Czech wine consumers: maturing with age?

169 1, XVIII, 2015 Marketing & Trade DOI: 10.15240/tul/001/2015-1-013 Introduction Wine is a complex beverage which varies in taste, in categories and in quality measures. These factors may infl uence consumers’ preferences. The most important factor is probably taste, although consumers usually cannot taste wine before a purchase and so other factors are important in the decision making process [5]. The motivation for wine drinking is important as well. Knowledge of situations connected with wine consumption, of what role wine plays in consumers’ lifestyles and of other important motivations helps to understand the purchase decision. There have been number of studies of the behaviour of wine drinkers [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [32], [33], [34], [41]. The markets of Australasia, the USA and Europe have been studied in relation to consumer behaviour and the segmentation of wine consumers [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [32], [33], [34], [41]. It has been noted that consumption patterns in the food and beverage sector are infl uenced by cultural factors [47]. However there has been no dedicated study in the Czech Republic. It would be interesting to see, therefore, whether or not consumer behaviour is different in this postcommunist transition economy [2], [49]. The history of Czech wine growing goes back to the 3rd century, and although the 20th century saw a decline in consumption and in the number of wineries, the last twenty years have seen a rebirth of the Czech wine industry [17]. The consumption of wine accounted for 11% of the volume of alcoholic beverages consumed in the Czech Republic in 2010, while the average consumption was 19.4 litres of wine per person per year [13]. These numbers are growing slowly, possibly because of growing knowledge about wine and a decrease in prices caused by international competition [16]. The Czech Republic is a net importer of wine, importing more than half of its consumption, although the consumption of local wines has grown with time. The main competitor to wine in the Czech Republic, as an alcoholic drink, is beer. Beer is very popular in the Czech Republic, and its consumption accounted for 85% of the volume of alcoholic beverages consumed in the Czech Republic in 2010, although the consumption has been decreasing slowly in since 2005 [13], [30]. Although there have been major developments in the techniques for growing wine in the past few decades, there has been no major developments in the marketing of it [16], [41]. The wine industry seems to be struggling to fi nd a way to become more market oriented and remains production-oriented. The wine market has long traditions; therefore it cannot be described as an innovative sector and it is agriculturally-based [9]. The problem lies in the mass-marketing strategy adopted by wine producers because wine is more part of a lifestyle than just an everyday product [34]. The main objective of this study is to identify the most important motivations for Czech consumers to drink wine and the factors involved in wine purchase since no study of this kind of Czech consumers has been undertaken. As wine consumption is growing in importance in the Czech Republic, especially in the south-eastern region of Moravia, knowledge of consumers is pivotal. The main focus of this study is to fi nd out if there are any differences between genders and age groups, as basic segmentation factors, in relation to the consumption of wine in the Czech Republic. 1. Literature Review The purchase process for wine is complex, since it has many dimensions which can infl uence decision making. There are not only thousands of brands and products, but numerous wine CZECH WINE CONSUMERS: MATURING WITH AGE? John R. Anchor, Tereza Lacinová EM_1_2015.indd 169EM_1_2015.indd 169 4.3.2015 11:42:444.3.2015 11:42:44 170 2015, XVIII, 1 Marketing a obchod styles, grape varieties, vintages, labels and wine regions. In addition, price plays a very important role in the decision making process [40], [29], [44], [45]. Wine is the “combination of a noble grape, the creative artistry of the winemaker and the tradition of the package” [51]. The core benefi t expresses the reason why consumers may prefer wine to other alcoholic beverages and in this paper this is referred to as “the motivation to drink wine”. These motivations are made tangible by using consumers’ senses of sight, touch and smell, while presenting the advantages of the product, by for example using a unique design, controlling the quality of packaging or/and displaying the provenance, brand, grape variety and other factors on the bottle or in the information material. Intangible factors, such as price, outlets where the wines are sold, or image, are used to gain competitive advantage using differentiation [51]. The importance of each of these factors has been explored in several studies of the Australian and New Zealand wine markets [12], [40], [55], [9], as well as the US wine market [41], [26]. In Europe, there have been consumer-oriented segmentation studies of the Swiss and Irish wine markets [7], [21]. The main approach to studying wine buying behaviour seems to be market segmentation. The authors of the various studies have tried to create segments of wine consumers based on different factors – for example lifestyle – which infl uence wine consumption [8], [29], [9]. Lifestyle is a set of values and is defi ned as: “patterns in which people live and spend time and money” [6]. All of the studies concerning lifestyle factors have proved the importance of them, as wine is a cultural beverage with a long history. There are social and cultural factors associated with drinking wine, which differentiate this product from many other alcoholic beverages with a shorter history. Consumers can be segmented according to their involvement in purchase and consumption, which is generally characterized as the level of interest in an object or activity. It can be divided into product involvement, brand decision involvement and purchasing involvement [35]. A product involved consumer pays a lot of attention to buying a certain product; for example wine. When consumers are highly involved in selecting a certain brand, the behaviour is called ‘brand purchasing involvement’ and a consumer who is interested in purchase itself is ‘purchasing involved’ [7]. Consumers are often ‘product involved’ in the wine market, as it can be complicated to choose wine because of the existence of a large number of types and brands; and it is often important for consumers to choose the “right” wine, especially when buying it as a gift. Given the large number of brands, types and fl avours, brand purchasing involvement might not be so common when buying wine [15], [35]. Purchasing involvement is an important factor in the wine market. Many wine consumers actually enjoy the journey of choosing and buying wine and the experience gained from it, as well as the product itself [41], [24]. The level at which involvement infl uences the purchase decision has been studied extensively [35], [33], [27]. One of the most important types of segmentation of wine consumers is that which is based on the benefi ts from and the motives for purchase [7]. Dubow’s segmentation study pays attention to the internal motives for the consumption of wine such as: “I like the taste” or “to be stylish”, while dividing consumers into fi ve groups. To the fi rst of them belong consumers who drank wine for the wine itself (because they like it). The second group drank wine to feel good and enjoy leisure time. The third group drank wine because they “wanted something light, natural and healthy” [7], [18]. To the fourth group belonged consumers who drank wine to be more friendly and sociable and consumers in the fi fth group were characterized by the need to be stylish and distinctive. The identifi cation of consumers’ segments is a very important thing for the wine market, as it allows the marketer to focus the campaign on certain segments which cause the campaign to have a greater effect than a non-specifi ed and non-targeted global campaign. Although segmentation seems to be very important, researchers seem to forget another very important fi eld of wine consumer behaviour – the search for the determinants of wine consumption [8]. Looking for these determinants can show the marketer which factor in his campaign is the most important. He can also focus his campaign on the groups with the biggest consumption. Previous studies have often focused on fi nding out demographic facts about consumers – for example the fact that consumption grows EM_1_2015.indd 170EM_1_2015.indd 170 4.3.2015 11:42:444.3.2015 11:42:44 171 1, XVIII, 2015 Marketing & Trade with age [12]. However lifestyle determinants have been studied less extensively [8]. Considering all these factors and putting them together to reach the fi nal decision might incorporate a certain amount of risk and make a consumer feel insecure, uncomfortable and sceptical and may aggravate his decision by adding pressure to the situation [40], [37]. The perceived amount of risk grows with the level of formality of the situation the wine is bought for. As wine usually cannot be tasted before purchase, the consumer tends to lower the risk by focusing on the elements which he can be most sure about. The risk-reduction strategies can be summarized as follows: the consumer can choose one of the brands he knows already and can be sure of its quality (1); he can decide according to the recommendations of family or friends (2); he can buy what the salesperson recommends to him (3); he can use his own knowledge of wine (4); he can consider price as a value growing with quality (5); or he can decide according to the packaging and label (6) [3]. 1.1 Demographic Determinants of Wine Consumption The demographic determinants of wine purchase are the key factors of segmentation, as they lead to the most straightforward separation of groups which have a high probability of having a lot in common. 1.1.1 Gender Gender may impact upon wine consumption in a number of ways. According to the Wine Market Council [54], for instance, 77% of women in the USA regularly buy wine for their households. Research in Australia found that men had slightly greater consumption than women [10]. Research in the US wine market showed that 56% of all wine consumers were women [54] which might refl ect the fact that wine is “generally perceived as a “feminine” beverage” [50]. Australian studies prove that the strongest gender differences are in the volume of wine consumed, grape variety and wine style [10], [11]. According to a UK study, women have strong preferences for white wine since only 34% of them prefer red wine compared to 48% who prefer white wine [12]. These observations are supported by Australian results, which found that men are much less likely than women to drink white and sparkling wines [25]. Although there are clear gender differences in terms of colour related preferences in wine consumption, Robinson [46] argues that women (and men] are too heterogeneous a group to make generalizations about in this context. 1.1.2 Age According to Lockshin et al. [35], wine consumption tends to grow with age. This can be explained by the fact that wine is a beverage with a complex taste and it takes some time for consumers to get used to it and to start recognizing the various fl avours and styles. When a consumer gets used to the taste and becomes more aware of what to expect from certain kinds of wine, he can be more relaxed and buying is not so time consuming for him anymore, which can boost consumption [35]. Bruwer, Saliba and Miller [12] found out that another signifi cant difference between age groups is the extent to which they pay attention to salespeople and waiters in the restaurant. Younger generations require a greater level of advice about wine purchase than older generations, which can be explained by the fact that knowledge about wine is gained with experience. Wine marketers have recently taken age differences into consideration [12] while researching the differences in the volume of consumption between generations X and Y and their consuming situations [20]. According to Bruwer, Li and Reid [9], marketers should focus on consumers before the age of twenty in order to teach them to drink wine in the years when they form their consumption habits. Hall, Binney and O’Mahony [23] conducted research on Australian wine consumers, focusing on some of their motivations to drink wine and the factors which are important in purchasing wine. They divided consumers into three age groups, while looking at the differences in their behaviour. They found that the factor ‘Wine and Food Matching’ (consisting of wine region, grape variety and matching wine with food) was least important to the youngest age group, while other factors like ‘Price and Value’ (price, discounts, value and value for money) and ‘Product Attribute’ (taste, type of wine) did not show signifi cant differences between the age groups. Younger age groups showed higher preferences for sampling and seeking advice, while older consumers cared more about the quality of wine than the younger ones. EM_1_2015.indd 171EM_1_2015.indd 171 4.3.2015 11:42:454.3.2015 11:42:45 172 2015, XVIII, 1 Marketing a obchod 1.1.3 Knowledge Johnson and Bastian [28] conducted a study looking at the impact of the level of expertise (knowledge) in the wine fi eld on consumption and spending on wine. Two tests were run – a sensory and a knowledge test, which found that there was a positive correlation between the level of expertise and the amount of wine consumed. Greater expertise was correlated also with higher spending on wine. A question of causality arises – it is not clear if consumers drink more wine because they know more about it, or if they know about it more because they drink more of it [8]. Knowledge is usually related to age as well, as complexity of wine knowledge causes learning to take some time. As wine knowledge is usually gained as a leisure activity (“hobby”), a positive correlation between age and knowledge can be assumed. 1.2 Lifestyle Determinants of Wine Purchase Lifestyle determinants describe consumers’ backgrounds and their motivations for drinking wine [48]. Research on the Swiss wine market showed that the most important motivations for drinking wine were social motivations – drinking with friends, to be sociable and socially accepted, to be distinctive, respected or to show a mature personality, in order to celebrate something or as a family tradition. However, the most important motivation was liking the taste, while not liking the taste was the most important reason why consumers did not drink wine [3]. A desire for a healthy lifestyle is another, but quite complicated, motivation. MartinezCarrasco et al. [36], in a study of the Spanish wine market, found that health reasons for consuming wine were negatively correlated with the amount of wine consumed. Zanten [55] researched the US wine market and discovered that after fi nding out more about the positive impact of drinking wine, consumption increased, but only for a limited time. This means that the impact of health does not have a long-term infl uence on wine consumption. 1.3 Wine Characteristics Infl uencing Wine Purchase The wine characteristics infl uencing the purchase of wine can be divided into four groups – intrinsic, extrinsic, in-store factors and situational [41], [9]. Consumers with a lower level of expertise may rely more on extrinsic factors, in comparison with more experienced consumers, who have knowledge about intrinsic factors and can use them in the decision process [34]. However, the extrinsic cues may be more important than the intrinsic ones, regardless of expertise, because of wine being consumed “primarily for the experience with little functional utility” [41]. The decision can change in a case when the consumer has already tasted the specifi c wine before [3], [32] or if it was recommended to him by friends or family [38]. The choice can be affected as well by the award of medals or prizes to a wine brand [32]. 1.3.1 Intrinsic Factors Intrinsic factors are factors associated with the wine itself, such as colour, taste and quality. Although taste is shown in many studies to be the most important reason for wine consumption [15], [7], it is hard for consumers to decide according to it, because in the typical buying situation they cannot taste the wine prior to purchase. The same problem arises with the evaluation of quality, as only the most experienced consumer can be sure of his decision. Colour is the only intrinsic cue, according to which the consumer is able to decide easily and it is one of the fi rst factors which consumers may evaluate prior to purchase. As the intrinsic factors are hard to evaluate for the majority of consumers, other factors need to be taken into consideration and it is usually the extrinsic set of factors which decide the purchase. 1.3.2 Extrinsic Factors The most important extrinsic factor for wine purchase is price [42]. In situations when consumers cannot decide a purchase by considering only intrinsic factors, they often use price because of its expected positive correlation with quality. The front and back labels of wine bottles are designed to provide the consumer with exactly the type of information he seeks and needs for a decision and to suit consumers’ tastes and style. The packaging is very important for both functional and emotional reasons – it must provide the information and functions needed and must be attractive at the same time [3]. Packaging is EM_1_2015.indd 172EM_1_2015.indd 172 4.3.2015 11:42:454.3.2015 11:42:45 173 1, XVIII, 2015 Marketing & Trade one of the cues which consumers use to evaluate the quality of a wine. It is interesting that there is a general preference for natural cork-closed bottles, while plastic corks are accepted neutrally and wines closed by screw caps are considered to be of lower quality [3]. The information which can be found on labels includes the brand name, vintage, grape variety, description of taste, wine style, food fi tting reccomendations or production procedures [31], [53]. The back label helps consumers to decide, since the majority of them are not able to match the wine with its label description [14]. 1.3.3 Geographical Context The geographical origin of a wine is a key extrinsic factor in fl uencing its consumption. The third most important extrinsic factor in Australia is the region of origin and the country of origin is one of the most important extrinsic factors in Europe [5]. 1.3.4 Situational Context The choices which consumers make do not rely only on the product itself, but they are affected also by factors in the shopping environment; for example by shelf position, advertising banners, information on the shelves, lighting, crowding and music [4], [3], [27], [32]. The purchase situation is important as well, consisting of the actual place of purchase (restaurant, supermarket, specialized shop) and the situation the wine is being bought for (just for relaxing, as a gift, for a collection) [19], [3], [41]. The factors which consumers decide on may vary in different situations [9], [1]. 2. Methodology In order to investigate which are the important infl uences on wine purchase, as well as the motivation for drinking wine, in the Czech Republic, a questionnaire survey was conducted. The questionnaire adopted a majority of the questions from Brunner and Siegrist’s [7] study of Swiss wine consumers. As the main factors infl uencing wine consumption have been researched qualitatively in previous studies (mostly outside Europe), a quantitative method was chosen. An online questionnaire containing 39 questions was run for two weeks using e-mail and social networks. The fi rst part of the questionnaire contained general questions about wine consumption, asking consumers, for example, how much wine they drink per week, where they buy it, or about their preference for Czech or imported wines. The second part asked about their motivation to drink wine, the third about factors infl uencing them when they buy wine and the fourth part contained demographic questions. One of the general questions concerned subjective knowledge (consumers’ perception of their knowledge about wine); while objective knowledge was not included in the study. In two weeks, 268 respondents opened the questionnaire page, and the fi nal sample size was n=237, after the elimination of incomplete questionnaires. The sample is not fully random since the respondents were contacted via e-mail and social networks. A generalization for the whole of the Czech Republic cannot be made since 72% of respondents stated that they were from the South Moravia Region (Jihomoravský kraj), one of 14 Czech regions. Only people who drink wine at least once a year were asked to complete the questionnaire. 60% of respondents were women. If age is taken into consideration, women are in the majority only in the youngest age group (18– 25), while the older groups have slightly more males. This result can be explained by the authors’ perception of the younger generation in the Czech Republic that wine is seen as a predominantly female beverage, or the fact that among young males, beer is the drink of choice. To measure the agreement of consumers with various statements concerning the motivation for and factors associated with wine drinking, scale questions were used, while the possible answers were from 1 to 6, where 1 stands for “I strongly agree” and 6 for “I strongly disagree.” Three age groups were defi ned to describe the youngest generation of wine drinkers (aged 18–25), the middle generation (aged 26–45) and the oldest generation (aged 46 and more). The results from the scale questions were compared between these age groups in order to identify differences in behaviour. Cronbach’s alpha was used to test the level of reliability of the results. Spearman’s rank correlation coeffi cient was used to compare the results of questions about motivation and the factors infl uencing wine purchase between age groups. A comparison of the results by gender was tested by chi-square. EM_1_2015.indd 173EM_1_2015.indd 173 4.3.2015 11:42:454.3.2015 11:42:45 174 2015, XVIII, 1 Marketing a obchod 3. Results and Discussion Two sets of fi ndings result from the primary research – an analysis of wine consumer motivation and the factors infl uencing the purchase of wine; and a comparison and difference analysis for age groups and gender segments. The age and gender layout of the sample can be seen in Figure 1. 60% of the sample was female, 45% were less than 25 years of age with 21% being over 46. Tables 1 to 3 show the percentage wine drinking history of consumers, their preferred packaging and place of purchase. More than 50% of respondents had been drinking wine for 10 years or less which might indicate that there is an extensive pool of inexperienced wine drinkers. In the case of the preferred places for wine purchase, “in a specialized shop” was most common, while “from a local wine producer” and “in a supermarket” were close behind. The most preferred packaging was glass bottles (56%) and wine drafted from barrels to plastic bottles (37%). 83% of respondents consumed fi ve or fewer glasses of wine per week with 39% of the sample consuming one or none. 70% of the sample had a stated preference for Czech wines. Weekly consumption and preferences concerning wine origin can be seen in Tables 4 & 5. Consumption is signifi cantly correlated with age at the 0.01 level and there is greater consumption of wine with increasing age. This result is in line with earlier research [35], [7]. Knowledge was signifi cantly positively Fig. 1: Breakdown of sample by age and gender Source: Questionnaire results How long have you been a wine drinker? Less than a year 6.9% 1–10 years 50.7% 11–20 years 16.7% 21–30 years 12.0% More than 30 years 13.7% Source: own Tab. 1: Longevity of wine drinking EM_1_2015.indd 174EM_1_2015.indd 174 4.3.2015 11:42:454.3.2015 11:42:45 175 1, XVIII, 2015 Marketing & Trade Which of these do you prefer (buy most often)? Drafted wine 37.4% Bottled wine (glass) 56.1% Bottled wine (plastic) 2.6% Wine in carton boxes 0.9% Other 3.0% Source: own Where do you usually buy wines? (multi-choice question) In a specialised shop 33.7% In a local supermarket 23.5% In a corner-shop 6.0% From a local wine producer 24.7% Other 7.0% Source: own How many glasses (0.21) of wine do you drink per week? 0–1 93 2–5 104 6–10 28 11–15 7 16 and more 6 Source: own Do you prefer Czech or foreign wine? I always prefer Czech wines 78 I usually prefer Czech wines 89 Without a preference 56 I usually prefer foreign wines 13 I always prefer foreign wines 1 Source: own Tab. 2: Wine packaging preferences Tab. 3: Wine purchasing location Tab. 4: Weekly wine consumption Tab. 5: Provenance preference EM_1_2015.indd 175EM_1_2015.indd 175 4.3.2015 11:42:454.3.2015 11:42:45 176 2015, XVIII, 1 Marketing a obchod correlated with consumption at the 0.01 level as well. Earlier studies have identifi ed this feature [8], [41]. Growing consumption with age and knowledge is considered to be interrelated, since with growing age and knowledge the consumer is more able to savour complex fl avours and to understand better the factors which differentiate wines. 3.1 Motivations to Drink Wine The strongest motivation for drinking wine found in this study was taste, which is in line with the results of earlier studies [12], [52], [5]. The second biggest motivation to drink wine was “to celebrate something”, which is understandable as wine, especially sparkling wine, which is known as sec or demi sec, is consumed often as a festive beverage in the Czech Republic. Wine drinking in Switzerland is associated with celebrations and festive occasions [7]. This study had similar results for the third most important motivation found in this study – the belief that wine belongs with a nice meal. Factors such as “I drink wine to be distinctive” or “to be socially accepted” were the most negatively evaluated questions. Cronbach’s alpha was above 0.7 in all cases, which indicates an acceptable level of reliability. The results for the questions concerning motivation to drink wine can be seen in Table 6. Differences between age groups were tested by Spearman’s rank correlation coeffi cient, while differences between genders were tested by chisquare. There were no signifi cant differences between genders; however, the biggest difference was found in the case of the answer “to be distinctive”. In the case of motivations to drink wine, two variables were found to be correlated with age at the 0.05 level, while two more variables were correlated with age at the 0.01 level. The strongest correlation with age was the motivation “because I consider wine healthy,” where the importance of the factor grew with age. The second strongest correlation was with “because a glass of wine belongs to a nice meal”, while its importance grew with age as well. Other correlations were between age and the variables “to be respected” and “to be sociable”, while the importance of these factors decreased with age. I drink wine..... Mean Cronbach‘s α Spearman‘s coeffi cent Because I love the taste 1.7722 0.767 -.004 To celebrate something 2.1308 0.765 -.005 Because a glass of wine belongs to a nice meal 3.0886 0.763 -.186 Because I consider wine healthy 3.3966 0.762 -.188 Because it is a tradition in my family 4.2194 0.754 -.061 To be sociable 4.5738 0.752 -.144 Because drinking wine testifi es to a mature personality 5.0127 0.749 -.013 To be respected 5.1561 0.752 -.140 To be socially accepted 5.2278 0.748 -.032 To be distinctive 5.4388 0.752 -.009 Note: *Correlation is signifi ant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **Correlation is signifi cant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The questions are ordered according to the mean (that is according to the importance of the motivation of the respondents) from the most important to the least important. Source: own Tab. 6: Motivations to drink wine – Means, Cronbach’s α and Spearman’s coeffi cient EM_1_2015.indd 176EM_1_2015.indd 176 4.3.2015 11:42:454.3.2015 11:42:45 177 1, XVIII, 2015 Marketing & Trade 3.2 Factors Important in Wine Purchase The most important choice factor was the grape variety. A similar result has been found for the main segment of US wine consumers [32], [7], [8]. The information on the label is a key factor since it contains a lot of information, e.g. the provenance, which was the second most important factor in choosing wine. This result may be connected to a very strong inclination to buy Czech wines since more than 70% of respondents answered that they more commonly buy Czech wines rather than imports. Cronbach’s alpha was around 0.76– 0.77 in all cases, which indicated an acceptable level of reliability. The results of the questions concerning the factors which infl uence wine purchase can be seen in Table 7. Several strong correlations were found between age groups and the factors infl uencing wine purchase. The strongest correlation was with “the design of the bottle and the label” where the youngest consumers reported that they were infl uenced by these factors much more than older ones. Other factors with a signifi cant correlation, such as the label, vintage, provenance and brand/producer, increase in importance with age. This can be explained by the fact that making decisions according to these factors might be too complicated for inexperienced consumers, but with age, consumers usually gain knowledge and are more able to evaluate them. In the case of “I nearly always choose one of the lowest priced wines” and “recommendations of salesperson”, the trend is diverse – their importance decreases with age, which can be explained by the lower disposable income of the youngest consumers and by their greater uncertainty when buying wine (and so the need to ask for advice). There are major differences between generations in the Czech Republic in the importance of the factors which they pay attention to when buying wine. Older consumers seem to be more interested in the factors which require a certain level of knowledge to be When buying wine, I pay attention to ...... Mean Cronbach‘s αSpearman‘s coeffi cent Grape variety 1.9662 .765 -.053 All the infomation on the label 2.0633 .770 -.192 Producer/Brand 2.2363 .768 -.136 Provenance 2.3207 .763 -.141 The best possible price/quality ratio 2.3671 .768 .019 Recommendations of friends and acquaintances 2.6034 .768 .039 Wine from local producers 2.8312 .770 -.065 Vintage 3.0549 .764 -.191 A well-established producer 3.3080 .769 -.079 Recommendations of salesperson 3.8903 .768 .182 The design of the bottle and the label 4.1392 .760 .254 Bargains and special offers 4.1477 .759 .094 I nearly always choose one of the lowest priced wines 4.9409 .766 .220 Advertising 5.0591 .762 .070 Note: *Correlation is signifi ant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **Correlation is signifi cant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The questions are ordered according to the mean (that is according to the importance of the motivation of the respondents) from the most important to the least important. Source: own Tab. 7: Factors infl uencing wine purchase – Means, Cronbach’s α and Spearman’s EM_1_2015.indd 177EM_1_2015.indd 177 4.3.2015 11:42:454.3.2015 11:42:45