VISUAL TARGET PROCESSING IN HIGH- AND LOW PERFORMING
OLDER SUBJECTS INDEXED BY P3 COMPONENT
LE P3 EN TANT QU’INDEX DU NIVEAU DE PERFORMANCE DE
SUJETS ÂGÉS IMPLIQUÉS DANS UNE TÂCHE VISUELLE
Au ho s: L. Lo enzo-López∗, E. Amenedo, P. Pazo-Ál a ez, F. Cada ei a
This is he pee e iewed e sion o he ollowing a icle: Lo enzo-López, L., Amenedo, E., Pazo-
Ál a ez, P., Cada ei a, F. (2007). Visual a ge p ocessing in high- and low-pe o ming olde
subjec s indexed by P3 componen . Neu ophysiologie Clinique / Clinical Neu ophysiology, 37,
53-61. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2007.01.008
This a icle may be used o non-comme cial pu poses in acco dance wi h Else ie , In e na ional
Fede a ion o Clinical Neu ophysiology, I alian Clinical Neu ophysiology Socie y, Japanese
Socie y o Clinical Neu ophysiology, B azilian Socie y o Clinical Neu ophysiology e ms and
condi ions o use o sel -a chi ed e sions.
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
2
Visual a ge p ocessing in high- and low-pe o ming
olde subjec s indexed by P3 componen
Le P3 en an qu’index du ni eau de pe o mance de
suje s âgés impliqués dans une âche isuelle
Au ho s:L. Lo enzo-López∗, E. Amenedo, P. Pazo-Ál a ez, F. Cada ei a
Depa men o Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Facul y o Psychology, Uni e si y o
San iago de Compos ela, Galicia, Spain
*Co esponding au ho : lau a[email p o ec ed] (L. Lo enzo-López).
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
3
Abs ac
Aim. — To explo e he possible changes in he pa ame e s o he P3 e en - ela ed po en ial (ERP)
componen among g oups o young and olde heal hy subjec s cha ac e ized as ei he high- o
low-pe o me s in a isual a en ion ask.
Me hods. — Bo h con en ional and single- ial analyses o he isual P3 componen we e
pe o med on each g oup o subjec s.
Resul s. — P3 componen signi ican ly inc eased in la ency as a unc ion o age. The high
pe o ming olde subjec s showed he pos e io p edominance o P3, as in young subjec s.
Howe e , he low-pe o ming olde subjec s showed a signi ican P3 ampli ude educ ion a
pos e io loca ions and opog aphically mo e widesp ead ac i i y. Fu he mo e, single- ial
analysis showed ha low-pe o ming olde subjec s p esen ed highe in e ial a iabili y in P3
la ency, ew ials wi h P3 gene a ion, and a educed P3 ampli ude in hese ials in whom P3 was
gene a ed.
Conclusion. — These da a sugges a speci ic decline in isual a ge p ocessing in he low
pe o ming olde subjec s, which would imply a educ ion in hese a en ional b ain esou ces ha
a e alloca ed o co ec ly selec he ele an s imuli. The implica ions o his inding o he ac ual
compensa ion e sus dedi e en ia ion deba e in no mal aging a e discussed.
Résumé
Bu . — Compa e les pa amà es du composan P3 des po en iels é oqués dans un g oupe de suje s
jeunes en bonne san é e dans un g oupe de suje s âgés classi iés en onc ion de leu ni eau
d’exécu ion d’une âche d’a en ion isuelle (meilleu s e moins bons exécu eu s).
Mé hodes. — Des analyses con en ionnelles e des analyses « en sweep unique » du composan
P3 on é é éalisées dans chaque g oupe de suje s.
Résul a s. — Le emps de la ence du composan P3 augmen e de ac¸on signi ica i e a ec l’âge.
Chez les suje s âgés meilleu s exécu eu s le P3 p édominai au ni eau des égions pos é ieu es,
comme chez les suje s jeunes. Pa con e, chez les suje s âgés moins bons exécu eu s, le P3 é ai
signi ica i emen moins ample en pos é ieu e plus di usémen épa i su le scalp. Les analyses
« en sweep unique » on mon é que ces de nie s p ésen aien une plus g ande a iabili é in e essai
en ce qui conce ne le emps de la ence de P3, moins de es s où le P3 é ai p ésen , ainsi qu’une
éduc ion de l’ampli ude de P3 dans les es s où il é ai p ésen .
Conclusion. — Ces données suggè en l’exis ence d’un dé ici du ai emen isuel des s imuli
chez les suje s âgés moins bons exécu eu s qui pou ai consis e en une éduc ion des essou ces
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
4
cé éb ales a en ionnelles mobilisées pou sélec ionne co ec emen le s imulus app op ié. Nous
discu ons les implica ions de ces ésul a s dans le d´eba conce nan la edis ibu ion des ai es
co icales ac i es chez les suje s âgés (hypo hèses de compensa ion e sus dédi é en ia ion).
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
5
In oduc ion
The P3 componen o e en - ela ed po en ials (ERPs) has demons a ed conside able u ili y in he
s udy o cogni i e li e-span changes, since i has been associa ed wi h basic in o ma ion-
p ocessing mechanisms including a en ion and memo y [33]. P3 is a la ge posi i e-going
wa e o m wi h a pos e io -pa ie al maximum ampli ude and a peak la ency o abou 300—400
ms in young subjec s, which has been ob ained in he audi o y, isual o soma ic modali y ( o a
ecen e iew, see [19]). The isual P3 was shown o be signi ican ly la ge in ampli ude and
longe in la ency han he audi o y P3 [22,32]. In he ERP li e a u e, P3 la ency has been
conside ed an indica o o he speed o cogni i e p ocessing associa ed wi h he selec ion o
ele an s imuli; i is gene ally un ela ed o esponse selec ion p ocesses and independen o
beha io al measu es [26,30]. P3 ampli ude has been conside ed as an index o he alloca ion o
a en ional b ain esou ces o he olun a y selec ion o ele an s imuli ( o a e iew, see [23]).
The esul s o se e al ERP aging s udies employing audi o y o isual pa adigms demons a ed
he exis ence o age- ela ed changes in he la ency, ampli ude, and scalp dis ibu ion o his
componen . Speci ically, he e is gene al consensus ha he peak la ency o P3 p og essi ely
inc eases wi h age [1,20,25,31,32,34,39,40]. Howe e , esul s on P3 ampli ude changes wi h age
a e less consis en , especially o isual s imuli, since ampli udes we e ound o be una ec ed by
age in some s udies [32], bu educed only a some elec ode loca ions in o he s [31,34]. O he
common inding in he li e a u e is an age- ela ed opog aphic al e a ion in he scalp dis ibu ion
o P3, which becomes mo e an e io ly dis ibu ed and, he eby, mo e di used o equipo en ial
ac oss he scalp wi h inc easing age [1,10—12,15,17,18,32,40]. These age- ela ed opog aphical
changes ha e been in e p e ed as e lec ing a en ional al e a ions in olde subjec s, who would
con inue o u ilize on al p ocesses o s imuli ha ha e al eady been well-ca ego ized [1,10],
(see [16] o a ecen e iew). In pa allel wi h hese age- ela ed changes in P3 scalp dis ibu ion,
unc ional neu oimaging s udies o aging ha e shown a pa adoxical inc ease in he b ain
ac i a ion o olde subjec s du ing he execu ion o memo y asks, pa icula ly in p e on al a eas
[6,28,35]. I has been sugges ed ha his age- ela ed ec ui men o a ypical b ain pa hways migh
e lec a possible compensa o y esponse ( o e iews, see [3—5]). In keeping wi h his iew, he
‘compensa ion’ hypo hesis sugges s ha , in o de o each an adequa e le el o beha io al
pe o mance in a speci ic ask, high pe o ming olde subjec s would ec ui di e en and wide
a eas o he b ain, which a e no ac i a ed by younge subjec s ( o e iews, see [5,16,36]).
Al e na i ely, i has been sugges ed ha his age- ela ed inc ease in on al ac i a ion could e lec
an ine icien neu al dis ibu ion o ask- ele an co ical ne wo ks in olde subjec s, which was
e e ed o as he ‘dedi e en ia ion’ hypo hesis (see [3—5,28,36] o e iews).

Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
6
In ou opinion, a ui ul way o shed new ligh on his deba e would be o di e en ia e be ween
pe o mance le els in aging s udies. The e o e, he aim o his s udy was o explo e whe he he
P3 la ency, ampli ude, and scalp dis ibu ion di e in young and olde subjec s cha ac e ized as
ei he high- o low-pe o me s in a isual a en ion ask. Since he ypical oddball ask is ela i ely
easy, and pe o mance in olde subjec s is usually almos pe ec , we used a mo e demanding ask.
We ied o de e mine whe he possible P3 di e ences be ween bo h subg oups o olde subjec s
should be conside ed compensa o y o ine icien . Indeed, i di e ences a e due o a
compensa o y mechanism, highpe o ming olde subjec s should be expec ed o p esen a mo e
widesp ead scalp dis ibu ion o P3 han young subjec s. Al e na i ely, i he di e ences a e due
o a de ici o an ine icien neu al ac i a ion, he scalp dis ibu ion changes should be obse ed
in low-pe o ming olde subjec s.
Because he p e iously desc ibed age- ela ed P3 ampli ude educ ions may ac ually be due o: (a)
he exis ence o mo e in e ial a iabili y in P3 la ency (i.e. la ency ji e e ec ), (b) educed P3
ampli udes in all ials, o (c) absence o P3 gene a ion in some ials [26], we used a single- ial
me hod o desc ibe P3 luc ua ions in addi ion o he con en ional ERP a e aging.
Finally, i should be no ed ha , whe eas in mos o p e ious s udies he cogni i e unc ioning o
olde subjec s was de ined by hei pe o mance on s anda dized neu opsychological es s [7], in
ou s udy he olde subjec s we e cha ac e ized as ei he high- o low-pe o me s acco ding o
hei ac ual beha io al pe o mance in he isual a en ion ask. This allows us compa ing hese
elec ophysiological esponses ha a e ela ed o di e en ac ual pe o mance le els among
g oups in he same ask.
Ma e ials and me hods
Subjec s
Ten young (7 emales, age ange: 22—38, mean: 29.4±6.3 yea s), and en olde subjec s (5
emales, age ange: 58—67, mean: 62.2±3.2 yea s) we e es ed. All we e heal hy well unc ioning
subjec s and had no his o y o neu ological o psychia ic diseases. All subjec s had no mal o
co ec ed o-no mal ision. Olde subjec s pe o med he Spanish e sion (MEC-35) [27] o he
Mini-Men al S a e Exam (MMSE) [13] and had no mal sco es (> 28). In o med consen was
ob ained om all subjec s.
The olde subjec s we e assigned o wo g oups on he basis o hei beha io al pe o mance in
he isual a en ion ask ha was ca ied ou du ing he eco ding o P3: a g oup o olde subjec s
who pe o med as well as he young subjec s (high-pe o ming, N = 5), and a g oup o olde
subjec s who pe o med a a signi ican ly lowe le el compa ed o he young subjec s (low-
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
7
pe o ming, N = 5). Reac ion imes (RTs) and pe o mance le els con i med ha he olde
subjec s assigned o he low-pe o ming g oup, pe o med signi ican ly wo se han young and
high-pe o ming olde subjec s (see esul sec ion). Age and gende dis ibu ions we e simila in
bo h olde g oups (see Table 1).
S imuli and p ocedu e
Subjec s sa in a com o able a mchai in an elec ically shielded and sound-a enua ed oom a
61 cm iewing dis ance om a compu e moni o . All s imuli we e c ea ed, p esen ed, and
con olled using he P esen a ion so wa e applica ion (Neu obeha io al Sys ems, Inc., e sion
0.76). A ixa ion c oss was p esen ed con inuously a he cen e o he moni o . The s imuli
consis ed o nine possible digi s (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 o 9) in h ee di e en colo s ( ed, g een o
blue) sub ending 1.04◦ ×0.66◦ o isual angle, which we e equip obably p esen ed o 40 ms o e
he cen al ixa ion c oss. Subjec s we e equi ed o p ess a mouse bu on as quickly as possible
in esponse o digi s lowe han i e o any colo . Thus, digi s 1, 2, 3 and 4 o any colo we e he
a ge s imuli.
Ho izon al sinusoidal g a ings di e ing in mo ion di ec ion (4.13◦ isual angle, 20% con as ,
speed 1.95 deg/s, spa ial equency 0.7 cycles/deg) we e also p esen ed bila e ally a 10.7◦ o he
le and o he igh om he ixa ion c oss o 133 ms. These g a ings we e p esen ed in sequences
o epe i i e upwa d-d i ing g a ings (s anda d mo ion, p = 0.8), which we e occasionally
eplaced by downwa d d i ing g a ings (de ian mo ion, p = 0.2) and we e ollowed by a blank-
sc een ISI o 665 ms. Subjec s we e p esen ed wi h a block o 770 ials, om which 500
co esponded o una ended g a ings and 270 o a ended digi s. All s imuli we e p esen ed wi h a
s imulus onse asynch ony (SOA) o 798 ms. Subjec s we e equi ed o ix hei gaze on he
cen al c oss and o pay a en ion o he digi s, while igno ing he pe iphe al g a ings. In a ecen
s udy, we epo ed he e ec s o no mal aging on he p ea en i e p ocessing o hese una ended
pe iphe al g a ings [29] and he e we only epo he esul s on he cen al ask.
ERP eco dings
Con inuous elec oencephalog am (EEG) was eco ded (bandpass 0.05—100 Hz, 500
Hz/channel) wi h a Neu oScan sys em om 20 ac i e elec odes (Fp1, Fp2, F3, Fz, F4, F7, F8,
C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4, T3, T4, T5, T6, O1, O2, Oz), e e ed o he nose ip and g ounded wi h
an elec ode a nasion. Ve ical and ho izon al eye mo emen s we e eco ded bipola ly wi h
addi ional elec odes placed abo e and below he le eye and a he ou e can hi o bo h eyes,
espec i ely. Elec ode impedance was kep below 10 K_.
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
8
Da a analysis
Beha io al da a analysis RTs we e au oma ically on-line eco ded o all subjec s, and he
pe o mance le el was calcula ed as he pe cen age o co ec esponses o a ge digi s in he
cen al isual ask. Only RT alues associa ed wi h co ec esponses we e conside ed o da a
analysis. Mean RTs and pe cen ages o co ec esponses we e compa ed ac oss g oups using
one-way analysis o a iance (ANOVA) wi h G oup (young, high-pe o ming olde , low-
pe o ming olde ) as he be ween subjec s ac o .
ERP da a analysis
Two ypes o analysis we e pe o med on ERP da a: con en ional analysis o ampli ude, la ency
and scalp dis ibu ion, and single- ial analysis.
Con en ional a e aging
The EEG was digi ally il e ed o -line wi h a 0.1—30 Hz bandpass il e , and epoched in o
pe iods o 1000 ms (100 ms p e a ge and 900 ms pos - a ge ). Epochs exceeding± 100µV and
hose con aining ho izon al o e ical eye mo emen s, o inco ec esponses we e excluded om
analysis. The EEG was a e aged o he a ge digi s in each g oup o subjec s, sepa a ely. The
P3 componen was hen measu ed as he maximum posi i e ol age peak be ween 300 and 600
ms pos s imulus ela i e o he 100 ms baseline in each g oup o subjec s. These ampli ude alues
we e subjec ed o mixed ANOVA wi h G oup (young, high-pe o ming olde , low-pe o ming
olde ) as he be ween-subjec s ac o , and Localiza ion (an e io , pos e io ), and Elec ode
(an e io : Cz, Fz, F3, F4, Fp1, Fp2; pos e io : Pz, Oz, P3, P4, O1, O2) as he wi hin-subjec
ac o s. The P3 la ency alues we e de e mined wi h espec o he la ges posi i e ol age a Pz
elec ode and compa ed ac oss g oups using one-way ANOVA wi h G oup (young, high-
pe o ming olde , low-pe o ming olde ) as he be ween-subjec s ac o . No e ha , in his s udy,
we explo ed he age- ela ed di e ences in P3 pa ame e s along an an e io -pos e io axis, so da a
on speci ic elec odes a e no p esen ed. An alpha le el o 0.05 was used o all s a is ical es s.
Deg ees o eedom we e co ec ed by he conse a i e G eenhouse—Geisse es ima e when
app op ia e. Pos hoc compa isons we e pe o med using he Bon e oni adjus men o mul iple
compa isons.
Finally, in o de o examine he scalp dis ibu ion o P3 and o explo e in mo e de ail he possible
changes in he scalp dis ibu ion o P3 ampli ude among g oups, ol age maps we e compu ed
wi h he EEGLAB p og am [8], which plo s opog aphic maps o EEG ields as a 2D ci cula
iew using coin e pola ion on a ine Ca esian g id.
Single- ial analysis
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
9
In o de o isualize and desc ibe mo e accu a ely he ial- o- ial a iabili y in he ampli ude and
la ency o P3 componen du ing he ask, EEG epochs o a ge digi s associa ed wi h co ec
esponses we e subjec ed o single- ial analysis using he EEGLAB so wa e [8] a Fz and Pz
elec odes in each subjec . In a i s s ep, EEG Neu oscan da a epoch iles including only co ec
esponses we e impo ed ia he EEGLAB oolbox unde MATLAB en i onmen . The speci ic
channels o in e es (Fz and Pz) we e hen selec ed. The ea e , he EEGLAB menu allowed us o
so da a ials acco ding o hei occu ence in he expe imen and, inally, o c ea e ERP-image
plo s. The compu ed ERP-images consis ed o wo-dimensional colo ed ec angula
ep esen a ions o ial da a, in which each ho izon al line ep esen s ac i i y occu ing in each
single expe imen al ial. In hese images he ac i i y alues a e colo -coded in le - o- igh
s aigh lines, wi h he changing colo alue indica ing po en ial a ia ions a each ime poin in
he ial. Inspec ing he adjacen single ials allowed us o explo e he ial-by- ial P3
consis ency, making possible o de e mine whe he a P3 esponse was p esen in each indi idual
ial, and o explo e i s momen - o-momen luc ua ions in each g oup o subjec s. Resul s o his
single- ial analysis we e compa ed wi h hose o he con en ional a e aging.
Resul s
Beha io al da a
RTs and pe cen ages o co ec esponses a e summa ized in Table 1. The e was a signi ican
main e ec o G oup on mean RT (F2,17 = 5.67, P < 0.013). Pai wise compa isons (Bon e oni)
e ealed ha he mean RT o low-pe o ming olde subjec s was signi ican ly longe han ha o
young subjec s (P < 0.011), wi h no signi ican di e ences be ween he mean RT o high-
pe o ming olde and young subjec s (P = 1), and be ween bo h low- and high-pe o ming olde
subjec s (P = 0.138). The e was a signi ican main e ec o G oup on pe cen age o co ec
esponses (F2,17 = 7.74, P < 0.004). Pai wise compa isons e ealed ha pe o mance accu acy
was signi ican ly lowe o he low-pe o ming olde subjec s han o he o he wo g oups
(young: P < 0.005; high-pe o ming olde : P < 0.017), wi h no signi ican di e ences be ween
he pe o mance le els o he la e wo g oups (P = 1) (see Table 1).
ERP da a
Figu e 1 shows ERPs o a ge s o young, high-, and lowpe o ming olde subjec s a an e io
and pos e io scalp loca ions. As can be seen, all h ee g oups showed a clea ly iden i iable P3
componen .
P3 la ency
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
16
[9] Dua e A, Rangana h C, T ujillo C, Knigh RT. In ac Recollec ion Memo y in High-
pe o ming Olde Adul s: ERP and Beha io al E idence. J Cogn Neu osci
2006;18(1):33—47.
[10] Fabiani M, F iedman D. Changes in b ain ac i i y pa e ns in aging: he no el y oddball.
Psychophysiology 1995;32(6): 579—94.
[11] Fabiani M, F iedman D, Cheng JC. Indi idual di e ences in P3 scalp dis ibu ion in olde
adul s, and hei ela ionship o on al lobe unc ion. Psychophysiology
1998;35(6):698—708.
[12] Fjell AM, Walho d KB. P300 and neu opsychological es s as measu es o aging: scalp
opog aphy and cogni i e changes. B ain Topog 2001;14(1):25—40.
[13] Fols ein MF, Fols ein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-men al s a e”. A p ac ical me hod o g ading
he cogni i e s a e o pa ien s o he clinician. J Psychia Res 1975;12(3):189—98.
[14] Fo d JM, Duncan-Johnson CC, P e e baum A, Kopell BS. Expec ancy o e en s in old age:
s imulus sequence e ec s on P300 and eac ion ime. J Ge on ol 1982;37(6):696—704.
[15] Fo d JM, P e e baum A. E en - ela ed po en ials and eyeblink esponses in au oma ic and
con olled p ocessing: e ec s o age. Elec oencephalog Clin Neu ophysiol
1991;78(5):361—77.
[16] F iedman D. Cogni ion and aging: a highly selec i e o e iew o e en - ela ed po en ial
(ERP) da a. J Clin Exp Neu opsychol 2003;25(5):702—20.
[17] F iedman D, Kazme ski V, Fabiani M. An o e iew o age- ela ed changes in he scalp
dis ibu ion o P3b. Elec oencephalog Clin Neu ophysiol 1997;104(6):498—513.
[18] F iedman D, Simpson G, Hambe ge M. Age- ela ed changes in scalp opog aphy o no el
and a ge s imuli. Psychophysiology 1993;30(4):383—96.
[19] H uby T, Ma salek P. E en -Rela ed Po en ials- he P3 Wa e. Ac a Neu obiol Exp
2003;63:55—63.
[20] I agui VJ, Ku as M, Mi chine MR, Hillya d SA. E ec s o aging on e en - ela ed b ain
po en ials and eac ion imes in an audi o y oddball ask. Psychophysiology
1993;30(1):10—22.
[21] Johnson R. On he neu al gene a o s o he P300 componen o he e en - ela ed po en ial.
Psychophysiology 1993;30(1):90—7.

Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
17
[22] Ka ayama J, Polich J. Audi o y and isual P300 opog aphy om a 3 s imulus pa adigm.
Clin Neu ophysiol 1999;110(3):463—8.
[23] Kok A. E en - ela ed-po en ial (ERP) e lec ions o men al esou ces: a e iew and
syn hesis. Biol Psychol 1997;45(1—3):19—56.
[24] Kok A. Age- ela ed changes in in olun a y and olun a y a en ion as e lec ed in
componen s o he e en - ela ed po en ial (ERP). Biol Psychol 2000;54(1-3):107—43.
[25] Ku as M, I agui V, Hillya d SA. E ec s o aging on e en - ela ed b ain po en ials (ERPs) in
a isual de ec ion ask. Elec oencephalog Clin Neu ophysiol 1994;92(2):126—39.
[26] Ku as M, McCa hy G, Donchin E. Augmen ing men al ch onome y: he P300 as a measu e
o s imulus e alua ion ime. Science 1977;197(4305):792—5.
[27] Lobo A, Ezque a J, Bu gada FG, Sala JM, Se a A. El Mini- Examen Cognosci i o: Un es
sencillo y p ´ac ico pa a de ec a al e aciones in elec uales en pacien es m´edicos. Ac as
Luso Esp Neu ol Psiquia 1979;7:189—202.
[28] Logan JM, Sande s AL, Snyde AZ, Mo is JC, Buckne RL. Unde ec ui men and
nonselec i e ec ui men : dissociable neu al mechanisms associa ed wi h aging. Neu on
2002;33(5):827— 40.
[29] Lo enzo-L´opez L, Amenedo E, Pazo-Al a ez P, Cada ei a F. P e-a en i e de ec ion o
mo ion di ec ion changes in no mal aging. Neu o epo 2004;15(17):2633—6.
[30] McCa hy G, Donchin E. A me ic o hough : a compa ison o P300 la ency and eac ion
ime. Science 1981;211(4477): 77—80.
[31] P e e baum A, Fo d JM. ERPs o s imuli equi ing esponse p oduc ion and inhibi ion:
e ec s o age, p obabili y and isual noise. Elec oencephalog Clin Neu ophysiol
1988;71(1):55—63.
[32] P e e baum A, Fo d JM, Weneg a BG, Ro h WT, Kopell BS. Clinical applica ion o he P3
componen o e en - ela ed po en ials I. No mal aging. Elec oencephalog Clin
Neu ophysiol 1984;59(2):85—103.
[33] Polich J. Me a-analysis o P300 no ma i e aging s udies. Psychophysiology
1996;33(4):334—53.
[34] Polich J. EEG and ERP assessmen o no mal aging. Elec oencephalog Clin Neu ophysiol
1997;104(3):244—56.
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
18
[35] Reu e -Lo enz P, Jonides J, Smi h EE, Ha ley A, Mille A, Ma shue z C, e al. Age
di e ences in he on al la e aliza ion o e bal and spa ial wo king memo y e ealed by
PET. J Cogn Neu osci 2000;12(1):174—87.
[36] Reu e -Lo enz P. New isions o he aging mind and b ain. T ends Cogn Sci
2002;6(9):394—400.
[37] Ruchkin DS, Johnson R, Canoune HL, Ri e W, Hamme H. Mul iple sou ces o P3b
associa ed wi h di e en ypes o in o ma ion. Psychophysiology 1990;27(2):157—76.
[38] Sal house TA. The p ocessing-speed heo y o adul age di e ences in cogni ion. Psychol
Re 1996;103(3):403—28.
[39] Van de Lubbe R, Ve lege R. Aging and he Simon ask. Psychophysiology
2002;39(1):100—10.
[40] Ve lege R, Neuka e W, Komp D, Vie egge P. On he easons o he delay o P3 la ency
in heal hy elde ly subjec s. Elec oencephalog Clin Neu ophysiol 1991;79(6):488— 502.
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
19
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
20
Pos -p in ( inal d a pos - e e eeing)
21