Ku gans o he Eas e n Kugi ang Piedmon s. P elimina y
Repo o Season 2018
Jakub Ha lík– Hana Ha líko á– Ladisla S ančo
ABSTRACT
Ku gans a e cha ac e is ic monumen s o he Cen al Asian cul u al landscape. The eas e n piedmon s
o he Kugi ang moun ain ange (Sou he n Uzbekis an) eme ged o be ano ewo hily ich a ea in he oc-
cu ence o hese a ious s uc u es made o s ones o soil and become one o he main esea ch a eas o
he Czech -Uzbekis ani A chaeological Expedi ion. Following he p e ious esea ch o he season 2017, in
2018 he main a en ion was paid o he mapping o ku gans in he icini y o he illages o Loylagan and
Gu jak. Almos one hund ed a ied s one s uc u es ha e been de ec ed in his a ea, he majo i y o hem
labelled as aku gan. This epo p esen s he p elimina y esul s o he ield su ey, adesc ip ion o he
mo phology and abasic spa ial analysis o he ku gans and hei dis ibu ion wi hin bo h he physical and
his o ical landscape.
KEYWORDS
Ku gans; Cen al Asia; Bac ia; landscape a chaeology.
INTRODUCTION
The eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s (Su khanda ya P o ince, Sou he n Uzbekis an) ha e become
he main esea ch a ea o he Czech -Uzbekis ani A chaeological Expedi ion since 2014. The
esea ch conduc ed p edominan ly in he o m o ex ensi e su ace su eys and exca a ions
o selec ed ea u es has shown ano ewo hy a ie y o p ese ed a chaeological landscape no
only in e ms o he numbe o a chaeological si es bu also in hei da ing, s e ching om
he La e B onze Age o he Middle Ages, speci ically in he no he n pa o Pashkhu in he
She abad Dis ic (S ančo 2016; S ančoe al. 2016; Augus ino á 2017; Augus ino áe al.
2017; Kysela– Augus ino á– Kinas on 2018). In he las i e yea s, he Czech -Uzbekis ani
eam paid a en ion o he se lemen si es as well as o o he an h opogenic ea u es in he
su ounding landscape, i.e. wa e channels, pe oglyphs, and abo e all he cai ns and s one
se ings in e p e ed equen ly as ku gans, bu ial mounds commonly associa ed wi h he
nomadic peoples o Cen al Asia and he Eu asian s eppe zone in gene al. In e es in hese
ea u es e ol ed in o asubp ojec ocused on he mapping o ku gans in he oo hill egion
in o de o e alua e hei occu ence wi hin he e ealed cul u al landscape, especially in
ela ion o he Yaz Icul u e, i.e. local Ea ly I on Age (Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017;
Ha lík e al. 2018). The e m ku gan is used h oughou he epo o a egula , ci cula - o
o al -shaped mound o appa en an h opogenic o igin made o s one o soil, ega dless o i s
ac ual pu pose. Only exca a ions ha e he po en ial o cla i y he o iginal pu pose o hese
s uc u es (sepulch al, i ual e c.).
In he au umn season o 2018, he Czech -Uzbekis ani A chaeological Expedi ion ocused in
de ail on he alleys adjacen o he Pashkhu basin, i.e. he alleys o Gu jak and Loylagan in
pa icula . These wo alleys (Fig. 1), ising pe pendicula ly up o he idge o Kugi ang, we e
STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2, 147–172
148 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2
up o his yea isi ed only wi hin he scope o p elimina y gene al obse a ions (S ančoe al.
2017). In he ecen pas , he s udied a ea has been su eyed in o de o de ec and– in a ew
cases also o exca a e– isola ed a chaeological si es such as he se lemen s o Lungi Tepa, Kulal
Tepa, o Tu a Tepa (Annae 1987; Bobokhodzhae – Annae – Rakhmano 1989), o he
bu ial g ound o Loylagan (Duke 1975). The s a e o esea ch is, howe e , a om su icien ,
and he a chaeological si ua ion in his egion s ill wai s o ap ope e alua ion ( o alis o
si es published up o 2003 and hei da ing see S ide 2004, 254–256; o ecen disco e ies
see S ančoe al. 2017).
OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
The main aim o he p ojec is ade ailed explo a ion o ku gan clus e s in he Kugi ang pied-
mon s (Sou he n Uzbekis an), hei mapping, and an e alua ion o hei occu ence wi hin
he su ounding na u al and a chaeological landscape. The combina ion o he collec ed da a
wi h he esul s o o he concu en esea ch ac i i ies ocused mainly on se lemen emains
is hus, essen ial. Fo his pu pose, p edominan ly non -des uc i e a chaeological me hods
we e employed, i.e. in p e -selec ed a eas de ailed su ace su eys o he ku gan clus e s and
hei closes icini y, mo phological examina ion o indi idual ea u es, and spa ial analysis
o he whole clus e s we e execu ed. A en ion was paid o he da ing and possible s uc u al
and spa ial pa e ns o he s udied ku gans, o hei mu ual ela ions, as well as o he ela ions
Fig. 1: Dis ibu ion o ku gans in he esea ch a ea.
149JAKUB HAVLÍK– HANA HAVLÍKOVÁ– LADISLAV STANČO
be ween he ku gans and a ious o he ea u es in he landscape, bo h na u al (i.e. ca dinal
di ec ions, e ain ea u es, i e beds, e c.) and an h opogenic (i.e. se lemen s, i iga ion,
pe oglyphs e c.). he nex indispensable s ep o he esea ch was he exca a ion o he se-
lec ed ea u es wi hin he iden i ied clus e s, which only has he po en ial o de e mine he
da ing o he ku gans.
In he same way as in season 2017 in he alley o Pashkhu , in he season 2018 ou eam
ocused on he alleys o Gu jak and Loylagan: he mapping o bo h al eady known and newly
de ec ed ku gans and hei de ailed desc ip ion, as well as he eco d o all o he a chaeologi-
cally no iceable phenomena. As a i s s ep be o e he ield wo k i sel , ade ailed examina ion
o sa elli e image y had been conduc ed in o de o de ec he possible loca ion o he s udied
ea u es. The occu ence o po en ial a chaeological ea u es was subsequen ly e i ied by he
ield su ey and explo a ion o hei icini y. S uc u es mee ing speci ic c i e ia (appa en
an h opogenic o igin, egula shape, s one o soil cons uc ion) we e spa ially eco ded by
ahand -held GPS -de ice, measu ed, and desc ibed in e ms o size, cons uc ion, s a e o
p ese a ion, o ien a ion, and posi ion wi hin he clus e and su ounding e ain. All he
ku gans we e pho og aphed indi idually as well as wi hin he con ex o he clus e and he
su ounding landscape. A en ion was pa icula ly paid o he way o he ku gan clus e ing
and he isual (in e )connec i i y o bo h ku gans in he clus e and o he (na u al and an-
h opogenic) ea u es. All he collec ed da a ha e been p ocessed in GIS o abe e isualis-
a ion and subsequen analyses.
RESEARCH AREA
The esea ch a ea is si ua ed in he e y no h -eas e n pa o he She abad Dis ic and he
bo de ing a ea wi h he Baysun Dis ic (Su khanda ya P o ince, Sou he n Uzbekis an) in he
oo hills o he Kugi ang moun ain ange (highes peak a Ai i Baba, 3139 m.a.s.l., while he
al i ude o he esea ch a ea anges om 850 o 1200 m.a.s.l.), mo e p ecisely in he wo pa -
allel moun ain alleys o ien ed oughly pe pendicula o i , in he icini y o he p esen -day
illages o Gu jak and Loylagan (Fig. 1). The local s eppe en i onmen is e y hilly, dis up ed
by nume ous i e beds o seasonal s eams, he e and he e in e spe sed by ele a ed la pla-
eaus, nowadays qui e d y, howe e , clea ly cul i a ed in he ecen pas , o which no iceable
u ows bea wi ness.1 These pla eaus eme ged as c ucial places o his p ojec . While he
pla eaus and hills a ound he i e alleys a e now sui able only o pas u e, he oases on he
loodplains and low i e e aces a e wa e ed by sp ings allowing bo h small -scale a able and
d y a ming. The i e alleys o m na u al main pa hways in an eas -wes di ec ion, which
allow he c ossing o he moun ains a he Da ay angi go ge o pass o Khaz e aksa . In he
oo hills, he e a e howe e , also some mino pa hways in he no h -sou h di ec ion used by
local he dsmen, which in e connec he main i e alleys. The local clima e is con inen al
semi -a id, cha ac e ised by d as ic empe a u e a ia ion be ween bo h day and nigh and
summe and win e .
1 Acco ding o locals, hese pla eaus had been cul i a ed abou i y yea s ago, when he p ecipi a ion
was mo e a ou able.
150 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2
DISTRIBUTION OF KURGANS
In he alleys o Loylagan and Gu jak, in o al 126 s one s uc u es had been de ec ed up o
2018 by he Czech -Uzbekis ani A chaeological Expedi ion; 97 o hem we e labelled as ku -
gans (Fig. 1). The majo i y (104 s uc u es in o al) a e si ua ed in he a ea o Loylagan, whe e
ku gan bu ials we e al eady b ie ly s udied in he pas (see Duke 1975; S e chko 2005, 12;
S e chko 2007, 9–10), while he spa ially much mo e ( oughly ou imes) es ic ed clus e
in he a ea o Gu jak (22 ku gans) was o he i s ime eco ded only in 2016 (S ančoe al.
2017, 123). Du ing he 2018 season, we su eyed all he a ea o he la pla eaus be ween he
i e o Loylagansay in he sou h -eas and he d y i e bed o Ku uksay o he no h o he
Loylagan Valley. In he eas , he esea ch a ea was delimi ed by nume ous d y alleys wes
o he Chilanza illage while in he alley o Gu jak, he a ea o in e es was de ined by la
pla eaus no h o he p esen -day illage, along he oad o he hamle o Khojaankan.
LOYLAGAN
Ku gans in he alley o Loylagan illage ha e been de ec ed in qui e awide zone s e ching
o mo e han 9 km along he le bank o he Loylagansay Ri e (Fig. 2), s ic ly speaking on
he i e e aces o his s eam and ano he pa allel s eam. I is in his pa allel alley whe e
he La e Kushan pe iod se lemen si e o Kulal Tepa and se lemen si e labelled as Iskanda
Tepa da ed o he Hellenis ic pe iod a e si ua ed (Bobokhodzhae – Annae – Rakhmano
Fig. 2: Dis ibu ion o ku gans wi hin he Loylagan a ea.
151JAKUB HAVLÍK– HANA HAVLÍKOVÁ– LADISLAV STANČO
1989, 26–27; S ančoe al. 2017, 130–132). Al oge he , 75 s uc u es labelled as ku gans o m
se e al mo e o less clus e ed g oups, while some o hem s and isola ed. Besides ku gans,
he e ha e also been de ec ed 29 o he ku gan -like ea u es, and simple s one s uc u es.
This a chaeological si e was i s explo ed in 1973 by J. Duke, who b ie ly desc ibed bo h he
supposed bu ial g ound in gene al and exca a ion esul s o se en s uc u es. Acco ding o
his epo (Duke 1975), he e we e no bu ial pi s benea h he s uc u es, bu ‘judging om he
emnan s o he ashes, i is possible o p esume ac ema ion’.2 In acco dance wi h he da ing
o he poo unco e ed a chaeological ma e ial (one a owhead and some po e y she ds), he
whole si e was da ed by Duke o he 6 h–7 h cen u y AD. This da ing has been un il now mos ly
accep ed3 by o he schola s (e.g. A sha skaya– R eladze– Khakimo 1982, 117), while
only Li inskiy and Sedo conside ed apossible ea lie da ing and connec ion wi h Chioni ic
c ema ion bu ials in sou he n Tajikis an in he 4 h–5 h cen u y AD (Li inskiy– Sedo 1984,
134; o discussion summa y see S e chko 2005, 12; Ku bano 2013, 58). The in en ion o
he Czech -Uzbekis ani A chaeological Expedi ion was hus o con ibu e o he be e unde -
s anding o his, so a insu icien ly esea ched, a ea.
Ku gans
The ku gans de ec ed in he a ea de ined abo e seem o be a ela i ely homogenous g oup in
e ms o bo h hei mo phology and spa ial dis ibu ion wi hin he landscape. In e ms o mo -
phology, he mos widesp ead ype o ku gan in he alley o Loylagan is an almos pe ec ly
ci cula -shaped ku gan made p edominan ly o well -laid medium -sized s ones (d. usually
20–30 cm). The diame e o hese ku gans anges om ca. 6 o 9 m, while adiame e la ge
han 10 m is a he excep ional (see LOY_006, 013, 014, 065). The heigh o hese ku gans a ies
signi ican ly om 0.15 o 0.8 m. Among hose 35 ku gans, which i he desc ibed mo pholog-
ical ype, he e a e also 14 smalle ku gans in he alley o Loylagan (d. ca. 2.3–5.1 m) o e y
simila cons uc ion. Excep ions such us clus e LOY_019-033 a e desc ibed sepa a ely below.
In e ms o he dis ibu ion o he s udied ea u es wi hin he esea ch a ea, he e is an
appa en clus e ing de ined by bel s o a a ied numbe o ku gans si ua ed usually on he
edges o he i e e aces, which some imes ake he o m o la ele a ed pla eaus as is usual
in his a ea. Following hese bel s, he majo i y o ku gans can be di ided in o 7–9 such clus-
e s (see Fig. 2), which a e mos ly linked no only by hei spa ial p oximi y, bu also by hei
iden ical mo phology. The mos nume ous o hese clus e s, ha o LOY_059–072 (Fig. 3), is
si ua ed on he lowes i e e ace jus abo e he hamle o Mogal and he i e bed o he
Loylagansay, in isual con ac wi h each o he . This clus e consis s o aline o se en well-
-p ese ed ku gans co esponding highly o he mos widesp ead ype desc ibed abo e, while
he eigh h, he la ges ku gan, s ands aside (Fig. 4). Mo eo e , he e a e wo ku gans (LOY_059
and LOY_063) o he same mo phology bu smalle -sized and ou ku gans (LOY_068–072)
clumped on he wes e n pa o he bel , which di e no in size, bu in hei mo phology.
These ou ku gans (d. 4.5–8.5 m) we e in all cases wi h one excep ion (LOY_072; Fig. 5)
ecen ly dis up ed, highly p obably by locals in o de o collec la ge s ones, he holes o hese
a e s ill highly isible on he su ace. Acco ding o he cu en s a e o p ese a ion i was
mos ly possible o eco d only alow mound made o soil and li le s ones (d. up o 10 cm), while
2 ‘Было раскопано семь оград разной формы иразмеров. Вних не обнаружено могильпых ям, но, судя
по остаткам пепла, можно предполагать трупосожжение’ (Duke 1975, 76).
3 S e chko appa en ly isi ed he si e ecen ly, collec ing six po e y she ds he e, which he did no
desc ibe in mo e de ail (S e chko 2007, 14).

152 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2
Fig. 3: Spa ial dis ibu ion o ku gan clus e LOY_059–072.
Fig. 4: Ku gan LOY_065, iew om he no h (pho o by H. Ha líko á).
153JAKUB HAVLÍK– HANA HAVLÍKOVÁ– LADISLAV STANČO
Fig. 5: Ku gan LOY_072, iew om he sou h (pho o by H. Ha líko á).
Fig. 6: Spa ial dis ibu ion o ku gan clus e s LOY_036–041, LOY_042–047, LOY_048–052 and
LOY_053–056.
154 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2
aces o la ge s ones a e isible mainly on he ci cum e ence o he mound. I is he e o e
possible ha hese ku gans appea ed o iginally mo e like soil mounds wi h as one ing on
he ci cum e ence (such as in he case o he well -p ese ed LOY_072; see Fig. 5), which could
be desc ibed as ‘ci cula s one enclosu es’ men ioned by Duke (Duke 1975, 76). The main line
o ku gans lies in he iden ical o ien a ion wi h he i e e ace, i.e. no h -wes – sou h -eas .
This phenomenon occu s usually on all he i e e aces in he Loylagan Valley. Due o he
e y la e ain o he e ace all he ku gans wi hin he clus e ha e mu ual isual con ac .
Wes o he clus e LOY_059–072 on neighbou ing i e e aces and in he e y same
posi ion in he landscape, i is possible o obse e asimila si ua ion in he cases o bel -
-clus e s LOY_036–041 (6 ku gans), LOY_042–047 (6 ku gans), LOY_048–051 (4 ku gans), and
LOY_053–056 (4 ku gans). In all hese cases (Fig. 6) he ku gans a e laid ou no a om he
edges o he e aces, in isual con ac wi h he i e alley, bu no di ec ly wi h he i e bed.
Clus e LOY_042–047 i s he spa ial pa e n desc ibed o clus e LOY_059–072 e en in he
dis ances be ween he indi idual ku gans wi hin he bel (100–200 m), whe eas he mu ual
dis ances be ween he ea u es in he h ee o he bel s a e much smalle : spacing usually
anges om 10 o 40 m, and hese bel s hus gi e he imp ession o much igh e g oups.
Six ku gans o he clus e LOY_036–041 a e, despi e hei mu ual isual con ac , di ided
in o wo bel s o h ee ku gans. While he bel LOY_036–038 (Fig. 7) consis s o h ee la ge
(d. 7–8.5 m) ci cula -shaped ku gans placed in he plain, he bel LOY_039–041 is placed in one
line (ca. 30 m) on he edge o a ocky slope o e he lowe i e e ace desc ibed abo e. These
h ee ku gans o smalle dimensions (d. 2.3–5.1 m) a e made o small s ones (d. up o 20 cm),
whe eas a ound he ku gans LOY_039 and LOY_040 se e al la ge s ones (ca. 50×60 cm) a e
placed wi hou aclea ecognizable pa e n. Like he bel LOY_039–041, he clus e LOY_048–
051 (Fig. 8) is o med by abel o ou ku gans (only ku gan LOY_048 di e s om he mos
widesp ead mo phology) s e ching only 30 m in an eas -wes di ec ion. Ou a en ion was
d awn by se e al la ge s ones (d. up o 60 cm) placed on he edges o he ku gans, o – in
he case o LOY_049– in he cen al pa o he mound. Apossible unc ion o he la ge
s one as ama ke in clus e s LOY_039–041 and LOY_048–051 canno be uled ou . Clus e
LOY_053–056 sepa a ed by agully is simila in i s disposi ion, whe eas he badly -p ese ed
low ku gans a e made mos ly o a he small s ones (d. up o 10 cm). Fu he wes wa ds– on
ano he i e e ace sepa a ed by he d y i e bed o amino b ook– s ands one isola ed
ku gan (LOY_011). Despi e ha ing he same mo phology as de ined abo e and a e y simila
opog aphy, he e a e no o he ku gans on his e ace.
Ano he eigh ku gans a e placed on he ele a ed pla eau be ween he i e bed o he
Loylagansay and he la alley a ound he La e Kushan pe iod si e o Kulal Tepa. Ku gans
LOY_007–009 o m aline on he no he n edge o he spu wes o he Hellenis ic pe iod si e
o Iskanda Tepa. The smalle , o al -shaped ku gan LOY_008 is badly dis up ed. On he su ace
o his ea u e, wo she ds o hick -walled po e y we e ound, da ed by Sh. Shaydullae o he
12
h
cen u y AD. Wi hin his bel , wo badly ecognizable s one ci cles we e also de ec ed (d. 6.3
and 6 m), which could i i s cou se and di ec ion, and could hus be unc ionally connec ed
wi h he ku gans.4 On he sou he n edge o he pla eau, on he s eep slope abo e he i e bed,
he e is aclus e o well -p ese ed, a he la ge (d. 7.5–13 m) ci cula ku gans o he common
mo phology. Th ee o hem (LOY_012–014) o m abel whose o ien a ion is iden ical o ha
4 S one ci cles we e a chaeologically ecognised as g a e ma ke s ( o Kushan pe iod in sou he n
Tajikis an see Mendelsh am 1975, 64–109), bu also as ap obable place o i ual ac i i y, ypically
bu ning o o e ings ( o Tu kic pe iod in Inne Asia see Okladniko a 1986, 81–88; o Mongolian
B onze Age see B ode icke al. 2016).
155JAKUB HAVLÍK– HANA HAVLÍKOVÁ– LADISLAV STANČO
Fig. 7: Ku gan bel LOY_036–038, iew om he eas ; LOY_038 a he o eg ound (pho o by
H. Ha líko á).
Fig. 8: Ku gan bel LOY_048–51, iew om he no h. LOY_051 a he o eg ound (pho o by
H. Ha líko á).
162 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2
Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N-S
(m)
Leng h E-W
(m)
Heigh
(m)
Max. s ones
diame ed (m) No e
LOY_001 66.9886017 37.9219017 9.3 7.2 0.55 0.15 
LOY_002 66.9881973 37.9221992 6 6.9 0.45 0.25
la ge s ones allen o
he s uc u e on S (45×45
cm)
LOY_003 66.9766006 37.9272995 6.7 6.8 0.3 0.25 
LOY_004 66.9710007 37.9296989 8.4 8.5 0.3 0.25 
LOY_005 66.9529037 37.9356995 3.7 4.3 0.1 0.2 la ge hole ca 40 cm deep
dug in o he ku gan
LOY_006 66.9374008 37.9402008 13.8 12.9 0.7 0.25 
LOY_007 66.9703979 37.9203987 8.6 90.6 0.2 
LOY_008 66.9709015 37.9205017 3.9 5.3 0.3 0.2 dis up ed on wes
LOY_009 66.9722977 37.9207993 8.8 8.8 0.3 0.2 
LOY_010 66.9750977 37.9196014 3.8 3.1 0.3 0.2 
LOY_011 66.9132996 37.9424019 7.9 8.8 0.2 0.1 ew la ge s ones 60×30
cm and 60×40 cm
LOY_012 66.9638977 37.9169006 7.5 7.4 0.4 0.25 signs o su ace
dis up ion
LOY_013 66.9642029 37.9168015 12.5 13 0.7 0.25 signs o su ace
dis up ion
LOY_014 66.9652023 37.9165001 11 13 0.7 0.25
signs o su ace
dis up ion; pa ly
ea hen-made
LOY_015 66.9665985 37.9146004 7.7 90.4 0.25 
LOY_016 66.9669037 37.9143982 9.8 9.9 0.4 0.3 
LOY_017 66.9657974 37.9235992 5.5 50.75 0.2
di ch on ci cum e ence:
w. 70-80 cm, 5-15 cm
deep; ea hen mound
LOY_018 66.9656982 37.9235992 4.5 3.9 0.2 0.2
i egula s uc u e;
dep ession in cen al
pa
LOY_019 66.9627991 37.9263 10.4 7.2 0.8 0.3
mos ly ea hen-made;
only a small amoun o
s ones
LOY_020 66.9620972 37.9287987 4.5 40.2 0.15 
LOY_021 66.9620972 37.9289017 4 3.9 0.35 0.15 sligh ly ec angula
shape
LOY_022 66.9621964 37.9296989 4 3.7 0.3 0.25 i egula shape
LOY_023 66.9614029 37.9292984 2.6 2.8 0.25 0.2 i egula shape: o al -
ec angula
LOY_024 66.9616013 37.9294014 5 4.5 0.4 0.2 i egula shape: o al -
ec angula
LOY_025 66.9615021 37.9295006 3.8 4.3 0.5 0.3
i egula shape: o al -
ec angula ; boulde s d.
25-30 cm

163JAKUB HAVLÍK– HANA HAVLÍKOVÁ– LADISLAV STANČO
Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N-S
(m)
Leng h E-W
(m)
Heigh
(m)
Max. s ones
diame ed (m) No e
LOY_026 66.9614029 37.9295998 4 4 0.3 0.25
i egula shape: o al -
ec angula ; one la ge
s one on S-E
LOY_027 66.9614029 37.9296989 3.1 3.2 0.3 0.2 i egula shape: o al -
ec angula
LOY_028 66.9602966 37.9289017 6.7 5.2 0.25 0.2 i egula shape: o al -
ec angula
LOY_029 66.9601974 37.9297981 3.4 2.2 0.2 0.25 i egula shape
LOY_030 66.9600983 37.9300003 3.2 3.9 0.2 0.2 
LOY_031 66.9600983 37.9301987 2.8 2.4 0.6 0.3 
LOY_032 66.9600983 37.9305 4.9 3.9 0.3 0.25 
LOY_033 66.9599991 37.9309998 3 2.9 0.15 0.2 highly dis up ed
LOY_034 66.9488983 37.9325981 3.2 2.9 0.3 0.2 
LOY_035 66.9485016 37.9328995 3 3.3 0.3 0.2
la ge s ones (d. mo e
han 50 cm) a ound he
ci cum e ence
LOY_036 66.9425964 37.9306984 7 7.5 0.55 0.3 
LOY_037 66.9422989 37.9305992 8.5 8.5 0.3 0.3 a dep ession in he
cen al pa
LOY_038 66.9421997 37.9306984 8.1 8.3 0.6 0.3
some la ge s ones
(d. 50×50 cm) S o he
s uc u e
LOY_039 66.9449005 37.9285011 2.3 2.4 0.15 0.15
ba ely no iceable due
he ocky e ain; la ge
s ones (d. 60-50 cm)
a ound he s uc u e
LOY_040 66.9448013 37.9286003 3.8 3.6 0.25 0.2
ba ely no iceable due
he ocky e ain; la ge
s ones (d. 60-50 cm)
a ound he s uc u e
LOY_041 66.944603 37.9286995 4.7 5.1 0.3 0.2 ba ely no iceable due
he ocky e ain
LOY_042 66.9369965 37.9361992 6.5 5.9 0.2 0.5 higly dis up ed; made o
la ge s ones
LOY_043 66.935997 37.9357986 9 8.6 0.6 0.25
on he ci cum e ence
la ge s ones (d. up o
50 cm)
LOY_044 66.9346008 37.9361992 8.9 10.7 0.6 0.3 se e al s ones d. up o
40 cm
LOY_045 66.9335022 37.9365005 5.9 5.8 0.3 0.2 one la ge s one (d. 50
cm) on he S edge
LOY_046 66.9315033 37.9376984 3.7 3.5 0.1 0.2 h ee la ge s one
(50×40 cm)
LOY_047 66.9312973 37.9380989 8 9.5 0.35 0.2 la ge s ones p obably
aken om he s uc u e
LOY_048 66.9312973 37.9351997 4 4 0.1 0.2 high le el o dis up ion
164 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2
Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N-S
(m)
Leng h E-W
(m)
Heigh
(m)
Max. s ones
diame ed (m) No e
LOY_049 66.9310989 37.9351997 6 5.8 0.3 0.25 one la ge s one in he
cen al pa (50×40 cm)
LOY_050 66.9310989 37.9351997 7 7 0.3 0.25
some o s ones la ge (d.
up o 50 cm); on W edge
one la ge s one (60×40
cm)
LOY_051 66.9309998 37.9351997 7.8 7.6 0.25 0.2 
LOY_052 66.9291 37.9351006 3.9 40.3 0.3 
LOY_053 66.9241028 37.9361992 8 9 0.2 0.3 highly dis up ed
LOY_054 66.924202 37.9365997 5 4.6 0.25 0.1
ci cula /o al; a small
sa eli e ku gan a ached
o E side (d. 1.4 m)
LOY_055 66.9240036 37.9369011 6.6 6.9 0.2 0.1 ew la ge s ones (d. up
o 30 cm)
LOY_056 66.9235992 37.9375 4.1 3.7 0.2 0.3 highly dis up ed
LOY_057 66.930603 37.9457016 6.4 8.5 0.25 0.2 highly dis up ed
LOY_058 66.9311981 37.9457016 5.1 4.9 0.15 0.25 highly dis up ed
LOY_059 66.9462967 37.9210014 4.3 3.1 0.25 0.25
one la ge s one in he
cen al pa (40×30 cm);
one la ge s one nea he
NW edge (50×30 cm);
o al-shaped
LOY_060 66.9437027 37.9230995 7.6 7.4 0.2 0.25
one la ge s one (40×30
cm) on W; highly
dis up ed
LOY_061 66.9434967 37.9230995 7.2 6.5 0.4 0.25 highly dis up ed
LOY_062 66.9422989 37.9238014 8.5 8.1 0.5 0.15 highly dis up ed
LOY_063 66.9417038 37.9249992 5.1 4.9 0.2 0.25 highly dis up ed
LOY_064 66.9408035 37.9250984 7.5 10.4 0.5 0.2 
LOY_065 66.9397964 37.9245987 10.7 10.3 0.8 0.15 
LOY_066 66.9403 37.9258003 6.9 6.5 0.5 0.3
ku gan-like ea u e
(3.3×3.7 m, h. 0.25 m;
ec angula -shaped) in
0.5 m dis ance
LOY_067 66.9393005 37.9263992 7.1 7.1 0.25 0.3 highly dis up ed
LOY_068 66.9391022 37.9264984 4.4 4.9 0.5 0.2
only aces o ex e nal
s one ing emain
isible; highly dis up ed
LOY_069 66.938797 37.9266014 5.6 5.6 0.1 0.2
only aces o ex e nal
s one ing emain
isible; highly dis up ed
LOY_070 66.9386978 37.9263992 6.7 5.8 0.1 0.15
only aces o ex e nal
s one ing emain
isible; highly dis up ed
LOY_071 66.9385986 37.9264984 6 6 0.1 0.2
only aces o ex e nal
s one ing emain
isible; highly dis up ed
LOY_072 66.9384003 37.9264984 7.8 7.4 0.15 0.25
wo concen ic s one
ings made o la ge
boulde s (d. up o 35 cm);
dis up ed
165JAKUB HAVLÍK– HANA HAVLÍKOVÁ– LADISLAV STANČO
Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N-S
(m)
Leng h E-W
(m)
Heigh
(m)
Max. s ones
diame ed (m) No e
LOY_073 67.0074005 37.9087982 5 5 1.3 0di ch on ci cum e ence
(w. 40 cm; 20 cm deep)
LOY_074 67.0005035 37.911499 3.5 3.5 0.5 0di ch on ci cum e ence
(w. 30 cm; 10 cm deep)
LOY_075 66.9929962 37.914299 2.5 2.5 0.65 0di ch on ci cum e ence
(w. 30 cm; 10 cm deep)
Tab.1: Ku gans o he Loylagan a ea.
Fig. 15: Dis ibu ion o ku gans wi hin he Gu jak clus e .
166 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2
GURJAK
Asi ua ion signi ican ly di e en om he alley o Loylagan can be obse ed on he plains
no h o he illage o Gu jak. Aku gan clus e nea Gu jak
8
is loca ed on he ele a ed pla eau
be ween he illages o Gu jak ( o he sou h) and Khojaankan ( o he no h), which g adually
ises up in o he moun ains, and o e s ana u al connec ion be ween hose se led a eas. The
occu ence o he ku gans in his a ea was i s eco ded by L. S ančo in 2016 (S ančoe al.
2017, 123), he exac da e o hese– as ye unexca a ed– ea u es emains, howe e , s ill un-
known. The only a chaeological ac i i y in his egion p io o 2016 is ha connec ed wi h he
exca a ion o he se lemen o Lungi Tepa, wes o Khojaankan illage, da ed o he Middle
Ages (8
h
–12
h
cen u y; Annae 1987, 586–587; Bobokhodzhae – Annae – Rakhmano 1989,
32). No a om his se lemen (i.e. wes o Khojaankan) aso a unknown polycul u al si e
was ecen ly de ec ed in he ock shel e o Kap a Kama . The ch onology o he si e anges
om he Neoli hic and Yaz Ipe iod o he Middle Ages (see S ančoe al. 2017, 127–128). No
his o ical se lemen ac i i y has been de ec ed on he pla eau i sel o in i s closes icini y:
only h ee non -diagnos ical po e y she ds we e collec ed nea he ku gans, wo o hem
da ed by Sh. Shaydullae p elimina ily o he 12 h cen u y AD, one o he 18 h–19 h cen u y AD.
The Gu jak clus e (Fig. 15; Tab.2) consis s o 22 ku gans, which a e spa sely sp ead ou
o e he plain di ided by se e al gullies, especially on i s eas e n side, no a om he edge
abo e he a ine. The gene al o ien a ion o he clus e is iden ical o he no h -sou h o i-
en a ion o he pla eau: some o he ku gans o m an alignmen (GUR_002–008), whe eas
ku gans GUR_019–021 a e closely clus e ed o he no h o he plain wi hou aclea pa e n
o o ien a ion. Despi e he ac ha all he de ec ed ea u es a e concen a ed wi hin asingle
clus e in an a ea o ca. 75 ha, hey di e signi ican ly om each o he in mo phology. Ku gans
8 Labelled as ‘Gu jak -Wes ’ in S ančoe al. 2017.
Fig. 16: Ku gan GUR_012, iew om he sou h ‑wes (pho o by H. Ha líko á).
167JAKUB HAVLÍK– HANA HAVLÍKOVÁ– LADISLAV STANČO
made mos ly o s ones occu only in wo cases (GUR_005; GUR_012; Fig. 16), while he es
o he Gu jak ku gans a e made mos ly o soil, o as one -and -soil combina ion. Besides he
p edominan ly ci cula -shaped ku gans, he e a e also qui e equen o al -shaped ones. The
o ien a ion o hese mounds (no h– sou h) co esponds wi h he o ien a ion o he pla eau
bu also wi h he di ec ion o he ploughed u ows, and hus i migh ha e been caused by
la e human ac i i y while he pla eau was cul i a ed.
Fig. 18: Ku gan GUR_013, iew om he eas (pho o by J. Ha lík).
Fig. 17: Ku gan GUR_016, iew om he sou h ‑wes (pho o by H. Ha líko á).

168 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2
Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N-S
(m)
Leng h E-W
(m)
Heigh
m)
Max. s ones
diame ed (m) No e
GUR_001 66.81761493 37.85874699 7 6 0.4 0.1 some s ones d. up o
20 cm
GUR_002 66.81712098 37.86081397 14.9 14.4 1.1 0.1
ew s ones d. up o
20 cm; N-S (28.3 m)
o ien ed len icula
‘embankmen ’
GUR_003 66.81674195 37.86147195 11.1 11.9 0.5 N-S (23.6 m) o ien ed
len icula ‘embankmen ’
GUR_004 66.81610099 37.86172299 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.1
dis up ed: o iginally
o al - shaped ku gan o
d. up o 8 m?
GUR_005 66.81551493 37.86249898 11.6 12.4 0.8 0.1
some la ge s ones d.
up o 25 cm, one la ge
s one 50×45 cm
GUR_006 66.81548693 37.86340096 10 9.7 0.5 
only limi ed numbe
o s ones on he
ci cum e ence
GUR_007 66.81549498 37.86379097 18.8 18.5 1  ea hen mound
GUR_008 66.81542432 37.86433705 4.3 3.1 0.2 0.15 dis up ed by ploughing
(?): unce ain bounda y
GUR_009 66.82043469 37.86400831 7.3 40.3 0.1 almos wi hou s ones;
dis up ed
GUR_010 66.8218053 37.86588728 5.1 5.4 0.2 0.15
some la ge s ones on
he ci cum e ence; one
la ge s one by S (70×50
cm) and W-S (70×40 cm)
pa
GUR_011 66.8166086 37.86565376 3.9 4.2 0.2 0.3 
GUR_012 66.81504018 37.86716058 10.2 9.9 0.8 0.15 la ge s ones (d. up o 35
cm) in he cen al pa
GUR_013 66.81557947 37.8684648 23.2 22.4 1.3 0.5
one la ge s one (d. 50
cm) on he op; mos ly
ea hen-made; N-S (25.1
m) o ien ed len icula
‘embankmen ’
GUR_014 66.81735626 37.86872054 8.5 6.6 0.4 0.1
N-S (28.7×9.1 m)
o ien ed len icula
‘embankmen ’
GUR_015 66.81724562 37.86970315 6.9 4.7 0.35 0.25
aces o s one obbing;
N-S (13.7 m) o ien ed
len icula ‘embankmen ’
GUR_016 66.81612949 37.87102656 8.1 6.7 0.4 0.15 N-S (14.7 m) o ien ed
len icula ‘embankmen ’
GUR_017 66.81852948 37.87125271 3 3 0.2 0.15
one la ge s one in
cen al pa 80×60 cm;
badly p ese ed
GUR_018 66.81284001 37.87272013 2.8 2.6 0.2 0.2 highly dis up ed
GUR_019 66.81551761 37.87577609 3.4 2.5 0.2 0.1
some s ones d. up o 25
cm; ew la ge s ones
(50×40 cm) by N and S
edges
169JAKUB HAVLÍK– HANA HAVLÍKOVÁ– LADISLAV STANČO
Aspeci ic epea edly documen ed kind o ea u e (GUR_002–003; GUR_013–016; GUR_020)
consis s o he cen al s uc u e o he ku gan enclosed in alen icula -shaped e y low em-
bankmen o he same o ien a ion as men ioned in he case o he o al -shaped ku gans (see
Fig. 17). I is no clea i his embankmen o iginally enclosed he en i e ci cum e ence o he
ku gan and was seconda ily de o med by ploughing, o i i was wholly c ea ed by ploughing
du ing he la e ag icul u al ac i i ies wi hin he a ea.
I is possible o dis inguish conside able di e ences in he ku gan dimensions: he smalles
ku gans in he clus e (GUR_004) measu e 1.5 m in diame e ,9 se en o he ku gans exceed
adiame e o 10 m, and he ku gan GUR_013 (Fig. 18) measu ing 23 m ep esen s he la ges
one eco ded in he Kugi ang piedmon s. I is made p edominan ly o soil. The wes e n side
o i s ci cum e ence is unde lined by aline o medium sized s ones (d. up o 40 cm). Simila
o hese soil -made ku gans, ou p edominan ly ea hen -made ku gans o ming abel a e
loca ed in he ku gan clus e Ka abag– No h 1, in he no he nmos pa o he Pashkhu
basin (Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á 2017, 174–179). Besides he gene al linea i y o he Gu jak
clus e layou , gi en by he na u e o he compa a i ely na ow pla eau, no e iden pa e ns
ha e been ecognised ei he in e ms o he dis ibu ion o he ku gans o o hei mo phol-
ogy and dimensions. The ques ion o hei da e s ill emains open o u u e ial exca a ion.
CONCLUSIONS
One o he aims o he Czech -Uzbekis ani A chaeological Expedi ion in he au umn o 2018
was o map he ku gan-like ea u es in he icini y o he illages o Loylagan and Gu jak.
This a ea e ealed g ea esea ch po en ial, ega ding no only he ku gan mounds, bu also
se lemen si es o adi e en na u e. As a as ku gans a e conce ned, signi ican di e enc-
es in e ms o hei mo phology ha e been asce ained be ween hese wo a eas. While he
Loylagan alley is clea ly cha ac e ised by ku gan bel s consis ing p edominan ly o egula ,
ci cula -shaped ku gans made o s one, on he plains no h o Gu jak, ku gans made o soil,
o acombina ion o soil and s ones p e ail. In Gu jak occu o al -shaped ku gans, which a e
lacking in Loylagan. On he o he hand, aphenomenon common o bo h a eas is he ob ious
p e e ence o he loca ion o ku gans on i e e aces and la pla eaus. An impo an cha -
ac e is ic in bo h a eas is u he mo e he linea dis ibu ion o he ku gans on he pla eaus
o i e e aces, and ace ain link be ween he ku gans and na u al pa hways in he a ea.
This p esump ion was suppo ed by he absence o hese ea u es on he spacious pla eaus
wes wa ds o he oad be ween Ega chi and Kha ak illages which would o he wise lend
9 This dimension co esponds o he p ese ed s a e o he badly dis up ed ku gan GUR–004, which
in i s o iginal s a e could ha e eached adiame e o up o 8 m.
Code Longi ude La i ude Wid h N-S
(m)
Leng h E-W
(m)
Heigh
m)
Max. s ones
diame ed (m) No e
GUR_020 66.81497086 37.87542782 7.4 6.4 0.4 0.2 N-S o ien ed len icula
‘embankmen ’
GUR_021 66.81464841 37.8756165 5.4 4.9 0.4 0.15 some s ones d. up o
20 cm
GUR_022 66.81444557 37.87564231 5.4 3.3 0.3 0.2 high le el o dis up ion
Tab.2: Ku gans o he Gu jak clus e .
170 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXII/2
i sel pe ec ly o hei cons uc ion.
10
Ku gans clea ly occu on la plains abo e he i e
bed on which amode n oadway and di oads un hese days– possibly copying he his o -
ical ones. The ea u es in ques ion a e almos e e ywhe e (wi h he excep ion o he clus e
LOY_020–033, which di e s u he mo e in e ms o mo phology) buil on dominan posi ions,
usually isually in e connec ed wi h he su ounding landscape o he ( i e ) alley. These
cha ac e is ics can be ound also in he neighbou ing Pashkhu basin, which was examined
in p e ious esea ch seasons. Ku gan bel s no h o Ka abag co espond signi ican ly o
he ku gan bel s o Loylagan in e ms o hei mo phology, spa ial dis ibu ion, and he si e
opog aphy in gene al. Nume ous clus e s o densely dis ibu ed small ea u es ypical o
he a ea be ween he illages o Kay i and Kampy epa (see Ha lík– S ančo– Ha líko á
2017) ep esen only amino i y o ku gans in Loylagan, and in Gu jak hey do no occu a all.
In gene al, bo h a eas bea wi ness o he simila space managemen , which could indica e
hei ch onological o unc ional in e connec ion. Because o he lack o ch onologically sensi-
i e ma e ial, i is s ill ha d o iden i y alink connec ing hese clus e s. Some e idence coming
om he exca a ion o ku gan LOY_013 could howe e en a i ely con i m Duke’sda ing o
Loylagan ku gan clus e o he Ea ly Middle Ages. Howe e , he simple i eplace unco e ed by
he exca a ion which signi ican ly ecalls he ash laye s desc ibed by Duke, does no sugges
adi ec sepulch al use o he ku gan. This phenomenon o ku gans wi hou bu ials (possible
ceno aphs?), which has been al eady documen ed in he Kugi ang piedmon s (ha líke al.
2018), poses one o challenges o u u e esea ch in his egion.
Following he aims o he esea ch, awhole ange o asks ha e a isen. The e a e s ill se e al
a eas wi h he po en ial o e eal new da a, especially no h o Loylagan, be ween he illages
o Kha ak and Panjob. Ano he ku gan clus e can be assumed he e, which can be compa ed
wi h he ku gan bu ial g ounds a Sa yband and Toda in he Baysun Dis ic . (S e chko
2007, 10). Howe e , he g ea es po en ial o abe e unde s anding o he collec ed da a could
be p o ided by u he exca a ion in Loylagan, and ial exca a ions o he ku gan clus e s
nea Gu jak and Ka abag. Only exca a ions can de e mine he da ing and possible ela ions
be ween hese h ee a eas and p o ide mo e de ailed in o ma ion and conc e e da a on he
cul u al de elopmen o he eas e n Kugi ang piedmon s.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This ou pu was c ea ed wi hin he p ojec ‘SVV–2018– 260484’, subp ojec ‘Ku gan Bu ial
G ounds o No he n Bac ia: ACon ibu ion o Knowledge o Nomadic Peoples in Cen al
Asia’ ealized a Cha les Uni e si y, Facul y o A s wi h he inancial suppo o he Speci ic
uni e si y esea ch in 2018.
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