opinion
Poli icale osiondisman les heconse a ionne wo kexis ing
in heCana yIslands
JoséMa íaFe nández‐PalaciosandLeadeNascimen o
IslandEcologyandBiogeog aphyG oup,Ins i u oUni e si a iodeEn e medadesT opicalesySalud
PúblicadeCana ias(IUETSPC),Uni e sidaddeLaLaguna(ULL),A da.As o ísicoF anciscoSánchezs/n,
38206,LaLaguna,(Tene i e),Spain
e‐mail:jm e [email protected];h p://webpages.ull.es/use s/jm e pal
ISSN1948‐6596
opinion and pe spec i es
Recen ly heCana ianPa liamen hasapp o eda
new e siono heCana ianca alogueo p o‐
ec edspecies(seeBox1) ha educessubs an‐
iallybo h henumbe o speciesincluded( om
466speciesin he2001lis o361speciesin he
2010lis )and hep o ec iona o ded( om381
h ea enedspecies o160,and om85p o ec ed
species o18).These educ ionsha ebeenwidely
c i icizedbyen i onmen alNGOsand helocal
scien i iccommuni y1,mainlydue o heabsence
o a igo ousscien i icp ocessini sde elopmen .
Al houghce ainly he i s e siono heca a‐
loguecouldbeimp o ed, hemain easonsbe‐
hind henew e isionswe eno conse a ionis‐
suesbu a he s ic lypoli ical.The easonsmay
include, o ins ance, hede elopmen o la ge
in as uc u es,suchasindus ialha bou sand
gol cou ses,whichun il he e isionswe e o bid‐
dendue o hei impac sonp o ec edspeciesin‐
cludedin heo iginal e siono heCana ianca a‐
logue.
Changesin heen i onmen allegisla iono
heCana yIslandsen ailase ious h ea o he
na u eo his egiono biogeog aphicalin e es
(F ancisco‐O egae al.,2000;Juane al.,2000;
Fe nández‐Palacios&Whi ake ,2008).Thus,we
belie ei isimpo an osha eou app aisalo
hecu en si ua ionwi h hein e na ionalscien‐
i iccommuni y.
Wi hin henew e isedca alogueacom‐
ple elynewc i e ion o p o ec ionhaseme ged
“especiesdein e éspa alosecosis emascana ‐
ios”(li e ally:“specieso in e es o Cana ianeco‐
sys ems”),comp ising152species(seeBox1).The
ph aseispoo lychosen.I issupposed oapply
only oendange edspecies,consequen ly he e‐
quen andabundan specieswhichusuallys uc‐
u eanddomina e heecosys emsa eexplici ly
no lis ed,leading oacu iouspa adox: heCa‐
na ianpine(Pinuscana iensis)isno aspecieso
in e es o heCana ianpine o es , he
Maca onesianLau el(Lau usno ocana iensis)is
Abs ac .Theou s andingna u eo heCana yIslandshasbeen ecognizedbyEu opean,na ionaland
egionaladminis a ionssince hea i alo democ acyinSpain.Fo y‐ i epe cen o i seme ged e i‐
o yhasbeendecla edasNa u alP o ec edA eas, ou Cana ianNa ionalPa kswe eincludedwi hin he
Spanishne wo k,mo e han200endemicswe elis edin heSpanishca alogueo endange edspecies,
and450specieswe elis edin heCana ianca alogueo p o ec edspecies.Howe e ,in ecen yea s,po‐
li icaldecisionsha es a eddisman ling hissplendidconse a ionne wo k,whichimpedescons uc ion
o la gein as uc u e,gol cou sesand eso s,despi e head iceo hescien i iccommuni y.Cana ian
na u eisnow acing wo h ea s:delis inganddowng adingo nume ousendange edspecies,and ans‐
e o hemanagemen o Cana ianNa ionalPa ks o he egionaladminis a ion.
Keywo ds:Biodi e si yloss,endange edspecies,Na ionalPa ks,na u alp o ec eda eas,poli icalco up‐
ion,scien i iccommuni y,speciesdelis ing
1.Seedi e en eac ionsa h p://www.nodesca alogacion.com,h p://www.ww .es,h p://www.g eenpeace.o g,
h p://www.a an.o g,h p://www.ecologis asenaccion.o g,h p://especiesamenazadascana ias.blogspo .com,
h p://ecooceanos.blogspo .com,h p://www.seo.o g,.
106©2011 heau ho s;jou nalcompila ion©2011TheIn e na ionalBiogeog aphySocie y— on ie so biogeog aphy3.3,2011
no aspecieso conce n o heLau el o es ,and
soon.Thisisno osay ha hemos common
s uc u ingspecieso heCana ianecosys ems
ha e obeincludedin heca alogue,bu we
wouldlike od awa en ion o heinadequacyo
heconcep .
Bu hisconcep ualsho comingpalesin
compa isonwi h he eal epe cussiono henew
c i e ion,whichis ha hosespecieslis edhe e
a eonlyp o ec edi p esen inanal eadydesig‐
na edNa u alP o ec edA ea(NPA).(In heCa‐
na ies, ha meansinei he heCana ianNe wo k
o NPAso heEu opeanUnionNa u a2000Ne ‐
wo k,whicho e lapex ensi ely).I alis edspe‐
cies, o ins ance hewoodcock(Scolopax us i‐
cola)o hecoo (Fulicaa a)whicha ebo hin‐
cludedunde henewc i e ion,dwellswi hin he
limi so hep o ec eda ea heya esa e;bu i
anybi dsc oss hoselimi s(whicha eno ha
ob ious obi ds,un amilia as heya ewi hGIS),
heycanbesho legallybyhun e s.Thesamein‐
consis encya ec s, o ins ance,ca.10endemic
specieso seala ende s(Limoniumspp.)p o‐
ec edince ain a ines,bu no ino he s.
Thenewlawcouldha enega i eimplica‐
ions o conse a ionbiogeog aphy,and hiscan
beillus a edwi hsomeexampleso heCana ian
lo aand auna.TheendemiclegumeCice ca‐
na iensis,p e iouslyconside edas ulne ablein
he2001Cana ianca alogue,isnowincludedun‐
de hec i e ionspecieso in e es .F omi s12
loca ions( eninLaPalmaand woinTene i e),
hesixpopula ionsin heNo ho LaPalma2a e
ou sideNPAsand he e o eunp o ec edacco d‐
ing o henewlaw.Me apopula iondynamicsin
hisspeciescouldbea ec edby hisnewc i e ion
i sou cepopula ionswi hin heseno he nloca‐
ionsa e h ea ened,endange ingsinkpopula‐
ionsincludedinNPAs.Thesamecouldapply o
heAbaloneo Cana ianclam(Halio is ube cula a
ssp.coccinea)o heSeaHo se(Hippocampuship‐
pocampus).Bo ha ema inespecieswi hspa se
popula ionsin hemeso‐andin a‐li o al,which
dono alwayscoincidewi h hegeog aphicalloca‐
iono hema ineSpecialA eas o Conse a ion,
whichoccupymainlyleewa d ingeson heA chi‐
pelago’scoas s.Collec ionandcap u eo bo h
speciesisp ohibi edby heRegula iono heFish‐
JoséMa íaFe nández‐PalaciosandLeadeNascimen o
2.Acco ding o hee alua iono hisspeciesby heCana ianGo e nmen (Se iciodeBiodi e sidad2009), he e
a esixpopula ionnucleiin heNo ho LaPalma,dis ibu edin h eeloca ionsmo e han10kmdis an one om
eacho he .
Box1
Law4/2010,June4,o heCana ianCa alogueo P o ec edSpecies(see heo iginalSpanish ex a
h p://www.gobie nodecana ias.o g/boc/2010/112/)
A icle3.Cana ianp o ec edspecies
2)Specieso in e es o Cana ianecosys ems
TheCana ianCa alogueo P o ec edSpecieswillalsoinclude“specieso in e es o Cana ianecosys‐
ems"whicha e hose ha ,wi hou beinglis edin he h ea eningsi ua ionsabo e(endange edo ul‐
ne able),a ewo hyo pa icula a en ion o i secologicalsigni icanceina easo heCana ianNe wo k
o Na u alP o ec edA easo Na u a2000ne wo k.
2.E ec so inclusionin heCa alogue
b)Thelegal egime o p o ec iono “specieso in e es o Cana ianecosys ems"willbeapplicableonly
in he e i o yo heCana ianNe wo ko Na u alP o ec edA easo Na u a2000Ne wo k.To hisend,
applicablemeasu esshallbep o idedby hemanagemen planso Na u alP o ec edA easandHabi a s
o heNa u a2000Ne wo kinwhich heya eloca ed.Suchplansshallinclude hede e mina ions,con‐
olandmoni o ing oensu ee ec i enesso p o ec ion,o whe eapplicable, hejus i ica ion ha he e
isnoneed o plans.(...)In hecaseo ac ionsp omo edby easonso publicin e es andp io i ya ec ‐
ing he“specieso in e es o Cana ianecosys ems" heseac ionscouldbepossibleaslongas heydo
no a ec heecosys emsubs an ially,unde he e msinpa ag aphs4 o7o heA icle45o heLaw
42/2007,Decembe 13,o Na u alHe i ageandBiodi e si y.
107 on ie so biogeog aphy3.3,2011—©2011 heau ho s;jou nalcompila ion©2011TheIn e na ionalBiogeog aphySocie y
Cana ianconse a ionne wo kdisman led
e iesLawo heCana yIslands,bu hei inclusion
in henewc i e ionmaylead ocon usionon he
ishingbaninpopula ionsou sideo he ese e
ne wo ks.
Thecaseo heseag assCymodocea
nodosaiso pa icula in e es o wo easons;
hisspeciess uc u esacommuni y(“sebadales”),
conside edasNa u alHabi a o Communi yIn‐
e es by heHabi a sDi ec i e,andi sp esence
in heli o alzoneisoneo hemainobs acles o
hecons uc iono enla gemen o ha bou s.The
mos ecen is hePue odeG anadilla,whe e
conse a iono aEu opeanp io i yecosys em
comesin ocon lic wi hEu opean undingo a
la gein as uc u e.Thesebadalesa eakeycom‐
muni y omanecologicalpoin o iewas hey
playanimpo an olein heca boncycle,s abi‐
lizesandysoils,expo biomassandac asa ish
nu se ya ea(Ba be áe al.2005).Thela e cha ‐
ac e is icisalso e yimpo an o hesus ainabil‐
i yo local ishe ies.Also, hema inemeadowso
C.nodosain heCana yIslandsandMau i ania
a e hemos ex ensi eexamplesa hespecies’
sou he nlimi andcomp omising hemmay he e‐
o elead o angecon ac ion.Thecons uc iono
Pue odeG anadillawillse e elydamageoneo
hemos gene icallydi e sepa cheso sebadales
in heA chipelago(Albe oe al.2008).In2009,
asap ecau iona ymeasu e, heSupe io Cou o
Jus iceo heCana yIslandssuspended hep o‐
posalsubmi edby heCana ianGo e nmen , he
Po Au ho i yand heCana ianCompanyo Gas
T anspo a ion, odelis C.nodosa3.Cu en ly, he
Eu opeanCou sha edecla edadmissible he
complain iledby heNGOEcologis asenAcción
asking o hepublic eleaseo documen s ha
includedal e na i es o hecons uc iono he
ha bou (includinga enewalo hein as uc‐
u eso al eadyexis ingha bou s), ha we ehid‐
den om heEu opeanCommissionbySpain’s
Na ionalGo e nmen .
Thiscon o e sialc i e ion—especiesde
in e éspa alosecosis emascana ies—isanad‐
ap a iono hec i e ion“speciessuscep ible o
habi a dis u bance”, om hep e iousca alogue.
In ac ,manyo hespecieso in e es come om
he o me lis o suscep iblespecieso a edown‐
g aded h ea enedspecies.Howe e in he o me
c i e ion he ewe eno es ic ionsin hep o ec‐
ion,suchas heloca iono no inaNPA,and he
mainconside a ion oincludeaspecieswas ha
i shabi a was h ea ened,in eg ession, ag‐
men edo limi ed.Thep e iousc i e ion o p o‐
ec ionwasmuchmo eapp op ia ei we hink
abou hedesigno heCana ianNe wo ko
NPAs.Un o una ely heCana ianNe wo kwas
no basedona ho oughanalysiso me apopula‐
iondynamics,gene icdi e si yo iabili yo
popula ions,bu simplyinp o ec inglessde‐
g aded emnan so communi ies ha we es ill
a ailable.Asinmanypa so hewo ld, ese es
we eno designed omee hep incipleso sys‐
ema icconse a ionplanningneeded oachie e
ep esen a i enessandpe sis enceo biodi e si y
(Ma gulesandP essey2000).Thesi ua ion u ‐
he wo sensin heCana ieswhenda a, ends
and iabili yo popula ionsa ealmos unknown.
TheCana ianNe wo kisla gelyp o ec ing
species omma ginalpopula ions.Mo eo e , he
p o ec iono speciesp esen onlyin hecu en
Rese eNe wo kinhibi s e‐es ablishmen o
o iginaldis ibu ions.Agoodexampleis helau el
o es inAnagaRu alPa k,whichnowadaysis he
bes ep esen a iono his o es ypeinTene i e
ye s illanimpo e ished ac iono i spas dis i‐
bu ion h oughou hewindwa dslopeo heis‐
land.F om hepoin o iewo mi iga ing hee ‐
ec so globalchange, ulne abili yo ce ainspe‐
ciesou side heNe wo kwouldhinde al i udinal
mig a ion,especiallywhenecologicalco ido sa e
no includedin hedesigno NPAs.
Thep ac iceo p o ec ing axaonlyinNPAs
isal eadywo kinginCa alonia( heonlyp ece‐
den inSpain).TheCa alonianPlano A easo
Na u alIn e es includesspecieso lo aand
aunas ic lyp o ec edindesigna eda eas.To
ou knowledgenocaseso he ailu eo hese
p ac iceso publicdisapp o alha ebeen e‐
po ed he e,bu wesuspec ha hespecieswi h
es ic edp o ec ionin heCa alonianNPANe ‐
108©2011 heau ho s;jou nalcompila ion©2011TheIn e na ionalBiogeog aphySocie y— on ie so biogeog aphy3.3,2011
3.Seenewsinh p://www.lap o incia.es.
4.Seeh p://www.laopinion.es,h p://www.ecologis asenacción.o g.
JoséMa íaFe nández‐PalaciosandLeadeNascimen o
wo kwe eno demo ed omhighe p o ec ion.
In heo y, hemainaimo heexis enceo e‐
gionalca aloguesisensu ing hep o ec iono
pa icula species ha a eno conside edby he
Na ionalCa alogue.On heo he handse e al
au ho sha eques ionedandanalysed hee ec‐
i enesso NPAsNe wo ksinbiodi e si yconse ‐
a ion(Ja ee al.1998,Rod iguese al.2004)
andconcluded ha ese ene wo ksa egeo‐
g aphicallyand axonomicallyunbalancedlea ing
abigp opo iono endemicand h ea enedspe‐
ciesunp o ec ed.
Thiswayo hinkingmay unc ionwell
whenp o ec inga esou ce, o ins ancema ine
sanc ua iesa ein ended oinc easeca chin
neighbou inga easou side,and hiswo kscom‐
pe en lyin heCana ies’Ma ineRese eswi h
Fishe yIn e es ,bu isnonsensicalwhen heaim
o hedecla a ionis op o ec a h ea enedspe‐
cies.I aspeciesisp o ec edwhenwi hinaNPA,
bu unp o ec edwhenbeyond hea ea,wha is
eallyachie edin e mso p o ec ion?Migh i be
oocynical osugges heg ea es achie emen
wouldbe hepoli icalgoalo in la ing henumbe
o speciesincludedin heca alogue hus educing
henumbe o c i icso delis ing?Despi enume ‐
ouspublicp o es sand heclea opposi iono he
majo i yo heCana ianscien i iccommuni y, he
newca aloguewasp esen edby heleadingpo‐
li ical o cein heRegionalPa liamen .These
kindso con lic sa eno exclusi e o heCana y
Islandsanda enowadays akingplaceindi e en
egionso hewo ld(Possinghame al.2010,
Me zge e al.2011).
I hedelis ingi sel isno o su icien con‐
ce n,o he newsmakes heou looke enbleake .
TheCana iesha bou ou o he13Na ional
Pa ks(NPs)inSpain–CañadasdelTeide
(Tene i e),Calde adeTabu ien e(LaPalma),Ti‐
man aya(Lanza o e)andGa ajonay(LaGome a)
–despi e ep esen ingonly1.5%o hecoun y’s
geog aphicala ea.A e decen aliza iono he
SpanishS a ewi h hea i alo hedemoc acy,
heNPswe esimul aneouslyco‐managedby he
Cen alGo e nmen (Mad id)and heRegional
Go e nmen s.Howe e , heSpanishCons i u‐
ionalCou nowhasde e mined ha NPsman‐
agemen isexclusi elyama e o heRegional
Go e nmen s.Consequen ly heCen alGo e n‐
men has ans e edallmanagemen o he e‐
gions.In hecaseo heCana iana chipelago, his
managemen wasin ended obesubsequen ly
delega ed o he espec i eislandCouncils
(“Cabildos”)in2012,al hough ecen ly henew
depu yo En i onmen o heCana ianGo e n‐
men exp essedhe in en ion odiscussagain his
ans e and olimi hemanagemen o heis‐
landCouncilsin heNPs.
The ans e o egionsisno inhe en ly
bad,and o ins ancewouldwo kexcep ionally
wellinNo he nEu opeancoun ies.Thep oblem
isno helawbu howi isde elopedwhen he
mainpoli icalpa ies ha go e nin heCana y
Islandsshownoin e es sinconse a ion,andan
ala mingnumbe o i spoli icians,includingsome
whoha esigni ican esponsibili iesinconse a‐
ion,ha ebeencha gedwi hen i onmen al
c imes5.Al houghsomeimplica ionso decen ali‐
za ionshouldbeposi i e, o ins ance hec ea ion
o egionallis sandplansconside ing hepa icu‐
la so eachNPo hep oximi y olocalspecialis s
and echnicianswi hawide knowledgeo he
egion, he esul isexac lyopposi e.Wi h he
p oximi yo hemanagemen cen es o heNPs,
helikelihoodo pa onageandco up ionseems
likely oinc easewhileuni ica iono conse a ion
c i e iaac oss hea chipelago’s ou NPsseems
des ined odec ease,especiallyi hedi e en
islandCouncilsa ego e nedbydi e en poli ical
pa ies,whichiscu en ly hecase.Inaddi ion,
join managemen o heNPsand heo he NPAs
ineachislandwoulddilu e he igo and esou ces
5.Seep ess e e encesinh p://www.abc.es/20100322/cana ias‐cana ias/ es‐impu ados‐co onan‐nue a‐
20100322.h ml(las accessedAugus /2011);h p://www.cana ias‐semanal.com/elhie o.h ml(las accessedAu‐
gus /2011);h p://www.eldia.es/2011‐04‐13/CANARIAS/5‐Es‐ ecuen e‐alcaldes‐es en‐impu ados‐deli os‐
u banis icos.h ml(las accessedAugus /2011);h p://www.elpais.com/a iculo/espana/co upcion/p esen a/
elecciones/elpepiesp/20110410elpepinac_1/Tes(las accessedAugus /2011);h p://www.eu opap ess.es/islas‐
cana ias/no icia‐impu ados‐cana ias‐log an‐man ene se‐ins i uciones‐20110524094822.h ml(las accessedAu‐
gus /2011).
109 on ie so biogeog aphy3.3,2011—©2011 heau ho s;jou nalcompila ion©2011TheIn e na ionalBiogeog aphySocie y
dedica ed oNPs.Conside ing ha budge sa e
no ixed hiswouldimply ha unding omanage
heNPscoulde en uallybeusedino he asks,
mo econsis en wi h he"needso hemomen ".
A ecen lyc ea edCommissiono Cana ianNPs,
cons i u edmainlyo poli iciansandwi honly wo
ad oca es o en i onmen alissues,le aside he
p esen di ec o sandconse a o so heNPs.I
couldalsohappen ha once ans e ed o he
Councils, heelec iono newdi ec o swillno
conside hebalancebe weenconse a ionand
managemen skills ha suchposi ion equi es.
TheislandCouncilsa eal eadyincha geo
hemanagemen o heCana ianNe wo ko
NPAs.Whilesomeo hesea easha ebeenac‐
i elymanagedo he slackany ypeo con ol.
Thesi ua iono simila NPAs a iesamongislands
and o mos heac ionplansha ebeenpa ially
o ba ely ul illed,so ha nowadays(mo e han
enyea sa e i sdecla a ion)i iss illeasy o ind
dumps,illegalcons uc ions,in asi especies, o‐
ge he wi ho he po en ialeme ging h ea s.De‐
spi e hecapaci yandgoodwo ko en i on‐
men al echnicians,whos ugglewi hbudge cu s
e e yyea , heCouncilsha edemons a eda a‐
jec o yo ine iciencyandlacko commi men o
hemanagemen o NPAs.Wi hin henewCa‐
na ianNPs amewo k, he abbi swill ecei e he
esponsibili yo akingca eo hele uces.
Acknowledgemen s
Wewouldlike o hankRa aelLoyolaand h ee
anonymous e iewe s o hei commen son he
manusc ip .Wea ealsog a e ul o heedi o ial
boa do F on ie sinBiogeog aphy o hei help
imp o ing hispape .
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Edi edbyJoaquínHo al&MichaelNDawson
Youcan indin o ma ionabou heIn e na ionalBiogeog aphySocie ya h p://
www.biogeog aphy.o g/,andcon ac wi ho he biogeog aphe sa heIBSblog(h p://
biogeog aphy.blogspo .com/), heIBS acebookg oup(h p://www. acebook.com/g oup.php?
gid=6908354463)and heIBS wi e channel(h ps:// wi e .com/biogeog aphy).
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