Ac a
Linguis ica
Li huanica
LV
(2006),
55
-
87
Ou
o
A ica:
Logopho ic
p onouns
and
epo ed
discou se
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
dialec s
Nico e
Nau
Uniwe sy e
im.
Adama
Mickiewicza
In
his
pape
I
will
discuss
p ope ies
o
logopho ic
cons uc ions
and
hei
place
wi hin
a
ypology
o
epo ed
speech.
The
da a
om
Finnish
and
La ian
dialec s
p o e
ha
he
phenomenon
is
no
es ic ed
o
A ica
and
suppo
he
iew
exp essed
by
Culy
(1994;
1997)
and
o he s
ha
logopho ic
p onouns,
in
con as
o
long-dis ance
e lexi es,
a e
oo ed
in
epo ed
discou se
and
canno
be
explained
in
syn ac ic
e ms.
Bha ’s
(2004)
claim
ha
hei
p ima y
unc ion
is
o
dis inguish
he
pa icipan s
o
a
epo ed
speech
ac
om
he
ac ual
speake
and
add essee
leads
o
he
opposi ion
o
logopho ic
cons uc ions
o
di ec
speech,
a he
han
indi ec
speech,
and
o
a
unc ional
explana ion
o
he
dis ibu ion
o
ypes
o
epo ed
discou se.
1.
INTRODUCTION
A
logopho ic
ma ke
is
a
de ice
used
in
epo ed
speech,
e e ing
o
he
au ho
whose
wo ds
a e
epo ed,
while
in
such
a
con ex
he
use
o
an
ana-
pho ic
hi d
pe son
p onoun
signals
e e ence
o
ano he
pe son.
Conside
he
ollowing
minimal
pai
om
colloquial
Finnish,
ci ed
a e
Saukkonen
(1967):
(1)
Se,
sano,
e ei
han,
oi
ulla.
PRO
say:pRs:3
COMP:NEG:3,
LOG
can
come:INF
‘He/she,
says
ha
he/she,
won’
be
able
o
come.’
( epo ed
u e ance:
‘I
won’
be
able
o
come’)
55
Nico e
Nau
(2)
Se,
sano,
e ei
Spo )
VOI
ulla.
PRO
say:PRS:3
comp:NEG:3
PRO
can
come:INF
‘He/she,
says
ha
he/she,,.,
,,
won’ be
able
o
come.’
( epo ed
u e ance:
‘He/she
won’ be
able
o
come’)
The
phenomenon
o
logopho ici y
has
been
widely
discussed
in
linguis ics
wi hin
he
las
hi y
yea s,
since
he
e m
was
in oduced
by
Claude
Hagége
in
his
seminal
pape
(Hagége
1974).
O e iews
a e
p o ided
by
Roncado
(1988;
2006)
and
S i ling
(1994).
The
da a
I
will
discuss
in his
pape
sup-
po
he
iew
ha
he
use
o
logopho ic
p onouns
canno be
explained
by
syn ac ic
pa ame e s,
no
in
pu ely
seman ic
o
p agma ic
e ms.
Ins ead,
hey
a e
igh ly
connec ed
o
epo ed
discou se.
Fo mal
ea u es
which
a e
equen ly
ound
in
cons uc ions
wi h
logopho ic
p onouns
ollow
om
he
na u e
o
epo ed
speech,
bu
hey
a e
no
condi ions
o
he use o
he
p onouns.
Simila ly,
he
ma king
o
poin
o
iew
is
no
a
he
basis
o
he
logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian,
bu
in
some
o
hei
a ie-
ies
de eloped
as
a
seconda y
unc ion.
While
he Finnish
and
La ian
ac s
p esen ed
he e
ha e
long
been
known
by
linguis s
o he
espec i e
coun ies,
ou side
o
hei
homelands
hey
a e
s ill
la gely
igno ed,
due
o
he
ac
ha mos
o
he
li e a u e
is
di icul
o
access
by
non-specialis s
o
he
languages.
Finnish
linguis s
ha e
only
ecen ly
s a ed
o
desc ibe
he
Finnish
logopho ic
p onoun
om
a
mo e
gene al
poin
o
iew
and
o
publish
hei
esul s
in
English
(see
especially
Lai inen
2002;
2005).
The
La ian
da a
a e
s ill
a
well
kep
sec e ,
bu should
emain
so
no
longe .
Because
o
he
lack o
accessible
da a,
I
will
gi e
wo
longe
examples
in
he
appendix.
In
sec ion
2,
I
will
b ie ly
commen
on
he
da a
used
in
his
pape .
Mos
o
he
discussion
o
p ope ies
o
logopho ic
cons uc ions
in
he
lin-
guis ic
li e a u e
has
been
based
on
da a
om
languages
o
Wes
and
Cen al
A ica.
I
has
e en
been
claimed
ha
he
phenomenon
is
es ic ed
o his
con inen (Culy
1994:
1059;
Roncado
2006:
314)'.
One
aim
o
his
pape
is
o
challenge
his
iew
by
showing
ha
Finnish
and
La ian
dialec s
ha e
logopho ic
p onouns
which
a e
e y
simila
o
hose
o
A ican
languages.
In
sec ion
3,
I
will
discuss
hei
p ope ies
in
de ail.
!
Giildemann
(2003)
is
mo e
cau ious,
and
Kib ik
(2001:
1133)
explici ly
men ions
o he
pa s
o
he
wo ld.
56
Logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
Speech
epo s
wi h
logopho ic
p onouns
do
no
i
in o
he
adi ional
di ision
o
di ec
and
indi ec
speech
(c .
Roncado
1988).
Since
one
o
he
main
ea u es
dis inguishing
hese
wo
ypes
o epo ed
discou se
is
he
ea men
o
he
epo ed
speake
as
ei he
i s
o
hi d
pe son,
i
is
ob ious
ha
wi h
logopho ic
p onouns,
we
a e
dealing
wi h
a
hi d
ype.
Fu he -
mo e,
hey
p o ide
a
unique
way
o
disambigua e
he
e e ence
o
pe sons
when
a
cu en
speake
epo s
he
wo ds
o
ano he
speake .
I
is
impo an
o
ecognize
ha
he e
a e
wo
di e en
kinds
o
possible
e e en ial
ambi-
gui y
in
epo ed
speech:
(i)
e e ence
o
he
epo ed
speake
as
opposed
o
ano he
non-pa ici-
pan
o
he
cu en
speech
si ua ion;
(ii)
e e ence
o
he
epo ed
speake
as
opposed
o
he
cu en
speake .
In
languages
like
English,
he
i s
ype
o
ambigui y
appea s
in
indi ec
speech
epo s
(as
in
he
ansla ions
o
(1)
and
(2)),
while
he
second
ype
a ises
when
i
is
no
clea
whe he
he
epo
is
di ec
o
indi ec ,
as
in
he
sen ence
She
says
I
know.
The
ac
ha
logopho ic
p onouns
p o ide
an
e -
ec i e
way
o
deal
wi h
his
second
ype o
ambigui y
has no
been
gi en
enough
conside a ion.
In
sec ion
4,
I
will
discuss
his
ques ion
in
mo e
de ail
and
de elop
a
ypology
o
epo ed
speech
based
on
he
opposi ion
o
logo-
pho ic
cons uc ions
o
bo h
di ec
and
indi ec
speech.
Logopho ic
p onouns
as
unde s ood
in his
pape
should
be
dis inguished
om
e lexi e
o o he
p onouns
which
may
ha e
a
logopho ic
use
as
a
seconda y
unc ion.
Examples
o
he
la e ,
mos
o en
discussed
unde
he
name
‘non-clause-bounded
e lexi e’
(NCBR)
o ‘long-dis ance
e lexi e’
(LDR),
a e
ound
in
languages
o
Eas
Asia,
like
Japanese,
Chinese
and
Ko-
ean,
as well as
in
Eu ope,
he
mos
amous
he e
being
Icelandic
(see
Sells
1987;
S i ling
1994;
Huang
2002).
An
impo an
di e ence
be ween
he
wo
ypes
o
p onouns
is
ha
in
languages
wi h
a
logopho ic
use
o
e lexi es,
he
use o
an
anapho ic
p onoun
in
a
logopho ic
con ex
does
no
exclude
co e e ence,
no
is
he
LDR
unambiguous,
as
i
may
s ill
ha e
a
e lexi e
meaning.
Languages
wi h such
p onouns
a e
some imes
called
‘mixed
logo-
pho ic
languages’
(Culy
1994; 1997;
Huang
2006:
236).
In
con as ,
whe e
he
logopho ic
unc ion
is
he
p ima y
unc ion
o
a
p onoun,
he
ma king
o
co e e ence
in
speech
epo s
is
(ideally)
unambiguous
and
obliga o y;
i
is
g amma icalized.
Howe e ,
g amma icaliza ion
o en
is
a
ma e
o
de-
g ee.
Logopho ici y
may
s a
as
a
seconda y
unc ion
used
occasionally,
and
57
NicoLe
Nau
in
he
cou se
o
ime
become
p ima y
and
obliga o y.
On
he
o he
hand
an
e s while
‘pu e’
logopho ic
p onoun
may
acqui e o he
seconda y
unc
ions,
which
in
u n
may
become
cen al.
We
should
he e o e
no
suppos¢
he
dis inc ion
be ween
‘pu e’
and
‘mixed’
logopho ic
languages
as
clea -cu
as
Culy
(1994)
p oposed
(see also
Giildemann
2003
and
Bha
2004:
69
70
on
his
poin ).
Va ie ies
o Finnish
and
La ian
p o ide
examples
o
¢
whole
ange
o
a ia ion
om
clea ly
g amma icalized
logopho ic
p onoun:
(which
will
be be
deal
wi h
in
he
cu en
pape )
o
occasional
logopho i:
uses
o
a
p ima ily
anapho ic
p onoun.
2.
DATA
2.1.
P onoun
hdn
in
Finnish
The
Finnish
p onoun
hdn,
plu al
he,
is
o iginally
an
anapho ic
hi d
pe so
p onoun
(see
I konen
1992
o
e ymology
and
cogna es
in
o he
Finno-Ug ic
languages).
I
is
used
as
a
logopho ic
ma ke
in
all
dialec s
o
Finnish
a:
well
as
in
non-dialec al
spoken
a ie ies
(Hakulinen
e
al.
2004:
708,
1368
1408;
Lai inen
2005).
The
anapho ic
hi d
pe son
p onoun
in
hese
a ie ie:
is
se,
plu al
ne.
The
deg ee
o
g amma icaliza ion
o
he
logopho ic
unc io
o
hdn
and
he
ange
o
o he
unc ions
o
his
p onoun
a y.
In
he
Eas e
dialec s
i
seems
o
be
mos
g amma icalized
(unambiguous
and
obliga o y
in
a
logopho ic
cons uc ion),
while
in
Wes e n
and
especially
Sou hwes e
dialec s
and
in
non-dialec al
colloquial
s yles
i s
use
in
a
logopho ic
con ex
is
no
obliga o y
and
a
hi d
pe son
p onoun
does
no
exclude
co e e enc
wi h
a
epo ed
au ho .
In
hese
a ie ies,
hdn
also
has
a
wide ange
0
unc ions.
In
S anda d
Finnish
Adn
is
a
hi d
pe son
p onoun
o
anapho ic
e e ence
o
humans,
while
se
is
a
demons a i e
and
used
o
anapho ic
e e ence
o
non-human
e e en s.
In his
pape ,
I
will
conside
only
dialec
da a
and
ocus
on
hose
dialec s in
which
he
logopho ic
unc ion
is
mos
g amma icalized.
The
dic iona y
o
Finnish
subdialec s
(SMS)
p o ides
a
good
o e ie
o
he
uses o
his
p onoun,
p esen ing
i s
unc ions
and
quo ing
example:
in
wo
sepa a e
en ies
o
he
singula
hdn
(Vol.
4,
pp.
418-423)
and
h:
plu al
he
(Vol.
4,
pp.
1-5).
Vilppula
(1989)
p o ides
an
o e iew
o
he
use:
58
Logopho ic
p onouns
1n
Finnish
and
High
La ian
o
hdn,
he
ou side
o
epo ed
speech.
A
numbe
o
Finnish
schola s
ha e
ca ied
ou
esea ch
on
indi idual
subdialec s?.
Ylikah i
(1996)
desc ibes
he
subdialec
o
Siikainen
in
Wes e n
Finland,
whe e
han
is
basically
a
logopho ic
p onoun
bu
i s
use
may
be
ex ended.
Kui i
(1984)
p esen s
a
monog aphic
ea men
o
epo ed
speech
in
wo
neighbo ing
dialec s
o
Eas Finland,
Kainuu
and
No he n
Ka elian,
wi h
a
sec ion
de o ed
o
he
use o
hdn.
Wi hou
using he
e m
‘logopho ic’,
she
is
p obably
he
i s
o
d aw
a en ion
o
he
simila i ies
be ween
Finnish
han,
he
Japanese
long-
dis ance
e lexi e
zibun
and
he
logopho ic
p onoun
neh
in
Mabila.
Ikola
(1960)
explo es
g amma ical
ea u es o
epo ed
speech
in
Finnish
om
bo h
a
synch onic
and
a
diach onic
poin o iew.
Cu iously,
he
does
no
dis-
cuss
hdn
explici ly,
bu
his
book
is
a
good
sou ce
o
examples,
as
he
p esen s
da a
om
many
dialec s.
2.2.
High
La ian
sys
La ian
dialec s
a e
di ided
in o
h ee
g oups:
Tamian
o
Li onian,
Cen-
al,
and
High
La ian.
In
opposi ion
o
High
La ian,
Tamian
and
Cen al
dialec s,
which
co e
he
wes e n
and
cen al
pa
o
La ia,
can
be
classed
oge he
as
Low
La ian’.
High
La ian
is
spoken
in
he
Eas e n
pa
o
he
coun y,
ha
is,
in
La galia
and
some
neighbo ing
e i o ies.
I is
also
e-
e ed o
as
La galian.
The
ques ion
whe he
La galian/High
La ian
is
a
dialec
o La ian o a
sepa a e
language
has
been
discussed
con o e sially,
bu
is
o
no
impo ance
o
he cu en pu pose.
A
g amma icalized
logopho ic
p onoun
is
ound
in
many
subdialec s
o
High
La ian.
I
is
he
p onoun
Sys,
s emming
om
a
demons a i e
o
speake
deixis
(‘ his’;
o
e ymology
and
cogna es,
see
Eule 1993).
The
de-
mons a i e
unc ion
o
his
p onoun
has
been
los
in
mos
subdialec s
o
is
e ained
only
whe e
he
p onoun
is
used
as
a
de e mine .
The
usual
ana-
pho ic
hi d
pe son
p onoun
is
jis.
The
demons a i e
ys
‘ ha ’
is
also
used
?
Un o una ely,
unpublished
heses
I
ound
quo ed
in
he
li e a u e
ha e
no
been
a ailable
o
me
*
In o ma ion
on
La ian
dialec s
can be
ound
in
Balode
&
Hol oe
(2001)
and
Ga e s
(1977).
59

NicoLe
Nau
anapho ically.
The
ollowing
example
illus a es
he
use
o
jis
( hi d
pe son),
ys
(demons a i e)
and
Sys
(logopho ic):
High
La ian,
speake
Anna
(AA
70)
(3)
ys
B oks,
jd,
ys,
ci
po dzei uojs
beja.
pe
B oks
yes
p o
e y
su e :pap:M.sG
AUX:PST
Jis,
eice,
ka
Sys,
g ybiejs
niiSau is
PRO
Say:PST:3
COMP
—LOG
wan :Pap:m.sG
shoo :1NF:REFL
‘ his
B oks,,
well,
he,
had
eally
su e ed.
He,
said
ha
he,
wan ed
o
shoo
himsel
Some
High
La ian
subdialec s,
all
Low
La ian
dialec s,
and
S anda d
La i-
an
ha e
los
he
anapho ic
p onoun
jis
and
eplaced
i
wi h
ins.
In
S anda d
La ian,
ins
is
used
only
o
anima ed
e e en s,
a
cu ious
pa allel o
S and-
a d
Finnish,
whe e,
as
no ed
abo e,
he use
o
hdn
s.
se
is
also
based
on
animacy. S anda d
La ian
and
some
Low
La ian
subdialec s
s ill
make
use
o
Sis
( he
Low
La ian
and
S anda d
o m
o he p onoun)
as
a
demons a-
i e,
bu
mo e
o en,
Sis
is
used
as
a
second,
unc ionally
ma ked
anapho ic
p onoun
(c .
MLLVG-I,
517).
I
may
also
be
used
as a
logopho ic
ma ke ,
bu
his
unc ion
is
no
g amma icalized
in
Low
La ian
dialec s
as
i
is
in
High
La ian,
and
he
use
o
he
anapho ic
ins
in
epo ed
speech does
no
exclude
co e e ence.
The
High
La ian
da a
p esen ed
he e
a e
aken
om
wo
di e en
sou ces.
Mos
aluable
o
his
esea ch
was
he
eco ding
o
an
in e iew
om
he
La ian
O al
His o y
collec ion
o
li e
s o ies.
The
na a o ,
Anna,
bo n
in
1918,
comes
om
he
illage
Vilani
in
Cen al
La galia.
She
is
in e -
iewed
abou
he
li e
by
he
g anddaugh e
in
1993.
Fo
he
ansc ip ion
o
agmen s
o
his
ex ,
I
ied
o
use
he
new
La galian
s anda d
o hog a-
phy
wi hou
( oo
much)
s anda dizing
o
he
wo ds.
This
ask
would
ha e
been
impossible
o
me
wi hou
he
help
o
Lidija
Leikuma,
a
dialec ologis
om
he
Uni e si y
o
La ia
and
na i e
speake
o
High
La ian,
whom
I
acknowledge
mos
g a e ully.
The
o he
kind
o
sou ce
used
a e
dialec
ex s
published
by
La ian
dialec ologis s.
To
make
he
examples
mo e
eadable
and
o
acili a e
he
edi ing
o
his
pape ,
I
ha e
(again
wi h
he
kind
help
o
Lidija
Leikuma)
simpli ied
he
o en
e y
sophis ica ed
phone ic
an-
sc ip ions
o
he
sou ces,
ha
is,
|
ha e
dele ed
he
ma ke s
o
pi ch
accen ,
educed
he
a ie y
o
owel
allophones,
ma ked
pala aliza ion
only
whe e
60
Logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
i
does
no
ollow
om
he
posi ion
o a
consonan ,
and
no ed
semi owels
as
<j>
and
< >.
I
ha e
also
consul ed
g amma ical
desc ip ions
o
subdia-
lec s,
bu
un o una ely
hey
usually
p esen
only
e y
sho
examples
ou
o
con ex ,
which
makes
i
di icul
o
in e p e
he
cons uc ion,
o
no
exam-
ples
a
all.
S ill,
hese
sou ces,
as
well
as
pe sonal
communica ion
wi h
Anna
S a ecka
and
Lidija
Leikuma,
con inced
me
ha
he
logopho ic
use
o
Sys
is
qui e
widesp ead
in
High
La ian.
In
he na a i e
o
Anna,
he
logopho ic
Sys
is
clea ly
g amma icalized
and
he
use
o
he
anapho ic
jis
in
a
speech
epo
poin s
o
ano he
pe son han
he
epo ed
speake :
High
La ian,
speake
Anna
(4)
Tagad
jis,
suoka
unuo ,
ys
b uolans,,
lai
es
now
p o.
S a :ps :3
alk:i
pe
cousin
comp
1sg
p ecejiis
a
ja,.
ma y:
pa: .sc
wi h
p o:acc
‘Now
he,
s a ed
o say,
his
cousin,,
ha
I
should
ma y
him,
[=
he
uncle]’
(AA
55)
(no
1)
A
la ge
agmen
o
Anna’s
na a i e,
showing
he
egula
use
o
he
logo-
pho ic
p onoun,
is
gi en
in
he
appendix.
3.
FORMAL
PROPERTIES
OF
THE
LOGOPHORIC
MARKER
AND
THE
LOGOPHORIC
CONSTRUCTION
In
his
sec ion,
I
will
discuss
he
o mal
ea u es
o
he
logopho ic
cons uc-
ion
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
dialec s.
The
same
ea u es
ha e
been
dis-
cussed
o
o he logopho ic
languages,
and
I
will
mainly
ollow he
ypology
o
S i ling
(1994).
3.1.
Fo mal
p ope ies
o
he
logopho ic
ma ke
The
logopho ic
p onoun
in
Finnish
and
in
High
La ian
has
he
same
in lec-
ional
ca ego ies
as
demons a i e
and
hi d
pe son
p onouns
in
he
espec-
i e
language:
in
Finnish,
i
is
in lec ed
o
numbe
and
case,
in
High
La ian
o
numbe ,
case
and
gende .
When
used
as
a
subjec ,
i
igge s
hi d
pe son
ag eemen .
61
NicoLe
Nau
The e
seem
o
be
no
es ic ions
as
o
possible
case
o ms
and
syn ac ic
unc ions.
Mos
o en
he
logopho ic
p onoun
is
used
as
a
subjec
o
an
ob-
jec ,
i
also
appea s
as geni i e
a ibu e
o
complemen
o
an
adposi ion.
Lai inen
(2005:
77-78)
d aws
a en ion
o
he
ac
ha
Finnish
hdn
sha es
wo
mo phosyn ac ic
p ope ies
wi h
(singula )
i s
and
second
pe son
p onouns.
Fi s ,
only
pe sonal
p onouns
(bu
no
se)
and
he
in e oga i e
kuka
‘who’
ha e
a
special
accusa i e
ending.
In e es ingly,
his
ea u e
has
en e ed
he
s anda d
language
om
he
Eas e n
dialec s,
whe e,
as
no ed
abo e,
he
logopho ic
use o
hdn
is
mo e
g amma icalized
han
in
he
Wes .
The
second
ea u e
ega ds he
use
o
he
possessi e
su ix,
which
I
will
no
discuss
u he ,
as
he e
is
a
lo
o
dialec al
a ia ion
in
his
a ea.
A
mo e
s iking
pa allel
o
i s
and
second
pe son
p onouns
is
ound
in
bo h
languages
ega ding
he
assignmen
o
numbe ,
which
is
no
a
ma e
o
ag eemen
wi h
he
an eceden .
This
becomes
e iden
in
cases
whe e
a
plu al
logopho ic
p onoun
is
used
in
he
epo
o
a
single
speake ,
as
in
he
ollowing
examples:
Finnish,
Siikainen
[Wes e n
Sa akun a;
Hime
g oup]
(Ylikah i
1996:
186)
(5) Kalle,
sano
e d
he...
,,
o i
sen
aina
—_ eneeseen
Kalle
say:p s:3
comp
oG:pL
_ ake:ps :3
p o:acc
always
boa :
ko
he, lah i,
kalas elemaan
ni
kissa
sai
uakaa.
‘(inel.
1)
when
oc:p.
lea e:ps :3
ishing:in :1LL
so
ca
ge :ps :3
meal:pa
‘Kalle,
said
hey,,..,
,,
always
ook
he
ca
in o
he
boa ,
when
hey,,,.1,
1)
le
ishing,
so
i
go
a
meal.’
( epo ed
u e ance:
“we
always
ake
he
ca ...”)
High
La ian,
speake
Anna
(AA
99)
(6)
jis,
eice,
ka,
o ,
Si,
jau
ka
ka uojusi
[...]
PRO
Say:PsT:3
COMP
PTC LOG:PL
PTC
when
igh _in_wa :PAP:M.PL
‘He, said
ha ,
so,
when
hey
ua
1
We e
in
he
wa
[...]’
( epo ed
u e ance:
“when
we
we e
in
he
wa ”)
This
phenomenon
is
well
known
om
he
logopho ic
languages
o
A ica
and
is
usually
desc ibed
in a
way
s a ing
ha
a
singula
an eceden
may
‘ igge ’
a
plu al
logopho ic
p onoun
i
i s
e e en
is
included
in
he
se
deno ed by
he
p onoun,
while
a
plu al
an eceden
ne e
igge s
a
sin-
62
Logophonic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
gula
logopho
(c .
Sells
1987:
449;
Roncado
2006:
313).
Howe e ,
he
use
o
he
wo d
‘ igge ’
seems
somewha
misleading
o
me.
In
my
eyes,
numbe
assignmen
simply
ollows
om
he
unc ioning
o
logopho ic
p o-
nouns
wi hin
epo ed
discou se
and
e lec s
hei
closeness
o
i s
pe son
p onouns:
a
plu al
logopho
e e s
o
he
epo ed
speake
and
o he
pe -
sons,
jus
as
a
i s
pe son
plu al
p onoun
e e s
o
he
cu en
speake
and
o he s.
In
o he
wo ds,
a
plu al
anapho ic
p onoun
eplaces
a
‘we’
o
he
epo ed
u e ance.
And
while
i
is
na u al
o
a
single
speake
o
speak
o
himsel
and
o he s
as
‘we’,
i
would
be
odd
o
a
g oup
o
speake s
o
e e
o
one
o
hem
as
‘T’.
In
bo h
cases
( i s
pe son
plu al
and
plu al
logopho ic
p onouns)
we
may
seman ically
dis inguish
be ween
inclusi e
and
exclusi e,
bu
his
dis inc-
ion
need
no
be
o mally
e lec ed
in
he
language.
In
ac ,
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian,
he e
is
no
such
dis inc ion
in
nei he
pe sonal
no
logopho ic
p onouns.
The
examples
abo e
bo h
illus a ed
an
exclusi e
‘we’
( epo ed
speake
and
non-pa icipan s
o
he
epo ed
speech
ac ),
while
he
ollow-
ing
is
an
example
o
an
inclusi e
‘we’
( epo ed
speake
and
add essee
o
he
epo ed
u e ance):
High
La ian,
Va aklani
(Jokubauska
1988:
139)
(7)
sokei e,,,,
nu
niu
piéc
Sus...
,)
dzandas
pakal.
Say:PAP:F.SG PTC
NOW
a e
LoG:acc.M.pL
chase:ps :3
a e
‘[she,]
said,
now
[ hey]
we e
chasing
a e
hem,
>
(=
‘a e us,
you
and
me’)
(nel,
1)
Simila ly,
he
gende
o
he
p onoun
in
High
La ian
is
assigned
acco ding
o
he sex o
he
e e en .
As
a
esul ,
he e
usually
is
gende
ag eemen
be-
ween
he
an eceden
and
he
logopho ic
p onoun.
In
cases
whe e
he
an e-
ceden
is
a
single
emale
speake
bu
he
logopho
e e s
o
he
and
a
leas
one
male
pe son,
he
logopho ic
p onoun
is
ma ked
plu al
masculine
(see
ex.
(7)).
Again,
we
ind
he
same
kind
o
gende
assignmen
as
in
pe sonal
p onouns,
while
i
makes
li le
sense
o
speak
o
a
eminine an eceden
“ ig-
ge ing”
a
masculine
logopho ic
p onoun.
63
Nico e
Nau
o
canonical
logopho ic
cons uc ions
wi h
a
e b
‘ o
hink’
o
‘ emembe ’:
Jaaski-Ki u
[Sou he n
Ka elian;
Sou heas e n
g oup]
(Ikola
1960:
169,
a e
Si elius
1894)
(15)
Pekka,
muis
si ,
jo
onha
hdnell,
Pekka
emembe :ps :3
hen
comp
be:p s:3:pTc
—LOG:ADE
oinekii
el’.
second:p c
b o he
‘A
ha
momen
Pekka,
emembe ed
ha
he,
had
ye
a
second
b o he .’
Lai inen
(2005:
88-90)
claims
ha
Finnish
hdn
is
used
wi h
p edica es
deno -
ing
a ious
kinds
o
men al
s a es
as
well
as
pe cep ion
and
e en
cause.
Un-
o una ely,
she
does
no
speci y
he
a ie ies
which
allow
hese
uses,
and
he
a icle
deals
no
only
wi h
dialec s.
He
example
(22)
(Lai inen
2005:
88),
wi h
a
e b
‘ o
hea ’,
seems
o
be om
S anda d
Finnish.
Judging
om
he
examples
in
SMS,
in
Finnish
dialec s
only
p edica es
o
communica ion
and
hough
a e
widesp ead
in
logopho ic
cons uc ions,
while
p edica es
u he
o
he
igh -hand
side
o
he
hie a chy
a e
ound
only
in
subdialec s
whe e
he
logopho ic
p onoun
is
also
used
in
a ious
non-logopho ic
unc ions.
In
High
La ian,
he
es ic ion
o
epo ed
speech
p ope
is
s ill
mo e
p onounced.
In
my
sou ces,
he e
is
no
example
in
which
a
p edica e
deno -
ing
some hing
o he
han
a
speech
ac
in oduces
a
logopho ic
con ex .
The
lack
o
examples,
o
cou se,
is
no
p oo
ha
hey
a e
impossible.
Howe e ,
in
he
only
sen ence
epo ing
a
hough
in
a
canonical
cons uc ion,
speake
Anna
uses
he
anapho ic
p onoun,
no
he
logopho ic:
High
La ian,
speake
Anna
(AA
131)
(16) A,
jis,
g ybé,
jis,
dimuo,
ka
jam,
inuokums
byus
PTC
PRO
wan :ps :3
p o
hink:ps :3
comp
p o:paT
income
be: u :3
lyls,
ka
e
is
cyl aki,
jam,
moksuos.
big:m.sc
comp
he e
go: u :3
people
p o:pa
pay:FuT:3
“A,
he,
wan ed,
he,
hough
ha
he,
would
ha e
a big
income,
ha
people
would
come
and
pay
him,.’
No e
ha
in
his
sen ence,
he
e b
is
in
indica i e
mood,
no
epo a i e.
This
example
sugges s
ha
in
High
La ian,
he
use
o
logopho ic
p onouns
70

Logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
is
es ic ed
o
speech
epo s
p ope ,
in
o he
wo ds,
ha
hough s
and
men al
s a es
a e
no
ea ed
as
communica ion.
Howe e ,
in
cons uc ions
wi hou
an
in oduc o y
e b
i
is
no
always
e iden
ha
wha
is
epo ed
a e
spoken
wo ds,
a he
han
hough s.
Conside
he ollowing
example
om
ai y
ale,
whe e
he
he o
si s
alone
in
despai ,
because
he
has
been
gi en
he
ask
o
pick
ou
poppy
seeds
om
he
ashes:
High
La ian,
Va aklani
(Jokubauska
1988:
138)
(17)
siesé
D
audois,
ka
Sys a
izlasei .
si :pa:mM.sc
and
c y:pa:m.sc
wha :acc
LoG
can:p s:3
pick_ou :in
‘[He,]
sa
and
c ied,
[ hinking/saying?]
how
could
he,
pick
hem
ou .’
I
suppose
ha
in
High
La ian,
a
seman ic
ex ension
o he
logopho ic
con-
s uc ion
owa ds
epo ed
hough s
o
eelings
appea s
only
ou side
o
he
canonical
logopho ic
cons uc ion
o
in
a ie ies
in
which
he
logopho ic
unc ion
is
less
g amma icalized.
Fu he
esea ch
is
needed
he e.
Summa izing
he
indings
o
his
sec ion,
he
ollowing
may
be
s a ed:
Fi s ,
he e
a e
se e al
o mal
ea u es
ha
cha ac e ize he
ypical
logo-
pho ic
cons uc ion.
Howe e ,
i
is
no
possible
o
de ine
he
use
o
logopho -
ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
in
o mal
e ms.
Mos
impo an
in his
espec
is
he
assignmen
o
numbe
and
gende ,
whe e
logopho ic
p onouns
beha e
like
i s
pe son
p onouns,
hei
use
in
independen
claus-
es,
and
hei
a he
loose
ela ion
o
an
an eceden .
Second,
o mal
and
se-
man ic
cha ac e is ics
o
logopho ic
cons uc ions
de i e
om
he
ac
ha
hey
ep esen
epo ed
discou se:
he
egula
p esence
o
a
epo -opening
elemen
(a
speech
ac
e b wi h
a
endency
o
ossilize
in
one
o m, a
com-
plemen ize
and/o
pa icle), he
es ic ion
o
p edica es.
o
communica ion
(in
High
La ian)
o
communica ion
and
hough
(in
Finnish).
Thi d,
he
o mal
p ope ies
o
he
logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
a e
no
peculia i ies
o
hese
wo
languages,
bu
a e
pa alleled
in
he
logo-
pho ic
languages
o
A ica,
o
which
hey
a e
nei he
gene ically
no
geo-
g aphically
ela ed.
I is
he e o e
sa e
o
conclude
ha
hese
a e
indeed
he
cha ac e is ics
o
logopho ic
cons uc ions.
A
mo e
de ailed
compa ison
o
indi idual
languages
may
e eal
u he
pa allels as
well
as
di e ences,
bu
his
is
beyond
he
scope
o
he
p esen
a icle.
Ins ead,
I
will
now
u n
o
he
place
o
logopho ic
cons uc ions
wi hin
a
ypology
o
epo ed
speech.
71
Nico.e
Nau
4.
TYPES
OF
REPORTED
DISCOURSE
AND
PERSON
ASSIGNMENT
The
adi ional
bina y
classi ica ion
o
ins ances
o
epo ed
discou se
in o
di ec
and
indi ec
speech
is
based
on
da a
om
w i en
s anda d
a ie ies
o
Eu opean
languages,
whe e
se e al
g amma ical
and
lexical
ea u es
end
o
clus e
a
wo
poles®.
I
has
long
since
been
no ed
ha
in
spoken
a ie ies,
mos
no ably
colloquial
speech
and
dialec s,
hese
ea u es
may
combine
in
e y
di e en
ways,
making
i
di icul
o
e en
impossible
o
dis inguish
be ween
di ec
and
indi ec
speech
( o
Finnish
dialec s,
see
Ikola
1960:
235-237).
As
becomes
e iden
om
he
discussion
in
sec ion
3,
logopho ic
cons uc ions
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
dialec s
may
be
mo e
simila
o
ei he
o
he
wo
ideal
ypes.
In
he
canonical
logopho ic
cons uc ion,
hey
p obably
esemble
indi ec
speech
mo e,
while
in
cons uc ions
wi h
(mo e)
independen
clauses,
absolu e
ense,
indica i e
mood,
and
discou se
pa i-
cles,
a
speech
epo
wi h
logopho ic
p onouns
is
close
o
di ec
speech.
In
hese
cases,
i
is
only
he
p onoun
ha
dis inguishes
a
logopho ic
con ex
om
di ec
speech.
Conside
he
ollowing
example,
whe e
he
use
o
quo-
a ion
ma ks
is
an
indica o
o
how
he
linguis
ansc ibing
he
ex
in e -
p e ed
he
u e ance:
U jala
[No he n
Hime;
Hame
g oup]
(Ikola
1960:
236,
ci ing
Kannis o
1902)
(18)
Sano
“kylld
e
mennds
saa e”,
kylld
hdl
lapsen
ka oo.
say:p s:3
p c
2PL
go:INF_
may:2pL
p c
L0G
child:acc
look:p s:3
‘[she,]
said:
“you
may
lea e”,
she,
would
look
a e
he
child.”
No e
he exac
pa allel
o
he
wo
coo dina ed
clauses:
bo h
con ain
a
dis-
cou se
pa icle
and
nei he
is
o mally
dependen .
I
suppose
ha
i
was
only
he
use
o p onouns
and
no
a
signi ican
di e ence
in
in ona ion
ha
led
o
he
use o
quo a ion
ma ks
o
he
i s
clause
as
opposed
o
he
second.
©
The e
is
as
li e a u e
on
epo ed
discou se;
o
a
comp ehensi e
bibliog aphy
see
Giildemann
2002,
o
ea u es
associa ed
wi h
he
dis inc ion
o
di ec
and
indi ec
speech,
see
con ibu ions
o
Coulmas
(ed.)
1986
and
Gin hne
2000.
?
T ansla ion
in
analogy
o
Ikola’s
Ge man
ansla ion:
‘Sag e
“ih
konn schon
gehen”,
sie
we de
schon
au s
Kind
au passen’.
This
ansla ion
p o es
he
in e p e-
a ion
o
he
logopho ic
con ex
as
indi ec
speech.
I
also
illus a es
he
p oblem
o
ansla ing
spon aneous
spoken
language
—
he
Ge man
ansla ion
e lec s
a
a he
o mal
egis e .
72
Logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
In
a
High
La ian
dialec
ex
I
ound
he ollowing
(almos )
minimal
pai
o
epo ed
u e ances,
which
di e
in
ha
he
o iginal
speake
is
e e ed
o
by
a
logopho ic
p onoun
and
a
i s
pe son
p onoun
espec i ely.
In
he
ansc ip ion,
bo h
a e
g aphically
ea ed
as
di ec
speech:
High
La ian,
Va aklani
(Jokubauska
1988:
138
and
139)
(9)
nu
i
soku e:
p c
and
say:PA:F.sG
—ki
Suos
dus
eu
aizlyka
Sinak
—s uoduo ?
wha :acc
Loc: .cen
a he
2sa:pa
o de :ps :3
onigh
wo k:nF
‘And
[she,]
said:
Wha
did
LOG,
a he
make
you
do
onigh ?’
(20)
—
nu,
ki
eu
aizlyka
munc
dus
s uoduo ?
p c
wha :acc
2sc:pa
o de :ps :3
my:m.sc
a he
wo k:in
‘Now
wha
did
my
a he
make
you
do?’
The
ende ing
o
he
o iginal
speake
in
a
speech
epo
may
be
aken
as
c ucial
o
he
dis inc ion
o
di e en
ypes o
epo ed
discou se
and
o
he
unde s anding
o
he
na u e
o
logopho ic
p onouns.
This poin
has
been
neglec ed
by
hose
esea che s
who
ha e
ocused
on
he
opposi ion
be ween
logopho ic
and
hi d
pe son
p onouns.
In
such
accoun s,
emphasis
is
placed
on
he
ac
ha
logopho ic
p onouns
as
ma ke s
o
co e e ence
sol e
he
ambigui y
o
hi d
pe son
e e ence
ha
a ises
in
indi ec
speech
epo s,
whe e
he
epo ed
speake
is
ea ed
as
a
hi d
pe son.
Howe e ,
as
no ed
in
he
in oduc ion,
he e
is
ano he
kind
o
po en ial
ambigui y
o
which
logopho ic
p onouns
p o ide
a
solu ion,
namely,
ambigui y
be ween
he
e-
po ed
and
he
ac ual
speake ,
bo h
o
which
a e
e e ed
o
by
a
i s
pe son
p onoun
in
di ec
speech.
This
was
explici ly
poin ed
ou
by
S i ling
(1993:
257),
as
well
as,
mo e
ecen ly
and
wi h
special
emphasis,
by
Bha
(2004:
58-74),
whose
uno hodox
accoun
o
logopho ici y
I
ound
e y
inspi ing.
Acco ding
o
Bha ,
he
p ima y
unc ion
o
logopho ic
p onouns
is
o
di -
e en ia e
be ween
he
pa icipan s
o
he
epo ed
speech
ac
and
hose o
he
cu en
speech
ac
(endopho ic
and
exopho ic
speech
ac
pa icipan s,
in
his
e minology).
Acco ding
o
how
e e ence
o
he
epo ed
speake
(S.)
is
made
in
a
speech
epo ,
we
may
hus
dis inguish
h ee
basic
ypes:
(i)
S,
e e ed
o
by
a
i s
pe son
p onoun
(di ec
speech),
73
NicoLe
Nau
(ii)
S,
e e ed
o
by
a
hi d
pe son
(anapho ic)
p onoun
(indi ec
speech),
ii)
S,
e e ed
o
by
a
logopho ic
p onoun
dis inc
om
@
and
(ii)
(log-
opho ic
con ex ).
To
my
knowledge,
only
he
i s
ype
is
ound
in
all
languages.
The
sec-
ond
and
hi d,
he e o e,
a e
op ions
ha
con as
wi h
di ec
speech.
In
a-
ie ies
whe e
he
logopho ic
p onoun
is
obliga o y
in
a
logopho ic
con ex ,
indi ec
speech
as
de ined
he e
is
excluded.
This
may
be an
a gumen
o
Bha ’s
abo e
ci ed
claim,
as
bo h
(ii)
and
(ii)
allow
he
dis inc ion
be ween
endopho ic
and
exopho ic
speake .
I
he e
is
a
g amma icalized
logopho ic
p onoun,
he e
is
no
need
o
indi ec
speech.
On
he
o he
hand,
whe e
he e
is
a
nea
dis inc ion
be ween
di ec
and
indi ec
speech,
as
in
Eu o-
pean
w i en
s anda d
languages,
he e
is
no
need
o
logopho ic
p onouns.
Ins ead,
languages
may
de elop
means
o
sol e
he
ambigui y
ha
a ises
be ween
se e al
hi d
pe sons
in
indi ec
speech.
The e
a e
also
a ie ies
whe e
all
h ee ypes
a e
a es ed,
ha
is,
apa
om
di ec
speech,
a
e-
po ed
speake
may
be
e e ed
o
by
ei he
a
logopho ic
p onoun
(which
in
his
case
is
no
ully
g amma icalized)
o
a
hi d
pe son
p onoun.
The
nex
s ep
owa ds
a
ypology
o
epo ed
speech
along
hese
lines
is
o
look
a
he
op ions
a ailable
o
e e ence
o
he
add essee
o
he
epo ed
u e ance
(A,).
The
pic u e
becomes
mo e
complica ed
he e,
hough
he e
a e
clea
p e e ences.
In
Finnish
and
High
La ian
logopho ic
cons uc ions,
he
add essee
o
he
epo ed
speech
ac
mos
o en
is
e e ed
o
by
asecond
Pe son
p onoun,
as
i
is
in
di ec
speech.
The
same
phenomenon
is
epo ed
o
logopho ic
cons uc ions
in
A ican
languages
(Roncado
1988:
290).
Mos
ema kably
in my
eyes
is
he
ac
ha ,
as
in
ypical
di ec
speech,
in
a
logopho ic
con ex
he
deixis
o
he
o iginal
message
o en
o e ides
he
deixis
o
he
ac ual
message:
a
epo ed
second
pe son
emains
second
pe son
e en
when
i
e e s
o
he
cu en
speake
o
includes
he ’,
In
he
ol-
lowing
example
om
High
La ian,
he
speake
epo s
an
u e ance
made
o
he sel :
“I
is,
howe e ,
also
possible
o
use
a
i s
pe son
p onoun
in
cases
whe e
he
epo -
ed
add essee
is
(o
includes)
he
same
Pe son
as
he
ac ual
speake .
74
Logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
High
La ian,
speake
Anna
(AA
35)
(21)
[...]
ei a
a i
d s
i
muo e,
i
jau
u
mo ning:.oc
come.p s.3
a he
and
mo he
and
p c_
he e
aida
lauku
such:F.sc
coun y
ecine
i
leidza
jai,
nu
i
a nas
women
go.p s.3
wi h
p o:pa .F
p c
and
ca y.p s:3
mozu
ba nu
small:acc
child:acc
i
lik
man,
ka
lai
and
le :p s:3
1sg:da
comp comp
— o
Si
a nazusi
b uolei i
e .
p c
LoG:p.
b ing:pap:p.
b o he :pim:acc
Beo oa
‘in
he
mo ning,
a he
and
mo he
a e
coming,
and
such
an
old
illage
woman
goes
wi h
he ,
[she/ hey]
ca ies/ca y
a
small
child
and
le s/le
me,
—
[in e up s]
-
he e,
LOG
b ough
you,
a
li le
b o he .”
In
an
English
ansla ion
o
his
las
clause,
we
ha e
o
choose
be ween
he
models
o
di ec
and
indi ec
speech:
‘we
b ough
you
a
li le
b o he ’
o
‘ hey
had
b ough
me
a
li le
b o he ’.
The
ollowing
example
om
Finnish
shows
he
same
p inciple:
Finnish,
Ris ija i
[Kainu;
Sa o
g oup]
(Kui i
1984:
119)
(22)
(mies,)
sano
jo a
hdn,
ei
ldhej
jo a
man
say:p s:3
comp
L0G
NEG:3.
lea e
comp
sind
—_ossoa
i e
2sc
be_able:p s:2sc
sel
‘( he
man,)
said
ha
he,
would
no
lea e,
ha
I,
could
do
i
mysel ”
o :
‘( he
man,)
ale
“I,
won'
lea e,
you,
may
do
i
you sel ”.’
The e
a e
wo
mo e
op ions
o
ma king
he
epo ed
add essee
in
a
logo-
pho ic
con ex .
Fi s ,
as
in
indi ec
speech,
i
may
be
ma ked
wi h
a
hi d
°
I is
no
clea
who
is
he
epo ed
speake
in
his
ex
and
he
subjec
o
he
e bs
‘ca y’
and
‘le ’:
he
mo he ,
he
illage
woman,
o
he
g oup
o
he
h ee
adul s.
75

Nico. e
Na
Pe son
p onoun.
In
he
ollowing
example
his
op ion
is
chosen
in
he
i s
clause,
while
in
he
second
clause
a
second
pe son
p onoun
is
used.
This
ex-
ample
hus
shows
a
swi ch
be ween
wo
models
o
pe son
assignmen
(such
swi ches
a e
a
om
uncommon).
High
La ian,
Va aklani
(Jokubauska
1988:
138)
(23)
lai
jis,
izlosa
pa
nak i,
a
ka
ne
comp
p o
pick_ou :p s:3
o
nigh :acc
and
i
no
eu,
ei a
gol a
byus
nis .
2sc:pa _mo ning:.oc
head
be: u :3
down
‘[ hey,
said]
he,
should
pick
ou
[ he
Poppy
seeds]
o e
nigh ,
and
i
no ,
in
he
mo ning
he,
would
(li e ally
‘you
will’)
lose
[his]
head’
In
my
sou ces,
a
epo ed
add essee
in
a
logopho ic
con ex
is
e e ed
o
by
a
hi d
pe son
p onoun
only
in
cases
whe e
he
epo ed
add essee
is
no
e e ed
o
by
a
logopho ic
p onoun,
ha
is,
ei he
e e ence
o
he
speake
is
omi ed
(as
in
example
(23)),
o
he
epo ed
speake
is
iden ical
o
he
ac ual
speake
and
he e o e
e e ed
o
by
a
i s
pe son
p onoun.
Second,
in
some
subdialec s
and
non-dialec al
a ie ies
o
Finnish
and
La ian
i
is
possible
o
use he
logopho ic
p onoun
(han,
Sys)
also
o
e e -
ence
o
he
add essee
o
epo ed
speech.
I
will
call
his
op ion
he
‘logo-
pho ic
add essee
cons uc ion’.
Conside
he
ollowing
examples:
Finnish,
La ansaa i
[Sou he n
Ka elian;
Sou heas e n
g oup]
(SMS
sub
hdn)
(24)
Mie
mdnen
sanomaa_
Annil
jos
Isc
go:p s:Is¢
sayzin :uL
Annizau
i
hdnel
olliis
aikaa
ulla
meil
_
koh il.
LoG:apE
be:cnp
ime:pa
come:iNF
1pLiau.
co ee:Au
‘I,’m
going
o
ask
Anni,,
whe he
she,
would
ha e
ime
o
come
o
us
o
co ee.’
Finnish,
Vih i
[Wes e n
Uusimaa;
Sou hwes e n
g oup]
(SMS
sub
hdn)
(25)
se,
kysyi
isal ,
si
osaak
hd ,
—
ua ii.
P o
ask:ps :3
a he :as.
hen
know:9
Loc,
Swedish
‘Then
he,
asked
a he ,
whe he
he,
knew
Swedish.’
76
Logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
I
may
seem
odd
ha
he
same
ma ke
can
be used wi h
wo
di e en
meanings,
ma king
ei he
he
sou ce
o
he
ecei e
o a
speech
ac .
How-
e e ,
he e
a e
se e al
ac o s
ha
p e en
ambigui y.
Fi s ,
in
example
(24),
he epo ed
speake
is
a
i s
pe son
and
he
epo ed
add essee
is
he
only
possible
an eceden
o
he
logopho ic
p onoun.
Second,
mos
o en
logo-
pho ic
ma king
o
an
add essee
is
ound
whe e
he
epo ed
speech
ac
is
a ques ion o a
command,
ha
is,
in
a
con ex
whe e
he
add essee
is
mo e
impo an
o
he
speech
ac
han wi h
s a emen s.
I
is
also
no
common
o
a
speake
o
ask
someone
else
ques ions
abou
himsel
—
o
example,
in
(25)
he
speake
su ely
knows
whe he
he
himsel
speaks
Swedish!
Thi dly,
his
op ion,
like
he
ma king
o
he
epo ed
add essee
by
a
hi d
pe son
p onoun,
appa en ly
is
a ailable
only
i
he e
is
no
e e ence
o
he
epo ed
speake
in
he
same
clause,
o
i
he
o iginal
speake
is
iden ical o
he
cu en
speake
and
e e ed
o
by i s
pe son
p onoun.
Tha
means
i
is
used
in
con ex s
whe e
i
is
only
necessa y
o
dis inguish
be ween
endopho ic
and
exopho -
ic
add essee,
while
he e
is
no
ambigui y
p oblem
o
epo ed
and
ac ual
speake .
Again,
his
may
be
conside ed
an
a gumen
o
he
iew
ha
he
p ima y
unc ion
o
logopho ic
p onouns
is
o
sol e
his
kind
o
ambigui y.
I
am
no
su e
o
he
sp ead
o
he
logopho ic
add essee
cons uc ion
in
he
wo
languages
unde
conside a ion,
bu
i
is
de ini ely
much
a e
han
he
use
o
hdn
and
Sys
o
a epo ed
speake
and
implies
his
use.
Kui i
(1984:
122-123)
s a es
ha
i
is
no
ound
in
he
dialec s
o
he
in es iga-
ion
(Kainuu
and
No he n
Ka elian,
bo h
in
Eas
Finland).
In
High
La ian,
I
ound
i
only
in
a ie ies
whe e
he use o
Sys o
ma k
he
epo ed
speake
is
no
ully
g amma icalized.
The
h ee
op ions
o
ma k
a
epo ed
add essee
(A_)
(second
pe son,
hi d
pe son,
o
logopho ic)
a e
hus
dependen
on
he
ma king
o
he
epo ed
speake
(S.)
and
i s
ela ion
o
he
ac ual
speake
(S,).
Taking
his
in o ac-
coun ,
he Finnish
and
High
La ian
da a
may
be
summa ized
as
ollows:
(i)
A,
is
e e ed
o
by
a
second
pe son
p onoun,
i
S_
is
ma ked
as
i s
pe son
(di ec
speech),
o
S,
is
ma ked
by
logopho ic
p onoun
(logopho ic
cons uc ion),
o
S_
is
no
exp essed;
(ii)
A,
is
e e ed
o
by
a
hi d
pe son
p onoun,
i
Sis
ma ked
as
hi d
pe son
(indi ec
speech),
77
Nico e
Nau
o
S,
is
ma ked
as
i s
pe son
and
S,
=
S.,
o
S,
is
no
exp essed;
(iii)
A,
is
e e ed
o
by
a
logopho ic
p onoun
(logopho ic
add essee
cons uc ion)
i
S,
is
ma ked
as
i s
pe son
and
S,
=
S.,
o
S,
is
no
exp essed.
As
can
be
seen,
he
i s
op ion
is
leas
es ic ed,
and
i
is
also
by
a
he
mos
equen
in
he
dialec s
wi h
a
logopho ic
p onoun.
I
is
also
a es ed
in
se e al
logopho ic
languages
o
A ica.
I
will
only
b ie ly
commen
on
u he
ypes
o
pe son
ma king
in
e-
po ed
speech
in ol ing
logopho ic
p onouns.
Fi s ,
some
languages
a e
less
es ic i e
wi h
he
combina ion
o
logopho s
wi h
hi d
pe son
p onouns:
in
Babungo,
he
epo ed
add essee
may
be
ma ked
o hi d
pe son
when
he
epo ed
speake
is
e e ed
o
by
a
logopho ic
p onoun
(Hea h
2004:
1006);
in
Pe o,
logopho ic
e e ence
o
he
epo ed
add essee
is
compa ible
wi h
hi d
pe son
e e ence
o
he
epo ed
speake
(Bha 2004:
65).
Sec-
ond,
a
ew
languages
a e
known
o
ha e
wo
ypes
o
logopho ic
p onouns,
dis inguishing
be ween
epo ed
speake
(LOG-S)
and
epo ed
add essee
(LOG-A).
An
example
is
Mupun
(Culy
1997:
855).
Wi h
hese
da a
in
mind,
we
may
de i e
he
ollowing
ypology
o
epo -
ed
speech
based
on
he
ma king
o
epo ed
speake
and
epo ed
add essee.
Gi en
ha
o
each
epo ed
pa icipan
he e
a e
h ee
op ions,
nine
ypes
a e
logically
possible.
O
hese,
h ee
a e
well
a es ed,
h ee
a e
ma ginal,
and
h ee
a e
p obably
impossible.
78
Logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
Table
1.
Ma king
o
epo ed
speake
(S,)
and
epo ed
add essee
(A,)
(in
cases
whe e
bo h
a e
dis inc
om
ac ual
speake
and
ac ual
add essee)
P e e ed
ypes
(a es ed
in
se e al
un ela ed
languages)
Type
Ma king
Schema ic
example
“@)
8,=1s ,A,=2nd
|
He,
said
o
he ,:I,
lo e
you,.
a
Di ec
speech
(2)
|
8,
=
3 d,
A,
=
3 d
He,
said
o
he , ha
he,
lo es
he ,.
Indi ec
speech
|
(3)
$,
=
LOG,
A,
=
2nd
|
He,
said
o
he ,
( ha )
LOG,
lo es
you,.
|
Logopho ic
cons uc ion
Ma ginal
ypes:
Va ia ions
o
he
logopho ic
cons uc ion
(4)
|
S,
=
LOG-S,
A,
=
LOG-A
He,
said
o
he ,
( ha )
LOG-S,
lo es
LOG-A,
-
(Mupun)
“(&)
|S,=L0G,A,=3 d
_|
He,
said
o
he ,
( ha )
LOG,
lo es
he ,
(Babungo)
(6)
|S,=3 d,A,=LOG
He,
said
o
he ,
( ha )
he,
lo es
LOG,.
|
@e o)
Unlikely
ypes,
maybe
impossible
”)
|
S,
=
1s ,
A,
=
LOG
He,
said
o
he ,
( ha )
I,
lo e
LOG,.
“(8)
|S,=1s ,A,=3 d
__|
He,
said
o
he ,
( ha )
I,
lo e
he ,
(9)
|
8,
=
3 d,
A,
=
2nd
|
He,
said
o
he ,
( ha )
he,
lo es
you,
A
unc ional
explana ion
o
he
dis ibu ion
o
hese
ypes
is
easy
o
ind.
Gi en
ha
he
i s
ype,
di ec
speech,
is
basic,
all
o he
ypes
may
be
conside ed
as
dealing
wi h
he
e e ence
p oblem
ha
i
poses,
namely,
he
dis inc ion
be ween
epo ed (endopho ic)
and
ac ual
(exopho ic)
speech
ac
pa icipan s.
In
his
espec ,
ypes
(2)
and
(3)
a e
bo h
success ul
and
simple,
while
(4)
may
be
conside ed
edundan .
Types
(7),
(8)
and
(9)
do
no
sol e
he
ambigui y,
bu
a he
inc ease
i .
79
Nico e
Nau
a
jis
inis
uo dils
pa eics,
ka
Sys
Vuoceja
and
P o
one:1oc.pl.
wo d:10c.P ,
say:PAP.M.SG
COMP
LOG
Ge many:1oc
ik
bejs
i
nikuo
Sys
nazyns
niku .
jus
be:pap.m.sc
and
no hing:acc
Loc
_NeG:know:Pa.m.s
nowhe e
Nu
od
pa u iejusi,
palaidusi
jau
ji
p ijjom.
p c
hen
keep:pap:m.p..
le :pap:M.PL
PTC
PRO:ACC
away
Tikai
jis
p asiejs,
ka
di
Sam—
nu,
dokumen u
only
p o
ask:pap:M.sc
comp
gi e:in
LoG:paT
p c
documen :acc
kaidu,
some:acc
lai
Suo
naiz u a
cela.
Nu
jis
i
a guo
kuojom,
COMP
Loc:acc
NeG.de ain:pa
way:Loc
p c
p o
and
come:ps :3
on_ oo
nu
i
od
jis
p asiejs,
lai
didi
sam
do bu.
p c
and
hen
p o
ask:pap:m.sc
comp
gi e:pa
Loc:paT
wo k
Tod
ide e
Je sika
jam
Pa
me&so gu.
hen
gi e.ps :3
Je sika:.oc
p o:pa
as
o es e :acc
‘He
(p o)
le
P eili
and
wen
o
Dauga pils,
announced
himsel .
Well, he e
hey
ook
him
(p o),
bea
[him]
and
a es ed
[him],
bu
he
(p o)
old
hem
simply
ha
he
(log)
had
only
been
o
Ge many
and
ha
he
(log)
didn'
know
any hing.
Well,
so
hey
kep
[him]
o a
while
and
hen
se
him
(p o)
ee.
He
(p o)
only
asked
ha
hey
gi e
him
(log)
—
well,
some
kind
o
documen ,
so
ha
he
(log)
wouldn’
be
de ained
on
his
way.
So
hen
he
(p o)
came
he e
on
oo ,
and
hen
he
(p o)
asked
ha
hey
gi e
him
(log)
wo k.
So
hey
ga e
him
(p o)
[a
job]
as
a
o es e
in
Je sika.’
(A2)
Speake
Jékabs
S a eckis,
bo n
1907
( ex
eco ded
in
1981)
(S a ecka
1988:
150)
This
ex
shows
he
di e en
kinds
o
unc ions
o
he
logopho ic
p onoun
and
he
demons a i e
p onouns.
The
demons a i e
i ys,
discon inuous
o m
ys
...
i e,
is
used
o
e e ence
acking,
o
dis inguish
one
e e en
om
he
o he .
The
logopho ic
3ys,
on
he
o he
hand,
is
no
a
e e ence
acking
de-
ice.
I
is
no
used
o
show
co e e ence
wi h
one
o
he
noun
ph ases
as
such,
bu
indica es
co e e ence
o
he
epo ed
speake
—
exac ly
which
o
he
wo
gen lemen
his
speake
is,
is
no
indica ed
a
all,
he
lis ene
in e s
his
only
h ough
he
logic
o
he
s o y.
86

Logopho ic
p onouns
in
Finnish
and
High
La ian
The
ex
ells
he
amily
legend
o
how
he
S a ecki
amily
had
come
om
Poland
o
La galia.
I
was
eco ded
and
ansc ibed
by
he
na a o ’s
daugh e -in-law,
dialec ologis
Anna
S a ecka, who
also
kindly
helped
me
o
unde s and
his
in ica e
Passage,
o
which
I
am
e y
g a e ul.
Masalski_beja
epa .
d ainc
sacé,
ka
senejiis
_laikiis,
Masalski
was
igh _he e
a he
say.ps :3
comp
old:.oc.p
ime:1oc.pL.
ka
ys
kunks
i e,,
o ,
i
beis,
adb aucs
i
comp
pe
lo d
he e
p c
aux:p s:3
be:pap.M.sc
come:PAP.M.sG
PTC
nu
Piilejys
ince
kunks,
iz
i i
-kungu,,
om
Poland:cen
one
lo d
o
pe :acc
lo d:acc
a
i am
_
kungam,
beis
sunc,
lops
_
beis,
and
be :pa
lo d:pa
be:pa
dog
good_be:pap.m.so
soks,
ka
_
soka,
a di
Sam,
il
suni,
SaY:PA.M.SG
COMP
Say:pRs:3.
gi e:INF
LoG:DAT
DET!ACC
dog:acc
Sys,
eu,
idiiikys
inu
——
gimini
a mei ,
Loc
2sG
gi e:FAP:M.sc
one:acc
amily:acc
exchange
i
ys,
a
mi u.
o,
o ,
a ec
a
suni,
and
p o
wi h
peace:acc
p e p e
b ing:pap:m.sc
pe :acc
dog:acc
addeus,
gi e:PaP:M.sc
acsyu ies
inu
_gimini,
o
S apecki
beisi.
Sen :pap:m.s¢
one:acc
amily:acc
p c S a eckis:pL
be:pap:m.pL
‘Masalski
(a
mano )
was
igh
he e.
My
a he
said,
in
he old
imes,
ha
his
gen leman
he e,,
well,
a.
gen leman,
had
come
om
Poland
o
his
gen leman,
(=
o
Masalski).
And
his
gen leman,
had
a
dog,
a
good
one.
Now
(he,
(=
he
gues
om
Poland)]
said ha [ he
o he ]
should
gi e
him,
his
dog,
he,
would
gi e
him,
a
amily
(o
bondsmen)
in
exchange,
and
he,
ag eed.
So,
{he,]
b ough
he
dog,
ga e
i
[ o
him,],
sen
a
amily,
and
hese
we e
he
S a eckis.’
Nicole
Nau
Uniwe sy e
im.
Adama
Mickiewicza
Zak ad
Ba ologii
al.
Niepodleg osci
4,
PL
61-876
Poznan,
Polska
naunicol@amu.
edu.
pl
87