wa e
A icle
A e Bioc us s and Xe ophy ic Vege a ion a Viable G een Roo
Typology in a Medi e anean Clima e? A Compa ison be ween
Di e en ly Vege a ed G een Roo s in Wa e Runo and
Wa e Quali y
Be na do Rocha 1,* , Te esa A. Paço 2,3 , Ana Ca a ina Luz 4, Paulo Palha 5, Sa ah Milliken 6,
Benzion Ko zen 6, C is ina B anquinho 1, Ped o Pinho 1and Rica do C uz de Ca alho 1,7


Ci a ion: Rocha, B.; Paço, T.A.; Luz,
A.C.; Palha, P.; Milliken, S.; Ko zen, B.;
B anquinho, C.; Pinho, P.; de
Ca alho, R.C. A e Bioc us s and
Xe ophy ic Vege a ion a Viable G een
Roo Typology in a Medi e anean
Clima e? A Compa ison be ween
Di e en ly Vege a ed G een Roo s in
Wa e Runo and Wa e Quali y.
Wa e 2021,13, 94. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/w13010094
Recei ed: 13 No embe 2020
Accep ed: 28 Decembe 2020
Published: 4 Janua y 2021
Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu-
al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional clai-
ms in published maps and ins i u io-
nal a ilia ions.
Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s. Li-
censee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and con-
di ions o he C ea i e Commons A -
ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1cE3c, Cen e o Ecology, E olu ion and En i onmen al Changes, Facul y o Sciences, Uni e si y o Lisbon,
Campo G ande, Edi ício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed] (C.B.);
[email p o ec ed] (P.P.); [email p o ec ed] (R.C.d.C.)
2Depa men o Biosys ems Enginee ing, Ins i u e o Ag onomy, Uni e si y o Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda,
1349-017 Lisbon, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
3
Linking Landscape, En i onmen , Ag icul u e and Food (LEAF), Ins i u e o Ag onomy, Uni e si y o Lisbon,
Tapada de Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Po ugal
4ISEG—Ins i u o Supe io de Economia e Ges ão da Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Rua do Quelhas 6,
1200-781 Lisboa, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
5Neo u , Rua das Amo ei as 155, 4460-227 Senho a da Ho a, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
6School o Design, Uni e si y o G eenwich, Pa k Row, London SE10 9LS, UK;
[email p o ec ed] (S.M.); B.Ko zen@g eenwich.ac.uk (B.K.)
7MARE—Ma ine and En i onmen al Sciences Cen e, Facul y o Sciences, Uni e si y o Lisbon,
Campo G ande, Edi ício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Po ugal
*Co espondence: b [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +351-916-108-006
Abs ac :
G een oo s can be an inno a i e and e ec i e way o mi iga ing he en i onmen al impac
o u baniza ion by p o iding se e al impo an ecosys em se ices. Howe e , i is known ha
he pe o mance o g een oo s a ies depending on he ype o ege a ion and, in d ie clima es,
wi hou eso ing o i iga ion, hese a e limi ed o xe ophy ic plan species and bioc us s. The aim
o his esea ch was he e o e o compa e di e en ly ege a ed g een oo s plan ed wi h his ype
o ege a ion. A pa icula ocus was hei abili y o hold wa e du ing in ense s o mwa e e en s
and also he quali y o he ha es ed ainwa e . Six es beds wi h di e en ege a ion composi ions
we e used on he oo o a building in Lisbon. Rega ding s o mwa e e en ion, he esul s a ied
depending on he composi ion o he ege a ion and he season. As o wa e quali y, almos all he
pa ame e s es ed we e highe han he D inking Wa e Di ec i e om he Eu opean Union (EU)
and Wo d Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) guidelines o d inking-wa e quali y s anda ds o po able
wa e . Based on ou esul s, bioc us s and xe ophy ic ege a ion a e a iable g een oo ypology o
slowing uno du ing s o mwa e e en s.
Keywo ds:
na u e-based solu ions; ecosys em se ices; sus ainabili y; s o mwa e e en ion; wa e
euse; Medi e anean clima e; bioc us oo s; xe ophy ic ege a ion
1. In oduc ion
Many u ban a eas ha e been s eadily inc easing bo h in size and densi y as mo e
people mig a e om u al a eas [
1
]. Inc easing popula ion densi ies in u ban en i onmen s
can lead o an in ensi ica ion o he u ban hea island e ec [
2
] and highe ulne abili y
o looding, as se lemen s on loodplains, de o es a ion, land con e sion and an inc ease
in impe ious su aces a eas can inc ease he numbe o lood e en s and hei associa ed
isks [
3
–
5
]. In ac , he Medi e anean basin expe iences se e al lood episodes e e y yea ,
mainly du ing he au umn and win e mon hs [
6
,
7
], namely in sou heas Spain, sou he n
Wa e 2021,13, 94. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/w13010094 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/wa e
Wa e 2021,13, 94 2 o 19
F ance, I aly, G eece and Is ael [
6
–
8
]. Wi h clima e change se o in ensi y his end
in he u u e, no only will such episodes become mo e equen , bu also mo e people
will be ulne able o hem, inc easing he isk o heal h haza ds [
5
,
9
–
14
] and signi ican
economic losses [
9
,
12
]. The educ ion in biodi e si y due o habi a agmen a ion and/o
deg ada ion [
15
–
18
] and he inc ease in pollu ion le els [
19
–
21
] a e wo o he majo h ea s
ha can a ise o be agg a a ed by highe popula ion densi ies in u ban en i onmen s.
One o he solu ions o coun e hese h ea s is o c ea e mo e and imp o e exis ing, g een
spaces. These no only cool he a mosphe e due o he e apo anspi a ion p ocess [
22
–
24
]
bu also can be used bo h o egula e he u ban wa e cycle by educing he amoun o
s o mwa e uno and o imp o e wa e quali y by emo ing pollu an s om uno .
Vege a ed s ee scapes designed o abso b wa e , such as bioswales and ain ga dens, ha e
been shown o be pa icula ly e ec i e, and while s ee ees in e cep ain all in hei
canopies and s o e wa e on hei lea es and s ems un il i is subsequen ly e apo a ed,
hose plan ed in ee pi s conside ably inc ease he in il a ion a e and he eby educe
su ace wa e uno [
25
]. Howe e , he ise in he demand o mo e housing and indus y
in u ban a eas ends o p e en he expansion and p ese a ion o g een a eas.
A possible solu ion o compensa e o hese issues is he use o g een oo s, which a e
classi ied as in ensi e, semi-in ensi e o ex ensi e, depending on he dep h o he subs a e.
An ex ensi e g een oo ype has a shallow subs a e, small plan s, and low main enance
equi emen s, usually wi hou i iga ion, which makes i mo e sui able o implemen a ion
a a la ge scale. In con as , an in ensi e g een oo is cha ac e ized by a deepe subs a e,
alle ege a ion a ie ies, and he e o e highe main enance and usually mo e ad anced
i iga ion sys ems. G een oo s ha e he po en ial o o e a wide ange o bene i s [
26
–
28
],
such as: (i) s o mwa e managemen [
29
], since hey abso b and hold ain all, he eby
p e en ing o a leas mi iga ing looding episodes, wi h he possibili y o eusing he wa e
e ained o i iga ion [
30
]; (ii) inc ease building insula ion, keeping i wa me in he win e
and coole du ing summe , he eby educing ene gy consump ion [
26
,
31
]; (iii) mi iga ing
he u ban hea island e ec [
32
,
33
]; (i ) seques e ing ai pollu an s such as CO
2
[
34
]; and
( ) c ea ing habi a s o lo a and auna, mainly insec s and bi ds [
35
–
37
]. They may also
be pa ially noise abso p i e. Ex ensi e esea ch has been unde aken on hese bene i s in
compa ison o mo e adi ional oo ma e ials. Se e al s udies ha e al eady assessed how
g een oo s pe o m conce ning s o mwa e e en ion [
38
–
43
], no only when compa ed o
adi ional oo s bu also compa ing di e en ypes o g een oo ege a ion. G een oo s
may delay he iming o peak uno , he eby alle ia ing s ess on s o m-sewe sys ems,
by s o ing wa e in he g owing medium and o a lesse ex en in he ege a ion canopy.
The abili y o a oo o e ain s o mwa e depends on ac o s such as he in ensi y and
du a ion o he ain e en , he d ainage elemen o he oo , as well as subs a e dep h and
composi ion, subs a e mois u e con en a he s a o he ain e en , and he ype, heal h,
and densi y o he ege a ion [25].
In a Medi e anean clima e, ex ensi e g een oo ege a ion is limi ed o species
able o endu e a d y and ho en i onmen , high sola exposu e, and wind. One way o
ex end he ange o plan s would be o use i iga ion sys ems, a solu ion al eady used
on mos g een oo s, pa icula ly du ing he summe season. Howe e , his solu ion is
nei he easible on a la ge scale, as i would be e y cos ly, no is i sus ainable. The e o e,
inno a i e ideas need o be explo ed o enable mo e widesp ead use o g een oo s in
sou he n Eu ope. The Na i eScapeGR p ojec [
44
–
46
], conduc ed in he ci y o Lisbon,
es ed he idea o using a ious na i e ascula plan s and mosses, which a e well adap ed
o he Medi e anean clima e (h p://www.isa.u l.p /p oj/Na i eScapeGR/). The esul s
showed ha di e en species we e able o su i e summe ha sh condi ions by only using
small i iga ion olumes [
46
]. Ne e heless, i is impo an o no e ha his inno a i e
ypology o g een oo s o ho , d y clima es may no be as e icien as o he ypes o plan s
in e ms o he ecosys em se ices hey p o ide. The e o e, a s udy was ca ied ou o assess
how di e en ly ege a ed g een oo s pe o m conce ning episodes o in ense s o mwa e
uno , by simula ing in ense ain all e en s. Addi ionally, es s we e conduc ed on he
Wa e 2021,13, 94 3 o 19
concen a ion o se e al key pa ame e s o he uno wa e o asce ain whe he i mee s
Eu opean and in e na ional po able wa e s anda ds.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. S udy A ea
The ieldwo k was conduc ed om Feb ua y o Oc obe 2019 on he oo o he
He ba ium building (38.707992,
−
9.184544) a he Ins i u o Supe io de Ag onomia (ISA)
(Figu e 1) on he ou ski s o he ci y o Lisbon, Po ugal. The su ounding landscape
consis s o a mland and u ban a eas composed o housing and oads.
Figu e 1.
Loca ion o he Ins i u o Supe io de Ag onomia, Lisbon, Po ugal. Tes beds we e ins alled on he oo o a
building in he Ins i u o complex. The yellow iangle ma ks he p ecise loca ion o he es beds.
Fo his s udy, six o he wel e me al es beds ha had been cons uc ed o he
2014 Na i eScapeGR p ojec [
44
] we e used (Figu e 2). The es beds (2.5
×
1
×
0.2 m) a e
ele a ed 1 m abo e he oo su ace and ha e a sligh slope o 2.5% o acili a e ainwa e
d ainage owa ds a small d ainage hole in he op igh co ne o he es bed. The es
beds we e designed o mimic an ex ensi e g een oo . They consis o a bo om laye
o geo ex ile, ollowed by a 25 mm polye hylene d ainage laye wi h ca i ies o wa e
s o age wi h an e ec i e s o age dep h o 3 L/m
2
o 3 mm and a il e . The uppe laye
consis s o a comme cial g een oo subs a e, wi h 71% o ganic ma e con en ( ex u e
no classi ied due o high o ganic ma e con en ) mixed wi h a medium o coa se ex u e
LECA (Ligh weigh Expanded Clay Agg ega e) wi h a 2 o 4 mm hickness, co esponding
o app oxima ely 30% o he composi ion o he subs a e laye .
Wa e 2021,13, 94 4 o 19
Figu e 2.
Me al es beds (2.5
×
1
×
0.2 m). The es beds used in his s udy a e ma ked in g een.
F om (
A
–
F
): (
A
) es bed #3; (
B
) es bed #5; (
C
) es bed #6, (
D
) es bed #10, (
E
) es bed #11 and (
F
)
es bed #12 (pho og aphs aken on he 20 May 2019).
2.2. Vege a ion Composi ion, Func ional T ai s and Co e
Al hough he es beds had al eady been used in p e ious s udies [
44
–
46
] and he e o e
unde gone di e en subs a e and ege a ion composi ions, since he end o 2018 hey had
all been illed wi h a comme cial g een oo subs a e, wi h 71% o ganic ma e con en .
Since he end o 2018 [
44
,
45
], he ege a ion composi ion wi hin each es bed has been a
combina ion o ou species ha we e plan ed du ing a p e ious p ojec (2014–2017) [
44
]—
Di ichia iscosa (L.) G eu e , La andula s oechas subsp. luisie i (Rozei a) Rozei a, Pleu ochae e
squa osa (B id.) Lindb. and Sedum sedi o me (Jacq.) Pau—and nine species ha na u ally
colonized he es beds—B iza maxima L., Conyza sp., Digi a ia sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Filago
py amida a L., Gomphoca pus u icosus (L.) W.T.Ai on, Illeceb um e icilla um L., Teuc ium
sco odonia L., T i olium angus i olium L. and Vulpia genicula a (L.) Link. Species composi ion
is shown in Table 1and hei unc ional a ibu es in Table 2. Tes bed #3 had he highes
species ichness wi h a o al o eigh species, ollowed by es bed #5 wi h se en species, es
bed #6 wi h six species, es bed #10 wi h ou species and las ly es beds #11 and #12 wi h,
espec i ely, h ee and one species. Filago py amida a and Sedum sedi o me we e he mos
common species, being p esen in ou o he six es beds. In con as , Digi a ia sanguinalis,
Gomphoca pus u icosus,Illeceb um e icilla um and La andula s oechas a . luisie i we e
p esen in only one o he es beds (Table 1).
Wa e 2021,13, 94 5 o 19
Table 1. Plan composi ion, axonomic di e si y and unc ional di e si y ega ding plan li e o m and oo ype.
Species Tes Bed #3 Tes Bed #5 Tes Bed #6 Tes Bed #10 Tes Bed #11 Tes Bed #12
B iza maxima • •
Conyza sp. • • •
Digi a ia sanguinalis •
Di ichia iscosa • •
Filago py amida a • • • •
Gomphoca pus u icosus •
Illeceb um e icilla um •
La andula s oechas subsp.
luisie i •
Pleu ochae e squa osa • • •
Sedum sedi o me • • • •
Teuc ium sco odonia • •
T i olium angus i olium • •
Vulpia genicula a • • •
To al numbe o species 8 7 6 4 3 1
Func ional di e si y 19 18 17 16 10 4
Li e o m di e si y 5 3 3 4 2 1
Func ional di e si y (Table 1), conside ing all ai s seen in Table 2, was highe in es
bed #3, #5, #6 and #10, and lowe in es bed #11 and #12. Li e o m di e si y (Table 1) was
also highe in es bed #3, which had a leas one specimen o each li e o m unc ional
g oup, excep o all sh ubs, ollowed by es bed #10, es bed #5 and #6, and lowe in es
bed #12, wi h only a moss species p esen .
The amoun o ege a ion co e also a ied among he es beds (Figu e 2). Vege a ion
co e was de e mined based on e ical pho og aphs aken o each es bed and e e s o
he a ea o he es bed su ace co e ed by ege a ion. Tes beds #5 and #11 had he highes
amoun o ege a ion co e , bo h wi h app oxima ely 80% co e . They we e ollowed by
es bed #10, wi h app oxima ely 40%. Tes bed #3 and #6 had a simila amoun o co e ,
wi h app oxima ely 25%. Tes bed #12 had he lowes amoun , wi h app oxima ely 15%.
2.3. Me hodologies Used o Assess Ecosys em Se ices
2.3.1. S o mwa e Managemen
Tes s on he du a ion and olume o s o mwa e uno we e conduc ed on h ee
di e en occasions in 2019, one be o e summe (21 o May) and wo a e (4 and 24 o
Oc obe ). All six es beds we e i iga ed wi h 40 L o wa e om he municipal d inking
wa e sys em du ing 135 s o simula e a e y ex eme episode o lash looding, as his
co esponds o app oxima ely 427 mm/h. I is impo an o no e ha his alue was chosen
as he subs a e in all es beds was e y d y by he ime o he es s. Fo ha eason, a e y
high i iga ion olume was used o ensu e ha signi ican uno di e ences be ween es
beds would be p oduced and a oid he majo i y o he i iga ed wa e being abso bed and
no uno . I iga ion was conduc ed by placing a hose e ically abo e he es bed and
using a low con ol wa e me e (NATRAIN NWC) o keep ack o he olume o wa e .
A e ical i iga ion p ocess was es ablished o mimic, o he bes ex en possible, a no mal
ainwa e pa e n, which mainly alls e ically o sligh ly il ed. To ensu e ha he es
beds su ace was e enly i iga ed, he hose was placed app oxima ely 1.70 m abo e he
es beds su ace. I iga ion was immedia ely s opped a e eaching he desi ed i iga ion
olume (40 L). Runo ime was measu ed using a ch onome e ha ini ia ed coun ing
when i iga ion s a ed and s opped when he wa e s a ed o pou ou o he d ainage
hole. Runo olume was measu ed using se e al 5 L plas ic bucke s. No su ace uno
occu ed as he heigh o he me al ame o he es bed was always, a leas , 10 cm highe
han he subs a e le el.

Wa e 2021,13, 94 6 o 19
Table 2.
Lis o species p esen in he es beds and hei espec i e unc ional cha ac e iza ion. S em heigh classes: small (0 o <20 cm), medium (20 o 100 cm) and all (>100 cm). S em heigh o
each species is gi en in cen ime e s (cm) and e e s o he a e age heigh ound in he li e a u e. All unc ional in o ma ion was ga he ed om ex ensi e online esea ch.
Species A e age S em
Heigh
Canopy
Densi y Li e Fo m N Fixa ion Hyd ic
Regula ion Li e Cycle Roo Type Pho osyn he ic
Pa hway Exo ic/Na i e
B iza maxima Medium
(80 cm) Low G ass No
Homoiohyd ic
Annual Fib ous oo C3 Na i e
Conyza sp. Tall
(120 cm) Medium Fo b No
Homoiohyd ic
Annual Tap oo C3 Exo ic
Digi a ia sanguinalis Medium
(60 cm) Low G ass No
Homoiohyd ic
Annual Fib ous oo C4 Exo ic
Di ichia iscosa Tall
(130 cm) Medium Sh ub No
Homoiohyd ic
Pe ennial Tap oo C3 Na i e
Filago py amida a Medium
(35 cm) Low Fo b No
Homoiohyd ic
Annual Tap oo C3 Na i e
Gomphoca pus
u icosus
Tall
(200 cm) High Tall sh ub No
Homoiohyd ic
Pe ennial Tap oo C3 Exo ic
Illeceb um e icilla um
Small
(2 cm) Ma - o ming Fo b No
Homoiohyd ic
Annual Tap oo C3 Na i e
La andula s oechas a .
luisie i
Medium
(60 cm) Medium Sh ub No
Homoiohyd ic
Pe ennial Fib ous oo C3 Na i e
Pleu ochae e squa osa Small
(2 cm) Ma - o ming Moss No Poikilohyd ic - - C3 Na i e
Sedum sedi o me Medium
(60 cm) Ma - o ming Succulen No
Homoiohyd ic
Pe ennial Tap oo CAM Na i e
Teuc ium sco odonia Medium
(50 cm) Medium Fo b No
Homoiohyd ic
Annual Fib ous oo C3 Na i e
T i olium angus i olium
Medium
(50 cm) Low Fo b Yes
Homoiohyd ic
Annual Tap oo C3 Na i e
Vulpia genicula a Medium
(60 cm) low G ass No
Homoiohyd ic
Annual Fib ous oo C3 Na i e
Wa e 2021,13, 94 7 o 19
2.3.2. Runo Quali y
Runo wa e o he quali y es s was collec ed on he 21 May 2019. A olume o
40 mL o uno wa e was collec ed in plas ic sample collec ion con aine s (50 mL), labelled,
and aken o he labo a o y. Du ing he es , wa e pooled on he su ace o he es beds.
Wa e ha in il a ed as e was po en ially less con amina ed ha he one who pooled, as
he la e had mo e ime o abso b con aminan s, p esen in he subs a e su ace, be o e
in il a ing o deepe laye s o he es bed. Fo ha eason, only he ini ial uno was
collec ed, which co esponds o he wa e ha in il a es immedia ely ins ead o pooling.
We also collec ed wa e om he municipal d inking wa e sys em and used i as a con ol.
In he labo a o y, each o he se en wa e samples, one o each es bed plus he con ol,
was es ed o ammonia and ammonium (NH
3
; NH
4+
), ni a e (NO
3
−
) and phospha e
(PO
43−
) concen a ions using an Aquacul u e Pho ome e HI8339 (Hanna Ins umen s, UK)
and ollowing he p ocedu es ecommended in i s ins uc ions.
2.4. S a is ical Analysis
All uno imes and olume alues, as well as he wa e pa ame e concen a ion
alues, we e s o ed in a da abase using Mic oso Excel, e sion 2010 [
47
]. A e ages uno
ime and olume we e calcula ed o each o he six es beds and each o he h ee uno
es s. Runo coe icien , pe es bed, was calcula ed by di iding he a e age olume o
wa e uno (mean o he h ee es s) by he i iga ion olume (40 L). Plan unc ional
di e si y (Table 1) was calcula ed based on he numbe o unc ional g oups om all ai s
(Table 2) p esen in each es bed and was included as a a iable and ela ed o he uno
pe o mance o he es beds. Plan li e o m di e si y de i es om he o al unc ional
di e si y. Fo each esponse a iable conside ed in his s udy, di e ences be ween he es
beds we e e alua ed wi h a one-way ANOVA wi h Tukey’s mul iple compa isons es ,
using G aphPad P ism 6.03 o Windows (G aphPad So wa e, San Diego, CA, USA) [48].
3. Resul s
3.1. S o mwa e Managemen
Runo ime and olume a ied bo h among es beds and ac oss he h ee di e en
es s (Tables 3and 4; Figu es 3–7). The a e age o he h ee uno es s showed ha highe
uno olumes we e accompanied by lowe uno imes (Figu e 3).
Table 3.
Measu emen s o all es bed uno imes, in seconds, o es 1, 2 and 3. The bo om line
ep esen s he a e age uno ime measu ed ac oss all es beds, o each es . The las column
ep esen s he a e age ime a e age uno ime measu ed ac oss all es s, o each es bed.
Runo Time (s) Tes n . 1
(21 May)
Tes n . 2
(4 Oc obe )
Tes n . 3
(24 Oc obe )
Tes Bed
A e age
Tes bed #3 110 64 136 103
Tes bed #5 118 101 137 119
Tes bed #6 125 116 119 120
Tes bed #10 134 116 150 134
Tes bed #11 140 64 123 109
Tes bed #12 107 57 127 97
Tes A e age 122.3 86.3 132.0
Wa e 2021,13, 94 8 o 19
Table 4.
Measu emen s o all es bed uno olumes, in li e s o he h ee dis inc es pe iods
(Tes n . 1, 2 and 3)
. The bo om line ep esen s he a e age uno olume measu ed ac oss all es
beds, o each es . The an epenul ima e column ep esen s he a e age uno olume measu ed
ac oss all es s, o each es bed. The las column ep esen s he uno coe icien , calcula ed o each
es bed, based on hei es bed a e ages.
Runo
Volume (L)
Tes n . 1
(21 May)
Tes n . 2
(4 Oc obe )
Tes n . 3
(24 Oc obe )
Tes Bed
A e age
Runo
Coe icien
Tes bed #3 9.65 15 13.75 12.80 0.32
Tes bed #5 9.75 11.7 14 11.82 0.30
Tes bed #6 6.5 13.5 15.5 11.83 0.30
Tes bed #10 5.9 10 15 10.3 0.26
Tes bed #11 7.6 21.5 20 16.37 0.41
Tes bed #12 10.6 22.5 18 17.03 0.43
Tes A e age 8.3 15.7 16.0
Figu e 3.
A e age uno ime and olume alues egis e ed du ing he h ee dis inc es pe iods
ac oss all es beds. Whiske s ep esen he s anda d de ia ion. Runo olume is exp essed in
li e s (L). Runo ime is exp essed in seconds (s).
Figu e 4.
A e age uno ime and olume alues egis e ed du ing he h ee es pe iods. Le e s (a)
and (b) ep esen s a is ical di e ences be ween a iables ( es s). Whiske s ep esen he minimum
and maximum alues. Runo olume is exp essed in li e s (L). Runo ime is exp essed in seconds (s).
Wa e 2021,13, 94 9 o 19
Figu e 5.
Runo ime alues egis e ed in he h ee dis inc es pe iods ac oss all es beds. Runo
ime alues exp essed in seconds (s).
Figu e 6.
Runo olume in he h ee dis inc es pe iods ac oss all es beds. Runo olume alues
exp essed in li e s (L).
Figu e 7.
A e age uno ime in each o he six es beds (on he le ). A e age uno olume alues
egis e ed in each o he six es beds (on he igh ). Whiske s ep esen he s anda d de ia ion.
Runo ime alues exp essed in seconds (s), uno olume alues exp essed in li e s (L).
The one-way ANOVA es allowed o compa ison o be made be ween he a e age
alues egis e ed ac oss he h ee es pe iods (Figu e 4). Rega ding he uno ime,
Wa e 2021,13, 94 16 o 19
no ed be ween he es beds demons a e ha species selec ion, in e ms o unc ional and
li e o m di e si y, can u he enhance his ecosys em se ice, since a combina ion o
di e en ege a ion unc ional cha ac e is ics leads o inc eased wa e e en ion. Runo
wa e quali y also a ied ac oss he es beds, bu he esul s did no show a link be ween
pa ame e concen a ions and ege a ion composi ion and co e , which sugges s ha
he subs a e composi ion has he g ea es impac on g een oo pe o mance ega ding
ainwa e quali y. O e all, we showed ha bioc us s and xe ophy ic ege a ion species
composi ion, when chosen ca e ully, a e sui able o g een oo s in Medi e anean a eas, as
hey can delay uno du ing in ense ain all e en s.
Supplemen a y Ma e ials:
The ollowing a e a ailable online a h ps://www.mdpi.com/2073-444
1/13/1/94/s1, Table S1: Wea he da a om he me eo ological s a ion o Tapada da Ajuda, dis anced
app oxima ely 200 m om ou s udy a ea (38.7095611,
−
9.18282500) o Ap il and May 2019. Mean T,
Max T and Min T ep esen he daily mean, maximum and minimum empe a u e eco ded a 1.5 m
abo e g ound. Values exp essed in en hs o
◦
C. G ass T ep esen he daily minimum empe a u e
eco ded a 1.5 cm abo e he g ound. Values exp essed in en hs o
◦
C. Soil mean T, Soil max T
and Soil min T ep esen he daily mean, maximum and minimum empe a u e eco ded a 10 cm
below g ound. Values exp essed in en hs o
◦
C. Mean H, Max H and Min H ep esen he daily
mean, maximum and minimum ai ela i e humidi y a 1.5 m abo e g ound. Values exp essed in %.
P ecipi a ion ep esen s o al daily p ecipi a ion. Values exp essed in en hs o mm.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, R.C.d.C.; Da a cu a ion, B.R.; Fo mal analysis, B.R.;
In es iga ion, B.R. and R.C.d.C.; Me hodology, B.R. and R.C.d.C.; P ojec adminis a ion, R.C.d.C.;
W i ing—o iginal d a , B.R.; W i ing— e iew and edi ing, B.R., T.A.P., A.C.L., P.P. (Paulo Palha),
S.M., B.K., C.B., P.P. (Ped o Pinho) and R.C.d.C. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published
e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding:
This esea ch was unded by Fundação pa a a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) ia he p ojec
MedMossRoo s (PTDC/ATP-ARP/5826/2014) and he esea ch uni LEAF—Linking Landscape,
En i onmen , Ag icul u e and Food (UID/AGR/04129/LEAF/2020). ACL was unded by FCT
ellowship SFRH/BD/141822/2018.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Acknowledgmen s:
The au ho s wish o hank Césa Ga cia (Facul y o Sciences o he Uni e si y o
Lisbon), o help wi h he iden i ica ion o he b yophy e species. We also highly app ecia e Alice
Nunes (Facul y o Sciences o he Uni e si y o Lisbon) o he help wi h he iden i ica ion o he
lo a and unc ional cha ac e iza ion o he iden i ied species. The au ho s hank Ins i u o Po uguês
do Ma e da A mos e a o p o iding clima ic da a om Tapada da Ajuda wea he s a ion.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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