Museums: Not Just Visiting Spaces but a Driving Force for the Use of Advanced S&T in the Restoration of Artworks

IBIMA Publishing Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/JAST/jast.html Vol. 2014 (2014), Article ID 539873, 21 pages DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 ______________ Cite this Article as: Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), " Museums: Not Just Visiting Spaces but a Driving Force for the Use of Advanced S&T in the Restoration of Artworks", Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology , Vol. 2014 (2014), Article ID 539873, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Research Article Museums: Not Just Visiting Spaces but a Driving Force for the Use of Advanced S&T in the Restoration of Artworks Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós Management Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera Valencia, Spain Correspondence should be addressed to: Blanca de-Miguel-Molina; [email protected] Received date: 8 October 2013; Accepted date: 7 January 2014; Published date: 31 October 2014 Copyright © 2014. Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 3.0 Introduction The conservation and restoration of artworks are included in the industries considered as creative or cultural industries (de-Miguel-Molina et al 2013). The UK Department for Culture, Media and Sports (DCMS) (2009), defined creative industries as “those industries that are based on individual creativity, skill and talent, and which have the potential to create wealth and jobs through developing intellectual property”. The arts, heritage and recreation sectors come under the European classifications NACEs 90, 91, 92 and 93. NACEs 90 and 91 are also part of the Knowledge Intensive Services (KIS) industries, which are those related to the knowledge-based economy (de-Miguel-Molina et al. 2012; Windrum & Tomlinson, 1999; Aslesen & Isaksen, 2007a; Bishop, 2008; Strambach, 2008). In terms of the arts and cultures sector, Bakhshi and Throsby (2010) discussed the lack of studies on innovation, which has been ignored in studies conducted about creative industries. Although there are good studies about the use of science in the restoration of specific artworks (Casadio et al. 2010, Cotte et al. 2010, Doménech-Carbó et al. 2011, Baglioni et al. 2012, DoménechCarbó et al. 2012), the literature about the importance of open innovation and cooperation between different institutions Abstract Our paper analyses how museums not only play a traditional role in the cultural service but also act as a driving force for the use of science and technology in the conservation of artworks. Through a bibliometric approach and the use of social network analysis (SNA), we explore co-authorship of scientific articles and we detect how museums look for knowledge bases in science and technology. We also differentiate between institutions and geographical regions in order to find patterns in the cooperation with other institutions. Results indicate that European countries are important nodes in the cooperation for restoration and conservation, and patterns of cooperation indicate that museums look for knowledge bases mainly in restoration institutes and other museums in their own countries. This implies that museums look for analytical and synthetic knowledge out of the museums when they need to apply advanced science and technology in restoration. Keywords: Museums, conservation & restoration, networks, creative industries. Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology 2 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 in this subsector of creative industries is scarce. This paper tries to cover this gap. In short, our paper’s goal is to examine cooperation between museums and other institutions in the restoration and conservation of artworks. To reach this objective, we have put forward two questions with reference to cooperation in this activity: RQ1: Are museums in European countries important participants in cooperation with other institutions? RQ2: Does a pattern in the cooperation between museums and other institutions exist? Data were taken from the bibliometric analysis of scientific co-authored papers searched in Elsevier’s Scopus database. The final number of articles was 1,656. These data were cleaned through the VantagePoint software. Important conclusions are inferred from the results. The first is that the participation of European countries for the application of science and technology in conservation and restoration of artworks is evidenced. The second is that, although many museums write papers by their own, when they co-author papers with other institutions, the latter are mainly located in their own country. These institutions are, mainly, research institutes and other museums. Results also illustrate that museums look for institutions that have different types of knowledge bases: symbolic (arts), analytical (physics and chemistry) and synthetic (engineering). The Use of S&T in the Conservation and Restoration of Artworks Lazzeretti (2012) has analysed the importance of cooperation between different institutions in the development of laser technology for restoring artworks. She explains how cooperation is mainly between local institutions, which can produce the development of a cluster, like the restoration cluster in Firenze (Italy). However, literature about cooperation in arts activities in an innovation framework, like the scheme explained in the Oslo Manual (2005), is scarce. The main problem in analysing activities like conservation and restoration is that there are no data in the innovation surveys that some countries elaborate. In the subsector covered in this paper, data for patents would be collected from national surveys if they were available, but it is not the case. One solution is the use of bibliometric approach to cover this gap, and especially scientific articles. Different authors have studied technologies, knowledge and networks (Youtie and Shapira 2008, Leydesdorff and Rafols 2011, Robinson et al. 2013). Abramo et al. (2009) mention that using a bibliometric approach to studying cooperation between institutions, as universities and industries, through co-authorship of scientific articles, also allows the diffusion of knowledge and skills. Moreover, Wall and Boschma (2009) refer to knowledge networks in innovation systems where dissemination occurs both between local and abroad actors. In applying a new technology, Boschma (2005) and Rafols et al. (2010) state that actors require cognitive proximity to absorb new knowledge. These authors also ask if the networks will be local, national or global, and if the proximity will be geographic or cognitive. Conservation is cited by authors among the main activities in a museum, and essential to preserve its heritage (Papini and Persiani 2004, Kotler et al. 2008). At the end of the XVIII century and throughout the XIX, art collections and catalogues live with research in physics and chemistry applied to artworks restoration. Museum restoration laboratories and departments were set up during the XIX century (Moreira 2008). Therefore, analytical knowledge cooperation co-exists in museums since restoration departments were created. 3 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Method Data The data used to measure collaboration are scientific co-authored papers. For bibliometric analysis, we searched keywords “paint*” AND “restoration” OR “conservation” in Elsevier’s Scopus database. We obtained publications in international journals about the restoration and conservation of painting artworks. The final number of articles was 1,656. These data were imported to VantagePoint software, which was used to clean up the institutions involved in restoration and conservation, and elaborate matrixes of coauthorship among museums, restoration institutes and universities. Matrixes were elaborated depending on papers: museums with other museums, museums with restoration and conservation institutes, museums with university physics and chemistry departments, and museums with university engineering and Information Technologies departments. The number of institutions analysed was 222: 94 museums from 26 countries, 41 conservation and restoration institutes, 49 university physics and chemistry departments and 38 university engineering and Information Technologies university departments. Methodology For bibliometric analysis, we used Elsevier’s Scopus database and the data were cleaned and prepared using three softwares: VantagePoint, WordStat and QDMiner. Matrixes were elaborated depending on: a) papers that were written by the museums or b) papers that were coauthored between a museum and: other museums (symbolic knowledge), restoration and conservation institutes (symbolic), physics and chemistry departments in universities (analytical), or engineering and Information Technologies departments in universities (synthetic). Moreover, institutions were defined depending on their geographical location: Europe, USA & Canada, Central & South America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. A total of 94 museums were analysed, 26 of which were located in the United States, 53 in Europe, 7 in Asia, 3 in Africa, 2 in Central & South America and 2 in Oceania. Networks of 2-mode were represented by means of UCINET6 and NETDRAW software. Centralisation degree for affiliation matrixes was calculated in order to determine which institutions coauthored more papers with museums. Results In this section, we answer the two research questions posed at the start of this paper: RQ1: Are museums in European countries important participants in cooperation with other institutions? RQ2: Does a pattern in the cooperation between museums and other institutions exist? In terms of the first research question, we focus on countries and the importance they have in the science of conservation and restoration of artwork. For this purpose, we elaborate a 1-mode matrix where columns and rows are each country, included in the same order. We have used the number of papers in which every country appears as attributes. Therefore, we represent, in Figure 1, co-authorship between countries, and the size of the nodes represents how important is every country. The figure shows that Italy and the United States are the most important countries. Also, the United Kingdom and Spain are between the most important participants in explaining how to use science and technology in conservation and restoration. Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology 4 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Figure 1: Ranking of countries in co-authorship of papers about conservation and restoration of artworks. Source: compiled by authors based on the Scopus database In order to analyse in detail the countries that cooperate more in conservation and restoration, we need to eliminate those that do not cooperate. In this case, we eliminate the nodes that appear in the left side in Figure 1: Israel, Iran, Macedonia, Slovakia, Belarus, Chile, Croatia, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Once we had eliminated these nodes, we used social network analysis (SNA) to calculate the centrality degree, which calculated how many nodes are connected. Table 1 indicates that Italy is the country with the highest degree of cooperation in papers. The second country in order of appearance is the United Kingdom and the third is the United States. Column “Nrm Degree” indicates that each one of these three countries has more than 10% of the total connections of the network. Table 1: Centrality measure: degree Country Degree Nrm Degree Italy 105 13.67 United Kingdom 99 12.89 United States 82 10.68 France 59 7.68 Greece 56 7.29 Spain 52 6.77 Netherlands 50 6.51 Germany 47 6.12 Belgium 39 5.08 Portugal 30 3.91 Poland 22 2.86 5 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Source: Compiled by authors based on the Scopus database Canada 19 2.47 Japan 15 1.95 Slovenia 15 1.95 Austria 12 1.56 Finland 11 1.43 Romania 9 1.17 South Africa 9 1.17 Hungary 9 1.17 Denmark 9 1.17 Australia 8 1.04 Serbia 8 1.04 Switzerland 7 0.91 Lithuania 7 0.91 China 6 0.78 Brazil 6 0.78 Egypt 5 0.65 Singapore 5 0.65 Sweden 5 0.65 Czech Republic 4 0.52 Argentina 4 0.52 México 4 0.52 Cyprus 4 0.52 India 3 0.39 South Korea 3 0.39 Albania 3 0.39 Bulgaria 3 0.39 Russian Federation 2 0.26 Hong Kong 2 0.26 Ireland 2 0.26 Cuba 2 0.26 Jordan 2 0.26 Luxembourg 2 0.26 Taiwan 1 0.13 Turkey 1 0.13 New Zealand 1 0.13 Malaysia 1 0.13 Nigeria 1 0.13 Latvia 1 0.13 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology 6 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Next, we calculated the cliques where there are more than three countries. We have found 47 cliques: Italy appeared in 29 cliques, the United Kingdom in 22 and the United States in 17. Moreover, Germany is in 16, Spain in 14, Belgium in 11 and France in 9 cliques. Therefore, participation of European countries in cooperation for application of the science and technology in conservation and restoration of artworks is evidenced. 1: United States Italy United Kingdom Spain France Greece Germany Netherlands Portugal 2: United States Italy United Kingdom Spain Germany Netherlands Finland 3: Italy United Kingdom Spain Germany Portugal Poland 4: Italy United Kingdom Spain Germany Poland Denmark 5: Italy United Kingdom Spain Germany Poland Finland 6: United States Italy United Kingdom France Greece Germany Belgium Netherlands 7: Italy United Kingdom Greece Germany Belgium Austria 8: Italy United Kingdom Germany Belgium Poland Austria 9: Italy United Kingdom Germany Belgium Poland Denmark 10: United States Italy United Kingdom France Netherlands Canada 11: Italy United Kingdom Canada Poland 12: Italy United Kingdom Russian Federation 13: Italy United Kingdom Greece Cyprus 14: Italy United Kingdom Greece Bulgaria 15: United States Italy China 16: Italy China Austria 17: Italy Spain France Japan Portugal 18: Italy Spain Japan Portugal Romania 19: Italy Spain Japan Portugal Slovenia 20: Italy Spain Japan Finland 21: Italy Canada Romania 22: Italy Belgium Czech Republic 23: Italy Spain Czech Republic 24: Italy Germany Portugal Poland Slovenia Hungary Lithuania Serbia 25: Italy Spain Germany Portugal Poland Slovenia 26: United States Italy Spain Germany Portugal Slovenia 27: Italy Germany Belgium Poland Slovenia 28: United States Italy Germany Belgium Slovenia 29: Italy Germany Poland Austria Hungary 30: United States United Kingdom France Canada Australia South Africa 31: United Kingdom Australia Denmark 32: United Kingdom Germany Switzerland Denmark 33: United Kingdom Canada Switzerland 34: United States India South Korea 35: United States India Singapore 36: United States United Kingdom Greece Egypt 37: United States France Belgium Brazil South Africa 7 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 38: United States Brazil Argentina 39: United States United Kingdom Argentina 40: United States United Kingdom France Belgium South Africa 41: United States China Singapore 42: Spain Greece Netherlands Portugal Sweden 43: United States France Belgium México 44: Belgium México Cuba 45: United Kingdom Spain Albania 46: Greece Austria Jordan 47: France Greece Luxembourg An interesting result is shown in Table 2, where we incorporate the co-membership matrix resulted from cliques. We only include, in the table, the most important countries. Results indicate the number of cliques in which every country in the diagonal participate, and the rest of cells represent in how many cliques there are coincidences between countries. For example, the United Kingdom coincides with Italy in 14 cliques; Italy and Germany are jointly in 15 cliques, and Spain and Italy concur in 12 cliques. It is evident that countries cooperated in a high rank with Italy and the United Kingdom. Table 2: Clique co-membership matrix for the most important participants United States Italy United Kingdom Spain France Greece Germany China Belgium United States 17 7 8 3 7 3 5 2 5 Italy 7 29 14 12 4 5 15 2 7 United Kingdom 8 14 22 6 5 6 10 0 5 Spain 3 12 6 14 2 2 7 0 0 France 7 4 5 2 9 3 2 0 4 Greece 3 5 6 2 3 9 3 0 2 Germany 5 15 10 7 2 3 16 0 6 China 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Belgium 5 7 5 0 4 2 6 0 11 Source: compiled by authors based on the Scopus database The second objective of this paper is to detect whether there is a pattern in the cooperation between museums and other institutions. Also, the paper looks into which type of knowledge base the museums look for when they are going to undertake the conservation or restoration of any artwork that they are not able to do or they do not have the knowledge needed to do it. For this purpose, we prepare a 2mode network, where the rows are the museums and the columns are the institutions that cooperate with museums. We have differentiated between institutions depending on where they are located, in the same country than the museum or abroad. Firstly, we represent the entire network in Figure 2. This figure shows that museums write an important part of the papers alone. Moreover, there is no cooperation with institutions located in the left side of the Figure 2 (See Appendix for the meaning of codes). Because the main objective of this paper is to analyse cooperation, we eliminate both institutions that do not cooperate with museums and museums that write papers alone. Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology 8 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Figure 2: Museums and their cooperation with other institutions Source: compiled by authors based on the Scopus database Figure 3 includes the cleaned network. Looking at the figure, we may indicate that museums cooperate mainly with other museums and restoration institutes located in their own country. In order to better determine patterns of cooperation, we calculatedensity, degree, closeness and betweenness. 9 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Museums Institutions Figure 3: Cooperation between museums and institutions based on co-authorship of papers Source: compiled by authors based on the Scopus database Density indicates that in this network the 17.8% of potential relations is achieved. Moreover, the standard deviation is 2.96, representing high inequality in the distribution of the relations. In the degree column, the higher values are for the important museums, like the Tate (London), the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Van Gogh Museum (Amsterdam), the National Gallery in Washington DC, the National Gallery in Athens (Greece) and the Winterthur Museum (US). These museums appear in the centre of the network in Figure 3. Concerning the closeness, museums, with more possibilities to coincide with other museums and cooperate with the same institutions, are the Tate, the National Gallery in Washington DC, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Winterthur Museum (USA) and the Art Institute of Chicago. With respect to betweenness, museums with higher values in the column are those that cooperate both with institutions that are important nodes and with institutions that few museums cooperate with. These museums will be in better position to get information from institutions and other museums. Examples in this group of museums are the Tate (London) and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Table 3: Centrality, closeness and betweenness for rows (museums) Degree Closeness Betweenness Eigenvector M2AMNATHIST 0.27 0.71 0.02 0.16 M4ARTICHIC 0.33 0.82 0.04 0.22 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology 16 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 States UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M5ASHMOL Ashmolean Museum, College of Arts, Oxford, United Kingdom GERMANY EUROPE M6BENAKI Benaki Museum, Conservation Department, Koumpari 1, 10674 Athens, Greece UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M7BRITISH British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3DG, United Kingdom GREECE EUROPE M8BYZAN Byzantine Museum of Thessaloniki, Leoforou Stratou St 2, 546 40 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece CHINA ASIA M9CAPBEIJ Capital museum Beijing, Division of Preservation and Conservation, Beijing 100045, China UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M10CINCINN Cincinnati Art Museum, 953 Eden Park Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45202, United States UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M11COLBY Colby College Museum of Art UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M12CORNING Corning Museum of Glass, United States SPAIN EUROPE M13DIOCE Diocesan Museum of Sacred Art, Bilbao, Spain EGYPT AFRICA M14EGYP Egyptian Museum, Department of Restoration, Ministry of Antiquities, Cairo, Egypt UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M15FIELDCHIC Field Museum, Chicago, United States UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M16FOWLER Fowler Museum, University of California, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1510, United States UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M17FREER Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0707 BRAZIL CSAMERICA M18MHOMAM Fund. Museu do Homem Americano, Saõ Raimundo Nonato, Piaui, Brazil ROMANIA EUROPE M19GALART Galeriile de Artǎ Transilvania, Braşov, Romania ITALY EUROPE M20GALNUMB Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria, Corso Vannucci, 06123 Perugia, Italy SWITZERLAND EUROPE M21GEOLOG Geological Museum of the Canton Vaud, Bâtiment Anthropole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland GERMANY EUROPE M22GLAS Glasmuseum Hentrich, Stiftung museum kunst Palast, 17 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Düsseldorf, Germany UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M23HARVARD Harvard University Art Museums, 32 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States GERMANY EUROPE M24HERZOG Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Museumstraße I, D38100 Braunschweig, Germany MALAYSIA ASIA M25ISLAM Islamic Arts Museum, Curatorial Affairs Department, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M26GETTY J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA, United States AUSTRALIA OCEANIA M27KANAM Kanamkek-Yile Ngala Museum, Wadeye, NT 0822, Australia BELGIUM EUROPE M28KONINK Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Antwerp, Belgium NETHERLANDS EUROPE M29KROLLER Kröller-Müller Museum, Conservation Department, Houtkampweg 6, NL-6731AW Otterlo, Netherlands AUSTRIA EUROPE M30HIST Kunsthistorisches Museum, Conservation Science Department, Burgring 5, A1010 Vienna, Austria UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M31LACMART Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, United States UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M32LYMAN Lyman Allyn Art Museum, 625 Williams St., New London, CT 06320, United States UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M33MANCH Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M34MET Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, United States UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M35MICHSTUNIV Michigan State University Museum, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States NORWAY EUROPE M36MUNCH Munch Museum, Teyengata 53, 0578, Oslo, Norway FRANCE EUROPE M37MUSIQ Musée de la Musique, Laboratoire de Recherche et de Restauration, Cite la Musique, 221 avenue Jean Jaures, 75019 Paris, France FRANCE EUROPE M38AIRETESP Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Aéroport du Bourget, BP 173, 93352 Le Bourget Cedex, France FRANCE EUROPE M39ADECOR Musée des Arts décoratifs, Ucad, 107 Rue de Rivoli, 75001 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology 18 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Paris, France FRANCE EUROPE M40LOUVRE Musée du Louvre, Département des Objets d'Art, F-75058 Paris Cedex 01, France FRANCE EUROPE M41GUIMET Musée Guimet SWITZERLAND EUROPE M42MARTHIST Musées d'Art et d'Hist., Laboratoire de Recherche, CP 3432, CH-1211 Genève 3, Switzerland ITALY EUROPE M43MARCHNAT Museo Archeologico Nazionale, P.zza Duomo 13, 33043 Cividale del Friuli Udine, Italy SPAIN EUROPE M44MBACORD Museo de Bellas Artes de Córdoba, Spain SPAIN EUROPE M45MNCIENAT Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain PORTUGAL EUROPE M46SROQUE Museu de S. Roque, Santa Casa Misericordia Lisboa, Largo Trindade Coelho, 1200-470 Lisboa, Portugal SPAIN EUROPE M47MFMARES Museu Frederic Marès, Conservation Department, Institut de Cultura de Barcelona, Pça Sant Iu 5-6, 08002 Barcelona, Spain BRAZIL CSAMERICA M48MPEG Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG), Universidade de São Paulo, C P 399, CEP 66000, Belém, PA, Brazil NETHERLANDS EUROPE M49BOIJ Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Museumpark 1820, 3015 CX Rotterdam, Netherlands FRANCE EUROPE M50MHISNAT Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, 28 Boulevard des Belges, 69000 Lyon, France BELGIUM EUROPE M51MAYER Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Lange Gasthuisstraat 19, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium FRANCE EUROPE M52MNATHIST Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, UMR 5198, CNRS-MNHN, Departement de Prehistoire du Institut de Paleontologie Humaine, 1 rue Rene Panhard, 75013 Paris, France UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M53MFINARTBOST Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA 02115, United States HUNGARY EUROPE M54MFINART Museum of Fine Arts, Dózsa Gy. út 41, H-1146 Budapest, 19 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Hungary UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M55MOMA Museum of Modern Art, Conservation Department, 11 West 53d St., New York, NY 10019 CHINA ASIA M56MTERR Museum of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, Lintong, 710600, China BELGIUM EUROPE M57VLEES Museum Vleeshuis, Vleeshouwersstraat 38-40, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium SOUTH AFRICA AFRICA M58NATAL Natal Museum, Private Bag 9070, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa GREECE EUROPE M59NATARCH National Archaeological Museum of Greece BELARUS EUROPE M60NARTM National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus, 20 Lenin St., Minsk 220030, Belarus UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M61NATGALWDC National Gallery of Art, Scientific Research Department, Fourth and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20565, United States AUSTRALIA OCEANIA M62NATGAL National Gallery of Australia, Conservation Department, GPO Box 1150, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia GREECE EUROPE M63NATGAL National Gallery, Alexandros Soatzos Museum, Athens, Greece UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M64NATGAL National Gallery, Scientific Department, Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 5DN, United Kingdom FRANCE EUROPE M65NLIBFR National Library of France, Paris, France POLAND EUROPE M66NMKRAK National Museum in Kraków, ul. Krupnicza 26, 31-123 Kraków, Poland NORWAY EUROPE M67NMART National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, P.b 7014 (St Olavs Plass), NO0130, Oslo, Norway CHINA ASIA M68NMCH National Museum of China, Center for Conservation, Beijing, 100006, China JAPAN ASIA M69NMJH National Museum of Japanese History, Museum Science Division, Research Department, 117, Jonai-cho, Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology 20 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Sakura-shi, Chiba 285-8502, Japan UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M70NMLIV National Museums Liverpool, Conservation Technologies, National Conservation Centre, Whitechapel, Liverpool, United Kingdom DENMARK EUROPE M71NMBEV Nationalmuseets bevaringsafdeling, IC Modewegsvej, Brede, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M72NELATK Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M73NCMA North Carolina Museum of Art, 2110 Blue Ridge Road, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States DENMARK EUROPE M74GLYPT Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Dantes Plads 7, Copenhagen 1556, Denmark CHINA ASIA M75PALACE Palace Museum, Technology and Science Department, Beijing, 100009, China UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M76PHILMA Philadelphia Museum of Art, Box 7646, Philadelphia, PA 19101 UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M77PITT Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford, United Kingdom NETHERLANDS EUROPE M78RIJKS Rijksmuseum, Department of Conservation and Restoration, Netherlands BELGIUM EUROPE M79RMCA Royal Museum for Central Africa, Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Belgium UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M80SCIENCE Science Museum London, Chemistry, United Kingdom UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M81SHELB Shelburne Museum Conservation, PO Box 10, 5555 Shelburne Road, Shelburne, VT 05482, United States SOUTH AFRICA AFRICA M82SANATM South Africa's National Museum, Rock Art Department RUSSIA EUROPE M83HERMIT State Hermitage Museum, Scientific Department DENMARK EUROPE M84SMK Statens Museum for Kunst (SMK), Sølvgade 48-50, DK1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark GERMANY EUROPE M85STIFT Stiftung museum kunst palast, Ehrenhof 4-5, 40479 Düsseldorf, Germany UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M86TATE Tate Britain, Millbank, London SWIP, 4RG, United Kingdom AUSTRALIA OCEANIA M87ARTGWA The Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth Cultural 21 Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina and José Albors-Garrigós (2014), Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Centre, Perth WA 6000, Australia JAPAN ASIA M88TOKYO Tokyo National Museum, Dept. of Cultural Properties, Conservation Division, 19-9 Ueno-Koen, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-8712, Japan UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M89TROSTE Trostre Wk. Cottage/Indust. Museum, Corus Packaging Plus, Trostre Works, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M90UNIVPENN University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, United States NETHERLANDS EUROPE M91VGOGH Van Gogh Museum, Paulus Potterstraat 7, 1070 AJ Amsterdam, Netherlands UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M92V&A Victoria and Albert Museum, Conservation Department, Science Section, South Kensington, London SW7 2RL, United Kingdom UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M93WINTERTH Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, DE, United States UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M94YALE Yale University Art Gallery