Are Biocrusts and Xerophytic Vegetation a Viable Green Roof Typology in a Mediterranean Climate? A Comparison between Differently Vegetated Green Roofs in Water Runoff and Water Quality

wa e A icle A e Bioc us s and Xe ophy ic Vege a ion a Viable G een Roo Typology in a Medi e anean Clima e? A Compa ison be ween Di e en ly Vege a ed G een Roo s in Wa e Runo and Wa e Quali y Be na do Rocha 1,* , Te esa A. Paço 2,3 , Ana Ca a ina Luz 4, Paulo Palha 5, Sa ah Milliken 6, Benzion Ko zen 6, C is ina B anquinho 1, Ped o Pinho 1and Rica do C uz de Ca alho 1,7   Ci a ion: Rocha, B.; Paço, T.A.; Luz, A.C.; Palha, P.; Milliken, S.; Ko zen, B.; B anquinho, C.; Pinho, P.; de Ca alho, R.C. A e Bioc us s and Xe ophy ic Vege a ion a Viable G een Roo Typology in a Medi e anean Clima e? A Compa ison be ween Di e en ly Vege a ed G een Roo s in Wa e Runo and Wa e Quali y. Wa e 2021,13, 94. h ps://doi.o g/ 10.3390/w13010094 Recei ed: 13 No embe 2020 Accep ed: 28 Decembe 2020 Published: 4 Janua y 2021 Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu- al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional clai- ms in published maps and ins i u io- nal a ilia ions. Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s. Li- censee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and con- di ions o he C ea i e Commons A - ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps:// c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1cE3c, Cen e o Ecology, E olu ion and En i onmen al Changes, Facul y o Sciences, Uni e si y o Lisbon, Campo G ande, Edi ício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed] (C.B.); [email p o ec ed] (P.P.); [email p o ec ed] (R.C.d.C.) 2Depa men o Biosys ems Enginee ing, Ins i u e o Ag onomy, Uni e si y o Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed] 3 Linking Landscape, En i onmen , Ag icul u e and Food (LEAF), Ins i u e o Ag onomy, Uni e si y o Lisbon, Tapada de Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Po ugal 4ISEG—Ins i u o Supe io de Economia e Ges ão da Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Rua do Quelhas 6, 1200-781 Lisboa, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed] 5Neo u , Rua das Amo ei as 155, 4460-227 Senho a da Ho a, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed] 6School o Design, Uni e si y o G eenwich, Pa k Row, London SE10 9LS, UK; [email p o ec ed] (S.M.); B.Ko zen@g eenwich.ac.uk (B.K.) 7MARE—Ma ine and En i onmen al Sciences Cen e, Facul y o Sciences, Uni e si y o Lisbon, Campo G ande, Edi ício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Po ugal *Co espondence: b [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +351-916-108-006 Abs ac : G een oo s can be an inno a i e and e ec i e way o mi iga ing he en i onmen al impac o u baniza ion by p o iding se e al impo an ecosys em se ices. Howe e , i is known ha he pe o mance o g een oo s a ies depending on he ype o ege a ion and, in d ie clima es, wi hou eso ing o i iga ion, hese a e limi ed o xe ophy ic plan species and bioc us s. The aim o his esea ch was he e o e o compa e di e en ly ege a ed g een oo s plan ed wi h his ype o ege a ion. A pa icula ocus was hei abili y o hold wa e du ing in ense s o mwa e e en s and also he quali y o he ha es ed ainwa e . Six es beds wi h di e en ege a ion composi ions we e used on he oo o a building in Lisbon. Rega ding s o mwa e e en ion, he esul s a ied depending on he composi ion o he ege a ion and he season. As o wa e quali y, almos all he pa ame e s es ed we e highe han he D inking Wa e Di ec i e om he Eu opean Union (EU) and Wo d Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) guidelines o d inking-wa e quali y s anda ds o po able wa e . Based on ou esul s, bioc us s and xe ophy ic ege a ion a e a iable g een oo ypology o slowing uno du ing s o mwa e e en s. Keywo ds: na u e-based solu ions; ecosys em se ices; sus ainabili y; s o mwa e e en ion; wa e euse; Medi e anean clima e; bioc us oo s; xe ophy ic ege a ion 1. In oduc ion Many u ban a eas ha e been s eadily inc easing bo h in size and densi y as mo e people mig a e om u al a eas [ 1 ]. Inc easing popula ion densi ies in u ban en i onmen s can lead o an in ensi ica ion o he u ban hea island e ec [ 2 ] and highe ulne abili y o looding, as se lemen s on loodplains, de o es a ion, land con e sion and an inc ease in impe ious su aces a eas can inc ease he numbe o lood e en s and hei associa ed isks [ 3 – 5 ]. In ac , he Medi e anean basin expe iences se e al lood episodes e e y yea , mainly du ing he au umn and win e mon hs [ 6 , 7 ], namely in sou heas Spain, sou he n Wa e 2021,13, 94. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/w13010094 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/wa e Wa e 2021,13, 94 2 o 19 F ance, I aly, G eece and Is ael [ 6 – 8 ]. Wi h clima e change se o in ensi y his end in he u u e, no only will such episodes become mo e equen , bu also mo e people will be ulne able o hem, inc easing he isk o heal h haza ds [ 5 , 9 – 14 ] and signi ican economic losses [ 9 , 12 ]. The educ ion in biodi e si y due o habi a agmen a ion and/o deg ada ion [ 15 – 18 ] and he inc ease in pollu ion le els [ 19 – 21 ] a e wo o he majo h ea s ha can a ise o be agg a a ed by highe popula ion densi ies in u ban en i onmen s. One o he solu ions o coun e hese h ea s is o c ea e mo e and imp o e exis ing, g een spaces. These no only cool he a mosphe e due o he e apo anspi a ion p ocess [ 22 – 24 ] bu also can be used bo h o egula e he u ban wa e cycle by educing he amoun o s o mwa e uno and o imp o e wa e quali y by emo ing pollu an s om uno . Vege a ed s ee scapes designed o abso b wa e , such as bioswales and ain ga dens, ha e been shown o be pa icula ly e ec i e, and while s ee ees in e cep ain all in hei canopies and s o e wa e on hei lea es and s ems un il i is subsequen ly e apo a ed, hose plan ed in ee pi s conside ably inc ease he in il a ion a e and he eby educe su ace wa e uno [ 25 ]. Howe e , he ise in he demand o mo e housing and indus y in u ban a eas ends o p e en he expansion and p ese a ion o g een a eas. A possible solu ion o compensa e o hese issues is he use o g een oo s, which a e classi ied as in ensi e, semi-in ensi e o ex ensi e, depending on he dep h o he subs a e. An ex ensi e g een oo ype has a shallow subs a e, small plan s, and low main enance equi emen s, usually wi hou i iga ion, which makes i mo e sui able o implemen a ion a a la ge scale. In con as , an in ensi e g een oo is cha ac e ized by a deepe subs a e, alle ege a ion a ie ies, and he e o e highe main enance and usually mo e ad anced i iga ion sys ems. G een oo s ha e he po en ial o o e a wide ange o bene i s [ 26 – 28 ], such as: (i) s o mwa e managemen [ 29 ], since hey abso b and hold ain all, he eby p e en ing o a leas mi iga ing looding episodes, wi h he possibili y o eusing he wa e e ained o i iga ion [ 30 ]; (ii) inc ease building insula ion, keeping i wa me in he win e and coole du ing summe , he eby educing ene gy consump ion [ 26 , 31 ]; (iii) mi iga ing he u ban hea island e ec [ 32 , 33 ]; (i ) seques e ing ai pollu an s such as CO 2 [ 34 ]; and ( ) c ea ing habi a s o lo a and auna, mainly insec s and bi ds [ 35 – 37 ]. They may also be pa ially noise abso p i e. Ex ensi e esea ch has been unde aken on hese bene i s in compa ison o mo e adi ional oo ma e ials. Se e al s udies ha e al eady assessed how g een oo s pe o m conce ning s o mwa e e en ion [ 38 – 43 ], no only when compa ed o adi ional oo s bu also compa ing di e en ypes o g een oo ege a ion. G een oo s may delay he iming o peak uno , he eby alle ia ing s ess on s o m-sewe sys ems, by s o ing wa e in he g owing medium and o a lesse ex en in he ege a ion canopy. The abili y o a oo o e ain s o mwa e depends on ac o s such as he in ensi y and du a ion o he ain e en , he d ainage elemen o he oo , as well as subs a e dep h and composi ion, subs a e mois u e con en a he s a o he ain e en , and he ype, heal h, and densi y o he ege a ion [25]. In a Medi e anean clima e, ex ensi e g een oo ege a ion is limi ed o species able o endu e a d y and ho en i onmen , high sola exposu e, and wind. One way o ex end he ange o plan s would be o use i iga ion sys ems, a solu ion al eady used on mos g een oo s, pa icula ly du ing he summe season. Howe e , his solu ion is nei he easible on a la ge scale, as i would be e y cos ly, no is i sus ainable. The e o e, inno a i e ideas need o be explo ed o enable mo e widesp ead use o g een oo s in sou he n Eu ope. The Na i eScapeGR p ojec [ 44 – 46 ], conduc ed in he ci y o Lisbon, es ed he idea o using a ious na i e ascula plan s and mosses, which a e well adap ed o he Medi e anean clima e (h p://www.isa.u l.p /p oj/Na i eScapeGR/). The esul s showed ha di e en species we e able o su i e summe ha sh condi ions by only using small i iga ion olumes [ 46 ]. Ne e heless, i is impo an o no e ha his inno a i e ypology o g een oo s o ho , d y clima es may no be as e icien as o he ypes o plan s in e ms o he ecosys em se ices hey p o ide. The e o e, a s udy was ca ied ou o assess how di e en ly ege a ed g een oo s pe o m conce ning episodes o in ense s o mwa e uno , by simula ing in ense ain all e en s. Addi ionally, es s we e conduc ed on he Wa e 2021,13, 94 3 o 19 concen a ion o se e al key pa ame e s o he uno wa e o asce ain whe he i mee s Eu opean and in e na ional po able wa e s anda ds. 2. Ma e ials and Me hods 2.1. S udy A ea The ieldwo k was conduc ed om Feb ua y o Oc obe 2019 on he oo o he He ba ium building (38.707992, − 9.184544) a he Ins i u o Supe io de Ag onomia (ISA) (Figu e 1) on he ou ski s o he ci y o Lisbon, Po ugal. The su ounding landscape consis s o a mland and u ban a eas composed o housing and oads. Figu e 1. Loca ion o he Ins i u o Supe io de Ag onomia, Lisbon, Po ugal. Tes beds we e ins alled on he oo o a building in he Ins i u o complex. The yellow iangle ma ks he p ecise loca ion o he es beds. Fo his s udy, six o he wel e me al es beds ha had been cons uc ed o he 2014 Na i eScapeGR p ojec [ 44 ] we e used (Figu e 2). The es beds (2.5 × 1 × 0.2 m) a e ele a ed 1 m abo e he oo su ace and ha e a sligh slope o 2.5% o acili a e ainwa e d ainage owa ds a small d ainage hole in he op igh co ne o he es bed. The es beds we e designed o mimic an ex ensi e g een oo . They consis o a bo om laye o geo ex ile, ollowed by a 25 mm polye hylene d ainage laye wi h ca i ies o wa e s o age wi h an e ec i e s o age dep h o 3 L/m 2 o 3 mm and a il e . The uppe laye consis s o a comme cial g een oo subs a e, wi h 71% o ganic ma e con en ( ex u e no classi ied due o high o ganic ma e con en ) mixed wi h a medium o coa se ex u e LECA (Ligh weigh Expanded Clay Agg ega e) wi h a 2 o 4 mm hickness, co esponding o app oxima ely 30% o he composi ion o he subs a e laye . Wa e 2021,13, 94 4 o 19 Figu e 2. Me al es beds (2.5 × 1 × 0.2 m). The es beds used in his s udy a e ma ked in g een. F om ( A – F ): ( A ) es bed #3; ( B ) es bed #5; ( C ) es bed #6, ( D ) es bed #10, ( E ) es bed #11 and ( F ) es bed #12 (pho og aphs aken on he 20 May 2019). 2.2. Vege a ion Composi ion, Func ional T ai s and Co e Al hough he es beds had al eady been used in p e ious s udies [ 44 – 46 ] and he e o e unde gone di e en subs a e and ege a ion composi ions, since he end o 2018 hey had all been illed wi h a comme cial g een oo subs a e, wi h 71% o ganic ma e con en . Since he end o 2018 [ 44 , 45 ], he ege a ion composi ion wi hin each es bed has been a combina ion o ou species ha we e plan ed du ing a p e ious p ojec (2014–2017) [ 44 ]— Di ichia iscosa (L.) G eu e , La andula s oechas subsp. luisie i (Rozei a) Rozei a, Pleu ochae e squa osa (B id.) Lindb. and Sedum sedi o me (Jacq.) Pau—and nine species ha na u ally colonized he es beds—B iza maxima L., Conyza sp., Digi a ia sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Filago py amida a L., Gomphoca pus u icosus (L.) W.T.Ai on, Illeceb um e icilla um L., Teuc ium sco odonia L., T i olium angus i olium L. and Vulpia genicula a (L.) Link. Species composi ion is shown in Table 1and hei unc ional a ibu es in Table 2. Tes bed #3 had he highes species ichness wi h a o al o eigh species, ollowed by es bed #5 wi h se en species, es bed #6 wi h six species, es bed #10 wi h ou species and las ly es beds #11 and #12 wi h, espec i ely, h ee and one species. Filago py amida a and Sedum sedi o me we e he mos common species, being p esen in ou o he six es beds. In con as , Digi a ia sanguinalis, Gomphoca pus u icosus,Illeceb um e icilla um and La andula s oechas a . luisie i we e p esen in only one o he es beds (Table 1). Wa e 2021,13, 94 5 o 19 Table 1. Plan composi ion, axonomic di e si y and unc ional di e si y ega ding plan li e o m and oo ype. Species Tes Bed #3 Tes Bed #5 Tes Bed #6 Tes Bed #10 Tes Bed #11 Tes Bed #12 B iza maxima • • Conyza sp. • • • Digi a ia sanguinalis • Di ichia iscosa • • Filago py amida a • • • • Gomphoca pus u icosus • Illeceb um e icilla um • La andula s oechas subsp. luisie i • Pleu ochae e squa osa • • • Sedum sedi o me • • • • Teuc ium sco odonia • • T i olium angus i olium • • Vulpia genicula a • • • To al numbe o species 8 7 6 4 3 1 Func ional di e si y 19 18 17 16 10 4 Li e o m di e si y 5 3 3 4 2 1 Func ional di e si y (Table 1), conside ing all ai s seen in Table 2, was highe in es bed #3, #5, #6 and #10, and lowe in es bed #11 and #12. Li e o m di e si y (Table 1) was also highe in es bed #3, which had a leas one specimen o each li e o m unc ional g oup, excep o all sh ubs, ollowed by es bed #10, es bed #5 and #6, and lowe in es bed #12, wi h only a moss species p esen . The amoun o ege a ion co e also a ied among he es beds (Figu e 2). Vege a ion co e was de e mined based on e ical pho og aphs aken o each es bed and e e s o he a ea o he es bed su ace co e ed by ege a ion. Tes beds #5 and #11 had he highes amoun o ege a ion co e , bo h wi h app oxima ely 80% co e . They we e ollowed by es bed #10, wi h app oxima ely 40%. Tes bed #3 and #6 had a simila amoun o co e , wi h app oxima ely 25%. Tes bed #12 had he lowes amoun , wi h app oxima ely 15%. 2.3. Me hodologies Used o Assess Ecosys em Se ices 2.3.1. S o mwa e Managemen Tes s on he du a ion and olume o s o mwa e uno we e conduc ed on h ee di e en occasions in 2019, one be o e summe (21 o May) and wo a e (4 and 24 o Oc obe ). All six es beds we e i iga ed wi h 40 L o wa e om he municipal d inking wa e sys em du ing 135 s o simula e a e y ex eme episode o lash looding, as his co esponds o app oxima ely 427 mm/h. I is impo an o no e ha his alue was chosen as he subs a e in all es beds was e y d y by he ime o he es s. Fo ha eason, a e y high i iga ion olume was used o ensu e ha signi ican uno di e ences be ween es beds would be p oduced and a oid he majo i y o he i iga ed wa e being abso bed and no uno . I iga ion was conduc ed by placing a hose e ically abo e he es bed and using a low con ol wa e me e (NATRAIN NWC) o keep ack o he olume o wa e . A e ical i iga ion p ocess was es ablished o mimic, o he bes ex en possible, a no mal ainwa e pa e n, which mainly alls e ically o sligh ly il ed. To ensu e ha he es beds su ace was e enly i iga ed, he hose was placed app oxima ely 1.70 m abo e he es beds su ace. I iga ion was immedia ely s opped a e eaching he desi ed i iga ion olume (40 L). Runo ime was measu ed using a ch onome e ha ini ia ed coun ing when i iga ion s a ed and s opped when he wa e s a ed o pou ou o he d ainage hole. Runo olume was measu ed using se e al 5 L plas ic bucke s. No su ace uno occu ed as he heigh o he me al ame o he es bed was always, a leas , 10 cm highe han he subs a e le el. Wa e 2021,13, 94 6 o 19 Table 2. Lis o species p esen in he es beds and hei espec i e unc ional cha ac e iza ion. S em heigh classes: small (0 o <20 cm), medium (20 o 100 cm) and all (>100 cm). S em heigh o each species is gi en in cen ime e s (cm) and e e s o he a e age heigh ound in he li e a u e. All unc ional in o ma ion was ga he ed om ex ensi e online esea ch. Species A e age S em Heigh Canopy Densi y Li e Fo m N Fixa ion Hyd ic Regula ion Li e Cycle Roo Type Pho osyn he ic Pa hway Exo ic/Na i e B iza maxima Medium (80 cm) Low G ass No Homoiohyd ic Annual Fib ous oo C3 Na i e Conyza sp. Tall (120 cm) Medium Fo b No Homoiohyd ic Annual Tap oo C3 Exo ic Digi a ia sanguinalis Medium (60 cm) Low G ass No Homoiohyd ic Annual Fib ous oo C4 Exo ic Di ichia iscosa Tall (130 cm) Medium Sh ub No Homoiohyd ic Pe ennial Tap oo C3 Na i e Filago py amida a Medium (35 cm) Low Fo b No Homoiohyd ic Annual Tap oo C3 Na i e Gomphoca pus u icosus Tall (200 cm) High Tall sh ub No Homoiohyd ic Pe ennial Tap oo C3 Exo ic Illeceb um e icilla um Small (2 cm) Ma - o ming Fo b No Homoiohyd ic Annual Tap oo C3 Na i e La andula s oechas a . luisie i Medium (60 cm) Medium Sh ub No Homoiohyd ic Pe ennial Fib ous oo C3 Na i e Pleu ochae e squa osa Small (2 cm) Ma - o ming Moss No Poikilohyd ic - - C3 Na i e Sedum sedi o me Medium (60 cm) Ma - o ming Succulen No Homoiohyd ic Pe ennial Tap oo CAM Na i e Teuc ium sco odonia Medium (50 cm) Medium Fo b No Homoiohyd ic Annual Fib ous oo C3 Na i e T i olium angus i olium Medium (50 cm) Low Fo b Yes Homoiohyd ic Annual Tap oo C3 Na i e Vulpia genicula a Medium (60 cm) low G ass No Homoiohyd ic Annual Fib ous oo C3 Na i e Wa e 2021,13, 94 7 o 19 2.3.2. Runo Quali y Runo wa e o he quali y es s was collec ed on he 21 May 2019. A olume o 40 mL o uno wa e was collec ed in plas ic sample collec ion con aine s (50 mL), labelled, and aken o he labo a o y. Du ing he es , wa e pooled on he su ace o he es beds. Wa e ha in il a ed as e was po en ially less con amina ed ha he one who pooled, as he la e had mo e ime o abso b con aminan s, p esen in he subs a e su ace, be o e in il a ing o deepe laye s o he es bed. Fo ha eason, only he ini ial uno was collec ed, which co esponds o he wa e ha in il a es immedia ely ins ead o pooling. We also collec ed wa e om he municipal d inking wa e sys em and used i as a con ol. In he labo a o y, each o he se en wa e samples, one o each es bed plus he con ol, was es ed o ammonia and ammonium (NH 3 ; NH 4+ ), ni a e (NO 3 − ) and phospha e (PO 43− ) concen a ions using an Aquacul u e Pho ome e HI8339 (Hanna Ins umen s, UK) and ollowing he p ocedu es ecommended in i s ins uc ions. 2.4. S a is ical Analysis All uno imes and olume alues, as well as he wa e pa ame e concen a ion alues, we e s o ed in a da abase using Mic oso Excel, e sion 2010 [ 47 ]. A e ages uno ime and olume we e calcula ed o each o he six es beds and each o he h ee uno es s. Runo coe icien , pe es bed, was calcula ed by di iding he a e age olume o wa e uno (mean o he h ee es s) by he i iga ion olume (40 L). Plan unc ional di e si y (Table 1) was calcula ed based on he numbe o unc ional g oups om all ai s (Table 2) p esen in each es bed and was included as a a iable and ela ed o he uno pe o mance o he es beds. Plan li e o m di e si y de i es om he o al unc ional di e si y. Fo each esponse a iable conside ed in his s udy, di e ences be ween he es beds we e e alua ed wi h a one-way ANOVA wi h Tukey’s mul iple compa isons es , using G aphPad P ism 6.03 o Windows (G aphPad So wa e, San Diego, CA, USA) [48]. 3. Resul s 3.1. S o mwa e Managemen Runo ime and olume a ied bo h among es beds and ac oss he h ee di e en es s (Tables 3and 4; Figu es 3–7). The a e age o he h ee uno es s showed ha highe uno olumes we e accompanied by lowe uno imes (Figu e 3). Table 3. Measu emen s o all es bed uno imes, in seconds, o es 1, 2 and 3. The bo om line ep esen s he a e age uno ime measu ed ac oss all es beds, o each es . The las column ep esen s he a e age ime a e age uno ime measu ed ac oss all es s, o each es bed. Runo Time (s) Tes n . 1 (21 May) Tes n . 2 (4 Oc obe ) Tes n . 3 (24 Oc obe ) Tes Bed A e age Tes bed #3 110 64 136 103 Tes bed #5 118 101 137 119 Tes bed #6 125 116 119 120 Tes bed #10 134 116 150 134 Tes bed #11 140 64 123 109 Tes bed #12 107 57 127 97 Tes A e age 122.3 86.3 132.0 Wa e 2021,13, 94 8 o 19 Table 4. Measu emen s o all es bed uno olumes, in li e s o he h ee dis inc es pe iods (Tes n . 1, 2 and 3) . The bo om line ep esen s he a e age uno olume measu ed ac oss all es beds, o each es . The an epenul ima e column ep esen s he a e age uno olume measu ed ac oss all es s, o each es bed. The las column ep esen s he uno coe icien , calcula ed o each es bed, based on hei es bed a e ages. Runo Volume (L) Tes n . 1 (21 May) Tes n . 2 (4 Oc obe ) Tes n . 3 (24 Oc obe ) Tes Bed A e age Runo Coe icien Tes bed #3 9.65 15 13.75 12.80 0.32 Tes bed #5 9.75 11.7 14 11.82 0.30 Tes bed #6 6.5 13.5 15.5 11.83 0.30 Tes bed #10 5.9 10 15 10.3 0.26 Tes bed #11 7.6 21.5 20 16.37 0.41 Tes bed #12 10.6 22.5 18 17.03 0.43 Tes A e age 8.3 15.7 16.0 Figu e 3. A e age uno ime and olume alues egis e ed du ing he h ee dis inc es pe iods ac oss all es beds. Whiske s ep esen he s anda d de ia ion. Runo olume is exp essed in li e s (L). Runo ime is exp essed in seconds (s). Figu e 4. A e age uno ime and olume alues egis e ed du ing he h ee es pe iods. Le e s (a) and (b) ep esen s a is ical di e ences be ween a iables ( es s). Whiske s ep esen he minimum and maximum alues. Runo olume is exp essed in li e s (L). Runo ime is exp essed in seconds (s). Wa e 2021,13, 94 9 o 19 Figu e 5. Runo ime alues egis e ed in he h ee dis inc es pe iods ac oss all es beds. Runo ime alues exp essed in seconds (s). Figu e 6. Runo olume in he h ee dis inc es pe iods ac oss all es beds. Runo olume alues exp essed in li e s (L). Figu e 7. A e age uno ime in each o he six es beds (on he le ). A e age uno olume alues egis e ed in each o he six es beds (on he igh ). Whiske s ep esen he s anda d de ia ion. Runo ime alues exp essed in seconds (s), uno olume alues exp essed in li e s (L). The one-way ANOVA es allowed o compa ison o be made be ween he a e age alues egis e ed ac oss he h ee es pe iods (Figu e 4). Rega ding he uno ime, Wa e 2021,13, 94 16 o 19 no ed be ween he es beds demons a e ha species selec ion, in e ms o unc ional and li e o m di e si y, can u he enhance his ecosys em se ice, since a combina ion o di e en ege a ion unc ional cha ac e is ics leads o inc eased wa e e en ion. Runo wa e quali y also a ied ac oss he es beds, bu he esul s did no show a link be ween pa ame e concen a ions and ege a ion composi ion and co e , which sugges s ha he subs a e composi ion has he g ea es impac on g een oo pe o mance ega ding ainwa e quali y. O e all, we showed ha bioc us s and xe ophy ic ege a ion species composi ion, when chosen ca e ully, a e sui able o g een oo s in Medi e anean a eas, as hey can delay uno du ing in ense ain all e en s. Supplemen a y Ma e ials: The ollowing a e a ailable online a h ps://www.mdpi.com/2073-444 1/13/1/94/s1, Table S1: Wea he da a om he me eo ological s a ion o Tapada da Ajuda, dis anced app oxima ely 200 m om ou s udy a ea (38.7095611, − 9.18282500) o Ap il and May 2019. Mean T, Max T and Min T ep esen he daily mean, maximum and minimum empe a u e eco ded a 1.5 m abo e g ound. Values exp essed in en hs o ◦ C. G ass T ep esen he daily minimum empe a u e eco ded a 1.5 cm abo e he g ound. Values exp essed in en hs o ◦ C. Soil mean T, Soil max T and Soil min T ep esen he daily mean, maximum and minimum empe a u e eco ded a 10 cm below g ound. Values exp essed in en hs o ◦ C. Mean H, Max H and Min H ep esen he daily mean, maximum and minimum ai ela i e humidi y a 1.5 m abo e g ound. Values exp essed in %. P ecipi a ion ep esen s o al daily p ecipi a ion. Values exp essed in en hs o mm. Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, R.C.d.C.; Da a cu a ion, B.R.; Fo mal analysis, B.R.; In es iga ion, B.R. and R.C.d.C.; Me hodology, B.R. and R.C.d.C.; P ojec adminis a ion, R.C.d.C.; W i ing—o iginal d a , B.R.; W i ing— e iew and edi ing, B.R., T.A.P., A.C.L., P.P. (Paulo Palha), S.M., B.K., C.B., P.P. (Ped o Pinho) and R.C.d.C. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip . Funding: This esea ch was unded by Fundação pa a a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) ia he p ojec MedMossRoo s (PTDC/ATP-ARP/5826/2014) and he esea ch uni LEAF—Linking Landscape, En i onmen , Ag icul u e and Food (UID/AGR/04129/LEAF/2020). ACL was unded by FCT ellowship SFRH/BD/141822/2018. Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable. In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable. Acknowledgmen s: The au ho s wish o hank Césa Ga cia (Facul y o Sciences o he Uni e si y o Lisbon), o help wi h he iden i ica ion o he b yophy e species. 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