
came om Aegina, such as Achilles (ode XLII, ep.1) and Ajax (s .2).50 Thei p owess
igh ing in he T ojan Wa is said o be meaningless agains Viei a’s “as onishing deeds”
(an .1), which e en ually ook away he ame o Aeacus’ sons (an .2). In ac , he Lusi a-
nian wa io e ociously o e whelms he Nede lands (ep.3) wi h a “cou ageous hea ”
(s .4), a “g ea w a h” and a “s o my a m” (an .4): he ge s coun less ic o ies om
p opi ious Ma s in a way ha made he en i e Du ch a my all in a “mo al ain ing”
(ep.4, an .7).
Ode XLII is among he las o C uz e Sil a’s Pinda ic odes, bu i goes back o
he T ojan Wa ’s i s yea s. As we can ead in s ophe 2, Telamon made he i s a -
ack agains T oy. Apa om Aeacus’ amily, he poe also men ions “o he g ea men”
49 Viei a’s deeds we e w i en by a leas h ee au ho s o his ime: Manuel Calado, Diogo Lopes
San iago, and Ra ael de Jesus. On he man, see “Viei a (João Fe nandes)”, in G ande Enciclopédia
Po uguesa e B asilei a, ol. 35, 242–45; on he B azilian Res o a ion om he Du ch in ade s, see
Se ão 1982, 106–23.
50 Achilles: son o Peleus, son o Aeacus; Ajax: son o Telamon, son o Aeacus. C uz e Sil a’s Ode
XLII can be cons ued as he Aeginean Pinda ic odes’ coun e pa . See, o ins ance, Is . VI, ep.1
and s .2: “And, as o you, ye sons o Aeacus wi h you golden cha io s, I deem i my clea es law,
o showe p aises on you, when’e I se oo on his isle. Fo coun less oads a e cle o you noble
deeds, oads wi h hei hund ed ee o con inuous b ead h, ex ending e en beyond he sp ings o
he Nile, and h ough he land beyond he No h wind. No is he e any ci y so ude in speech, so
s ange in ongue, ha i knowe h no he ame o he he o Pêleus, ha happy husband o a dei y,
no o Aias, no o Telamon, his si e” ( . Sandys 1968). On he so-called Aeginean odes, see Bu ne
2005.
The Pinda ic poe y o C uz e Sil a 125
(s .2). Thus, Ode XLII sings he impe ishable ame o many he oes who ough in he
T ojan Wa .
Pinda makes use o he oes om he G eek my hology o p aise he winne s o
a hle ic compe i ions. Likewise, C uz e Sil a’s immo alizes cha ac e s om Po u-
guese his o y: “ hey ascend he h one o iumphan memo y” (Ode XLII, an .2), o
jus as Pinda p aises his own pa ons’ deeds as being g ea e han hose o he T ojan
he oes, so oo a e hose done by C uz e Sil a’s subjec s. These he oes om legenda y
imes a e se as models known o he enligh ened schola s o he eigh een h cen u y
o make Po uguese his o ical cha ac e s seem ema kable. Achilles, Hec o and o he
epu ed G eek igh e s a e aken as li e a y e e ences only because hey a e he bes ,
and depic ing hem as less han Lusi anian he oes is he neoclassical way o showing
ha na ional ule s a e he bes o he bes . C uz e Sil a sings he glo ies o men (klea
and ōn), hus u ning epic ma e ial in o ly ic poe y, as Pinda did be o e him.51
Based “on e e ence o he classical wo ld,” Neoclassicism eco e s G eek and
Roman hemes, “a ibu ing hem au ho i y in unde s anding he mode n wo ld.”52
I s main ene s include an in e wo en ne wo k o many kinds o con ac s, om com-
pa isons and simila i ies o di e ences and pa adoxes. F om he his o ical o he li e -
a y domain, Neoclassicism inc eases he ame and s esses he deeds accomplished by
mo al men by u ning hem in o he oes o impe ishable glo y in ic o y odes.53 Fo
ha pu pose, he T ojan Wa p o ides C uz e Sil a wi h many examples o wa like
excellence, cou age and pa io ism, which he poe eco e s and ans e s o Lusi anian
he oes, hus a emp ing o glo i y hem. C uz e Sil a’s Pinda ic poe y is a se o he oic
songs, a wo k o pa io ic wo ship, a ly ic piece wi h his o ical con en .54 Na ional he-
oes become indispu able guides o mode n gene a ions,55 bu only h ough imi a ion
o he ancien he oic models.
51 On he klea and ōn bo h in ancien epic and ly ic poe y, see Nagy 1990, 146–214; 2013, 90–
108. See also Cu ie’s Pinda and he Cul o He oes (2005) on he p ocess o he o-making in Home ic
epic and Pinda ic epinicians.
52 Lyne 2007, 123, 136.
53 “The eason is e iden , o he design o he ode (I mean upon g ea occasions) is, like ha o
he oic poe y, o mo e he eade , and cause him admi a ion. Now, by he oic poe y he eade ’s
mind is exal ed g adually, wi h a mo e seda e and composed majes y; bu he ode, by eason o he
sho ness o i s compass, is obliged o ly in o anspo a i s , and o make use immedia ely o all
i s u y, and i s mos iolen e o s, o else i would wan ime o wo k i s e ec ” (John Dennis apud
Simon 1971, 164).
54 Cidade 1984, 289.
55 Co eia 2005, 28.

126 Rui Ca los Fonseca
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