COPS experiment - Convective and orographically induced precipitation study, 01 June 2007 – 31 August 2007

Metzger, Stefan; Foken, Thomas

COPS experiment - Convective and orographically induced precipitation study, 01 June 2007 – 31 August 2007

Metzger, Stefan,Foken, Thomas

Published: 2007-01-01
Repository: epub.uni-bayreuth.de
Language: de

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UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH Department of Micrometeorology COPS experiment Convective and orographically induced precipitation study 01 June 2007 – 31 August 2007 Documentation Stefan Metzger, Thomas Foken With contributions by Rafael Eigenmann, Wolfgang Kurtz, Andrei Serafimovich, Lukas Siebicke, Johannes Olesch, Katharina Staudt and Johannes Lüers Arbeitsergebnisse Nr. 34 Bayreuth, September 2007 2 Arbeitsergebnisse, Universität Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie, Print, ISSN 1614-8916 Arbeitsergebnisse, Universität Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie, Internet, ISSN 1614-8924 http://www.bayceer.uni-bayreuth.de/mm/ Eigenverlag: Universität Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie Vervielfältigung: Druckerei der Universität Bayreuth Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Thomas Foken Universität Bayreuth, Abteilung Mikrometeorologie D-95440 Bayreuth Die Verantwortung über den Inhalt liegt beim Autor. 3 Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................. 3 1 Description of the experiment ..................................................................................... 4 2 Experimental setup ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Fußbach I (BT01ETGS) and Fußbach II (BT02ETG)........................................ 7 2.1.1 Fußbach I (BT01ETGS).................................................................................. 8 2.1.2 Fußbach II (BT02T)...................................................................................... 23 2.2 Fischerbach (BT03ETG)................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Turbulence measurement complex ............................................................... 27 2.2.2 Radiation and soil heat flux measurement complex ..................................... 28 2.3 Hagenbuch (BT04ETG).................................................................................... 34 2.3.1 Turbulence measurement complex ............................................................... 35 2.3.2 Radiation and soil heat flux measurement complex ..................................... 36 3 Surface parameters .................................................................................................... 40 3.1 Land use............................................................................................................ 40 3.1.1 Land use maps............................................................................................... 40 3.1.2 Vegetation..................................................................................................... 41 3.2 Soil properties ................................................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Soil moisture ................................................................................................. 42 3.2.2 Soil profiles................................................................................................... 47 4 Available data (days with convection events in the morning)................................... 49 5 Weather reports.......................................................................................................... 50 6 DVD Archive............................................................................................................. 70 4 1 Description of the experiment Goal of the COPS experiment is to improve the Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) which has been stagnated during the last 16 years due to a lack of comprehensive, highquality data sets usable for model validation as well as for data assimilation, thus leading to improved initial fields in numerical models. An Intensive Observations Period (IOP) is the backbone for the Priority Program SPP 1167 of the German Research Foundation (DFG) by producing the demanded data sets of unachieved accuracy and resolution (see Figure 1-1). The University of Bayreuth contributes with four energy balance stations (surface in-situ), a Sodar-Rass instrument and a 9m Mast, who’s measuring arrangement is summarized below. An overview over the whole COPS-region gives Figure 1-2 Figure 1-1: Structure of Priority Program 1167 Quantitative Precipitation Forecast -Praecipitationis Quantitativae Praedictio (PQP). GOP: General Observation Period, IOP: Intensive Observations Period : COPS. 5 Figure 1-2: The most pronounced orographic feature in the COPS (= IOP) region is the Rhine valley between the Vosges and the Black Forest mountains. The red circles indicate the proposed supersites for the COPS field campaign. The thunderstorm climatology is valid for the green box including Black Forest and Swabian Jura. Figure 1-3 shows a detailed segment of the region in the Kinzig valley with the measuring sites of the University of Bayreuth highlighted. Figure 1-3: measuring sites of the University of Bayreuth; red pin: Fußbach I +II, green pin: Fischerbach, blue pin: Hagenbuch. 6 2 Experimental setup Table 2-1: Coordinates of the measurements based on Ellipsoid WGS-84. Top: As obtained with the Garmin Emap GPS in UTM projection, accuracy 5-10m. Bottom: Longitude and latitude coordinates converted from UTM on http://pages.globetrotter.net/roule/utmgoogle.htm. Altitude information read off Google Earth. Measurement Easting [m] Northing [m] BT01 EC 427608 5357758 BT01 Profile 427612 5357670 BT01 Radiation & soil 427598 5357675 BT0102 MBR / Scin send 427513 5357545 BT0102 Sodar Rass / Scin rec 427530 5357620 BT03 435628 5348076 BT04 440996 5347931 Measurement Latitude N [dms] Longitude E [dms] Altitude [m] BT01 EC 48° 22' 7.82" 8° 1' 21.17" 178 BT01 Profile 48° 22' 4.97" 8° 1' 21.42" 179 BT01 Radiation & soil 48° 22' 5.13" 8° 1' 20.73" 179 BT0102 MBR / Scin send 48° 22' 0.88" 8° 1' 16.68" 180 BT0102 Sodar Rass / Scin rec 48° 22' 3.32" 8° 1' 17.46" 180 BT03 48° 16' 57.4" 8° 7' 56.28" 226 BT04 48° 16' 54.59" 8° 12' 16.81" 245 UTM Zone 32U Google Earth Interface Table 2-2: Radio module channel allocation for the data transmission of the turbulence systems. Measurement Reception adress (S252) Transmission adress (S256) Reception adress (S252) Transmission adress (S256) BT01 EC 4 3 3 4 BT02 MBR 8 7 7 8 BT03 EC 6 5 5 6 BT04 EC 2 1 1 2 Campbell CR23X / Metek MBR Mini ITX 7 ε sonic anemometer N ε: clockwise angle between line of sight mast - gas analyzer (measuring path) and N [0-360° ] gas analyzer δδ: clockwise angle between line of sight mast - sonic (measuring path) and N [0-360° ] mast c b h_dp γ γ: inclination of gas analyzer against vertical [0-90° ] N η: clockwise angle between inclination direction of gas analyzer and N [0-360° ] η φ N φ: clockwise angle between sonic u component and N [0360° ] Figure 2-1: Conventions for the Eddy Covariance setup. 2.1 Fußbach I (BT01ETGS) and Fußbach II (BT02ETG) Figure 2-2: Position of the stations Fußbach I +II. 8 10m N field path street 130 m bike path 10 kV-cable potatoe meadow corn spring barley/ tobinambo corn tobinambo 10m 30m 45m 20m orchard meadow crop 55m 20m street 20 m meadow 44m 22m trailer sodar modified bowen cable traverse cable 50m cable 100m eddy covariance rad. & soil profile cable 15m 20m scintillometer r. scintillometer s. cable 120 m power supply Figure 2-3: installation plan of the station Fußbach I +II. 2.1.1 Fußbach I (BT01ETGS) Table 2-3: measurement and canopy heights, zpd: zero plane displacement for measurement heights 0.5m, 1m, 2m adjusted on the spot by means of a carriage. date height EC [cm] height radiation[cm] profile zpd [cm] canopy height [cm] 2007-06-04 10 15 2007-06-06 29 2007-06-10 257 196 32 48 2007-06-26 120 2007-06-28 340 365 80 120 2007-07-02 100 150 2007-07-09 384 120 180 2007-07-16 160 (max.) 240 2007-07-18 425 2007-07-23 275 2007-07-30 413 290 2007-08-06 290 2007-08-13 290 2007-08-20 290 2007-08-27 290 9 2.1.1.1 Turbulence measurement complex Table 2-4: Turbulence measurement complex, mh := measurement height agl, v_dp := vertical displacement, h_dp := horizontal displacement, others see Figure 2-1. parameter instrument serial signal in calibration factor conversion in logger signal out mh / v_dp / h_dp [cm] orientation logger Wind vector and sonic temperatur CSAT3 0205-1 (Box), 0205-2 (Sensor) runtime binary encoded - calculation in logger wind vector [ms -1 ] see Table above / - / - c=82cm δ=91° φ=88° CR23X SN:1113 Humidity LI7500 75B1200 voltage 0-1500 mmol m -3 (0-5V) linear interpolatio n according to calibration [mmol m -3 ]see Table above / 0 / 29 b=64cm ε=73° γ=35° η=342° CR23X SN:1113 CO2 LI7500 75B1200 voltage 10-30 mmol m -3 (0-5V) linear interpolatio n according to calibration [mmol m -3 ]see Table above / 0 / 29 b=64cm ε=73° γ=35° η=342° CR23X SN:1113 The Campbell logging program CSAT3_36.DLD (21.03.2003 15:01) has been utilized, the EC measurement output is resolved in 20Hz. Table 2-5: configuration of CR23X, SN 1113 instrument cable color factor connection LICOR brown CO2-voltage SE 7 LICOR blue H2O-voltage SE 8 LICOR black ground LICOR white ground LICOR red/black External Power G LICOR red/white External Power 12 V CSAT3 clear Power out 12V CSAT3 black Power out G CSAT3 red not connected CSAT3 SDM Cable: CSAT3 black between Power out and Control I/O G CSAT3 green Control I/O C1 CSAT3 white Control I/O C2 CSAT3 brown Control I/O C3 Power cable grey External Power G Power cable red External Power 12 V 16 Table 2-12: Profile mast, Frankenberger psychrometers: Heights in 0.5, 1.0 and 2m height are adjusted to zero-plane displacement (see Table 2 4); other heights are fixed. parameter instrument serial conversion in logger height [cm] orientation logger channel Pt100 4 wire body/ ventilator W s_Psy01wet 0085 BT01?1/903 8 conversion to °C 50 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 00 S_Psy01dry 0095 BT01?1/903 8 conversion to °C 50 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 01 S_Psy02wet 0721 BT01?2/906 8 conversion to °C 100 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 02 S_Psy02dry 0157 BT01?2/906 8 conversion to °C 100 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 03 S_Psy03wet 0075 P3/9048 conversion to °C 200 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 04 S_Psy03dry 58006891311 P3/9048 conversion to °C 200 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 05 S_Psy04wet 0197 0124/7059 conversion to °C 405 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 06 S_Psy04dry 0045 0124/7059 conversion to °C 405 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 07 S_Psy05wet 0177 0134/0055 conversion to °C 857 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 08 S_Psy05dry 0167 0134/0055 conversion to °C 857 E, directing N QLC 347513 internal QLI CH 09 17 Table 2-13: Channel allocation for QLC 347513, internal QLI with logger program COBT01GR.qsp. logger QLC 347513 typ Variable Name measurement running number channel E H L C Power internal QLI Sensor real m_ws01 (wind speed 1. height) cup anemometer #1457 / #4719 F1 internal QLI Sensor real m_ws02 (wind speed 2. height) cup anemometer #1456 / #4529 F2 internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy05dry (dry temperature 5. height) PT100 4 wire, #0167 17181920 Ch 00 x yellow x green x brown x white internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy05wet (moist temperature 5. height) PT100 4 wire, #0177 43444546 Ch 01 x yellow x green x brown x white internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy04dry (dry temperature 4. height) PT100 4 wire, #0045 5678 Ch 02 x yellow x green x brown x white internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy04wet (moist temperature 4. height) PT100 4 wire, #0197 9101112 Ch 03 x yellow x green x brown x white internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy03dry (dry temperature 3. height) PT100 4 wire, #58006891311 35363738 Ch 04 x black x yellow-green x brown x blue internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy03wet (moist temperature 3. height) PT100 4 wire, #0075 35363738 Ch 05 x yellow x green x brown x white internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy02dry (dry temperature 2. height) PT100 4 wire, #0157 39404142 Ch 06 x yellow x green x brown x white internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy02wet (moist temperature 2. height) PT100 4 wire, #0721 1234 Ch 07 x yellow x green x brown x white internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy01dry (dry temperature 1. height) PT100 4 wire, #0095 13141516 Ch 08 x yellow x green x brown x white internal QLI Sensor real s_Psy01wet (moist temperature 1. height) PT100 4 wire, #0085 47484950 Ch 09 x yellow x green x brown x white internal QLI data transfer RS232 60 RxD internal QLI 61 TxD internal QLI 62 GND 18 2.1.1.4 Sodar RASS Sodar-RASS-measurements were performed with a DSDPA.90/64-Sodar and a DSDR3x7-1290MHz-RASS-extension from ‘METEK Meteorologische Messtechnik GmbH’. The Sodar consisted of a phase array with 64 loudspeakers, a screening and a PT100-sensor. Figure 2-6: Alignment of Sodar-RASS-complex. Table 2-14: Specifications for Sodar DSDPA.90/64. Property Description/Value Operating range Wind velocity 0-35 m s-1 Wind direction 0-360° Standard deviation of radial components 0-3 m s-1 Accuracy Wind velocity (0-5 m s-1)± 0.5 m s -1 Wind velocity (5-35 m s-1)± 10% Wind direction ± 5° Radial components ± 0.1 m s-1 Standard deviation of radial components ± 0.15 m s-1 Range of measurements Minimum height 10 m Height resolution 5–100 m Availability 80% up to 200 m Transmitted frequency Tunable 1.0-4.0 kHz The RASS-extension consisted of 2 radar-antennas and had the following specifications: 19 Table 2-15: Specifications for 1290-MHz-RASS-extension DSDR3x7. Property Description/Value Transmitter Operating frequency 1290 MHz Transmitting power 20 W Frequency stability 2×10 -6 Single side band phase-noise -100 dBc/Hz Modulation Continuous wave Receiver Detection Phase synchronously with respect to transmit signal Noise figure 1.5 dB Bandwidth 32×(c a /Dh) [Dh = height res.] Noise bandwidth (c a /Dh) Antennas Parabolic dish diameter Æ 1.8 m Table 2-16: Description of Sodar-RASS parameters I: Index Description a Number of antenna (1,2,3=Sodar, R=Rass) c Vector component (u,v,w) Variable Description Unit D Wind direction ° DAa Availability of single spectra % DC Class of Diffusion (internal scheme) - ERa Code of plausibility (internal scheme) - Ga Amplifying values 1 H Measurement height m meta see sheet 'meta' Pa Peak power dB Ra Reflectivity dB Sa Standard deviation of radial wind velocity m/s SD Standard deviation of wind inclination ° SNa Signal to noise ratio dB TMP Temperature °C V Wind velocity (polar coordinates) m/s VRa Radial wind component m/s VVc Vector wind component m/s 20 Table 2-17: Description of Sodar-Rass parameters II and their occurrence during data processing. Variable Description Unit Occurance Description Column Occurance Description - Date and time DD.MM.YYYY hh:mm 1 - 1 1 - AVE Averaging period s 1 - 2 1 - MIN Minimum measurement height m 1 - 3 1 - MAX Maximum measurement height m 1 - 4 1 - NOI Noise height (minimum level for ambient noise measurement) m1-51STP Step (width of a height step) m 1 - 6 1 - VOL Volume (max = 4095) - 6 1-5: Sodar; 6: Rass 7-11 5 1-5: Sodar XMT transmitter frequency Hz 2 1: Sodar; 2: Rass 12-13 2 1: Sodar; 2: Rass MIX Frequency center Hz 6 1-5: Sodar; 6: Rass 14-18 5 1-5: Sodar SMP Sampling frequency Hz 2 1: Sodar; 2: Rass 19-20 2 1: Sodar; 2: Rass AZI Azimuth (horizontal alignment of sender array) ° 5 1-5: Sodar 21-25 5 1-5: Sodar ZEN Zenith (alignment of entire sender array against vertical) ° 5 1-5: Sodar 26-30 5 1-5: Sodar TMP Surface temperature °C 1 - 31 1 - FEC Height of fixed echo elimination m 1 - 32 1 - DST Distance between RASS transmitter and receiver m1-331XTL Crosstalk V 1 - 34 1 - SRV Service Status - 1 - 35 1 - Original data array Converted data matrix 21 From 30.05.07 18:46 to 01.06.07 08:48 two frequency-tests were performed to optimize the emitting frequency to the local conditions. Table 2-18: Frequency test 1 from 30.5. 18:46 to 31.05. 08:46. XMT [Hz] MIN [m] MAX [m] STP [m] NOI [m] AVE [s] antennas 1598 30 980 20 1100 300 123r 1598 30 980 20 1100 300 123r 1715 30 980 20 1100 300 123r 1715 30 980 20 1100 300 123r 1803 30 980 20 1100 300 123r 1803 30 980 20 1100 300 123r Table 2-19: Frequency test 2 from 31.05. 11:00 to 01.06. 08:48. XMT [Hz] MIN [m] MAX [m] STP [m] NOI [m] AVE [s] antennas 1635 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1635 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1635 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1715 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1715 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1715 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1715 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1758 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1758 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1758 30 980 20 1100 360 123r 1758 30 980 20 1100 360 123r As a result, an emitting frequency of 1635 Hz was chosen for all Sodar-antennas. The parameter settings for the whole measurement campaign are summarized in the following. No use of blanks or special characters shall be used to denominate parameter sets. At best a short name in combination with a descriptive setting file is advised, otherwise problems with Sodar Ctrl Software can occur. Table 2-20: Measurement parameters Sodar-RASS. date hour date hour 01.06.07 08:48 01.06.07 09:15 1635 30 980 20 1100 360 4095 01.06.07 09:15 11.06.07 15:00 1635 30 980 20 1100 300 4095 11.06.07 15:20 06.07.07 08:40 1635 30 710 20 810 600 4095 06.07.07 09:50 1635 30 710 20 810 600 3800 begin end VOLXMT [Hz] MIN [m] MAX [m] STP [m] NOI [m] AVE [s] 22 Table 2-21: Antenna-orientation. zenit [°] azimuth [°] antenna 1 23 - 24 100 antenna 2 23 - 24 190 antenna 3 0Remarks to the conversion routine: „Das Programm schreibt für jede Variable eine eigene csv-Datei. Die Endungen der jeweiligen Datei geben die Variable an. In diesem File steht in der ersten Spalte der Zeitstempel, dann in jeder Zeile die jeweiligen Messwerte für die Höhen. Die Höhenzuordnung kann mit dem entsprechenden File mit der Endung "_H" gemacht werden. Zusätzlich wird eine erste Fehlerkontrolle anhand der Fehlercodes durchgeführt. Für die Reflektivitätsdaten werden die Fehlercodes nicht beachtet, also alle Daten wie sie sind in die files geschrieben. Für alle anderen Sodar-Größen werden alle Messwerte, für die eine Fehlercode ungleich 00000 aufgezeichnet wurde, mit NaN ersetzt. Bei den RASS-Daten wird zusätzlich zu dem Fehlercode 00000 (= kein Fehler) noch der Fehlercode 04000 akzeptiert.“ Each converted file contains columns with values for one height class (but not 'COPS2007_mmdd_meta.csv'). For the height class of each column see 'COPS2007_mmdd_H.csv'. COPS2007_mmdd_meta.csv' contains operational data. 2.1.1.5 Scintillometer The scintillometer sender is aligned at 10°, the receiver at 190°. Figure 2-7: Scintillometer preferences. For instrument specifications see master thesis: Laslopp, G.: Bestimmung turbulenter Flüsse über Gras auf der Basis von Laser-Scintillometer Messungen. Dipl.-Arb., Univ. Bayreuth, 2006. 23 2.1.2 Fußbach II (BT02T) Durch einen Blitzschlag am 27.06.2007 ist der Strahlungsund Bodenkomplex ab 27.06.2007 ausgefallen. Die ursprünglich als BT02ETG-Station geplante Messstelle musste auf BT02T zurückgestuft werden. Durch kräftigen Zwischenwuchs von Torinambo sind die Messdaten nur Anfang Juni und ab 27. Juli brauchbar. 2.1.2.1 Modified Bowen measurement complex Table 2-22: measurement and canopy heights. date lower measurement [cm] upper measurement [cm] canopy height [cm] 2007-06-04 90 227 60 2007-06-26 140 2007-07-02 140 2007-07-09 116,5 227 140 2007-07-18 200 2007-07-23 200 2007-07-26 90 227 60 2007-07-27 30 2007-07-30 25 2007-08-06 10 2007-08-13 16 2007-08-20 20 2007-08-27 20 Table 2-23: Modified Bowen ratio measurement complex. 24 parameter instrument serial signal out height [cm] installation / orientation logger channel Wind vector USA-1 FHN 99 05007 wind vector [mms -1 ] 300,00 5° x,y,z Sonic temperature USA-1 FHN 99 05007 [m°C] 300,00 5° t Moist temperature PT100 0114/9149 [m°C] 227 W, directing N a5 Dry temperature PT100 0114/9139 [m°C] 227 W, directing N a4 Moist temperature PT100 0104/9129 [m°C] see Table below W, directing N a7 Dry temperature PT100 0104/9119 [m°C] see Table below W, directing N a6 Mini ITX with Tcopy logging program The fans are directed E. The logging program Tcopy has been utilized with the batch file start.bat (01.06.2007 15:41), the EC measurement output is resolved in 20Hz. 2.1.2.2 Soil heat measurement complex Table 2-24: Soil heat measurement complex, demounted at 2007-06-28. parameter instrument serial calibration factor conversion in logger height / depth [cm] orientation logger channel s_NS tip scale OMC 212 0,1 100 QLC R44303 QLI internal Count 1 s_Soiltmp1 Pt 100 0055 conversion to °C -5 QLC R44303 QLI internal Ch 00 s_Soiltmp2 Pt 100 0054 conversion to °C -10 QLC R44303 QLI internal Ch 01 s_Soiltmp3 Pt 100 0040 conversion to °C -20 QLC R44303 QLI internal Ch 02 Soil Heat flux HP3 65658 243 µV mW -1 cm 2 10 6 -10 QLC R44303 QLI internal Ch 05 25 Table 2-25: Channel allocation for QLC R44303, internal QLI with logging program COBT02SR.qsp, demounted and moved to BT03 at 2007-06-28. logger QLC R44303 typ Variable Name measurement running number channel E H L C Power internal QLI Sensor real s_NS (precipitation Kippwaage), in R118 #OMO212 F 1 - - - - internal QLI Sensor real s_SoilTmp1 (soiltemperature 1. depth) PT100 4 wire, #0055 Ch 00 x black x brown x red x orange internal QLI Sensor real s_SoilTmp2 (soiltemperature 2. depth) PT100 4 wire, #0054 Ch 01 x black x brown x red x orange internal QLI Sensor real s_SoilTmp3 (soiltemperature 3. depth) PT100 4 wire, #0040 Ch 02 x black x brown x red x orange internal QLI Sensor real s_HFP_HP3_A (Heat Flux Plate HP3-A) Voltage diff (V) #65658 Ch 05 x brown x blue internal QLI Sensor real s_TDR01 (TDR Sonde depth 01) Voltage single (+VE) #14067 Ch 06 x white internal QLI Sensor real s_TDR02 (TDR Sonde depth 02) Voltage single (+VE) #14072 Ch 07 x white internal QLI data transfer RS232 60 RxD internal QLI 61 TxD internal QLI 62 GND 32 Table 2-33: radiation and soil heat flux measurement complex after 2007-06-27 (because of lightning, two different setups do exist). parameter instrument serial calibratio n factor conversion in logger height/depth [cm] orientation logger channel s_CNR1_T CNR1 990197 conversion to °C 200 - QLC R44303 QLI internal CH00 s_CNR1_Glb CNR1 990197 10.82 µV W-1 m² 106200 161° QLC R44303 QLI internal CH08 s_CNR1_Ref CNR1 990197 10.82 µV W-1 m² 106200 161° QLC R44303 QLI internal CH09 s_CNR1_Geg CNR1 990197 10.82 µV W-1 m² 106200 161° QLC R44303 QLI internal CH05 s_CNR1_Aus CNR1 990197 10.82 µV W-1 m² 106200 161° QLC R44303 QLI internal CH03 s_SoilTmp2 Pt100 0056 conversion to °C -5 E QLC R44303 QLI internal Ch 01 s_SoilTmp4 Pt100 0050 conversion to °C -20 E QLC R44303 QLI internal Ch 02 s_HFP_HP3_B HP3 69813 227 µV mW1cm² 106-10 S QLC R44303 QLI internal Ch 04 s_TDR01 TDR-IMKO 14071 internal calibration 102-5 E QLC R44303 QLI internal Ch 06 s_TDR02 TDR-IMKO 14073 internal calibration 102-20 E QLC R44303 QLI internal Ch 07 33 Table 2-34: Channel allocation for QLC R44303, internal QLI with logger program COBT03_b.qsp after 2007-06-27 (because of lightning, two different setups do exist). Logger QLC R44303 Typ Variable Name measurement running number channel E H L C Power internal QLI Sensor real s_CNR_T (CNR1 instrument temperature) PT100 4 wire, #990197 Ch 00 x yellow x red x green x blue internal QLI Sensor real s_SoilTmp2 (soiltemperature 2. depth) PT100 4 wire, #0056 Ch 01 x black x brown x red x orange internal QLI Sensor real s_SoilTmp4 (soiltemperature 4. depth) PT100 4 wire, #0050 Ch 02 x black x brown x red x orange internal QLI Sensor real s_CNR_Aus (CNR1 longwave outcoming radiation) Voltage diff (V) #990197 Ch 03 x brown x green internal QLI Sensor real s_HFP_HP3_B (Heat flux plate HP3 B) Voltage diff (V) #69813 Ch 04 x blue x black internal QLI Sensor real s_CNR_Geg (CNR1 longwave incoming radiation) Voltage diff (V) #990197 Ch 05 x grey x yellow internal QLI Sensor real s_TDR01 (TDR probe depth 01) Voltage single (+VE) #14071 Ch 06 x white internal QLI Sensor real s_TDR02 (TDR probe depth 02) Voltage single (+VE) #14073 Ch 07 x white ground internal QLI Sensor real s_CNR_Glb (CNR1 global radiation) Voltage diff (V) #990197 Ch 08 x red x blue internal QLI Sensor real s_CNR_Ref (CNR1 reflected irradiance) Voltage diff (V) #990197 Ch 09 x white x black internal QLI data transfer RS232 60 RxD internal QLI 61 TxD internal QLI 62 GND 34 2.3 Hagenbuch (BT04ETG) Figure 2-10: Position of the station Hagenbuch. N cycle way barn cable bridge 2 masts 6 m power turbulence radiation 10m 50m 30m heap field path in meadow High voltage 20 m Figure 2-11: Installation plan of the station Hagenbuch. 35 Table 2-35: Canopy height. date canopy height [cm] 2007-06-25 115 2007-07-05 120 2007-07-10 120 2007-07-24 26 2007-07-31 46 2007-08-07 50 2007-08-14 55 2007-08-23 80 2007-08-25 10 2007-08-28 15 2.3.1 Turbulence measurement complex Table 2-36: Turbulence measurement complex, mh := measurement height agl, v_dp := vertical displacement, h_dp := horizontal displacement, others see Figure 2-1. parameter instrument serial signal in calibration factor conversion in logger signal out mh / v_dp / h_dp [cm] orientation logger Wind vector and sonic temperatur CSAT3 0235-1 (Box), 0235-2 (Sensor) runtime binary encoded - calculation in logger wind vector [ms-1] 250 / - / - c=81cm δ=11° φ=7° CR23X SN: 1047 Humidity LI7500 75H0220 voltage 0-1500 mmol m-3 (0-5V) linear interpolatio n according to calibration [mmol m-3]245 / - 5 / 30 b=72cm ε=32.5° γ=37° η=18° CR23X SN: 1047 CO2 LI7500 75H0220 voltage 10-30 mmol m-3 (0-5V) linear interpolatio n according to calibration [mmol m-3]245 / - 5 / 30 b=72cm ε=32.5° γ=37° η=18° CR23X SN: 1047 The Campbell logging program CSAT3_36.DLD (21.03.2003 15:01) has been utilized, the EC measurement output is resolved in 20Hz. 36 Table 2-37: configuration of CR23X, SN 1047 instrument cable color factor connection LICOR brown CO2-voltage SE 7 LICOR blue H2O-voltage SE 8 LICOR black ground LICOR white ground LICOR red/black Power in G LICOR red/white Power in 12 V CSAT3 clear Power out 12V CSAT3 black Power out G CSAT3 red not connected CSAT3 SDM Cable: CSAT3 black between Power out and Control I/O G CSAT3 green Control I/O C1 CSAT3 white Control I/O C2 CSAT3 brown Control I/O C3 Power cable grey External Power G Power cable grey/red Power in 12 V 2.3.2 Radiation and soil heat flux measurement complex Table 2-38: CNR1 connector (male), top view, black rectangles indicate pivots. Channel Ch03 C Ch03 H Ch03 L Ch03 E Ch07 H Ch07 L Ch06 H Ch06 L Ch05 H Ch05 L Ch04 H Ch04 L Wire blue red green yellow brown green grey yellow white black red blue Variable Cable s_CNR_T s_CNR_Aus s_CNR_Geg s_CNR_Ref s_CNR_Glb 4 wire CNR1 cable 8 wire CNR1 cable 37 Table 2-39: radiation and soil heat flux measurement complex. HFP01SC was heated daily from 01:00 to 01:15 and 11:00 - 11:15. parameter instrument serial calibration factor conversion in logger height/depth [cm] orientation logger channel s_Soiltemp1 PT 100 wire 0046 conversion to °C -20 W internal QLI CH 0 s_Soiltemp2 PT 100 wire 0052 conversion to °C -10 W internal QLI CH 1 s_Soiltemp3 PT 100 wire 0051 conversion to °C -5 W internal QLI CH 2 s_Soiltemp4 PT 100 wire 0047 conversion to °C -2 W internal QLI CH 3 s_HFP_HkFx HFP01SC (heated) 0070 59.0 µV W -1 m² 10 6 -10 N internal QLI CH 4 s_HFP_HF_3A Heat Flux Plate HP 3A G422 18.8 µV W -1 m² 10 6 -10 E internal QLI CH 5 s_HFP_HF_3B Heat Flux Plate HP 3A G428 15.3 µV W -1 m² 10 6 -10 W internal QLI CH 6 s_TDR_01 TDR-IMKO 14074 internal calibration 10 2 -5 S internal QLI CH 8 s_TDR_02 TDR-IMKO 11223 internal calibration 10 2 -20 W internal QLI CH 9 s_CNR_T PT 100 970059 conversion to °C 192 - external QLI 2 CH 3 s_CNR_Gib CNR 1 970059 9.90 µV W - 1 m² 10 6 192 185° internal QLI CH 4 s_CNR_Ref CNR 1 970059 9.86 µV W -1 m² 10 6 192 185° internal QLI CH 5 s_CNR_Geg CNR 1 970059 9.12 µV W -1 m² 10 6 192 185° internal QLI CH 6 s_CNR_Aus CNR 1 970059 9.33 µV W -1 m² 10 6 192 185° internal QLI Ch 7 38 Table 2-40: Channel allocation for QLC 506209, internal QLI with logger program COBT04SR.qsp. Logger QLC 506209 typ Variable Name Messung running number channel E H L C Power internal QLI Sensor real s_SoilTmp1 (soiltemperature 1. depth) PT100 4 wire, #0046 Ch 00 x black x brown x red x orange internal QLI Sensor real s_SoilTmp2 (soiltemperature 2. depth) PT100 4 wire, #0052 Ch 01 x black x brown x red x orange internal QLI Sensor real s_SoilTmp3 (soiltemperature 3. depth) PT100 4 wire, #0051 Ch 02 x black x brown x red x orange internal QLI Sensor real s_SoilTmp4 (soiltemperature 4. depth) PT100 4 wire, #0047 Ch 03 x black x brown x red x orange internal QLI Sensor real s_HFP_HkFx (HFx Heat Flux Plate Hukseflux) Voltage diff (V) #00070 (double!) Ch 04 x white x green 12 V + timer internal QLI Sensor real s_HFP_HP3_A (Heat flux plate HP3 A) Voltage diff (V) #6422 Ch 05 x white x white/red internal QLI Sensor real s_HFP_HP3_B (Heat flux plate HP3 B) Voltage diff (V) #6428 Ch 06 x white x white/red internal QLI Sensor real s_TDR01 (TDR probe depth 01) Voltage single (+VE) #14074 Ch 08 x white internal QLI Sensor real s_TDR02 (TDR probe depth 02) Voltage single (+VE) #11223 Ch 09 x white ground internal QLI data transfer RS232 60 RxD internal QLI 61 TxD internal QLI 62 GND 39 Table 2-41: Channel allocation for QLC 506209, external QLI with logger program COBT04SR.qsp. Logger QLC 506209 typ Variable Name Messung running number channel E H L C Power external QLI 2 Ch 00 external QLI 2 Ch 01 external QLI 2 Ch 02 external QLI 2 Sensor real s_CNR_T (CNR1 instrument temperature) PT100 4 wire, #970059 Ch 03 x yellow x red x green x blue external QLI 2 Sensor real s_CNR_Glb (CNR1 global radiation) Voltage diff (V) #970059 Ch 04 x red x blue external QLI 2 Sensor real s_CNR_Ref (CNR1 reflected irradiance) Voltage diff (V) #970059 Ch 05 x white x blac k external QLI 2 Sensor real s_CNR_Geg (CNR1 longwave incoming radiation) Voltage diff (V) #970059 Ch 06 x grey x yellow external QLI 2 Sensor real s_CNR_Aus (CNR1 longwave outcoming radiation) Voltage diff (V) #970059 Ch 07 x brown x green external QLI 2 Ch 08 external QLI 2 Ch 09 external QLI 2 data transfer RS232 60 RxD external QLI 2 61 TxD external QLI 2 62 GND 40 3 Surface parameters 3.1 Land use A land use survey has been carried out for the footprint analysis. Based on Google Earth screenshots, 1km2 surrounding of each site has been classified by its land use. The classification itself was carried out with a Garmin Emap GPS in UTM projection, accuracy 5-10m, with a resolution of 20m. The land use matrices for footprint analysis as well as canopy height parameterizations are available on the DVD ‘COPS_meta’ at ‘COPS_meta\3_Surface_parameters\ 2_Landuse_matrix.xls’. As well, additional SRTM (elevation) and Landsat data can be found in the subfolder ‘0_Satellite_data’. 3.1.1 Land use maps BT01 & BT02 ↑↑ N −1000 −500 0 500 1000 −1000 −500 0 500 1000 BT03 ↑↑ N −1000 −500 0 500 1000 −1000 −500 0 500 1000 BT04 ↑↑ N −1000 −500 0 500 1000 −1000 −500 0 500 1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Legend see next page. 41 Figure 3-1: Land use map for the measurement sites under investigation. The positions of the EC measurements are indicated by the central cross-hairs. Xand Yaxis indicate the distance from the measurement [m]. For the map BT01 & BT02 additional crosshairs indicate the profile measurement (S) and the MBR measurement (SW). Land use classes for the measurement period are distinguished according to the color bar: 1:= deciduous tree, 2:= conifer, 3:= topinambur, 4:= corn, 5:= meadow, 6:= acre / fallow, 7:= garden, 8:= slope, 9:= street, 10:= building, 11:= stream, 12:= power pole small, 13:= power pole large, 14:= stone pit. 3.1.2 Vegetation For canopy heights see experimental setup. The vegetation at BT01 is maize. A vertical mass profile has been arisen and is available at ‘COPS_meta\3_Surface_parameters\ 4_Corn_mass_profile.xls’. maize mass profile 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 height [cm ] mass [g/m 2 ] Figure 3-2: Maize mass profile at BT01, 22.08.2007. The vegetation at BT02 is Barley / Topinambo until 2007-07-24, fallow and successively meadow thereafter. 48 Table 3-8: BT03 soil profile. profile_nr depth [cm] signature description color comments 0 - 52 Sl2 weak loamy sand brown 52 - 72 Sl2 weak loamy sand reddish brown 72+ probably stones 0 - 57 Sl2 weak loamy sand brown 57 - 71 Sl3 mean loamy sand reddish brown 71+ probably stones 0 - 45 Sl2 weak loamy sand brown 45 - 61 Sl2 weak loamy sand reddish brown 61+ probably stones 1 2 3 Table 3-9: BT04 soil profile. profile_nr depth [cm] signature description color comments 0 - 44 St2 weak clayey sand brown 44 - 62 Slu silty-loamy sand reddish brown 0 - 50 St2 weak clayey sand brown 50+ St2 weak clayey sand reddish brown 0 - 56 Sl4 strong loamy sans brown 56+ Sl2 weak loamy sand reddish brown 1 2 3 49 4 Available data (days with convection events in the morning) Table 4-1: List of IOP days with convection events in the morning for the station Fußbach 1: event time, data quality, wind rotation and Sodar-Rass availability are also specified. Events denoted with * only show a z/L value near < -1. (remark: replace ? by <) date jjjjjjjjj IOP hhh event time (decline of z/L) [UTC] data quality (fla g s y stem) during event wind rotation from SW to N Scenario (according to http://www.cops2007.de/) hhh Sodar-Rass availability hhh 2007-06-05 1a 6:00 - 8:00 ?7 + high pressure convectio n complete data failure 2007-06-08 1 d 6:45 - 9:45 ? 5 + high pressure/ forced convectio n complete data failure 2007-06-14 3a 7:30 - 8:45 and 9:15 - 10:30 ? 3 and ? 7 - weakly forced diurnal convectio n + 2007-06-19 4a 7:00 - 8:15 ? 3 + high pressure convectio n + 2007-07-01 5a 7:30 - 9:30 ? 7 intermitten t forced convectio n complete data failure 2007-07-02 5b 8:00 - 9:00 ? 7 intermitten t forced convectio n data failure b efore 14:00 2007-07-15 8b * 7:00 - 9:00 ? 7 + high pressure convectio n + 2007-07-23 10 6:45 - 7:45 ? 6 + forced convectio n data failure b efore 10:30 2007-07-25 11a 7:00 - 8:45 ? 3 + high pressure convectio n + 2007-08-03 13b 7:00 - 8:15 and 9:00 - 10:00 ? 5 and ? 3 + forced convectio n + 2007-08-06 14a 8:00 - 9:00 ? 3 + no informatio n data failure b efore 10:30 2007-08-13 15b * 6:45 - 8:00 ? 3 + high pressure/weakly force d convectio n + 2007-08-21 17a 6:15 - 7:15 ? 5 + weakl y -forced convectio n + 2007-08-25 18b 8:45 - 9:45 ? 3 + high pressure convectio n + 2007-08-26 18b * 8:15 - 9:45 ? 3 + high pressure convectio n + Table 4-22: List of interesting no-IOP days with free convection in the morning (remark: replace ? by <) date jjjjjjjjj IOP hhh event time (z/L < -1) [UTC] data quality (flag system) during event wind rotation from SW to N Scenario (according to http://www.cops2007.de/) hhh Sodar-Rass availability hhh 2007-06-13 no 7:00 - 8:45 and 9:15 - 10:15 ? 3 and ? 5 + no information + 2007-07-16 no 7:45 - 9:30 ? 7 + no information + 50 5 Weather reports The following weather report consists of daily excerpts from the regional COPS weather summaries on the official COPS Operation Centre Website (http://www.cops2007.de/). No summary is given for down days, the weather reports at ‘COPS_meta\4_Reports\COPS weather summary\’ have been used until 2007-08-17, thereafter the operation plans of the day at ‘COPS_meta\4_Reports\COPS ops plan of the day\’ have been taken since no further weather reports have been downloaded: 02 June 2007 Today, the COPS area will be affected by the latter mentioned small-scale, westward moving vorticity maximum (vort max) which is responsible for some mid/high level cloudiness and which may aid in convective initiation later in the day. Convective debris associated with this feature is in the process of substantial weakening, per latest radar trends, and should thus not affect the COPS area. This vort max will accelerate westward as it phases with a short-wave trough which pivots around the Mediterranean cut-off cyclone, altogether resulting in subsidence over the COPS region, and possibly in dissolving of the clouds. Surface flow will be northeasterly and rather weak; Where breaks in the clouds occur, thermodynamic profiles will become marginally unstable, with mixed-layer CAPEs expected to be in the 100 - 300 J/kg range. Shear profiles will be quite weak as well, so that the threat for organized storms is also very low. 04 June 2007 The COPS area remains under the influence of moderately moist, weakly unstable and weakly capped air. Large-scale forcing for ascent is missing, so any convective evolution will likely be tied to orography, and maybe to mesoscale boundaries, which have not been analyzed at the moment, however. Today’s 00Z ascents from Stuttgart and Nancy revealed an inversion near 650 hPa, which may be obstructive to the development of deep moist convection. Current thinking is that the majority of the cumuli will spread beneath this stable layer, with only few parcels being able to penetrate the inversion. Though weak buoyancy will likely be present above the inversion, it is possible that sustained updrafts will not be able to develop. Most likely mode should be short-lived cells, though an isolated, poorly organized, small multicellular storm could develop. 06 June 2007 Today’s convection appears to be mostly limited to the layer below around 600 hPa, where an inversion layer is located. Although it is possible that convective updrafts will locally break through the inversion layer later today, but this appears not very likely. 51 Possible reasons for failure of convective initiation include mixing effects created by the low level wind shear and increased upper-level cloudiness reducing surface heating. These are interesting questions to study. 07 June 2007 This morning’s ascent from Stuttgart reveals that the mid-level inversion has vanished, an allover warming of the profiles, as well as substantial low-level moistening, resulting in about 800 J/kg MLCAPE. Given minimal capping, it seems likely that rather numerous thunderstorms will form, especially over the Black Forest and the Vosges mountains. However, the mesoscale models are still reluctant to initiate the convection, but this had been the case earlier this week when convection did develop afterwards. Storms may merge into clusters in the evening hours, which may well last into the night. 08 June 2007 Quite moist air is present over northern France, which is expected to be advected into the COPS area during the day. Initially, some dry advection may affect the northern COPS area, as long as the low-level winds have an easterly component. With the northward progression and strengthening of the surface low, resulting in a veering of the surface flow, the moist air should gradually spread across all of the COPS area until late evening. Though the vertical temperature lapse rates are not particularly strong, MLCAPE in excess of 1000 J/kg may develop until late in the day. Given increasing DCVA-related ascent ahead of the upper low, widespread thunderstorms should form. Current thinking is that convection will again struggle to initiate over the northern Black Forest region, but may have better success over the southern Black Forest and the southern Vosges, given stronger low-level moisture and the closer proximity to the region of large-scale forcing for ascent. At the same time, extensive convective activity will develop over eastern France and slowly advance eastward, reaching the COPS area late in the night or early Saturday morning. Evolution of one or more weakly organized MCSs may ensue, though these will likely reach the COPS domain after having undergone substantial weakening. In fact, models do not produce much precipitation, and the forecast of the strength of this system remains challenging. 11 June 2007 Water vapor imagery clearly reveals a small upper low which is residing over southern Germany and should make slow eastward progress while gradually weakening. Some CAPE is expected to be in place according to both the GFS and ECMWF models that are simulating convective precipitation during the day. Interestingly, the available mesoscale models again do not initiate deep convection during the afternoon, though this has proven 52 to be no reliable information based on last week’s experience. During the next hours, convection should become more widespread, and possibly merge into small clusters towards the evening hours. Given weak forcing for upward motion, convective activity should gradually diminish after sunset. 12 June 2007 The low-level stratiform clouds should continue to mix out during the next few hours and convective development should become more widespread. Latest soundings indicate a weak inversion near 600 hPa, which may obstruct part of the convection and result in stratiform cloudiness beneath the inversion. Still, scattered thunderstorms should form which may again conglomerate into small clusters in the afternoon. Storms may persist through much of the evening/night. 13 June 2007 Thermodynamic profiles suggest that weak instability will evolve during the day, so that a few isolated thunderstorms may form again in the afternoon hours. Given a lack of largeand mesoscale forcing for ascent, convection should diminish with the loss of daytime heating in the evening hours. 14 June 2007 The 00 UTC ascents from Stuttgart and Nancy already revealed surface-based CAPE (in addition to elevated CAPE, which has been released by the early-morning mid-level convection), and given sustained lapse-rate advection as well as low-level warming, CAPE should undergo some increase during the day. The GFS as well as the water-vapor imagery suggest that there are several sub-synoptic-scale perturbations crossing the region today, being superposed on weak large-scale ridging. It is thus somewhat uncertain when the convection will initiate. Current thinking is that isolated convection will form over the southern Vosges/Black Forest in the afternoon hours, and increase in coverage towards the evening. Storms will likely evolve into multicells, which may be capable of some hail, especially over the Vosges mountains in the evening, when/where low-level shear should be maximized. 15 June 2007 Latest observational data suggest that there are currently two main rainbands to affect the COPS area, one being located a few hundred km east of the cold front (which has crossed the operations center around 7:30 CEST). Along the front, which is currently located over eastern France, weak showers are revealed by the radar. Between these two features, no precipitation is occurring, but extensive low-level cloudiness is present. However, there are some chances of convective development over the COPS domain today: The most 53 likely scenario is that insolation will help in creating larger cloud gaps between the two rain bands. If this occurs, initiation may occur, possibly over the eastern COPS area where daytime heating will have lasted longest before the front passes. Given strong shear profiles, the storms will have fair chances of rapidly evolving into well-organized multicells or supercells, capable of severe wind gusts and large hail. However, this scenario is conditional upon the development of large cloud-free zones ahead of the cold front. The water vapor imagery shows a dry intrusion just west of the surface front. Should this feature overspread the front, reduced cloudiness would result, enhancing the chances for convective initiation also directly along the front. The latest GFS run (00 UTC) advertises the development of an MCS over the COPS region between 12 UTC and 15 UTC, which moves out of the area in the late afternoon. 18 June 2007 synoptic controls over the COPS area will be weak. In the south, slight positive vorticity advection is expected, which is probably an important factor for the ECMWF model to produce some convective precipitation over the area, mainly in the evening. Other models, however, do not confirm this. A few showers or even thunderstorms are nevertheless expected this afternoon. Their coverage should slowly diminish this evening. 19 June 2007 Synoptic controls over the COPS area will initially be weak. However, the combination of increasing warm air advection and an approaching weak mid-/upper vorticity maximum during the evening hours should help to provide some upward vertical motion sufficient to initiate a few convective storms. These should be decoupled from the nocturnal boundary layer. As warm air advection moves eastward of the COPS area during the morning, any convection should do so too. It should however leave a rather moist and unstable lower troposphere in its wake that during the day will allow for renewed convective development, this time surface-based. The western extent of this unstable air will be formed by a cold front that is currently expected over the northwestern part of the COPS area. However, the exact position of the front varies from run to run and from model to model. A chance does exist that the front will be located further east and that most of the COPS area will experience too stable conditions for convective storm initiation. We do however not feel that this scenario is particularly likely. 20 June 2007 A quite unstable air-mass is present over the area east of a diffuse frontal zone over the western COPS area. The Burnhaupt sounding of 5 UTC displays a deep moist layer in the lowest kilometre of the troposphere. This should allow at least 1000 J/kg mixed-layer 54 CAPE to form in response to solar heating. Further north, the boundary layer is less moist and somewhat lower CAPE is expected. initation of storms is expected, firstly over the mountains. 21 June 2007 The moist and warm airmass is still present over the eastern COPS area. As the developping surface low will leave the COPS area into a northeasterly direction, cooler air will replace the unstable warm and moist air from the west. The models indicate a mesoscale area with mainly stratiform clouds and possible heavy precipitation. To the east op the COPS area near the frontal zone thunderstorms may increase the precipitation, some gusts up to 25 m/s are possible. Around noon this MCS will leave the southern parts of the COPS area, later on the northern parts, too. Some local showers are likely to follow until the evening. 22 June 2007 A vorticity maximum with stratiform clouds and embedded convection presently affects the COPS area but will leave slowly to the east. Some showers and local thunderstorms are likely to develop until evening. 25 June 2007 Currently, a prefrontal line of storms over northern Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and Hesse. This activity is associated with rising motion in the warm advection regime. Visible satellite imagery shows an area of clearing behind this system ahead of a cold front stretching from the Saarland to central France. This should create the opportunity for some surface-based CAPE to form. A narrow convective line has already formed along the frontal boundary. It is expected to accelerate eastward through the COPS region during the early afternoon. Strong winds -in excess of 20 m/s winds at 850 hPasuggest that strong wind gusts could occur. The strong shear additionally suggests that a few short-lived tornadoes are possible as well along the squall. Behind the squall, gusty winds will likely persevere and some rain is expected to set in later in the day. 27 June 2007 Current radar trend indicates that the mesoscale stratiform precipitation region that affected the COPS area this morning, will move off to the east while undergoing some weakening. During the afternoon hours, some rain showers will likely develop. The latest GFS simulates rather strong quasi-geostrophic forcing this evening, which could act to increase the depth/strength of the showers somewhat, though the evolution of stratiform precipitation may also occur with this feature, especially late in the evening/night. 55 28 June 2007 Some isolated showers, extending up to around 4000 m AGL will affect the COPS area today. Widespread cloudiness should persist until the late afternoon. On the approach of a shortwave ridge, descending motion and dissolution of clouds is expected during the evening. 29 June 2007 Mid-level cloudiness will likely prevail, with shallow cumulus convection underneath it, where the thickness of the mid-level clouds is sufficiently thin to allow the buildup of a convective boundary layer. However, with the approach of the above-mentioned trough over the North Sea, mid-level cloudiness is likely to increase in depth, which may also lead to rain in the COPS area, which may later attain convective character. 30 June 2007 Mid-level clouds over the northern half of the COPS area, that were responsible for some rain this morning, are expected to move eastward out of the region. Some high-level clouds, will however likely remain present throughout the day and coming night. 01 July 2007 Warm air advection and weak vorticity forcing has led to high level cloudiness already. From around noon mid-level clouds are also expected to form over the COPS area and might generate a little stratiform rain in the western parts. Although not very likely, an isolated shower or thunderstorm over the mountains may not be excluded towards the evening. In the first half of the night, a strong increase of convective activity is expected, bringing widespread showers and thunderstorms, moving in from eastern France and Switzerland. Thunderstorms may organize into MCS with some severe weather possible. 02 July 2007 Front associated cloudiness and rain will leave the COPS area around noon followed by cooler and unstable polar air mass. As the aforementioned long wave trough will cross the COPS area until the evening, vorticity forcing is present initiating widespread convective activity. Sunny spells and the given CAPE should make thunderstorms likely. Showers and storms will diminish during the night. 03 July 2007 Large scale forcing associated with several mid/upper-level troughs ahead of the eastward propagating frontal wave already provide mainly stratiform clouds and precipitation. The cold front is expected to cross the COPS area around midnight. Given 56 windshear and instability, some severe weather is possible, including thunderstorms and storm force gusts. 04 July 2007 A large pool of cold polar air is present over the COPS area. A steep lapse rate provides some CAPE. During the entire Wednesday frequent showers and some thunderstorms are to be expected. Showers/storms might be strong in places and accompanied by storm force gusts and/or small hail. The showers/storms are seperated by short sunny intervals, being even shorter in mountainous areas. Convective activity will temporarily decrease during the night. 07 July 2007 The COPS-area lies at the northern edge of a surface frontal zone. Ahead of the ridge that starts to build up over France stabilisation is expected to increase until the night to Sunday. Apart from a single shower or two that could form in the very south of the COPS area, mostly shallow cumulus cloud should prevail; they partly may spread into stratocumulus and be accompanied with some altocumulus cloud patches in the midlevel. 08 July 2007 The COPS-area lies within a frontal zone, indicated by mid-level altocumus clouds and some cumulus clouds, that formed already.The increasing low-level southwesterly flow of warm and moist air and a passing upper-level short wave trough give the possibility of mainly stratiform rain in the afternoon with some embedded convection, even a local thunderstom cannot be excluded. The forementioned frontal wave is expected to cross the COPS area during the night from Sunday to Monday. Whereas at its northwestern edge in the colder air the rain is mainly non-convective, the COPS area should lie within warm and moist airmasses at first. Given horizontal temperature gradient, CAPE and wind shear, MCSs are likely to develop in the transition zone, with the possibility of embedded thunderstorms and some severe weather including heavy precipitation as well as hail and storm force gusts. As some models agree in the prediction of the tracks of the northeastward travelling MCSs, rain and thunderstorms are likely to be of less intensity within the COPS area. Although severe weather cannot be excluded throughout the COPS region. 09 July 2007 Still relatively warm and moist air is gradually being replaced by polar air during the course of the day. Mostly dry but cloudy conditions should prevail during the morning hours. Only little sunshine is to be expected throughout the day. Towards the afternoon/evening an approaching upper level short wave trough leads to large scale 57 ascent associated with mainly mid level cloudiness but also embedded showers and some thunderstorms. There remains some uncertainty in the amount of cloudiness, which is more pronounced in the latest GFS model run than in the LM forecast, the latter indicating more intense convective activity in southwestern Germany in the second half of the day. 10 July 2007 Central and northern parts of the COPS region remain within the moderately unstable, polar air mass in the centre of the trough. The main pool of upper level cold air remains over the COPS region today setting the stage for widespread shower activity, supported by slight increase of instability in conjunction with the diurnal cycle. Upper level forcing remains weak, so the convective activity can be characterized as mostly unorganized individual shower cells. The southern parts of the COPS region, being closer to an upper level vorticity maximum that moves across France to northern Italy, will experience some large scale ascent. Precipitation as well as cloudiness in these areas will partly be of stratiform character with embedded shower activity. 11 July 2007 A moist and slightly unstable polar air mass is still present over the COPS region. During the morning hours showers form mainly in the southern half of the COPS region, towards the evening rather in the northern part. Morning convective activity is mainly triggered by weakly divergent flow in the entrance region of a small branch of the jet extending across the Alps northwestward into the Alsace region. Afternoon convection is, on the one hand, tied to the diurnal cycle, on the other hand to some weak large scale forcing ahead of a surface trough, which is crossing Germany from the North Sea to the Southeast during the evening and the following night. 12 July 2007 The eastern part of the COPS area is still under the influence of the moist polar air mass in the early morning. However, slightly drier air, already stably stratified at mid levels, will arrive already during the morning and provide some short sunny spells. Towards noon the high level cloud shield of the approaching warm front will move in, getting denser during the afternoon and crossing the COPS region. Some light rain is possible in the evening. 13 July 2007 Anticyclonic conditions will dominate during the course of the day. The northern part of the COPS area is still under the influence of low level clouds, forming in the moist air. In the South, the air is already drier. 64 A few light showers can be expected in the afternoon dying out in the evening. Thunderstorms are not likely as the convective storms should remain rather shallow. 06 August 2007 A diffuse frontal zone located from the Benelux countries over central France to Spain forms the western boundary of a plume of warm air. East of this zone, a convergence line has formed, partly in response to a vorticity maximum moving northeastward over France. Along the zone, surface-based convective storms are expected to form during Monday. Those storms will likely affect the COPS area late Monday afternoon and during the evening. Elevated convection and stratiform rain is expected near the cold front. 07 August 2007 A mesoscale convective system moves over the COPS area towards the northeast during the morning hours. Behind the MCS, a dry period will start that should last overnight and into Wednesday afternoon. 08 August 2007 Currently, the main 850 hPa front is aligned north/south, stretching right across the COPS area. With the eastward progression of the upper low, increasing DCVA-forced ascent will overspread the COPS area late in the day, which will aid in increasing frontogenetic forcing, resulting in strong mesoscale ascent, which will be associated with extensive stratiform precipitation in the late afternoon and evening hours, continuing through the night. 08 August 2007 Strong zonally-oriented baroclinic zone is currently stretching across the COPS area and will remain focus for ascent and mainly stratiform precipitation. It seems that the maximum of precipitation will be present north of the low-level frontal boundary, and it should not affect the COPS area. However, light rain will likely continue through most of the day. 11 August 2007 It appears that the sky will remain overcast during most of the day, with temporary, embedded rain showers. Models indicate that there will be some clearing, but not until late evening. 65 12 August 2007 The fog that is lingering over much of the COPS area should gradually disappear until 10 UTC, whereafter diabatic surface heating should allow for the build-up of a convective boundary layer. Towards early afternoon, first thunderstorms are expected, which should remain rather isolated until early evening, however. Thereafter, large-scale upward motion associated with a short-wave trough that grazes the COPS domain will affect the region, and showers/thunderstorms should become more widespread. The evolution into the night is somewhat uncertain. The loss of diurnal heating may be compensated for by large-scale ascent. Indeed, most mesoand large-scale models advertise precipitation throughout most of the night. Current thinking is that thunderstorms may continue until late evening (maybe as late as 00 UTC), but chance also exists that they will diminish earlier. 13 August 2007 The mesoscale details over the COPS region are somewhat complicated. The satellite loop reveals two cloud bands, one of which is associated with the storms that occurred during the past night. This cloud band appears to have been associated with a vorticity maximum which is currently entering western Germany. The upstream cloud band is correlated with a frontogenesis signal in the latest GFS analyses, which is tied to a weak cold front curving from central France into western Germany. Though the COPS region appears to remain in the weakly unstable pre-frontal air mass today, subsidence in the wake of the vorticity maximum moving into Germany should reduce the depth of the convective clouds after around midday/early afternoon. The mesoscale model suite indicates a complete ceasing of convecective precipitation, while the GFS maintains rain showers throughout the day. However, the previous GFS runs have not been too stable with respect to the precip amounts for Monday, so the (rather stable) mesoscale models are trusted more for today. Still, isolated thunderstorms or two could develop over the mountains in the late afternoon and evening hours, when large-scale vertical motion will become more upward again. This activity could even last into the night. 14 August 2007 Cirrus and Altoculumus clouds should persist, and gradually increase, during the day in response to warm advection. Chance of isolated showers and thunderstorms exists especially in the southeast of the COPS domain. 15 August 2007 66 The picture has not changed much compared to yesterday’s. The cold front should cross the Rhine Valley around 00 UTC. Ahead of this front, some CAPE is expected to develop, albeit not very much owing to weak mid-level lapse rates. However, it should be sufficient to maintain deep convection. Model consensus develops convection around 18 UTC or even a bit later. Current thinking is that thunderstorms will initiate around 18 UTC in the western COPS region and spread eastwards. Shear profiles remain favorable for rapid severe evolution, including a few supercells, main severe threats being damaging wind gusts along with some large hail. Strong low-level shear and ample lowlevel moisture should support low-level rotation of any supercell that forms, resulting in some threat for a brief tornado or two. However, given somewhat weak CAPE it is currently not expected that storms will grow into large MCSs. Along the main convergence line associated with the cold-frontal boundary, additional storms should form, which may be organized more linearly, given strong linear low-level forcing. Uncertainty exists about how well the storms will survive along the front through the night. However, the above-mentioned strong largeand mesoscale forcing for upward motion could sustain the convective system through the night. This system would pose mainly a threat for strong/severe wind gusts. 16 August 2007 Widespread stratiform cloudiness with some rain is expected to affect the COPS area during the morning and early afternoon, although gradually larger breaks are forecast during the day. Some shallow cumulus clouds will likely develop within the breaks. 17 August 2007 Isolated showers will develop over parts of the COPS area ahead and near the axis of an upper-level trough passing the area from the west. The convective clouds will likely reach up to an inversion at 4-5 km altitude where temperatures around -8 °C should be low enoug h to let them produce precipitation. The clouds may locally overshoot that level and become 7-8 km tall. After about 13 UTC shower coverage is expected to diminish from the west as subsidence sets in behind the trough. 20 August 2007 The major feature on the forecast maps is a trough that has its axis over the British Isles and western France. This trough is filled with relatively unstable air and should move eastward very slowly during the next days while evolving into a slack cut-off low over south-eastern France. At the surface, a low-pressure system should develop in the Gulf of Genua on Monday and later the low should "jump over" the Alps on Tuesday as cyclogenesis is expected over south-western Germany. On August 20, scattered cumulus 67 clouds are expected over the area. A few showers are still possible in the morning, but it should be dry during the remainder of the day. 21 August 2007 A surface low pressure system is expected to travel from northeastern Germany towards the southwest on Tuesday. Its huge rain area with some embedded thunderstorms will not affect the COPS area, however forces slightly more unstable air into southern Germany. Some CAPE may develop in the course of the day but will be greatest over Bavaria. Stratiform clouds are present at first but rain will cease. Even the sun gets some portions of the sky. During the afternoon hours/towards evening cumulus clouds are likely to form, too, and with the help of an upper-level short wave trough some showers of partly embedded character are expected to develop. Though most likely over southeastern Baden-Württemberg and western Bavaria a thunderstorm or two cannot be ruled out over the COPS region. 22 August 2007 On Wednesday, an upper-tropospheric trough over the western Mediterranean Sea –just off the Spanish east coastis expected to move rapidly north-eastward. The upward vertical motion associated with it should affect the COPS area during the second half of the evening. Moist near-neutrally stratified air will remain over the eastern COPS area on Wednesday and Thursday, whereas the western part will deal with weakening stratiform precipitation. Competing low-level cold air advection and weak insolation will determine whether sufficient destabilization for isolated convective shower development will occur. Biggest chances are expected for the southern Black Forest and the Swabian Jura, but a few weak showers cannot be ruled out elsewhere, either. 23 August 2007 A large complex upper-level low filled with cold air is located over France, the Benelux, and western Germany. This system is expected to evolve into an elongated trough stretching from the Baltic Sea to Spain. On Friday, its axis will be located just to the northwest of the COPS domain. This should leave an unstable stratification allowing for diurnally-driven convective storms to develop on Friday and possibly on Saturday. Later on Saturday, weak subsidence is forecasted to warm the mid-troposphere so that the chance of convection should decrease. No deep convection is expected on Sunday. Sunday evening a cold front is expected to pass the COPS area from the north, with cool, dry air in its wake. Hence the convective storm potential is very low on Monday, too. Today, on Thursday, some scattered mid-level cloudiness is expected over the COPS area. The near-neutral environment forecast by the models and weakening low-level cold 68 air advection indicate that isolated showers should be possible mainly during the afternoon. 24 August 2007 Today, the axis of an elongated trough stretching from the Baltic Sea to Spain is located just to the north-west of the COPS domain. This should leave a marginally unstable stratification allowing for diurnally-driven convective storms to develop very locally on Friday and Saturday. Later on Saturday, weak subsidence is forecasted to warm the midtroposphere so that the chance of convection should decrease. No deep convection is expected on Sunday. On Monday a cold front is expected to pass the COPS area from the north, with cool, dry air in its wake. Hence the convective storm potential is very low on Monday, too. On Tuesday we will likely experience a return of the frontal zone from the south. Today, Friday should be a quite friendly day with quite some sunshine. In response to solar heating, scattered cumulus clouds will develop during the morning. Over the mountains, a few isolated thunderstorms are expected to develop in the early afternoon. 25 August 2007 Today, on Saturday 25 August scattered convective clouds are expected to develop during the morning, especially over the mountains. There is a small chance that a few of them grow tall enough to produce some rain from the late morning onward. The balance between an increasing tendency for subsidence in the mid-troposphere and solar heating at the surface will determine whether precipitation will form. Small convective clouds and some high cirrus clouds are expected on Sunday. Otherwise, the day should be friendly and relatively sunny. 27 August 2007 The COPS region is situated on the southern periphery of a broad long-wave trough over Scandinavia. A cut-off low located to the west of the Iberian Peninsula is expected to move towards the east in the coming days. Increasing northward warm-air advection is expected ahead of that system. An inactive zonallyoriented front over central Germany is moving southward reaching the COPS region late on Monday. The front will likely be the focus for stratiform and embedded convective precipitation late Tuesday evening into Wednesday and Thursday. Today, Monday, a cold front is expected to move into the COPS area from the north and become quasistationary over the area. Little clouds and no rain are forecasted with this system. 28 August 2007 The COPS region is still situated on the southern periphery of a broad long-wave trough over Scandinavia. A cut-off low located to the west of the Iberian Peninsula is moving 69 eastward while evolving into a NE-SW oriented trough. Increasing northward warm-air advection is expected ahead of that system. An inactive zonally-oriented front has stalled near the southern COPS domain border. The front will likely be the focus for stratiform and embedded convective precipitation starting late on Tuesday and continuing into Wednesday and in the southeast into Thursday. In southern France and the Alps, the increased warm-air advection will likely cause the initiation of scattered storms within the warm air-mass on Tuesday. Stratiform and elevated convective precipitation is expected to commence in the range of the frontal zone later in the day and may also affect southern parts of the COPS domain. 29 August 2007 The COPS region is situated on the southern periphery of a broad long-wave trough over Scandinavia and ahead of a shortwave trough stretching from the southern North Sea to north-western Spain. Cyclogenesis is taking place over southern France. Ahead of that system, strong warm-air advection is expected. Today, Wednesday, scattered precipitation from elevated convection is expected over the southern and perhaps central parts of the COPS area. Some lightning is possible later with that activity. In addition to convective precipitation, some stratiform rain is expected as well. During the afternoon, the rain should retreat southward, leaving the central and northern COPS region under overcast skies with some midand especially high-level clouds. 70 6 DVD Archive The documentation, raw data and preliminary results are arranged in five DVDs. The four DVDs “COPS_BT01”, “COPS_BT02”, “COPS_BT03”, “COPS_BT04” contain the entire raw data, preliminary results and graphics for one measurement site each. To allow this handy storage, each one is archived in 7zip format. This packing software is freely available on the internet and also attached to the top level of each DVD. EC calculations have been carried out with preliminary information on the sensor alignment. The actual alignment was determined using a bearing compass during site disassembly. Due to avoidance of magnetic interaction, these values differ significantly from original measurements at the booms. Therefore preliminary EC results hold for data availability detection, but should not be used for footprint calculations. DVD “COPS_Meta” contains the documentation plus metadata, the folder structure as far as possible following this documentation, where necessary subdivided according to the site abbreviations BT01, BT02, BT03 and BT04: Ö 0_Documentation: Editable Word file of this documentation, data availability table, field protocol including short weather notice and packing list Ö 1_General_information: Information on the COPS proposal and entire experiment, logos etc. Ö 2_Setup: Site setup information subdivided in siteand instrument alignment, also containing utilized calibrations, logger programs, radio module setup and instrument specific software Ö 3_Surface_parameters: Contains the land use mapping procedure and results of the core cutter soil moistureand soil mapping procedures Ö 4_Reports: Daily COPS reports as well as UBT COPS status Emails. However, at the time of writing COPS science director summary and COPS weather summary were only available until 2007-08-13 and 2007-08-17 respectively Ö 5_Preliminary_analysis_procedures: Software routines for Land use, Sodar Rass, Turbulence (contains preliminary parameter files) and Vaisala data processing Ö 6_Pictures: Additional graphic information on site alignment, land use and its succession; though Sodar Rass and Scintillometer are entirely documented within the main site BT01, because of locality pictures are included in folder BT02 In order to enable the quick access, tables in this documentation have been drawn in Excel and been copied her as Enhanced Metafile. The original tables are available on the DVD “COPS_Meta” accordingly. As well a paper file containing the hand written setup-, fieldand soil moisture protocols, land use analysis and administrative documents is archived. 71 Volumes in the series ‚University of Bayreuth, Department of Micrometeorology, Arbeitsergebnisse’ Nr Author(s) Title Year 01 Foken Der Bayreuther Turbulenzknecht 01/1999 02 Foken Methode zur Bestimmung der trockenen Deposition von Bor 02/1999 03 Liu Error analysis of the modified Bowen ratio method 02/1999 04 Foken et al. Nachfrostgefährdung des ÖBG 03/1999 05 Hierteis Dokumentation des Experimentes Dlouhá Louka 03/1999 06 Mangold Dokumentation des Experimentes am Standort Weidenbrunnen, Juli/August 1998 07/1999 07 Heinz et al. Strukturanalyse der atmosphärischen Turbulenz mittels Wavelet-Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Austauschprozessen über dem antarktischen Schelfeis 07/1999 08 Foken Comparison of the sonic anomometer Young Model 81000 during VOITEX-99 10/1999 09 Foken et al. Lufthygienisch-bioklimatische Kennzeichnung des oberen Egertales, Zwischenbericht 1999 11/1999 10 Sodemann Stationsdatenbank zum BStMLU-Projekt Lufthygienisch-bioklimatische Kennzeichnung des oberen Egertales 03/2000 11 Neuner Dokumentation zur Erstellung der meteorologischen Eingabedaten für das Modell BEKLIMA 10/2000 12 Foken et al. Dokumentation des Experimentes VOITEX-99 10/2000 13 Bruckmeier et al. Documenation of the experiment EBEX-2000, July 20 to August 24, 2000 01/2001 14 Foken et al. Lufthygienisch-bioklimatische Kennzeichnung des oberen Egertales 02/2001 15 Göckede Die Verwendung des Footprint-Modells nach Schmid (1997) zur stabilitätsabhängigen Bestimmung der Rauhigkeitslänge 03/2001 16 Neuner Berechnung der Evaporation im ÖBG (Universität Bayreuth) mit dem SVAT-Modell BEKLIMA 05/2001 17 Sodemann Dokumentation der Software zur Bearbeitung der FINTUREX-Daten 08/2002 18 Göckede et al. Dokumentation des Experiments STINHO-1 08/2002 19 Göckede et al. Dokumentation des Experiments STINHO-2 12/2002 20 Göckede et al Characterisation of a complex measuring site for flux measurements 12/2002 21 Liebethal Strahlungsmessgerätevergleich während des Experiments STINHO-1 01/2003 22 Mauder et al. Dokumentation des Experiments EVA_GRIPS 03/2003 23 Mauder et al. Dokumentation des Experimentes LITFASS-2003, Dokumentation des Experimentes GRASATEM-2003 12/2003 24 Thomas et al. Documentation of the WALDATEM-2003 Experiment 05/2004 25 Göckede et al. Qualitätsbegutachtung komplexer mikrometeorologischer Messstationen im Rahmen des VERTIKO-Projekts 11/2004 26 Mauder & Foken Documentation and instruction manual of the eddy covariance software package TK2 12/2004 27 Herold et al. The OP-2 open path infrared gas analyser for CO2and H2O 01/2005 28 Ruppert ATEM software for atmospheric turbulent exchange measurements using eddy covariance and relaxed eddy accumulation systems and Bayreuth whole-air REA system setup 04/2005 29 Foken (Ed.) Klimatologische und mikrometeorologische Forschungen im Rahmen des Bayreuther Institutes für Terrestrische Ökosystemforschung (BITÖK), 1989-2004 06/2005 30 Siebeke & Serafimovich Ultraschallanemometer-Überprüfung im Windkanal der TU Dresden 2007 04/2007 72 31 Lüers & Bareiss The Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2006 PART 1: Technical documentation of the ARCTEX 2006 campaign, May, 2nd to May, 20th 2006 07/2007 32 Lüers & Bareiss The Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2006 PART 2: Visualization of near surface measurements during the ARCTEX 2006 campaign, May, 2nd to May, 20th 2006 07/2007 33 Bareiss & Lüers The Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2006 PART 3: Aerological measurements during the ARCTEX 2006 campaign, May, 2nd to May, 20th 2006 07/2007 34 Metzger & Foken et al. COPS experiment, Convective and orographically induced precipitation study, 01 June 2007 – 31 August 2007, Documentation 09/2007