Tibet Plateau Atmosphere-Ecology-Glaciology Cluster Joint Kobresia Ecosystem Experiment: Documentation of the second Intensive Observation Period, Summer 2012 in KEMA, Tibet

UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH Department of Micrometeorology Tibet Plateau Atmosphere-Ecology-Glaciology Cluster Joint Kobresia Ecosystem Experiment: Documentation of the 2nd Intensive Observation Period Summer 2012 in KEMA, Tibet Tobias Biermann (Editor) With Contributions from: Elke Seeber, Per Schleuß, Sandra Willinghöfer, Jürgen Leonbacher, Klaus Schützenmeister, Laura Steingräber, Wolfgang Babel, Heinz Coners, Thomas Foken, Georg Guggenberger, Yakov Kuzyakov, Christoph Leuschner, Georg Miehe, Karsten Wesche, Arbeitsergebnisse Nr. 54 Bayreuth, Mai 2013 2 Arbeitsergebnisse, Universität Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie, Print, ISSN 1614-8916 Arbeitsergebnisse, Universität Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie, Internet, ISSN 1614-8924 http://opus.ub.uni-bayreuth.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/series/id/1 Eigenverlag: Universität Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie Vervielfältigung: Druckerei der Universität Bayreuth Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Thomas Foken Universität Bayreuth, Abteilung Mikrometeorologie D-95440 Bayreuth Die Verantwortung über den Inhalt liegt beim Autor. 3 Content 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4 1.1. DFG SPP 1372 Tibet Plateau: Formation-Climate-Ecosystems ........................... 5 2. Kobresia Ecosystem Monitoring Area (KEMA): Setup for IOP II ........................ 6 2.1. Location and permanent setup ............................................................................... 6 2.2. Measurements during IOP2 ................................................................................. 10 2.3. Surface parameters .............................................................................................. 11 2.3.1. Distribution of surface cover ....................................................................... 11 2.3.2. Soil properties at KEMA ............................................................................. 12 3. Vegetation monitoring and fertilization experiment ............................................ 16 3.1. Setup and measurements ..................................................................................... 16 3.1.1. Grazing experiment ...................................................................................... 16 3.1.2. Fertilization Experiment .............................................................................. 16 3.2. Data availability .................................................................................................. 18 4. Weather observations & meteorological measurements ...................................... 19 4.1. Meteorological measurements ............................................................................. 19 4.1.1. AWS Göttingen GPEaws ............................................................................. 19 4.1.2. AWS Bayreuth UBTMMaws ....................................................................... 20 4.1.3. Radiation complex UBTMMrad .................................................................. 20 4.1.4. Soil measurement complex UBTMMsoil .................................................... 20 4.2. Meteorological site characteristics ...................................................................... 21 5. CO2 flux measurements with chambers ................................................................ 23 5.1. Setup and Measurements ..................................................................................... 23 5.2. Data availability .................................................................................................. 26 5.3. Vegetation cover ................................................................................................. 28 6. Soil Measurements ............................................................................................... 30 6.1. N-uptake from different soil depths .................................................................... 30 6.2. Effects of grazing on nutrient uptake from different soil depths ........................ 31 6.3. Kobresia root mat degradation and morphology ................................................. 32 7. Soil-Plant water balance & Precipitation manipulation experiment .................... 34 7.1.1. Setup .................................................................................................................... 34 7.1.2. Measurement of the lysimeters installed in 2010 ........................................ 36 7.2. Additional Measurements ................................................................................... 36 7.3. Above and below ground biomass ...................................................................... 36 7.4. Data availability of lysimeter measurements ...................................................... 37 8. Irrigation Experiment 2012 .................................................................................. 38 8.1. Setup and Measurements ..................................................................................... 38 9. Data Storage and access ....................................................................................... 40 Participants and contact information ........................................................................... 41 Literature ...................................................................................................................... 43 A. Weather observations .......................................................................................... 45 B. Vegetation of soil collars ..................................................................................... 51 4 1. Introduction This report is documentation about measurements conducted by the TiP AtmosphereEcology-Glaciology (AEG) cluster during the second interdisciplinary experiment in the Kobresia Ecosystem Monitoring Area (KEMA) on the Tibetan Plateau during the summer monsoon period in 2012. It describes the technical setup and provides details about the time schedule as well. A detailed description of the first experiment in 2010 can be found Biermann and Leipold (2011). The field site is close to the Naqu Ecological and Environmental Observation and Research Station owned by the Tibetan University (TU), Lhasa, Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) and operated by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China. The work was carried out in the framework of the DFG Program SPP 1372 (TiP), with collaborating scientists from the Department of Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth; the Department of Plant Ecology and the Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen; the Institute of Soil Science, Leibnitz University Hannover and the Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz. The collaboration partners in China were the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITP), the Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CAREERI) in Lanzhou, the Tibetan University, Lhasa and the Beijing Normal University, which helped with logistical support, provided the accommodation at the research station and participated in the field work. The research area is located in the center of the major distribution of Kobresia pygmaea. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate the energy and matter exchange between soil, plants and atmosphere as well as plant distribution and growth on different land use types on the Tibetan Plateau. For an experiment to quantify the effect of increased grazing on the plateau an area of approximately 100m by 250m was fenced in 2009 to exclude yaks and other livestock, additionally some smaller fences excluding also small mammals on an area of 10x10m were set up in order to quantify their different contribution to the overall grazing effect. To monitor the recovery of the ecosystem when grazing is excluded fences were set up on degraded slopes. Furthermore grazing exclosure plots were set up in the swamps, close to the river. This vegetation type is used as winter pasture and therefore it is of high importance for the local land use. Due to the minor impact of pikas on this vegetation type the setup only contains livestock exclosures and control plots. A second grazing exclosure area was fenced in 2010 for further experiments, since the above mentioned area is quite dry and grazing is reduced in this area due to regulations from local government. 5 1.1. DFG SPP 1372 Tibet Plateau: Formation-Climate-Ecosystems The German Science Foundation (DFG) priority program 1372 Tibet Plateau: FormationClimate-Ecosystems (TiP) studies the Tibetan Plateau focusing on the three interlinked processes, plateau formation, climate evolution and human impact and Global Change. This study is motivated by the importance of the Tibetan Plateau on a global scale comparable to the importance of Antarctica and the Arctic. Its formation had a profound impact on the environmental evolution at regional and global scales and until today directly influences the habitat of billions of people. Moreover, the Tibetan Plateau, like the Polar Regions, proves to be particularly sensitive to anthropogenic Global Change. Within the project the key processes are analyzed with respect to their impact on ecosystems on three different time scales. The first being the Plateau formation, with the uplift dynamics and related climate change during the last millions to several tens of millions of years, he second being the Late Cenozoic climate evolution and environmental response during the last tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years with decadal to centennial resolution. And finally the phase of human impact and Global Change is analyzed focusing on the present stage, the past ~ 8000 years, and perspectives for the future. The TiP Atmosphere-Ecology-Glaciology (AEG) cluster is collaboration within the DFG SPP 1372 with the main focus and resent climate change and human impact on the ecosystem on the TP. Following subprojects are involved Project University/Institute Mesoscale circulations and energy and Gas exchange over the Tibetan Plateau DFG FO 226/18-1.2 Bayreuth Cambridge Past and present human impact on Kobresia pastoral ecosystems as deduced from soil organic matter studies DFG KU 1184/14 Göttingen Hannover Identification of parameters, actors and dynamics of the Kobresia pygmaea pastoral ecosystems: Vegetation dynamics, biomass allocation and water consumption of Kobresia as a function of grazing and environmental conditions DFG MI 338/7-2; WE 2601/4-2; LE 762/12-2 Marburg Senckenberg Museum, Görlitz Göttingen Dynamic response of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau to climate change DFG SCHN 680/3-1/2/3, SCHE 750/4-1/2/3 BU 949/20-1/2/3 RWTH Aachen, TU Berlin, TU Dresden Further information about the cluster: http://www.bayceer.uni-bayreuth.de/TiP-AEG Further Information about the priority program “TiP”: http://www.tip.uni-tuebingen.de/ 6 2. Kobresia Ecosystem Monitoring Area (KEMA): Setup for Intensive Observation Period (IOP) II Tobias Biermann(1), Elke Seeber(2), Per Schleuß(3), Jürgen Leonbacher(1), Sandra Willinghöfer (4), Wolfgang Babel(1), Laura Steingräber(5) (1) Dept. of Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth (2) Dept. of Botany, Senckenberg Natural History Museum Görlitz (3) Dept. of Soil Science of Temperate Regions, University of Göttingen (4) Dept. of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Göttingen (5) Institute of Soil Science, Leibnitz University Hannover 2.1. Location and permanent setup The measurement sites (Kobresia Ecosystem Monitoring Area, KEMA) are located close to the TU-ITPCAS Naqu Ecological and Environmental Observation and Research Station in the small village Kema, which is about 22 km in the SE of Naqu City and 270 km NE of Lhasa, at an altitude of about 4410 m a.s.l.. It includes different fences installed in 2009 and 2010 to exclude grazing of livestock and in some cases also small mammals. An overview of the complete setup is given in Fig. 2-2, for more details please see Seeber et al. 2011. A detailed overview of the installation for the conducted precipitation manipulation experiment is given in Fig. 2-3. The vegetation monitoring plots (VMP) are labeled according to the treatment; C = control, P = no pikas, Y = no livestock, YP = no herbivores, replicates are numbered from 1-4 starting. The big exclosure from 2009 is labeled Km; replicates are numbered anticlockwise starting at the Western entrance of the exclosure. The fence set up in 2010 on the Kobresia pasture is labeled Kp; replicates are numbered anticlockwise starting at the Northeast entrance. The degraded plots are called St, and the plots in the wetlands S. Based on field observations, a Landsat image (source: Global Land Cover Facility, www.landcover.org) and a Google earth picture from December 2010 the map in Fig. 2-4 was drawn. This map shows the distribution of different land use types and the big exclosures in the research area KEMA. The classification of the land use types follows the degradation of the Kobresia mats, starting with mat G and U (exclosures) followed by D1-3 to ruderal. Riverbed is a temporary flooded area. Road and village are permanent constructions. The explanation and photos of the different land use types can be found in Seeber et al. (2011). A more detailed analysis of land cover based on satellite data using RapidEye has been conducted within a Bachelor thesis by Ringler (2013) under the supervision of Prof. Miehe in Marburg. The distribution and density of the vegetation cover is displayed in Fig. 2-5. 7 Fig. 2-1 Distribution of Kobresia on the Tibetan Plateau. The research area KEMA marked with the square (Miehe et al. 2008) Fig. 2-2 Setup of the permanent vegetation monitoring plots (VMP), the areas fenced in 2009 (Km) and in 2010 (Km). The VMP are labeled according to the treatment; C = control, P = no pikas, Y = no livestock, YP = no herbivores. The position of the research station is indicated by an arrow and the 2012 positions of the Automatic Weather Station (AWS) by a blue triangle. Red circles illustrate locations of recorded soil profiles on 2009 and 2010 fenced sites (see chapter 2.3.2). Background image is taken from Google Earth in Dec. 2010, map modified after Seeber et al., 2011. 8 Fig. 2-3: Position and composition of roofs installed for the precipitation manipulation experiment. Squares mark the position of the roof plots and the blue circles mark positions for the CO2 Flux control measurements with a LICOR Survey chamber, the position for continues soil respiration measurements with the LICOR long term chamber is marked by a red circle mark Fig. 2-4: Distribution of land cover classes in the study sites (for explanation of classes see, Biermann and Leipold, 2011). The grey polygons represent the two large exclosures (Seeber et al., 2011) 9 Fig. 2-5: Distribution and density of vegetation for KEMA based on a RapidEye satellite image. The fenced area Km and Kp are marked with black frames (Ringler 2013) 16 3. Vegetation monitoring and fertilization experiment Elke Seeber(1), Georg Miehe(2), Karsten Wesche(1) (1) Dept. of Botany, Senckenberg Natural History Museum Görlitz (2) Dept. of Geography, Philipps-University Marburg 3.1. Setup and measurements 3.1.1. Grazing experiment Within each of the permanent fences, a 10 by 10 meter plot was marked for vegetation records. Total percentage vegetation cover was recorded on species level; records were taken annually end of August till mid of September, corresponding to the end of the vegetation period and thus the maximum cover of the vegetation. Next to each plot per treatment, 25 cm x 25 cm permanent subplots were marked. The number of replicates varied according to the magnitude of small-scale heterogeneity within plots of the different vegetation types: There were 3 plots each at the two Kobresia pasture, 4 replicates at the degraded pastures and 4 replicates on each on the hummocks and hollows in the wetlands. Peak standing crop biomass was harvested and differentiated into Kobresia pygmaea, other Cyperaceae, Poaceae, short-lived (annual or biennial) herbs and perennial herbs (except for the swamps). At the Kobresia subplots flower and fruit stalks of Kobresia pygmaea were counted annually as proxies for the reproductive success of the most important species under different grazing conditions. In 2012 additional 25x25 cm subplots are marked at about 1 m distance to the permanent subplots. On these plots total biomass is only harvested once and gives the biomass and litter accumulation after a three years period of treatment. 3.1.2. Fertilization Experiment In September 2009 a fertilization experiment was set up in a randomized block design with 5 treatments á 4 replicates. The aim was to determine soil nutrient limitations to plant growth. The differentially tested nutrients included nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium (Table 3-1). Table 3-1: Overview of the nutrient addition treatments, the employed fertilizers, and the respective concentrations for the fertilization experiment Nutrition Fertilizer Concentration nitrogen, potassium KNO3 10 g/m², 34 g/m² phosphate, potassium KH2PO4 5 g/m², 34 g/m² Potassium K2SO4 34 g/m² nitrogen, phosphate, potassium KNO3, KH2PO4, K2SO4 10 g/m², 5 g/m², 34 g/m² Control 17 In September 2009, for each treatment a plot of one square meter was fertilized and protected from grazing with 50 cm high wire cages (Fig. 3-1). The fertilizer was dissolved in 3 liter ground water and applicated with a watering can. This corresponded to an irrigation equivalent to 3 mm, which was also given to the control. The fertilization was repeated in September 2010 and September 2011 on the same plots. On two subplots (25 cm x 25 cm) flower and fruit stalks were counted annually. Mean standing crop was harvested annually at the same plots end of August 2010, beginning of September 2010, end of August 2011 and beginning of August 2012, to assess the impact of the fertilization on total biomass productivity. Biomass of Kobresia pygmaea, other Cyperaceae, Poaceae, annual or biennial herbs and perennial herbs was harvested separately. In 2012, two additional subplots (25 x 25 cm) were harvested to control for the impact of the annual cutting and litter accumulation. Additionally, soil samples were taken in August 2010, 2011 and 2012 at the horizons 0-5 cm and 6-20 cm for analysis of (remaining) soil nutrient pools. Fig. 3-1: Block of the fertilization experiment, protected from grazing by meshed wire cages 18 3.2. Data availability Given that we used different numbers of replicates and treatments, data structures differ among experiments. Table 3-2 summarizes the basic characteristics of the respective designs. Table 3-2: Overview of terminal dates, number of replicates, treatments and subplots per treatment for vegetation samples, biomass harvests and assessments of reproductive success between August and September 2012 Experiment and vegetation type Date Number of replicates Number of treatments Number of subplots Fertilization experiment, annual biomass Kobresia pasture 07.08.2012 4 5 2 Fertilization experiment, reproduction Kobresia pasture 07.08.2012 4 5 2 Fertilization experiment, three years biomass accumulation, Kobresia pasture 07.08.2012 4 5 2 Grazing experiment, biomass Kobresia pasture, fenced 2009 13.08. 2012 4 4 3 Grazing experiment, reproduction Kobresia pasture, fenced 2009 13.08. 2012 4 4 3 Grazing experiment, vegetation record Kobresia pasture, fenced 2009 24.08.2012 4 4 1 Grazing experiment, biomass Kobresia pasture, fenced 2010 16.08.2012 4 4 3 Grazing experiment, reproduction Kobresia pasture, fenced 2010 16.08.2012 4 4 3 Grazing experiment, vegetation record Kobresia pasture, fenced 2010 27.08.2012 4 4 1 Grazing experiment, biomass Degraded pasture 28.08.2012 4 4 4 Grazing experiment, vegetation record Degraded pasture 27.08.2012 4 4 1 Grazing experiment, biomass Wetland 21.08.2012 4 2 8 Grazing experiment, vegetation record Wetland 28.08.2012 4 4 1 19 4. Weather observations & meteorological measurements Jürgen Leonbacher(1), Tobias Biermann(1), Sandra Willinghöfer(2), Klaus Schützenmeister(2), Heinz Coners(2) and Thomas Foken(1) (1) Dept. of Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth (2) Dept. of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Göttingen 4.1. Meteorological measurements 4.1.1. AWS Göttingen GPEaws Weather data was collected with the help of several sensors assembled together and set up on the in 2009 established field site next to the fence at top end of the plots and hence close to the plots of the precipitation manipulation experiment (Chapter 7). The measured meteorological parameters were air temperature, air humidity, precipitation, total radiation, net radiation, solar radiation (PAR), wind speed and direction. Measured soil parameters were soil moisture, soil temperature and soil water potential. Table 4-1: Instrumentation of weather station Göttingen Parameter SN Sensor Units Height [m] Angle against north Air temperature and humidity E4412 Campbell CS 215 degC 2 90° Precipitation 09325 RM Young Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge mm 0.5 240° Global radiation 23679 Apogee Pyranometer SP 110 Wm-2 2 180° Net radiation 00643 Kipp & Zonen NR Lite Wm-2 2 180° Solar radiation (PAR) Q17815 LiCOR LI 190 SB µmols-1m-2 2 180° Wind speed and direction 12080035 Gill WindSonic 1 ms-1;Deg 2.2 Soil moisture 38007678 Campbell CS 616 vol% -0.05, -0.125 -0.25 Soil temperature 00041-44 Campbell PT 100/3 degC -0.025, -0.075 -0.125, -0.25 Soil water potential 63AH533535 Campbell 257-L kPa -0.05, -0.125 -0.25 20 4.1.2. AWS Bayreuth UBTMMaws An automatic weather station (Delta-T, Germany) was mounted at the fenced site established in 2010. Measured parameters were wind speed, wind direction, net radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. The weather station recorded data for the mentioned parameters during the whole experimental period. 4.1.3. Radiation complex UBTMMrad Solar radiation and its long and shortwave properties were measured with a CNR1 Net Radiometer (Kipp & Zonen; Netherlands) and mounted on pole in approximately 2m height. Calibration coefficients and specifications of the setup can be found in Table 4-3. The Radiation components were measured over the surface type corresponding to the underlying surface of the long term CO2 survey system (Fig.: 4-1). With the first establishment at July 25th measurement began over Bare Soil. At August 16th and 22nd the pole has been relocated to measure over Degraded Root Mat and Intact Root Mat respectively. Data was recorded on a Vaisalla Logger. 4.1.4. Soil measurement complex UBTMMsoil The soil complex (UBTMMsoil) was installed close to the radiation complex UBT and rotated analog to the long term CO2 chamber system. With the first establishment at July 25th measurement began under Bare Soil. At August 16th and 22nd soil complex has been relocated to measure underneath Degraded Root Mat and Intact Root Mat respectively (Fig.: 4-2). Table 4-2 contains calibration coefficients and more specifications concerning the used devices. Data was recorded on a Vaisalla Logger. A more detailed discussion of the soil properties can be found in chapter 2.2.2. Table 4-3: Calibration coefficients of the radiation complex UBTMMrad ( rotated together with the long term CO2 Chamber and UBTMMsoil), installation was done as similar as possible above all surfaces Parameter SN Sensor Calibration factor [µV/Wm²] Radiation CNR1 990197 upper SW upper LW lower SW lower LW E=(10.93±0.002) E=(10.86±0.038) E=(10.80±0.002) E=(10.91±0.031) 21 Table 4-4: Instrumentation of soil pit UBTMMsoil (rotated together with the long term CO2 Chamber system and UBTMMrad) Parameter Device SN Calibration Calibration/ Height [m] factor Conversion SoilTmp1 Pt100 0054 --- mV to °C -0.025 in Logger SoilTmp2 Pt100 0055 --- mV to °C -0.075 in Logger SoilTmp3 Pt100 0057 --- mV to °C -0.125 in Logger SoilTmp4 Pt100 0056 --- mV to °C -0.175 in Logger SoilTmp5 Pt100 0053 --- mV to °C -0.25 in Logger Soil moisture TDR-IMKO 31148 --- --- -0.1 Soil moisture TDR-IMKO 31147 --- --- -0.2 Ground heat flux HP3 227µV/mW/cm² ---- -0.2 Ground heat flux Hukse-Flux --- -0.2 4.2. Meteorological site characteristics Measured observations of wind direction, wind speed, global radiation, relative humidity, air temperature and precipitation are shown in figure 4-3, 4-4 and 4-5. These parameters are recorded at the site fenced in 2009, which was the plot where the main work was carried out during the measuring campaign 2012. Weather observations were done by eye every hour during day time. The recordings of cloud species and cover can be found in Appendix A. Fig. 4-6: Wind rose displaying the wind direction and wind speed over the whole measurement period in 2012 of GPEaws 22 Fig. 4-7: Observations of global radiation, relative humidity, air temperature and precipitation from July 11th till Aug. 9th 2012 Fig. 4-8: of global radiation, relative humidity, air temperature and precipitation from August 11th till September 10th 2012 23 5. CO2 flux measurements with chambers Jürgen Leonbacher(1), Tobias Biermann(1), Laura Steingräber(2), Klaus Schützenmeister(3), Georg Guggenberger(2) and Thomas Foken(1) (1) Dept. of Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth (2) Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz University Hannover (3) Dept. of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Göttingen 5.1. Setup and Measurements For CO2 flux measurements a long term chamber system and a survey chamber system from LI-COR Biosciences (Lincoln, NE, USA) were utilized. Both systems are FlowThrough Non-Steady-State chambers coupled with an infra-red gas analyzer (IRGA) for instantaneous estimation of CO2 concentration, which enables the calculation of CO2 fluxes with the implemented analytical software. To ensure a sealed sampling and to avoid leaking during the measurement of an ecosystem patch, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) collars with a diameter of 20cm were installed with 5cm headspace into the soil. All the collars have been installed 24h prior the first measurement. Because lack of power from grid due to the remote study area, electricity was provided by solar panels and batteries as described in the user’s manual (Li-COR, 2006) by the manufacturer. The Li-COR long term chamber system contains of a dark chamber measuring ecosystem respiration (Reco) and a transparent one for measuring net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Both chambers were coupled to an automated multiplexing system (Li8150) which is connected to the gas analyzer and enables to measure CO2 fluxes from both chambers sequentially. During measurement chamber air is circulating between an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) and the chamber. Due to the closed chamber system CO2 concentration is supposed to rise or fall respectively. Changing concentration over time (d CO2/dt) enables the calculation of CO2-Flux (F CO2) (Li-COR, 2012). The chambers are equipped with a fully automatically rotating arm, which moves the chamber 180° away from the collar and therefore ensures normal patterns of precipitation, temperature and radiation. Furthermore the soil and vegetation itself gets less disturbed by moving the chamber in-between measurements. The measurements with the long term chamber system over Intact Root Mat (Kobresia) and on Bare Soil were conducted inside Km close to the weather station. The measurements over Degraded Root Mat were conducted outside of Km on the south side of the plot. In addition to the two long term chambers, flux measurements with a Li-COR survey chamber system have been conducted to measure ecosystem respiration. These measurements were made on an additionally established measuring field consisting of in total 33 24 collars (Fig. 5-4). Long-term and survey chamber systems were adjusted identically to avoid systematical differences between the systems due to setup settings. The setup settings were set to 2min observation length; 30sec dead band; 74sec purge time. Number of observations during half an hour was set to four for the long term dark and transparent chamber respectively to provide a minimum level of data points for statistical analysis. It has been seen, that under -or over-pressurization of a chamber leads to over -or underestimation of fluxes, accordingly (Davidson et al., 2002). Contrarily other studies (Bain et al., 2005; Conen and Smith, 1998) detected systematical errors in CO2 flux measurements induced by vents recommended by Hutchinson and Livingston (2001), especially under changing and high wind velocities. To encounter this problem Xu et al. (2006) developed a vent, which has the properties to level out pressure differences without biasing CO2 fluxes at changing wind velocities. These vents are attached (Fig. 5-1; Fig. 5-2; Fig. 5-3) to the used Li-COR chambers to ensure unbiased CO2 measurements. Long-term and survey chamber systems were adjusted identically to avoid systematical differences between the systems due to setup settings. The setup settings were set to 2min observation length; 30s dead band; 74s purge time. Number of observations during half an hour was set to four for the long term dark and transparent chamber respectively to provide a minimum level of data points for statistical analysis. Fig. 5-1: Li-COR Long term CO2 flux chamber for measuring the net ecosystem exchange. Red circle indicates the venting tube 25 Fig. 5-2: Li-COR Long term CO2 flux chamber for measuring ecosystem respiration. Red circle indicates the venting tube Fig. 5-3: Li-COR CO2 flux survey chamber for measuring ecosystem respiration. Red circle indicates the venting tube 32 Fig. 6-2: Schematic representation for labeling and sampling on grazed and ungrazed sites of the KEMA research station 6.3. Kobresia root mat degradation and morphology The Kobresia root mats is a specific organic horizon consisting of subhorizons allowing excellent adaption to protect against heavy grazing and trampling and contribute to fast recovery of pasture after overgrazing. As prerequisite for further studies on its development, degradation and functions precise morphological descriptions of Kobresia root mats are necessary. On this reason soil profiles along a false time chronosequence of degradation stages (6 stages, 4 repetitions) were selected in 2012 at sites of the KEMA research area. The subhorizons of the root mats and the top mineral soil horizons of each degradation stage will be prepared in detail to describe the morphology of the subhorizons including the visual morphological characteristics, separation of living and dead root biomass, C and nutrient (N, P, K, S) contents, natural abundance of 13C & 15N, pH, bulk density, and root density. In addition biomarker studies will be implemented for three degradation stages considering soil samples, living and dead roots and shoots. The study aimed to identify major drivers for root mat degradation. It is based on the hypothetical idea that undisturbed root mats (1) will be affected by freezing and thawing processes, which cause initial ice cracks (2). As a consequence decomposition of root mat layers will be accelerated (3a) and present cracks will be enlarged. Moreover, small mammals (Ochotona curzoniae) will get easy access into the root mats (3b) and thus support an increase of present cracks itself. Finally, cracks will be enlarged by water and wind erosion (4 and 5) until bare soil surface areas without root mat horizons occur (6). The morphology can also help to understand functions of individual root mat layers and allows predicting future changes and degradation by increasing grazing intensity. 33 Fig. 6-3: False time degradation sequence of Kobresia rot mats on sites at KEMA 34 7. Soil-Plant water balance & Precipitation manipulation experiment (roof experiment) Sandra Willinghöfer, Klaus Schützenmeister, Heinz Coners, Christoph Leuschner Department of Plant Ecology, University of Göttingen 7.1.1. Setup In 2010, a total of 36 small weighing lysimeters were installed inand outside the in 2009 fenced area. Out of this 36 lysimeters, 18 were monitored again during the field season in 2012 and 12 were monitored as part of the irrigation experiment conducted in 2012 (chapter 8). Additional to the already installed lysimeters, in 2012 50 new lysimeters were installed outside the fenced area as part of the precipitation manipulation experiment (roof experiment). Small weighing lysimeters were used to monitor evapotranspiration and infiltration of the Kobresia pygmaea vegetation as well as bare soil spots. The lysimeter consist of a Plexiglas tube (15 cm diameter) with a Plexiglas plate glued to the bottom. The bottom plate is covered with a spread bundle of 20 glass wicks (2 mm diameter) leading through a 10 cm long downward pipe (15 mm diameter) into a plastic bottle (Fig. 7-1). Via this hanging water column a suction of 10hPa is applied to soil monolith, thus maintaining a constant drainage. The gutter roofs of the precipitation manipulation experiment consist of v-shaped Plexiglas sheets, adjusted to a flexible frame allowing the roofs to be swung open for experiments. The roofs were installed 30 cm above ground and hence above the lysimeters. Due to the aim of the experiment, 3 different levels of precipitation were to be simulated: 100% precipitation = control = passage of the complete precipitation; 130% = more precipitation simulated = additional watering to reach 130% of precipitation; 70% = reduced precipitation = due to the orientation of the gutter roof, precipitation was reduced by 30% (Fig. 7-2). The precipitation intercepted by the 70%-roofs was collected in buckets. Around each roof plot, a 10 cm deep trench was dug to keep runoff water away from the lysimeters. Under each roof, 4 subplots were set up, whereupon in 3 subplots lysimeters were installed (Fig. 7-3). Due to the experimental setup, infiltration and evapotranspiration were to be measured and compared between fertilized, unfertilized (control plot) K. pygmaea vegetation plots and bare soil. Hence, under each roof one lysimeter each monitored unfertilized und fertilized K. pygmaea vegetation as well as bare soil. In total, 20 roofs with 50 lysimeters were installed, their position and dimensions is illustrated in Fig. 2-3. Additional irrigation was done every day of the experiment, additional to the natural occurring precipitation estimated from data from Naqu Weather Station, Chinese Weather Service. Weighing of the lysimeters was conducted six times during the experiment period. The precipitation manipulation experiment ran from August 14th to September 10th 2012. A longer experiment period is planned for the field season 2013. 35 Fig. 7-1: Design and photo of a small weighing lysimeter in normal position. The undisturbed soil monolith is in its original position Fig. 7-2: Design and photo of the gutter roofs Fig. 7-3: Design and dimensions of the roofs (plots and subplots) densely rooted turf sandy/loamy soil gravel 36 7.1.2. Measurement of the lysimeters installed in 2010 During field season 2012, 18 out of the 36 lysimeters installed in 2010 were monitored and weighed to determine infiltration and evapotranspiration rates. 15 lysimeters were situated in intact K. pygmaea vegetation spots outside the fence (control), in Pika exclusion plots, Yak exclusion plots, Yak and Pika exclusion plots to compare different grazing intensities. In order to investigate the evapotranspiration from disturbed soil patches in comparison to undisturbed soil, 3 lysimeters installed in bare soil spots (Yak and Pika exclusion plots) were monitored as well. Control 4 lysimeters Yak exclusion 4 lysimeters Pika exclusion 4 lysimeters Yak and Pika exclusion 3 lysimeters Bare soil 3 lysimeters 7.2. Additional Measurements From August 12th to September 10th 2012, 16 iButtons Thermochrons were installed in the soil in depths of 0 cm, 2.5 cm, 7 cm and 12.5 cm, 4 under each roof type and 4 in the open vegetation as control. Additionally, 4 iButtons Hygrochron were installed as well, 3 under roofs (each roof type 1 iButton) and 1 not under a roof. 7.3. Above and below ground biomass Above and below ground biomass (necromass and roots) was harvested at the end of the precipitation manipulation experiment in September 2012. Above ground biomass was harvested on all 50 lysimeters under the roofs as well as on the 18 lysimeters installed in 2009. Soil cores (3.3 cm in diameter) for the determination of the root biomass were taken next to the lysimeters under the roofs for depths of 0-5 cm, 5-15 cm and 15-30 cm. All roots in each sample were rinsed from soil particles keeping small root fragments by means of a stack of fine sieves. The root fragments were divided into living and dead roots under a stereo microscope, a method originally developed in the Department of Plant Ecology in Göttingen for separating living and dead tree fine roots. Before determining necroand biomass by drying, the root surface area of subsamples was measured with an optical system (WinRhizo, Regent Inc., Quebec, Can). 37 7.4. Data availability of lysimeter measurements In 2009 installed lysimeters were weighed at the following days: 18.07.12 11:30 Start 23.07.12 12:00 26.07.12 13:30 02.08.12 09:15 14.08.12 11:35 03.09.12 10:00 Lysimeters of roof experiment were weighed at following days: 17.08.12 11:00 Start 22.08.12 11:40 25.08.12 12:25 02.09.12 10:50 07.09.12 11:20 10.09.12 10:30 38 8. Irrigation Experiment 2012 Sandra Willinghöfer, Heinz Coners, Christoph Leuschner Department of Plant Ecology, University of Göttingen 8.1. Setup and Measurements On a Yak and Pika exclusion plot, a joint irrigation experiment was established in 2010 in a random block design with 3 treatments and 4 blocks (Coners et al. 2011). In 2012, the irrigation experiment was continued for the lysimeters installed on the plot. All together, 12 lysimeters with intact K. pygmaea vegetation were monitored and weighed to determine evapotranspiration and infiltration. Again, 3 treatments were applied, with 4 replications each. The lysimeters were irrigated manually on a daily basis, with 0 mm, 2.5 mm or 5 mm, in addition to the natural the natural occurring precipitation, estimated from data from Naqu Weather Station, Chinese Weather Service. The irrigation experiment started at July 18th and ran until August 30th 2012. At the end of the experiment, the above ground biomass was harvested and soil cores for root biomass (same depths as precipitation manipulation experiment 7) determination were taken. Lysimeters of irrigation experiment were weighed at following days: 23.07.12 15:00 Start 26.07.12 12:20 29.07.12 09:20 31.07.12 09:25 05.08.12 10:00 10.08.12 13:25 14.08.12 11:00 19.08.12 12:05 24.08.12 16:15 30.08.12 12:10 39 Fig. 8-1: Block design of the irrigation experiment on one of herbivore exclosure plot (Coners et al. 2011) Fig. 8-2: Photo of the irrigation experiment with 12 lysimeters Lysimeter Respiration collar Open spot Biomass collar E D C B A 1 12 2 3 3 1 11 2 23 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 22 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Control 2 Medium 3 High irrigation Plot for vegetation records Lysimeter Respiration collar Bare soil Biomass collar E D C B A 1 12 2 3 3 1 11 2 23 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 22 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Control 2 Medium 3 High irrigation Plot for vegetation records 40 9. Data Storage and access For access to the data and additional information please contact: Vegetation: [email protected] CO2 Chamber Measurements: [email protected], Thom- [email protected], g[email protected]-hannover.de Pulse Labeling & Soil measurements: [email protected]goettingen.de, kuzy[email protected] Lysimeter, Automatic weather station & Roof experiment: [email protected], [email protected] 41 Participants and contact information Name Affiliation Experiment Responsibility contact Babel, Wolfgang University of Bayreuth, Department of Micrometeorology CO2 Flux, Meteorological measurements Data processing, technical support [email protected] Biermann, Tobias University of Bayreuth, Department of Micrometeorology CO2 Flux, Meteorological measurements Fieldwork, Data processing [email protected] Coners, Heinz, Dr University of Göttingen Dept. of Plant Ecology Lysimeters, root biomass, root surface area Fieldwork, Data processing, supervisor [email protected] Foken, Thomas, Prof. Dr. University of Bayreuth, Department of Micrometeorology CO2 Flux, Meteorological measurements supervisor [email protected] Guggenberger, Georg, Dr. Prof University of Hanover, Institute of Soil Science CO2 Flux supervisor [email protected] Kuzyakov, Yakov, Prof. Dr. University of Göttingen, Dept. of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems Soil measurements Supervisor [email protected] Leonbacher, Jürgen University of Bayreuth, Department of Micrometeorology CO2 Flux, Meteorological measurements Fieldwork, Data processing [email protected] Leuschner, Christoph, Dr Prof University of Göttingen, Department of Plant Ecology Lysimeters supervisor [email protected] Ma, Yaoming, Prof. Dr. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Project partner [email protected]n 48 15.08 10:00 1/8 0 - Ac; Ci Ci CuH CuH; Ac Ac Ac; CuH Ci 11:00 1/8 3 - CuH CuH; Ci CuH; Cu CuM Ac; CuH Ac; CuH Ac; CuH 12:00 2/8 3 CuH CuH CuH; CuM CuM CuM CuM; CuC; CuH CuM Ac; CuM 13:00 3/8 3 CuC; CuH CuC; CuH CuC; CuH; CuM CuM; CuC Ac; CuM CuM; CuC vir; CuM CuC; CuH CuH; CuC 16.08. 10:00 6/8 0 Cu; Ci; Cs Ci Ci Ci; Ac Ci Ci; Ac Ci Ci 11:00 6/8 3 Cs; CuH; Ci; Cu; Ac CuC; Ci CuC; CuH;Cs Ci; Ac Cu; Ac; Ci Ci Cs 12:00 6/8 3 Cs; CuH; CuC; Cb; Cs Cb; CuC; Ci CuC; Ci CuM; Ci CuC; CuM; Ci Ac; CuC; Ci Cb; CuC; Cu; Ci 13:00 7/8 3 CuC; Cs Cb Cb; Cu Cb vir; Cu CuM; Cs Cb; CuH; Ci Cb; Ci; CuH Cb; Ci; CuH 14:00 8/8 3 CU; Ac; Cs Cb; Ac Ac vir; Cs Cb vir Cb vir. CuM; As CuH; Cs; CuC Cb vir 15:00 7/8 3 Cu; Ac; Cs Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac CuM; Ac Cu; Ci Cu; Cs 16:00 x x x x x x x x x x 17:00 5/8 3 Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Ac Ci; Ac CuM; Ac Cu Cu; Ac 18:00 x x x x x x x x x x 19:00 7/8 3 As; Cu Cu; As Cu; As Cu; Ac Cu; Ac CuC; Ac; Ci Cu; Ac Cu; Ac 20:00 8/8 3 Ac; As Ac; As Ac; As Ac; As Ac; As Ac; As Cu; As; Ac As; Ac 17.08. 10:00 7/8 0 Cu; Ac Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Ac Ac; Cu Ac Ac 11:00 7/8 3 Cu Ac CuC; Ac Cu; Ac CuH; Ac CuM; Ci; Ac Ac Ac 12:00 6/8 3 Ac; Cu Ac; Cu CuC; Ac Ac; CuM CuC CuM Ci; Cu CuM; Ci 13:00 7/8 3 CuC; CuM; Ci Ac; Cu CuC CuC CuC; Cb vir CuM CuC; CuM CuM 14:00 6/8 3 Cu; Ci Ac; Cu CuC; CuH CuC; Ci CuM; CuH; CuC CuM CuM CuC; CuM 15:00 7/8 3 Ac; Sc As; Cu As; Cu Cu; As Cu; As CuM; Ci; CuC vir CuC CuC 16:00 7/8 2 Sc As; Cu As; Cu Cu; As Cu; As CuM; Ci; CuC vir CuC CuC 17:00 8/8 3 CuC vir Ns CuH; As As; Cu As; Cu Sc As; Cu CuC 18:00 8/8 2 Cu; Ns Ns Ns As; Cu Ac; Cu Cu; Ac As; Cu Ns 19:00 8/8 58 Ns Ns As; Ac As; Ac As; Ac Ns Ns Ns 20:00 8/8 58 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 18.08. 08:00 8/8 80 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 09:00 8/8 80 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 10:00 8/8 80 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 11:00 8/8 80 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 12:00 7/8 1 Ns As; Ac 13:00 7/8 3 Sc Sc Sc Cu; Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc 14:00 x x x x x x x x x x 15:00 7/8 3 Sc; Cu Cu Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc 16:00 7/8 3 Cu; Ac Sc Sc Sc Sc Cu; Ac Sc Sc 17:00 7/8 3 Cu; As Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Sc Ac; As 18:00 7/8 3 Ac; Ci Cu; Ci Cu Cu Cu As; Cu As; Cu Cu; As 19:00 8/8 3 Ac; Cs Ac; Cs Ac; Cs; Cu Ac; Cs; Cu Ac; Cs; Cu Cu; As Ac; Cs Cs; Ac 20:00 8/8 3 Cs; Ac Cs; Ac Cs; Ac; Cu Cs; Ac; Cu Cs; Ac Cu; As Ac; Cs Cs; Ac 21:00 6/8 2 Ac; Ci Ac; Ci Ac; Ci Ac; Ci Ac; Ci Ac; Ci Ac; Ci Ac; Ci 19.08. 08:00 1/8 0 - Ci Ac; Cs Ac - - - - 09:00 1/8 2 - - - CuH CuH CuH - - 10:00 1/8 3 CuH Ci CuH; Ac; CuC CuH; CuC CuH; Ci CuH CuH CuH 11:00 2/8 3 CuH - CuC; CuH CuC; CuH CuH; Ci; CuC CuM CuH CuC 12:00 2/8 2 Cu; Ci Ci; Cu CuH; CuC; Ci CuH; Ci CuH; Ci CuM CuH CuC 13:00 2/8 3 Cu Ci; Cu CuH; Ci Cu; Ci Cu CuM CuM CuH 14:00 2/8 2 - CuH CuH; CuC CuH; Ci CuH; Cs CuM; CuH Cs; CuH Ci; CuH; CuC 15:00 3/8 3 Cc - CuC CuH CuC; CuH CuH; CuM; Cs Cs; CuH Ci; CuH 16:00 3/8 3 Cs CuC; Cu frac CuC; Ac; CuH Cc; Cu CuH; Cs Ci; Cs; CuH; CuM Ci; CuH CuH; Cs 17:00 3/8 2 Cs; CuH; CuC; Ci CuC; Ci Cu; Ci CuH; Cs Ci Ci; CuH CuH; Ci 18:00 3/8 3 Ci Ci; Cu Ci; CuH Ci; CuC; Cuh CuC; Ci Ci; CuH Ci; CuH Ci 19:00 3/8 3 Ci; Ac Ci Ac; Ci Ac; Cu; Ci Cs, CuH Ac; As; Ci Ac; Ci Ci 20.08. 09:00 8/8 0 Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc 10:00 8/8 2 Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc As Ac 11:00 8/8 2 Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc As Ac 12:00 8/8 2 Cu; As Cu; As Cu; As Cu; As Cu; As Cu; As Cu; As Cu; As 13:00 8/8 2 Cu; As Cu; As Ac; As As; Cu Ns; Cu Ns; Cu Cu; As Cu; As 14:00 8/8 80 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 15:00 8/8 80 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 16:00 8/8 81 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 17:00 8/8 81 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 18:00 8/8 80 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 19:00 8/8 60 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 20:00 8/8 60 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 49 21.08. 08:00 7/8 3 Ns; Sc Ns; Sc Ns; Sc As Ns; Sc Ns; Sc Ns; Sc Ns; Sc 09:00 8/8 1 Ns; Sc Ns; Sc Ns; Sc Ns; Sc Ns; Sc Ns; Sc Ns; Sc Ns; Sc 10:00 7/8 2 Sc Sc Ac; Cu Ac; Cu Cu Ac; Cu Ac; Cu Ac; Cu 11:00 7/8 3 Cu; Ac; Ci CuC; Ci Ci; Cc; Ac As; Cu; Cc Sc CuM CuM CuH; Ac 13:00 6/8 2 Cu; Ci Ci; CuH; CuC Ci; CuH Ci; CuH; CuC CuM CuM; CuC CuC; Cu frac CuC; Cu frac 14:00 5/8 2 CuH; Ci; CuC Ci; CuH Cs; Ci; CuH; CuC CuH; CuC; Ci fib CuC; CuM CuM; CuC CuC; Cu frac CuC; Cu frac 15:00 5/8 2 Ci; CuH Ci; Cs; CuH Cs; Ci; CuM; CuC CuM; Ci Ci; CuM CuM; Cb vir CuC; CuH CuC; CuH 16:00 6/8 3 CuC CuH; Ci Ci; CuC; CuM CuM; Ci CuC; CuM Ac; CuM; Ns Ac; CuC CuC 17:00 7/8 60 CuC CuC; Ci CuC CuC CuC; Ac CuC; Ac; Ci Ci; Cu Cu; Ci 18:00 7/8 3 Ac; CuC; Ci CuH; Cs; Ci Ns; Cb Ns; Cb Cb Ac; CuC; Ci Ci; Cu Cu; Ci 19:00 7/8 3 Ac; Cu Ac; Ns Ac; As As Ac; As Ac; As Ac Ac 20:00 7/8 3 Ac; Cu; Ci As; Ns; Ci Ns As; Cu Cu; As CuC Ac Ac 22.08. 08:00 5/8 0 Cu; Ac Ac Ac, Cs Ci; Ac Ac; Cs Ac lent Ac lent Ac 09:00 7/8 3 Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc 10:00 6/8 2 Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Ac; Cu 11:00 7/8 3 CuC; Cu Cu; Ac Cu; Ac CuC CuH; Ac CuM CuM; CuC CuM 12:00 5/8 21 CuC CuC CuC CuM; Ac CuM CuM; Ac CuM; Ac; CuC CuM; CuC 13:00 5/8 2 CuC CuC; Ac CuC CuC CuM; CuH CuM; Ac CuC; CuH CuC; CuH 14:00 5/8 2 CuC CuC; Ac CuC CuC CuM; CuH CuM; Ac CuC; CuH CuC; CuH 15:00 7/8 3 CuC; CuM; Cc CuC; CuH; Cc CuC; Sc Sc; CuC Cs; CuC CuC; Ac; Cc CuH; Cc; CuC CuH; CuC 16:00 7/8 3 CuC; Ac; Ci CuC, Cs Ac; CuC; CuH Sc CuC; CuH; Cs CuC vir CuC; CuM; CuH; Ac CuC; Cc 17:00 7/8 81 Cu Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 18:00 6/8 3 Ns Ns Ns Ci; Ac; Cu Ci; Ac; Cu CuM; Ci Ci; Ac; CuC Ns; Ac; CuC 19:00 3/8 1 Cb Ac; Cb Ac Cc Ac Ci; CuM; CuC CuC; Ac Cb; Ac 20:00 1/8 1 Ac CuC Ac Ci Ci CuC; Ac Cb 23.08. 08:00 7/8 0 Ac Ns Ns Ns Ns As; Ac Ac Ac 09:00 6/8 2 Cu; Ac Ac Cu; Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac 10:00 6/8 3 Cu; Ac Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Cu; Ac Ac, CuM; Ci Ac; Cu 11:00 6/8 3 CuC; Ac Ac; Cu CuC CuC As; Cu CuM; Ac CuM; Ac; CuC Ac; Ci 12:00 5/8 3 CuC; Ac CuC; Ac; Ci Cu; Ac, Ci CuC; CuM CuC; CuM CuM; Ci CuM; Ci CuM; Ci 13:00 5/8 3 CuC; CuH CuC; Ci; CuH CuC; Ci CuH; CuM Cb; CuH CuH; Cb CuC; CuH CuH; CuC 14:00 7/8 3 CuC; CuH Ci; CuC; CuH CuC; CuH Cc; CuC Cb Cb; CuCM; Ac Cb vir CuC 15:00 7/8 3 Cb Cb; CuC As; CuC As; CuC Ac, Cc; Cs Cc; Ac; CuC CuC; Ac Cb 16:00 2/8 2 Cu CuC; Ci floc Ac, CuC Ac; CuC Cu; CuC Cb Cu; Ci 17:00 7/8 60 CuC Cb Cb Cu Cb 18:00 3/8 1 Ac; Cc Ac CuC; Ac Ac; CuC; Cb CuC; CuH; CuM; Ac CuC; Ac CuC; Ci; Ac 19:00 2/8 1 Cc CuH; Ac Ac CuC; Ac CuC; Ac Ac, CuM CuC; Ac CuH; CuM 20:00 1/8 1 - - - Ac CuH; Ac Ac vir CuC Ac; CuC 24.08. 08:00 1/8 0 CuH - - - - - - Ac 09:00 2/8 3 CuH; Ac Cu - - - - - - 10:00 1/8 1 CuH - - - Ac - - - 11:00 1/8 3 - - CuC; CuH CuH CuH Ac, CuM CuH; CuC CuH 12:00 2/8 3 CuH CuC; CuH CuC CuC CuH; Ac; CuC Ac; CuH; CuM Ac; CuC; CuH CuH 13:00 4/8 3 CuH; Ci; Ac CuH; CuC CuC; CuH; Ac CuH; CuC CuC; CuH Sc; Cb vir Cb vir CuH; CuC 14:00 6/8 3 Ac; CuC CuC CuC; CuH Ac; CuC CuC; Ac; As Sc; Cb vir CuC; Ac; As CuC; Ac 15:00 5/8 1 Ac Ac; Ci; CuH CuC; Ac Ac; CuC CuC; Ac CuM; Ac Ac; CuC CuC; Ac 16:00 3/8 1 Ac; CuM; CuH CuC; CuH CuH; CuC CuC; Ac CuM; Ac Ac; CuM CuC; Ac CuC 17:00 x x x x x x x x x x 18:00 3/8 3 Ac; As; CuH Ac; As; CuC CuH CuC; CuH Ac Ac; CuC Ac; CuC Ac; CuH 19:00 2/8 1 Ac Ac Ac CuC; Ac - CuH; Ac Ac; CuH Ac; CuH 20:00 2/8 Ac - - Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac 25.08. 09:00 1/8 0 Ac - - - - - Ac Ac 10:00 1/8 3 Ac; Cu - Cu - - - Ac Ac 11:00 1/8 3 CuH Cu Cu Cu Cu Ac; Cu Ac; Cu Ac; Cu 12:00 1/8 3 CuH; CuC CuC Ac; CuC CuH CuH Ac; CuC Ac; CuC Ac; CuH 13:00 3/8 3 Ac; CuM CuC; CuH CuM CuM CuC; CuH CuC; CuH CuM; Ac CuH 14:00 3/8 3 Ac; CuM Ac; CuM CuC; CuH CuM CuH CuM CuM CuM 15:00 3/8 2 CuM CuH; CuC CuH CuM CuM CuM CuM CuH; CuC 16:00 3/8 2 CuM CuM; CuH CuH; CuM CuM CuM; CuH CuM CuM CuM; CuH 17:00 3/8 2 CuM CuM; CuH CuH; CuM CuM CuM; CuH CuM CuM CuM; CuH 18:00 2/8 2 CuM CuC CuH CuH CuH CuM CuH CuM 19:00 1/8 1 - CuH CuH CuH - CuM - CuH 20:00 1/8 1 - - CuH CuH - CuH - - 26.08. 08:00 1/8 0 Ac - - Cu -Cu - - 09:00 1/8 2 Ac - - - - Cu - - 10:00 2/8 3 Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu - - 11:00 1/8 3 CuC; CuH CuC; CuH CuC; CuH CuC; CuH CuC; CuH CuM; CuC CuH 12:00 3/8 3 CuH CuC CuC CuC CuM; CuC CuM; CuC Ac; CuH CuH 13:00 4/8 60 CuC CuC CuC CuC CuC CuM; CuC Ac; CuH CuM 14:00 6/8 3 CuC Cb CuC Cb CuC; CuM CuM; CuC CuM CuM 15:00 5/8 3 Ci; CuC Sc; Cb Cb Cb CuM CuM; Ci; Cb Ci; CuM Cb; Ac 16:00 5/8 3 Ci; CuC Cb; Ac; Ci Cu Cb; CuM; CuC Cb Ci; CuC Ci; Cu 17:00 5/8 3 Ci; Ac Ci; Cb Cb; CuH Cb; CuC Ci; Cc; CuH Ci; CuM Cb Cb 18:00 x x x x x x x x x x 19:00 6/8 3 CuH; Cs Ac, Cs; CuH Cb; CuH CuH; Ci CuM; Ac CuM; Cb CuH Ac 27.08. 11:00 6/8 3 CuC CuC; Ci CuC CuC CuC; Ac Sc Sc Sc 12:00 6/8 2 As CuC CuC CuC; Ci CuC CuM As; CuH As; CuH 13:00 8/8 regen Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns 16:00 7/8 regen Ns Ns Ac; As CuC CuC CuC CuC CuC 50 Latin name Description Abbreviation Cloud genera Cirrus High fleecy cloud Ci Cirrocumulus High fluffy cloud Cc Cirrostratus High misty cloud Cs Altocumulus Rough fluffy cloud Ac Altostratus Middle high misty cloud As Nimbostratus Rain layer cloud Ns Stratocumulus Layer heap cloud Sc Stratus Lower layer cloud St Cumulus Heap cloud Cu Cumulonimbus Thundercloud Cb Cloud species fibratus fibrous fib uncinus hook-shaped unc castellanus turreted cas floccus fluffy, baggy flo stratiformis layer-shaped str nebulosus nebular neb lenticularis lentoid, almond-shaped len fractus disrupted fra humilis low hum mediocris moderate developed med congestus high-piled con calvus bare cal capillatus hairy cap Sub species undulatus wavelike un radiatus radial, parallel bands ra duplicatus two or more layers du perlucidus see-through (gaps) pe translucidus transparent tr opacus close, dark op Concomitant clouds incus with ambos inc mamma bag-like outgrowth at the bottom side of the clouds mam virga visible rain bands vir praecipitatio with rain pra Remark mixture of hum, med, con spec 51 B. Vegetation of soil collars Vegetation coverage within the soil collar of the CO2 flux measurements with the LI-COR chambers Soil collar Kob pygmaea Cyperace ae Poace ae annual perennials Lichens & moss cru st litter Rocks & soil IK1 10 0 37 0.5 50 0 1 1 0.5 IK2 25 1 19 0 46 0 1 6 2 IK3 28 1 45 0 22 0 1 1 2 IK4 20 1.5 40 0 35 0 1.5 0.5 1.5 IK5 47 1 25 0 19 0 0.5 4 3.5 L1 15 0 0 0 15 1 68 0.5 0.5 L2 18 0 3 0 16 1.5 59 2 0.5 L3 16 0 11 1 17 2 52.2 0.8 0 L4 25 0 3 0 12 3 54.5 2 0.5 BS1 0 0 0 7 12 0.8 4 0.2 76 BS2 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0.5 90.5 BS3 0 0 0 6 23 0 0 0 71 BS4 0 0 0 1.2 5.5 0 0 0 93.3 LiCOR Original1 38 2 4 0 44 0 1 10 1 LiCOR Original2 70 0 2 0 11 0 1 15 1 L_Nee 25 0 0 2 20 5 42 5 1 L_Resp 25 0 1 0.5 9 6 53 5 0.5 IK_NEE 45 8 2 0 25 0 1 19 0 IK_NEE_2 42 0 10 0 46 0 1 0.8 0.2 IK_NEE_2 42 0 10 0 46 0 1 0.8 0.2 IK_Resp 50.5 0 1 0 20 0 0.5 25 3 IK_Resp_2 50 0 14 0 22 0 0.5 12 1.5 BS_NEE 0 0 0 16 0.5 0 0 0 83.5 BS_Resp 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 82 52 Species composition within the soil collar of the CO2 flux measurements with the LI-COR chambers (p: perennial; a: annual; b: biennial) p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p a/ b p p p a p a/ p a a p p p p a Kobresia Kobresia pygmaea Kobresia pusilla Carex ivanoviae Carex spec. Potentilla saundersiana Potentilla plumosa Potentilla bifurca Sibbaldia adpressa Saussurea leiocarpa Aster flaccidus subsp. glandulosus Astragalus tanguticus Thalictrum alpinum Poa glauca subsp. glauca Elymus spec. Veronica ciliata Youngia simulatrix Lancea tibetica Lagotis brachystachya Stipa purpurea Axyris prostrata Lancea tibetica Galium pauciflorum Koenigia islandica Chenopodium foetidum Veronica ciliata Potentilla bifurca Saussurea leiocarpa Aster flaccidus subsp. glandulosus Draba spec. IK1 x x x x x x x x x x x x IK2 x x x x x x x x x x x IK3 x x x x x x x IK4 x x x x x x x x x IK5 x x x x x x x x IK_Res p_2 x x x x x x IK_NE E_2 x x x x x x x x x LiCOR Original1 x x x x x x x x x x LiCOR Original2 x x x x x L1 x x x x x x L2 x x x x x ? L3 x x x x x x L4 x x x x x x x L_Nee x x x x x x L_Resp x x x x x x x IK_NE E x x x x x x IK_Res p x x x x x x x x BS_NE E x x x x BS_Res p x x x x BS1 x x x x x x x x x BS2 x x x BS3 x x x x BS4 x x x x 53 Volumes in the series ‚University of Bayreuth, Department of Micrometeorology, Arbeitsergebnisse Nr Author(s) Title Year 01 Foken Der Bayreuther Turbulenzknecht 01/1999 02 Foken Methode zur Bestimmung der trockenen Deposition von Bor 02/1999 03 Liu Error analysis of the modified Bowen ratio method 02/1999 04 Foken et al. Nachfrostgefährdung des ÖBG 03/1999 05 Hierteis Dokumentation des Experimentes Dlouhá Louka 03/1999 06 Mangold Dokumentation des Experimentes am Standort Weidenbrunnen, Juli/August 1998 07/1999 07 Heinz et al. Strukturanalyse der atmosphärischen Turbulenz mittels Wavelet-Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Austauschprozessen über dem antarktischen Schelfeis 07/1999 08 Foken Comparison of the sonic anomometer Young Model 81000 during VOITEX-99 10/1999 09 Foken et al. Lufthygienisch-bioklimatische Kennzeichnung des oberen Egertales, Zwischenbericht 1999 11/1999 10 Sodemann Stationsdatenbank zum BStMLU-Projekt Lufthygienisch-bioklimatische Kennzeichnung des oberen Egertales 03/2000 11 Neuner Dokumentation zur Erstellung der meteorologischen Eingabedaten für das Modell BEKLIMA 10/2000 12 Foken et al. Dokumentation des Experimentes VOITEX-99 10/2000 13 Bruckmeier et al. Documenation of the experiment EBEX-2000, July 20 to August 24, 2000 01/2001 14 Foken et al. Lufthygienisch-bioklimatische Kennzeichnung des oberen Egertales 02/2001 15 Göckede Die Verwendung des Footprint-Modells nach Schmid (1997) zur stabilitätsabhängigen Bestimmung der Rauhigkeitslänge 03/2001 16 Neuner Berechnung der Evaporation im ÖBG (Universität Bayreuth) mit dem SVAT-Modell BEKLIMA 05/2001 17 Sodemann Dokumentation der Software zur Bearbeitung der FINTUREX-Daten 08/2002 18 Göckede et al. Dokumentation des Experiments STINHO-1 08/2002 19 Göckede et al. Dokumentation des Experiments STINHO-2 12/2002 20 Göckede et al Characterisation of a complex measuring site for flux measurements 12/2002 21 Liebethal Strahlungsmessgerätevergleich während des Experiments STINHO-1 01/2003 22 Mauder et al. Dokumentation des Experiments EVA_GRIPS 03/2003 23 Mauder et al. Dokumentation des Experimentes LITFASS-2003, Dokumentation des Experimentes GRASATEM-2003 12/2003 24 Thomas et al. Documentation of the WALDATEM-2003 Experiment 05/2004 25 Göckede et al. Qualitätsbegutachtung komplexer mikrometeorologischer Messstationen im Rahmen des VERTIKO-Projekts 11/2004 26 Mauder & Foken Documentation and instruction manual of the eddy covariance software package TK2 12/2004 27 Herold et al. The OP-2 open path infrared gas analyser for CO2and H2O 01/2005 28 Ruppert ATEM software for atmospheric turbulent exchange measurements using eddy covariance and relaxed eddy accumulation systems and Bayreuth whole-air REA system setup 04/2005 29 Foken (Ed.) Klimatologische und mikrometeorologische Forschungen im Rahmen des Bayreuther Institutes für Terrestrische Ökosystemforschung (BITÖK), 1989-2004 06/2005 30 Siebeke & Serafimovich Ultraschallanemometer-Überprüfung im Windkanal der TU Dresden 2007 04/2007 31 Lüers & Bareiss The Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2006 PART 1: Technical documentation of the ARCTEX 2006 campaign, May, 2nd to May, 20th 2006 07/2007 32 Lüers & Bareiss The Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2006 PART 2: Visualization of near surface measurements during the ARCTEX 2006 campaign, May, 2nd to May, 20th 2006 07/2007 33 Bareiss & Lüers The Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2006 PART 3: Aerological measurements during the ARCTEX 2006 campaign, May, 2nd to May, 20th 2006 07/2007 54 34 Metzger & Foken et al. COPS experiment, Convective and orographically induced precipitation study, 01 June 2007 – 31 August 2007, Documentation 09/2007 35 Staudt & Foken Documentation of reference data for the Experimental areas of the Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) at the Waldstein site 11/2008 36 Serafimovich et al. ExchanGE processes in mountainous Regions (EGER) – Documentation of the Intensive Observation Period (IOP1), September, 6th to October, 7th 2007 01/2008 37 Serafimovich et al. ExchanGE processes in mountainous Regions (EGER) – Documentation of the Intensive Observation Period (IOP2), June, 1st to July, 15th 2008 10/2008 38 Siebicke Footprint synthesis for the FLUXNET site Waldstein/Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay) during the EGER experiment. 12/2008 39 Lüers & Foken Jahresbericht 2008 zum Förderprojekt 01879Untersuchung der Veränderung der Konzentration von Luftbeimengungen und Treibhausgasen im hohen Fichtelgebirge 2007 - 2013 01/2009 40 Lüers & Foken (Ed.) Proceedings of the International Conference of “Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry in Forest Ecosystems” Castle of Thurnau, Germany, Oct 5 to Oct 8, 2009 10/2009 41 Biermann et al. Mesoscale circulations and Energy and gaS exchange Over the Tibetan Plateau Documentation of the Micrometeorological Experiment, Nam Tso, Tibet 25th of June – 08th of August 2009 11/2009 42 Foken & Falke Documentation and Instruction Manual of the Krypton Hygrometer Calibration Instrument 01/2010 43 Lüers & Foken Jahresbericht 2009 zum Förderprojekt 01879 - Untersuchung der Veränderung der Konzentration von Luftbeimengungen und Treibhausgasen im hohen Fichtelgebirge 2007 – 2013 07/2010 44 Biermann & Leipold (Ed.) Tibet Plateau Atmosphere-Ecology-Glaciology Cluster Joint Kobresia Ecosystem Experiment: Documentation of the first Intensive Observation Period (IOP 1) summer 2010 in Kema, Tibet 01/2011 45 Zhao et al. Complex TERRain and ECOlogical Heterogeneity (TERRECO);WP 1-02: Spatial assessment of atmosphere-ecosystem exchanges via micrometeorological measurements, footprint modeling and mesoscale simulations ; Documentation of the Observation Period May 12th to Nov. 8th, 2010, Haean, South Korea 03/2011 46 Mauder & Foken Documentation and Instruction Manual of the Eddy-Covariance Software Package TK3 05/2011 47 Serafimovich et al. ExchanGE processes in mountainous Regions (EGER)- Documentation of the Intensive Observation Period (IOP3) June, 13th to July, 26th 2011 11/2011 48 Hübner et al. Documentation and Instruction Manual for the Horizontal Mobile Measuring System (HMMS) 12/2011 49 Lüers et al. The Arctic Turbulence Experiment 2009 - additional laser Scintillometer measurement campaign 2009 at the Bayelva catchment on Svalbard: Technical documentation and visualization of the near surface measurements during the ARCTEX-2009 campaign, August, 10th to August, 20th 2009 02/2012 50 Foken Klimawanderweg auf der Landesgartenschau in Bamberg 2012 05/2012 51 Ruppert et al. Whole-air relaxed eddy accumulation for the measurement of isotope and trace-gas fluxes 05/2012 52 Foken Jahresbericht 2010-11 zum Förderprojekt 01879 - Untersuchung der Veränderung der Konzentration von Luftbeimengungen und Treibhausgasen im hohen Fichtelgebirge 2007 – 2013 12/2012 53 Gerken et al. Documentation of the atmospheric Boundary Layer experiment, Nam Tso, Tibet, 8th of July - 8th August 2012 04/2013 54 Biermann (Ed.) Tibet Plateau Atmosphere-Ecology-Glaciology Cluster Joint Kobresia Ecosystem Experiment: Documentation of the 2nd Intensive Observation Period (IOP 2) summer 2012 in KEMA, Tibet 05/2013