Mo ic Milo ano ic, Bojan; C je ko ic, Ma ea; Maso ic, Jasmina
A icle
Public sec o en ep eneu ship: P esen s a e and esea ch
a enues o he u u e
Adminis a i e Sciences
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Mo ic Milo ano ic, Bojan; C je ko ic, Ma ea; Maso ic, Jasmina (2025) : Public
sec o en ep eneu ship: P esen s a e and esea ch a enues o he u u e, Adminis a i e
Sciences, ISSN 2076-3387, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 15, Iss. 3, pp. 1-28,
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Ci a ion: Mo ic Milo ano ic, B.,
C je ko ic, M., & Maso ic, J. (2025).
Public Sec o En ep eneu ship:
P esen S a e and Resea ch A enues
o he Fu u e. Adminis a i e Sciences,
15(3), 71. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
admsci15030071
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Re iew
Public Sec o En ep eneu ship: P esen S a e and Resea ch
A enues o he Fu u e
Bojan Mo ic Milo ano ic , Ma ea C je ko ic * and Jasmina Maso ic
Ins i u e o Public Finance, Smiˇciklaso a 21, 10000 Zag eb, C oa ia; [email p o ec ed] (B.M.M.);
[email p o ec ed] (J.M.)
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Public sec o en ep eneu ship (PSE) is a g owing a ea o knowledge ha s udies
he applica ion o inno a i e ac i i ies and p ocesses o enhance public se ice quali y. This
can ul ima ely a ec he public o ganiza ion’s pe o mance and he coun y’s economic
success and g ow h. E en hough PSE has been s udied h ough he lenses o se e al
academic disciplines, i s assump ions a e o en based on he insigh s de i ed om esea ch
on en ep eneu ship in he p i a e sec o . The heo ies o public en ep eneu ship a e
sca e ed h oughou he li e a u e, while empi ical esea ch is s ill sca ce. The e exis s
a need o build a concep ual cha ac e iza ion ha dis inguishes i s unique indica i e
dimensions. This pape aims o collec and summa ize some o he de ini ions, heo ies,
dimensions, and de e minan s o public sec o en ep eneu ship and p opose a enues
o u u e empi ical esea ch. I is a li e a u e e iew using he PRISMA me hodology
o examine public sec o en ep eneu ship, sys ema ically collec ing and syn hesizing
p e ious esea ch. This app oach yielded 55 publica ions, which we e used as sou ces
o de eloping a comp ehensi e concep ualiza ion o PSE. The pape ’s con ibu ion is
e lec ed in his e iew and analysis, as well as i s sugges ions o u u e esea ch opics
and empi ical me hods in his de eloping a ea o knowledge.
Keywo ds: public en ep eneu ship; public sec o ; li e a u e e iew
1. In oduc ion
Public en ep eneu ship is gene ally de ined as he use o o mal and in o mal business
p ac ices aimed a c ea ing inno a i e ac i i ies in al eady exis ing and es ablished public
sec o o ganiza ions (Funko e al.,2023). These p ac ices include enhancing he p esen
o in oducing new se ices, echnologies, o adminis a i e solu ions o imp o e busi-
ness s a egies (Demi cioglu & Chowdhu y,2021). While en ep eneu ship is a common
and well-unde s ood e m in he p i a e sec o , public sec o en ep eneu ship emains
somewha elusi e due o he sec o s’ signi ican ly di e en s uc u e, managemen , and
non-p o i o ien a ion. A he same ime, public sec o o ganiza ions ope a e in inc easingly
compe i i e en i onmen s and a e expec ed o be agile in esponding o use s’ changing
needs and ma ke shi s. The eme ging esea ch on public sec o en ep eneu ship aims o
de elop knowledge on how o equip and empowe public sec o o ganiza ions o engage
in he en ep eneu ial ac i i ies ha ha e become expec ed in con empo a y ma ke s.
Al hough public en ep eneu ship has been s udied since he 1980s (Hay e e al.,2018),
nume ous esea che s no e ha he e is s ill a signi ican imbalance in he unde s anding
o public sec o en ep eneu ial p ac ices, calling o u he con ibu ions in his a ea
(Demi cioglu & Chowdhu y,2021;Liddle & McElwee,2019;Najmaei & Sadeghinejad,2016;
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci15030071
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 2 o 28
T emml,2019;Zampe akis & Mous akis,2010). The esea ch so a has p io i ized desc ibing
he condi ions unde which en ep eneu ship occu s in public o ganiza ions (Dhliwayo,
2017;Hay e e al.,2018;Magul & Pasquale o,2023;T emml,2019), wi h a ocus on
examining he simila i ies and di e ences be ween p i a e and public sec o en ep eneu s
(Ba le & Dibben,2002;Be nie ,2014;Zampe akis & Mous akis,2010). O he esea ch is
based on case s udies o one o mo e o ganiza ions, whose esul s o en emain applicable
only wi hin he obse ed o ganiza ional con igu a ions (Hay e e al.,2018;Lindhols ,
2021;Llewellyn & Jones,2003;Ze bina i & Soui a is,2005). Empi ical esea ch on public
sec o en ep eneu ship emains unde ep esen ed, s alling he ield’s de elopmen (Al-
Dhaa i & Alosani,2020;Liddle & McElwee,2019;S ow & S ow,2018;Zhang e al.,
2022). In he heo e ical agenda o public en ep eneu ship, au ho s elabo a ed concep ual
amewo ks o business models applicable o he public sec o (Kea ney e al.,2008;Kea ney
& Meynha d ,2016;Kim,2010;Meynha d & Die enbach,2012;Najmaei & Sadeghinejad,
2016). Schola s also a gue ha he concep needs o be e-e alua ed anew, conside ing
he con empo a y en i onmen in which public o ganiza ions ope a e (Liddle & McElwee,
2019;T emml,2019;Funko e al.,2023;Vi ona e al.,2024;Olumeko ,2024). Thus, he e is
a holdo e om ea ly concep ualiza ions o public sec o en ep eneu ship as in ela ion
o o compa ison wi h p i a e sec o en ep eneu ship, and an anach onism in oday’s
heo e ical ea men o he concep . Compounding he issue is a lack o obus empi ical
esea ch o u he ou unde s anding o PSE. These ongoing imbalances in he li e a u e
unde line he necessi y o addi ional con ibu ions o he ield, wi h schola s ad oca ing o
a comp ehensi e and con empo a y explo a ion o PSE’s de ini ions, dimensions, ac o s,
and ou comes (Demi cioglu & Chowdhu y,2021;Funko e al.,2023;Liddle & McElwee,
2019;Najmaei & Sadeghinejad,2016;T emml,2019;Vi ona e al.,2024;Zampe akis &
Mous akis,2010). I is a call o a ho ough syn hesis o he a ailable knowledge, wi h he
aim o p o iding heo e ical g oundwo k and sugges ions o u u e empi ical esea ch in
he ield.
In u he ing his aim, he p esen pape makes wo signi ican con ibu ions o bo h
heo e ical and p ac ical applica ions. Fi s ly, i o ganizes and p esen s he exis ing knowl-
edge on he public sec o en ep eneu ship’s dimensions, heo ies, and de e minan s. I
also p esen s he cu en and u u e ends ha equi e u he examina ion, conside a ion,
and explo a ion, pa icula ly add essing gaps in unde s anding and applying concep s
and s a egies in public sec o p ac ices and en ep eneu ship. Many adi ional biblio-
me ic analyses o en ocus p edominan ly on quan i a i e me ics such as ci a ion coun s,
co-au ho ship ne wo ks, o publica ion ends (e.g., Olumeko ,2022;P adana e al.,2022;
Robe son e al.,2020); howe e , his con ibu ion seeks o mo e beyond desc ip i e me -
ics. Recen wo ks, such as hose by Funko e al. (2023), highligh he need o a mo e
in eg a i e app oach o explo e deepe heo e ical ounda ions and implica ions. Thus,
his e iew ocuses on a mo e de ailed concep ual explo a ion. I aligns wi h ecen sys-
ema ic li e a u e e iews, such as hose by Vi ona e al. (2024) and Mu and Wang (2022),
which also aim o b idge he gap be ween desc ip i e bibliome ic echniques and mo e
analy ical, heo y-d i en insigh s. Howe e , i expands hei indings and ex ac s om he
exis ing li e a u e on he PSE de ini ions, cha ac e is ics, heo ies, and de e minan s, and
sys ema izes sugges ions o u he empi ical esea ch.
The pape consis s o six sec ions. A e he in oduc ion, he second chap e ex-
plains he me hodology o he s udy. The hi d chap e p esen s he concep o public
en ep eneu ship wi h i s basic de ini ions, dimensions, and heo ies, while he ou h
poin s ou he in e nal and ex e nal de e minan s o public en ep eneu ship. A u u e
public sec o agenda ollows, which p esen s new ends ha a e expec ed o shape public
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 3 o 28
sec o en ep eneu ship and p o ides ecommenda ions o addi ional s udies o PSE. The
conclusion summa izes he pape .
2. Me hodology
This pape employs a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew app oach o in es iga e p e ious
publica ions on public sec o en ep eneu ship using he PRISMA checklis (Page e al.,
2021). The PRISMA (P e e ed Repo ing I ems o Sys ema ic Re iews and Me a Analyses)
app oach is a eliable sys ema ic li e a u e e iew amewo k which ensu es eplicabili y
and anspa ency (Page e al.,2021). Such li e a u e e iews sys ema ically collec , e alua e,
and syn hesize exis ing esea ch o iden i y key concep s, dimensions, mani es a ions,
and gaps wi hin he ield (C iado e al.,2023). I can e ec i ely cap u e he complex
implica ions o public sec o en ep eneu ship by examining ele an s udies, amewo ks,
policy pape s, guidelines, and case examples (Mu & Wang,2022). By syn hesizing indings
om a body o li e a u e, he sys ema ic li e a u e e iew can p o ide an o e iew o
he cu en s a e o a ield and highligh a eas whe e u he esea ch is needed. This
app oach can ul ima ely con ibu e o he de elopmen o a mo e cohe en and obus
heo e ical amewo k o public sec o en ep eneu ship, guiding u u e s udies and
e en policy ini ia i es. To ensu e a high-quali y e iew o he li e a u e on public sec o
en ep eneu ship, a s uc u ed p ocess o sea ching, selec ing, and analyzing a icles was
applied, consis ing o he ollowing s eps (Page e al.,2021;Akomea-F impong e al.,2022):
(1) Sea ching in academic and specialized da abases, (2) il e ing and selec ing ele an
pape s, and (3) con en analysis. When il e ing and selec ing he li e a u e, six eligibili y
c i e ia we e aken in o accoun (Mu & Wang,2022) as ollows:
1.
Field: The esea ch was limi ed o he public sec o , which ela es o he pa o he
economy in s a e owne ship (Liene ,2009). Wi hin he public sec o , his pape
ocused on en ep eneu ial p ac ices o he ma ke - acing pa o he public sec o
ha engages in comme cial o se ice-o ien ed ac i i ies. These include, o example,
s a e-owned en e p ises, public en e p ises, and u ili y p o ide s, ocusing less on
ax- unded o ganiza ions no subs an ially exposed o he ma ke . Howe e , many
au ho s in he ield do no speci y which ypes o public se ice o ganiza ions a e
being heo ized (Ali e al.,2019;Funko e al.,2023;Mohammed e al.,2021).
2.
Topics: Publica ions conside ed o he e iew had o use he subjec e m and discuss
public sec o en ep eneu ship. Howe e , ela ed concep s we e also conside ed in
he sea ch, such as ins i u ional en ep eneu ship, bu eauc a ic en ep eneu ship, and
co po a e en ep eneu ship in he public sec o , as hese concep s sha e hema ic links
wi h he co e subjec . Co po a e en ep eneu ship in he public sec o is a p ecu so
concep o public sec o en ep eneu ship and has been used in e changeably in
he li e a u e. Ins i u ional en ep eneu ship and bu eauc a ic en ep eneu ship a e
added sea ch e ms based on hei con ex ual i and cen al opics o he s udy. Public
sec o o ganiza ions ope a e in highly ins i u ionalized and bu eauc a ic en i on-
men s, which makes such concep s key o unde s anding he dimensions and ac o s
o PSE (Vi ona e al.,2024;Mu & Wang,2022;Ali e al.,2019).
3.
The selec ed a icles we e o ganized a ound se e al key hemes: The concep o public
sec o en ep eneu ship, he explo a ion o ounda ional de ini ions, amewo ks,
heo ies, and he dynamics o en ep eneu ial ac ions wi hin public o ganiza ions. An-
o he ele an opic was he analysis o elemen s ha enable o es ic en ep eneu ial
ac i i ies in he public sec o . No ably, po en ial u u e di ec ions o public sec o
en ep eneu ship we e conside ed, also add essing new challenges and oppo uni ies
in a eas such as sus ainabili y, digi aliza ion, o da a-d i en esea ch, highligh ing
eme ging ends and a eas o u he esea ch.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 4 o 28
4.
S udy design: Empi ical and heo e ical s udies we e included in he e iew, e en
hough empi ical s udies we e mo e limi ed in numbe . Following his, and conside -
ing ha he aim o he s udy is o elabo a e on he de ini ions, dimensions, and ac o s
a ec ing he concep , he heo e ical s udies ga e us an analy ical ad an age.
5.
Language: Al hough he keywo d sea ch and sc eening we e open o o he languages,
he inal li e a u e sample con ained no publica ions in languages o he han English.
6.
Publica ion yea : Pape s published om any yea up o he p esen we e conside ed.
The e iew includes s udies om all p io yea s o ensu e a comp ehensi e unde -
s anding o he public sec o en ep eneu ship’s e olu ion and cu en s a e. In e ms
o u u e a enues, newe publica ions we e aken in o accoun due o hei e lec ion
o he mos cu en ad ancemen s, eme ging ends, and inno a i e me hodologies in
he ield.
7.
Publica ion Type: In he i s phase, he sea ch was conduc ed in Scopus and Web
o Science da abases o ensu e ha only pee - e iewed jou nals we e included and
ha he concep s p esen ed we e in high-quali y, c edible academic esea ch ou le s.
When he co e concep s and keywo ds we e es ablished, he sea ch included o he
publica ions (books and a icles) ound in Google Schola , as well as documen s
published by EU ins i u ions, such as o icial epo s, wo king pape s, and policy
b ie s—i hey con o med o he inclusion c i e ia. These s eps a e sys emized in he
low diag am o his sys ema ic e iew in Figu e 1.
Adm. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 29
4. S udy design: Empi ical and heo e ical s udies we e included in he e iew, e en
hough empi ical s udies we e mo e limi ed in numbe . Following his, and consid-
e ing ha he aim o he s udy is o elabo a e on he de ini ions, dimensions, and
ac o s a ec ing he concep , he heo e ical s udies ga e us an analy ical ad an age.
5. Language: Al hough he keywo d sea ch and sc eening we e open o o he lan-
guages, he inal li e a u e sample con ained no publica ions in languages o he han
English.
6. Publica ion yea : Pape s published om any yea up o he p esen we e conside ed.
The e iew includes s udies om all p io yea s o ensu e a comp ehensi e unde -
s anding o he public sec o en ep eneu ship’s e olu ion and cu en s a e. In e ms
o u u e a enues, newe publica ions we e aken in o accoun due o hei e lec ion
o he mos cu en ad ancemen s, eme ging ends, and inno a i e me hodologies
in he ield.
7. Publica ion Type: In he i s phase, he sea ch was conduc ed in Scopus and Web o
Science da abases o ensu e ha only pee - e iewed jou nals we e included and ha
he concep s p esen ed we e in high-quali y, c edible academic esea ch ou le s.
When he co e concep s and keywo ds we e es ablished, he sea ch included o he
publica ions (books and a icles) ound in Google Schola , as well as documen s pub-
lished by EU ins i u ions, such as o icial epo s, wo king pape s, and policy b ie s—
i hey con o med o he inclusion c i e ia. These s eps a e sys emized in he low
diag am o his sys ema ic e iew in Figu e 1.
Figu e 1. PRISMA lowcha . Sou ce: au ho s, based on C iado e al. (2023).
The ini ial sea ch was conduc ed in Scopus and Web o Science (WoS) da abases (in-
cluding Web o Science Co e Collec ion, BIOSIS Ci a ion Index, Cu en Con en s Con-
nec , Da a Ci a ion Index, De wen Inno a ions Index, G an s Index, KCI—Ko ean Jou -
nal Da abase, P ep in Ci a ion Index, P oQues Disse a ions and Thesis Ci a ion Index,
and SciELO Ci a ion Index). These da abases we e selec ed due o hei ex ensi e co e age
Figu e 1. PRISMA lowcha . Sou ce: au ho s, based on C iado e al. (2023).
The ini ial sea ch was conduc ed in Scopus and Web o Science (WoS) da abases (in-
cluding Web o Science Co e Collec ion, BIOSIS Ci a ion Index, Cu en Con en s Connec ,
Da a Ci a ion Index, De wen Inno a ions Index, G an s Index, KCI—Ko ean Jou nal
Da abase, P ep in Ci a ion Index, P oQues Disse a ions and Thesis Ci a ion Index, and
SciELO Ci a ion Index). These da abases we e selec ed due o hei ex ensi e co e age
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 5 o 28
o schola ly wo ks and ad anced il e ing and downloading ea u es essen ial o sys-
ema ic e iews. The keywo ds ela ed o public sec o en ep eneu ship included he
e ms: “public sec o en ep eneu ship”, “ins i u ional en ep eneu ship”, “bu eauc a ic
en ep eneu ship”, and “co po a e en ep eneu ship in he public sec o ”. An ini ial sea ch
in he WoS da abase esul ed in 553 pape s, and in Scopus e u ned 147 pape s. In he
second s ep, a de ailed inclusion and exclusion p ocess was unde aken o ensu e ele ance.
The pape s we e examined based on hema ic ele ance and quali a i e assessmen s by
he au ho s. A icles ou side he s udy scope and duplica es we e excluded. Many o he
excluded documen s discussed social en ep eneu ship, en i onmen al en ep eneu ship,
public policy o p omo e SME en ep eneu ship, educa ion o en ep eneu s, immig an
en ep eneu ship, public in e es , spo s en ep eneu ship, emale en ep eneu ship, u al
en ep eneu ship, o academic en ep eneu ship. The p elimina y sea ch ini ially iden i ied
295 a icles, which we e ans e ed in o an excel shee . In he las s ep, analysis was
pe o med based on he i le and keywo ds. The analysis inally included pape s which
speci ically and di ec ly discussed he de ini ions o PSE, i s inhibi o s, enhance s, heo ies,
inno a ion and public alue c ea ion, and dimensions. This esul ed in 42 pape s.
The op con ibu o s o he ield o public sec o en ep eneu ship, based on ci a ions
om Web o Science, include p ominen au ho s and hei in luen ial wo ks. Klein e al.
(2010) s and ou wi h hei seminal pape , “Towa d a Theo y o Public En ep eneu ship”
(240 ci a ions), ollowed by Be nie and Ha si (2007) wi h “The Changing Na u e o Public
En ep eneu ship” (159 ci a ions), and Klein e al. (2013) wi h “Capabili ies and S a egic
En ep eneu ship in Public O ganiza ions” (136 ci a ions). In Scopus, he mos ci ed au ho s
a e again Klein e al. (2010) wi h 249 ci a ions. They a e ollowed by Ba le and Dibben
(2002) wi h “Public Sec o Inno a ion and En ep eneu ship: Case S udies om Local
Go e nmen ” (134 ci a ions) and Hjo h (2013) wi h “Public En ep eneu ship: Desi ing
Social Change, C ea ing Sociali y” (85 ci a ions). O he signi ican con ibu ions come om
Be nie (2014) wi h “Public En e p ises as Policy Ins umen s: The Impo ance o Public En-
ep eneu ship”, Zampe akis and Mous akis (2007) wi h “En ep eneu ial Beha iou in he
G eek Public Sec o ”, Mack e al. (2008) wi h “Inno a ion and Implemen a ion in he Public
Sec o : An Examina ion o Public En ep eneu ship”, Zampe akis and Mous akis (2010)
wi h “An Explo a o y Resea ch on he Fac o s S imula ing Co po a e En ep eneu ship in
he G eek Public Sec o ”, and Ze bina i (2012) wi h “Mul i-le el Go e nance and EU S uc-
u al Funds: An En ep eneu ial Local Go e nmen Pe spec i e”. These wo ks collec i ely
p o ide a s ong ounda ion o ad ancing esea ch in public sec o en ep eneu ship.
Addi ional independen sea ches o hese e ms we e made in Google Schola and
Google o ind any a icles which migh ha e been po en ially o e looked, esul ing in
an addi ional 13 publica ions. Thus, he inal numbe o publica ions conside ed o his
s udy was 55, which is deemed su icien o p o ide a comp ehensi e o e iew o he ield.
This aligns wi h simila li e a u e e iews, such as hose by Mohammed e al. (2021) and
Akomea-F impong e al. (2022), whe e compa able sample sizes we e used o e ec i ely
cap u e he scope o hei espec i e opics.
In o de o analyze he publica ions, we examined hem using a h ee-s ep con en
analysis. Fi s ly, a p elimina y analysis was conduc ed on he abs ac s and keywo ds o
each a icle. This was pe o med h ough a sp eadshee analysis o abs ac s and keywo ds
o 295 a icles, in which we sea ched by he inclusion c i e ia desc ibed ea lie as ollows:
pee - e iewed, and wi hin he opics, ields, and hemes. In p ac ice, his mean he
publica ions would men ion he de ini ions o PSE, i s inhibi o s, enhance s, heo ies,
inno a ion and public alue c ea ion, and dimensions. This esul ed in 42 pape s, o which
an addi ional 13 pee - e iewed a icles in English ound on Google Schola we e added.
Al hough he Google Schola sea ch o keywo ds (see abo e) also yielded “g ey” li e a u e,
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 6 o 28
epo s and wo king pape s, and esul s in languages o he han English, hese we e ead
o con ex bu , as wi h many o he s om he la e sou ce, we e excluded om u he
analysis o no con o ming o he pee - e iewed c i e ion. The esul ing sample hus
included only pee - e iewed li e a u e on PSE which di ec ly engaged and/o p omised
o elabo a e in conside able de ail he s udy’s main concep s. The exclusion c i e ia we e
s udies wi h a limi ed ocus on hese concep s and opics. This, o example, excluded
many single case s udies, book e iews, o single-concep analyses ha we e no o in e es ,
i.e., hose ou side he scope o hose hema ically i ele an o he aim o his pape .
In he second s ep, he esul ing sample o 55 publica ions we e ead in hei en i e y.
The da a was ex ac ed using p e-se ca ego iza ions ollowing he e iew aims: de ini ions,
heo ies, dimensions, de e minan s, and a enues o u u e empi ical esea ch. Each
esea che mined he da a independen ly, and hei indings we e b ough in o co- esea che
mee ings, whe e hey we e u he lagged as “comp ehensi e” and “clea ” o no based
on hei p ac ical applicabili y o he opic. All ca ego iza ions and classi ica ions we e
discussed and jus i ied wi hin he esea ch eam by a wo- hi d majo i y. A sys ema ic
ex ac ion able was de eloped o ensu e eplicabili y and assign sou ces.
In he hi d s ep, he eam conduc ed a hema ic con en analysis using quali a i e
in e p e a ions o syn hesize he indings, simila o Akomea-F impong e al. (2022),
Olumeko (2024), and Vi ona e al. (2024). An example is he syn hesis o heo ies, wi h
a side se o “o he key amewo ks” ha we e ound in he li e a u e sample. Typically,
i a heo y we e men ioned in mo e han h ee a icles, we would conside i ele an ,
whe eas he o he key amewo ks we e chosen o hei s ong ele ance and i su icien ly
elabo a ed in some publica ions. The dimensions, ac o s, and ou comes we e agg ega ed,
and sugges ions we e made o u he esea ch. Disc epancies in hei in e p e a ion we e
esol ed h ough eam discussions, and he p oposed choices we e compa ed o exis ing
de ini ions and concep s based on he da a hus accumula ed. Finally, wi h he esul s
o his i e a i e p ocess, we a i ed a concep syn heses aimed a achie ing e ined and
cla i ied concep s o ensu e he p ac ical ele ance o he indings. These a e p esen ed in
he ollowing sec ions o he pape .
3. Unde s anding Public Sec o En ep eneu ship: De ini ions,
Dimensions, and Theo e ical Founda ions
The public sec o plays an impo an ole globally, se ing as a majo employe ,
p o ide o essen ial se ices, p omo e o social equi y, and o e see o in as uc u e
and go e nance (Thijs & Hamme schmid,2018). The se ices i p o ides a e o immense
impo ance o he daily li es o ci izens and he ope a ions o many p i a e en e p ises.
As a esul , he quali y o he pe o mance o public sec o ins i u ions is a key d i ing
ac o o he coun y’s de elopmen , economic g ow h, and social well-being (Lei e,2022;
Thijs & Hamme schmid,2018). Thus, public en ep eneu ship is ecognized as an essen ial
p ocess ha c ea es alue o ci izens by using public esou ces and seizing new business
oppo uni ies (Dhliwayo,2017;Magul & Pasquale o,2023;T emml,2019). The alue
c ea ed can be economic o non-economic, bu i s pu pose should always be aimed a
mee ing he needs o ci izens.
Public sec o en ep eneu ship as a concep has been s udied mo e in ensi ely since
he 1980s, p ima ily h ough h ee ields: poli ical science, public adminis a ion, and man-
agemen (Ze bina i & Soui a is,2005). Di e en unde s andings o public en ep eneu ship
ha e eme ged h ough hese pe spec i es, esul ing in many de ini ions a ailable in he
li e a u e. F om he e iew o he selec ed li e a u e, key de ini ions ha e been iden i ied
ha mos comp ehensi ely desc ibe he concep o public sec o en ep eneu ship. These
agg ega ed de ini ions, o de ed by yea o publica ion, p o ide a ounda ional unde s and-
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 7 o 28
ing o he concep , highligh ing i s mul idimensional na u e as explo ed h ough a ious
pe spec i es in he academic ield. Some o hese de ini ions a e lis ed in Table 1.
Table 1. De ini ions o public sec o en ep eneu ship and en ep eneu . Sou ces: au ho s, based on
he li e a u e e iew.
Au ho s De ini ions
Public sec o en ep eneu ship
Vi ona e al. (2024)
A mul i-dimensional phenomenon shaped by
con ex -speci ic mix u es o p oac i i y, inno a ion, and
isk- aking, which d i es change and enewal, c ea es
esilien o ganiza ions, and e ec i ely seizes he
oppo uni ies o c ea ing public alue, ul ima ely
aiming o posi i e socie al and
en i onmen al ou comes.
Lei e (2022)
Public en ep eneu ship is e lec ed h ough changes
ha public en ep eneu s b ing o he public sec o by
es ablishing and implemen ing new o ganiza ions o
ac i i ies despi e acing legal, egula o y, and
ins i u ional ba ie s.
Be nie (2014)
Public en ep eneu ship (PE) is he p ocess o using
en ep eneu ial concep s and s a egies o expand
socie y’s capaci y by add essing he complex
ela ionships be ween economy and sociali y. This
app oach mo es beyond adi ional en ep eneu ial
oles such as consume s, compe i o s, and employees,
posi ioning he ci izen as an ac i e and open pa icipan .
Hjo h (2013)
Public en ep eneu ship ope a es by nu u ing he
po en ial o ans o ma ion and change, ac ualizing
possibili ies wi hin collabo a i e s uc u es such as
p ojec s, eams, and ne wo ks. This p ocess o
en ep eneu ial c ea ion in ol es s o y elling,
imp o isa ion, and he a o pe suasion o isualize
and a icula e new oppo uni ies.
Kim (2010)
The concep o en ep eneu ial go e nmen is p esen ed
as a way o implemen ma ke -d i en p ac ices ha
enhance se ice deli e y. In eg a ing ce ain e ec i e
en ep eneu ial s a egies in o he public sec o can be a
iable solu ion o mee ing ci izens’ demands o mo e
e icien , esponsi e, and cos -e ec i e
go e nmen se ices.
Klein e al. (2010)
Public en ep eneu ship can be de ined as a
managemen phenomenon in which en ep eneu ial
ideas a e amed, de eloped, unde aken,
ins i u ionalized, and endo sed. These p ocesses a e
analogous o, and o en in e wined wi h, p i a e sec o
en ep eneu ship. Success ully channeling c ea i e
ene gy o se e he public in e es demands a
sophis ica ed app oach o managing inno a ion wi hin
he public sec o .
Kea ney e al. (2007)
Public sec o en ep eneu ship occu s when an
indi idual o g oup implemen s a change o adap o
he en i onmen , ini ia e inno a ion, o mi iga e
po en ial isks. Pe sonal goals a e less impo an han
he success o he o ganiza ion.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 8 o 28
Table 1. Con .
Au ho s De ini ions
Be nie and Ha si (2007)
Public sec o en ep eneu ship e e s o he
phenomenon whe e indi idual en ep eneu s wi hin
public sec o o ganiza ions seize a o able
oppo uni ies o d i e change and inno a ion, o en in
challenging o con on a ional ci cums ances— o
enhance hei o ganiza ion’s capabili ies. E en in
un a o able condi ions and an agonis ic ela ionships
be ween he go e nmen and public sec o en i ies,
en ep eneu ial e o s can h i e.
Shockley e al. (2006)
Public sec o en ep eneu ship occu s whene e a
poli ical ac o is mind ul o he e enue po en ial and
seeks o exploi i .
Ze bina i and Soui a is
(2005)
Public sec o en ep eneu ship is he p ocess o
iden i ying and u ilizing aluable oppo uni ies (no
limi ed o p o i -making ones), wi h no ac ual con ol o
he necessa y esou ces.
Ba le and Dibben (2002)
Public sec o en ep eneu ship posi ions he public
sec o en ep eneu as essen ial o he success ul
implemen a ion o policy ini ia i es. I in ol es he
gene a ion, de elopmen , implemen a ion, and
consolida ion o inno a i e solu ions wi hin public
o ganiza ions, highligh ing he insepa able ela ionship
be ween en ep eneu ship and inno a ion in he
public sec o .
Mo is and Jones (1999)
Public sec o en ep eneu ship aims o c ea e alue o
ci izens by using a unique combina ion o esou ces o
imp o e social oppo uni ies.
D. Osbo ne and Gaeble
(1993)
Public en ep eneu ship e e s o he use o esou ces in
new ways o inc ease he p oduc i i y and e iciency o
public o ganiza ions.
Robe s (1992)
Public en ep eneu ship is de ined as he c ea ion o
new o inno a i e ideas ha a e implemen ed in he
p ac ice o he public sec o .
Robe s and King (1991)Public en ep eneu ship is he p ocess o in oducing
inno a ions in o public sec o p ac ices.
Public sec o en ep eneu
Lei e (2022)
Indi iduals who iden i y unme needs and seek o
add ess hem by le e aging oppo uni ies o
inno a ion. They engage in isk- aking and coo dina e
ne wo ks o people and o ganiza ions in con ex s
(poli ical o ins i u ional) ou side hei con ol.
Demi cioglu and
Chowdhu y (2021)
A public sec o en ep eneu is a manage who ies o
achie e he public o ganiza ion’s goal by doing mo e
han wha is expec ed.
Dhliwayo (2017)
A public en ep eneu does no un o o ice, bu
ins ead ocuses on handling challenges by o e ing
al e na i e pe spec i es and ideas, ul ima ely aiming o
eshape public opinion and in luence socie al p og ess.
Be nie and Ha si (2007)
A public en ep eneu inc eases he capaci y o public
o ganiza ions, imp o es hei se ices, and c ea es
alue o ci izens.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 15 o 28
en ep eneu ship. Thus, i is qui e sui ed o s udying wo k ou comes in he public sec o as
i s esses he di e ence in goals be ween p i a e and public sec o ac i i ies.
Klein e al. (2010), Be nie (2014) and Funko e al. (2023) ad oca e o and elabo a e he
alue o ins i u ional heo y o unde s anding PSE. Be nie (2014) explains ha ins i u ional
heo y is conce ned p ima ily wi h he su i al and legi imacy o o ganiza ions, and
is a coun e poin o heo ies conce ned wi h e iciency, a clea alue o public sec o
o ganiza ions ha do no ocus on p o i . Klein e al. (2010) di e en ia e public sec o
en ep eneu ship p ecisely by i s conce n wi h he public in e es , and desc ibe, wi hin
ha amewo k, he di e en ela ionships ha a public en ep eneu may ha e wi h he
ins i u ional en i onmen . Be nie and Ha si (2007), Casady e al. (2020), and Najmaei
and Sadeghinejad (2016) ake ad an age o his heo y and in eg a e i wi h o he heo ies
o PSE o p opose new unde s andings o PSE. Powell and B omley (2015) discuss how
wi hin his heo y, he social en i onmen de ines socially accep able beha io pa e ns.
Ac o s make socially accep able decisions ha align wi h his en i onmen , al hough hey
may no necessa ily be economically a ional. These ypes o concep s can help explain
how i happens ha new policies migh ge adop ed in he public sec o , bu subsequen
implemen a ion and o e sigh p ocesses o en ail o a e ca ied ou pu ely mechanically
because hey a e manda ed by s ic p ocedu es (Powell & B omley,2015).
3.2.5. O he Key F amewo ks
New Public Managemen places e iciency and pe o mance in public se ices a
he on . I suppo s decen aliza ion and lexible go e nance s uc u es, which os e s
agili y and ac i e app oaches o policy, unding, and se ice deli e y. I also p omo es
ma ke -d i en app oaches, emphasizing he need o ne wo king be ween go e nmen s
and non-s a e ac o s o deli e inno a i e public se ices. The undamen al philosophy
and objec i es o New Public Managemen ac i i ies include he ollowing: (1) imp o ing
he e iciency o he public sec o , (2) s eng hening he accoun abili y o public ins i u ions
o ci izens o use s o public se ices, (3) c ea ing public alue h ough he p uden use o
public unds, and (4) inc easing he au onomy o public o ganiza ion managemen (Hinš ,
2021;Ruži´c e al.,2014). Howe e , e y o en, his app oach is unde s ood as a “ ecipe o
success”, i.e., as a lis o speci ic p ac ices ha mus be ollowed and can be easily ans e ed
om one cul u e o poli ical sys em o ano he , which is no he case in eali y, and has been
a pe sis en c i icism o his app oach since i s concep ion (Ma hiasen,1999). Howe e ,
e en hough i may be con ex - and cul u e-speci ic, his heo y is help ul in poin ing o
he speci ic elemen s ha can help public ins i u ions ob ain hei en ep eneu ial goals
(Lapuen e & Van De Walle,2020).
P esen -day deba es on public sec o en ep eneu ship a e he loudes wi hin he
New Public Managemen (NPM) mo emen , a guing ha public en e p ises’ bu eauc a ic
complexi y is unsui able o sol ing con empo a y p oblems (Be nie ,2014;A nold,2019;
Casady e al.,2020;T emml,2019). Despi e he issues o his c oss- e iliza ion discussed
in p e ious heo ies, suppo e s o his app oach s ill ad oca e o “injec ing” manage ial
quali ies, go e nance s uc u es, and app oaches om he p i a e sec o in o he public
sphe e (Be nie & Ha si,2007;A nold,2019;Casady e al.,2020;T emml,2019). Acco dingly,
solu ions o he ine ia common in he public sec o lie in adop ing and in eg a ing p ac ices
es ablished in he p i a e sec o , such as bonuses and ewa d sys ems, p io i izing cus ome
sa is ac ion, inc eased employee au onomy, e c. (Be nie ,2014;Kea ney e al.,2009;Najmaei
& Sadeghinejad,2016). The mo emen is oo ed in public sec o managemen in he Uni ed
S a es, whe e he emphasis was placed on e icien ly sol ing c i ical p oblems wi h he
mos a o able a io o esou ces in es ed o ou comes achie ed (Be nie ,2014). While
p e ious heo ies ha e been c i icized o ying o i he insigh s om p i a e sec o
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 16 o 28
en ep eneu ship in o he public sec o en i onmen , his app oach ully endo ses he idea
ha public sec o o ganiza ions should be ope a ed by he p inciples o p i a e sec o
managemen (Bozeman,1989;His ich & Al-Dabbagh,2012;Najmaei & Sadeghinejad,2016).
As an al e na i e, Casady e al. (2020) discuss New Public Go e nance (NPG) as a new
app oach ha goes beyond he clea -cu emphasis on he con as be ween “adminis a ion
and managemen ” and o e s a mo e comp ehensi e and uni ied app oach o all he mani-
es a ions o public sec o en ep eneu ship. Acco ding o hem, New Public Go e nance
be e cap u es he plu al na u e o he con empo a y s a e and i s mul iple ac o s wo king
oge he o amelio a e public se ices and policymaking sys ems. This pa adigm p io i-
izes se ice p ocesses, s akeholde in e dependence, and speci ying ou comes a he han
me ely managing inpu s o ou pu s. The basic idea is ha ma ke o ces we e in oduced o
add ess he weaknesses o adi ional hie a chies (Osbo ne,2006). Howe e , when ma ke s
also showed hei own limi a ions, he concep s o ne wo ks and New Public Go e nance
(NPG) eme ged as a way o ackle hese issues. Fo his eason, he NPG pa adigm has
become an impo an amewo k o implemen ing public policies and deli e ing se ices.
I elabo a es on he c ea ion o sus ainable public policies, quali y public se ices, and
managing in e -o ganiza ional ela ionships (Casady e al.,2020).
The emphasis on sus ainable public policies and e ec i e in e -o ganiza ional man-
agemen aligns wi h he b oade ocus o PSE on c ea ing public alue. Roo ed in Moo e’s
Public Value concep (Moo e,2015), his app oach highligh s he pi o al ole o public man-
age s in d i ing inno a ion and achie ing ou comes ha bene i socie y. This concep has
a isen due o he pe cei ed diminishing impo ance o go e nmen and public manage s
du ing a gene a ion ocused on indi idual economic in e es s and ma ke compe i ion
(B yson e al.,2014). Acco ding o Moo e (Moo e,2015), public alue is c ea ed h ough a
combina ion o p ac ices o public sec o o ganiza ions. Those a e (1) public adminis a-
ions ha deli e i s - a e, se ice- ocused pe o mance, (2) public o ganiza ions ha a e
compe en and e ec i e in achie ing in ended social ou comes, and (3) public o ganiza ions
ha ope a e ai ly and unbiasedly in p o iding jus condi ions in socie y as a whole. To
achie e hese ou comes, manage s should use he “s a egic iangle”. This means ha hei
s a egy should (1) c ea e some hing aluable o he public, (2) be suppo ed poli ically and
socially, and (3) be p ac ical and achie able wi hin he o ganiza ion. In ac , public alue is
cen al in d i ing he en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and s a egy in PSE and is e en in he
e y de ini ion o public sec o en ep eneu ship (Dhliwayo,2017;Kea ney & Meynha d ,
2016;Meynha d & Die enbach,2012;Zampe akis & Mous akis,2010). Thus, i is men-
ioned ac oss he li e a u e on PSE (Be nie ,2014;Fennimo e & Semen elli,2016;Kea ney
e al.,2009;Kea ney & Meynha d ,2016;Klein e al.,2013;Lindhols ,2021;Meynha d
& Die enbach,2012)Meynha d and Die enbach (2012), Klein e al. (2013), Kea ney and
Meynha d (2016), and Liddle and McElwee (2019) which illus a es he cen ali y o he
concep in empi ical s udies, and c i ically examines i s ele ance in p ac ice.
4. De e minan s o Public Sec o En ep eneu ship
In he globalized and u bulen en i onmen in ol ing many s akeholde s, se e al
de e minan s a ec he p o ile o public sec o en ep eneu ship. Vi ona e al. (2024)
iden i y hem as “shaping ac o s” as hey impac he de elopmen and he appeal o
PSE. Mo eo e , hey a e beyond indi idual public en ep eneu s’ con ol and can be
ca ego ized as egula o y, poli ical, ins i u ional, and en i onmen al ac o s. Re iewed
au ho s gene ally desc ibe hem as ex e nal and in e nal (Kea ney e al.,2007;Kea ney
& Meynha d ,2016). Ex e nal ac o s include poli ical con ex , complexi y, dynamism,
muni icence (Kea ney e al.,2007), hos ili y, and embeddedness (Kea ney & Meynha d ,
2016). The in e nal en i onmen is obse ed h ough in e nal s uc u es, decision-making,
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 17 o 28
con ol, and ewa ds/mo i a ion (Kea ney e al.,2007), bu also h ough op managemen
suppo , ime a ailabili y, and o ganiza ional bounda ies (Kea ney & Meynha d ,2016).
4.1. Ex e nal De e minan s o Public Sec o En ep eneu ship
The poli ical en i onmen is a cen al ac o o he ex e nal en i onmen . Al hough i
signi ican ly impac s p i a e companies, in he public sec o , i ep esen s one o he main
de e minan s o success (Nu ,2006). Va ious poli ical cons ain s, equen policy changes,
con adic o y iews o leade s and poli icians, and he manipula ions o a ious in e es
g oups lead o di icul ies in managing public sec o en e p ises (Olumeko ,2024). This
is why long- e m planning is complex o public ini ia i es and can limi en ep eneu ial
ac i i ies. Due o equen changes in go e ning pa ies, public en e p ises a e unde
cons an p essu e o achie e as esul s (Bozeman & Johnson,2015). On he o he hand,
when policies encou age inno a ion, lexibili y, and sus ainabili y, public ins i u ions a e
be e p epa ed o add ess long- e m socie al challenges and con ibu e o sus ainable
de elopmen (2023 OECD Digi al Go e nmen Index,2024).
The complexi y o he en i onmen is e lec ed in i s u bulence o he nume ous changes
esul ing om echnological ad ancemen s, social ci cums ances, e c. (Kea ney e al.,2009).
These changes and many o he challenges encou age en e p ises o seek inno a i e solu-
ions (Olumeko ,2024) o s ay agile and esponsi e o mee he ci izens’ expec a ions. Such
an inc eased dynamism in he en i onmen is also conside ed a o able o en ep eneu ial
ac i i ies because i pushes ins i u ions o inno a e con inually o c ea e new business
oppo uni ies in he ma ke (Lapuen e & Van De Walle,2020). As cus ome demands
inc ease in di e si y, o ganiza ions mus adap o a b oad ange o shi ing needs ha
change ac oss di e en demog aphics. This di e si y equi es o ganiza ions o cons an ly
adap and inno a e, which c ea es new oppo uni ies o en ep eneu ial ini ia i es.
Hos ili y e e s o condi ions ha c ea e h ea s o o ganiza ions, o en s emming om
sca ce esou ces, in ense compe i ion, o un a o able poli ical and social en i onmen s
(Kea ney & Meynha d ,2016). In he public sec o , hos ili y is b oade , including no jus
economic condi ions bu also ex e nal cons ain s like go e nmen policies and socie al
demands. These challenges d i e o ganiza ions o adop en ep eneu ial s a egies as a
means o na iga e esou ce sca ci y and adap o compe i i e p essu es (Walke e al.,2015).
Embeddedness ela es o he ies o ganiza ions and hei membe s o m wi h s akehold-
e s, pa ne s, and he b oade public (Kea ney & Meynha d ,2016). These connec ions help
public sec o o ganiza ions iden i y needs, explo e oppo uni ies, and c ea e inno a i e
solu ions by u ilizing social capi al and ne wo ks. Embeddedness also enables public man-
age s o engage in local con ex s, os e ing a sense o social esponsibili y and enhancing
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion h ough collabo a ion and con ex ual awa eness (Meynha d &
Die enbach,2012).
The muni icence o he a ailabili y o key esou ces in he ex e nal en i onmen also
in luences en ep eneu ial ac i i ies in he public sec o (And ews & Boyne,2008). In a
muni icen en i onmen wi h posi i e g ow h ends, en e p ises can c ea e new esou ces
while also ha ing easie access o ex e nal esou ces. Muni icence posi i ely a ec s en-
e p ises’ su i al, p o i abili y, and g ow h (Tang,2008). This can also lead o a be e
collabo a ion be ween public ins i u ions and p i a e en e p ises, which can be a main
d i e o inno a ion in he public sec o . By sha ing esou ces, knowledge, and expe ise,
hese pa ne ships c ea e oppo uni ies o sus ainable business models ha bene i socie y
a la ge (Liddle & McElwee,2019).
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 18 o 28
4.2. In e nal De e minan s o Public Sec o En ep eneu ship
As documen ed in he li e a u e, he in e nal o ganiza ion is c i ical in he success ul
de elopmen o public sec o en ep eneu ship and includes he o ganiza ion’s in e nal
s uc u e, decision-making p ocesses, con ol mechanisms, and ewa ds o mo i a ions
sys em (Kea ney e al.,2009). The in e nal s uc u e o public en e p ises is o en hie a chical,
cen alized, and o malized (Baum & Wally,2003). This means ha p ocesses, p ocedu es,
job oles, o ganiza ional cha s, s a egic and ope a ional plans, and goals a e explici ly
a icula ed (T emml,2019). Public ins i u ions embody almos all he ea u es o a bu-
eauc a ic sys em, including specializa ion, cen aliza ion, explici ness, and an excessi e
emphasis on di ec i es, oles, and he speci ic posi ions held by each employee in he
o ganiza ion (Maqdliyan & Se iawan,2023). In hose ci cums ances, s a egic leade ship is
c ucial in he public sec o ’s engagemen in en ep eneu ial ini ia i es. Public manage s
who emb ace agili y and encou age inno a ion, e en in in lexible s uc u es, can e ec i ely
espond o dynamic poli ical and economic en i onmen s, leading o mo e esilien and
sus ainable public se ices (Kea ney e al.,2007). Howe e , hei leade ship needs o be
balanced wi h he complex in e nal p ocedu es, which cause equen ope a ional delays,
p ocedu al holdups, and bo lenecks (Nu ,2006). Ano he signi ican challenge o public
manage s is balancing unclea and o en con adic o y laws and con lic ing goals o di e -
en s akeholde s wi h he o ganiza ion’s mo i a ion o achie e a mo e gene al public good
(Eimicke e al.,2000;Van Wa ,1996).
Findings om he li e a u e sugges op managemen suppo as an impo an in e -
nal de e minan as well, as leade s suppo ing inno a i e ideas and p o iding esou ces
can encou age en ep eneu ial beha io . Public sec o manage s a e mo e likely o ac
en ep eneu ially when hey pe cei e s ong suppo om op managemen (Kea ney &
Meynha d ,2016). This suppo is pa icula ly c i ical when in eg a ing en ep eneu ial
p ojec s in o he la ge o ganiza ion, as i helps unleash c ea i e ene gy in pu suing public
in e es . Time a ailabili y is ano he c i ical ac o , and i e e s o he ex en o which man-
age s ha e su icien ime and wo k lexibili y o ocus on inno a ion and en ep eneu ial
oppo uni ies (Kea ney & Meynha d ,2016). Releasing manage s om igid schedules
allows hem o iden i y and pu sue inno a i e solu ions ha would o he wise be o e -
looked. In he public sec o , g an ing adequa e ime and esou ces can help manage s
gene a e alue o ci izens and s akeholde s by le e aging social oppo uni ies e ec i ely.
This is also why lexible o ganiza ional bounda ies acili a e he low o in o ma ion be ween
he o ganiza ion and i s ex e nal en i onmen , as well as among in e nal depa men s.
These bounda ies enable he e ec i e use o inno a ion esou ces and suppo adap abili y,
essen ial o en ep eneu ship (Kea ney & Meynha d ,2016).
The li e a u e also poin s ou as ele an he decision-making p ocesses in an en i onmen
whe e mo e emphasis is o en placed on ollowing p ocedu es ins ead o achie ing goals
(Özcan & Reichs ein,2009). Public sec o o ganiza ions a e subjec o public o e sigh , so all
hei majo decisions mus be anspa en , meaning en ep eneu s in such an en i onmen
a e likelie o play i sa e o a oid mis akes (Boselie e al.,2021;Jain & Pa nayakuni,
2003). All decisions mus be made in he bes in e es o ci izens, e en o e s, while a
he same ime conside ing budge a y and poli ical cons ain s. Howe e , he way public
in e es is achie ed h ough p o essional decision-making in poli ical ins i u ions is no
ully a icula ed (Gianakis,2004). Failu es a e punished, while ewa ds (i hey exis ) a e
no ied o success. A he same ime, al hough decision-make s in he public sec o do
no ha e comple e au onomy in decision-making, he esponsibili y o ce ain decisions is
o en a ibu ed o a speci ic depa men o e en an indi idual (Le y e al.,2021).
Rela ed is ano he o public en ep eneu ship de e minan s— ewa ds and mo i a-
ion. An adequa e ewa d sys em encou ages and mo i a es employees o engage in
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 19 o 28
en ep eneu ial ac i i ies (Ho nsby e al.,2002). I an o ganiza ion does no alue good
pe o mance and does no ecognize he e o s o i s employees, hei mo i a ion, engage-
men , and de elopmen o c ea i e ideas and solu ions will g adually dec ease (Kea ney
e al.,2007). An e ec i e ewa d sys em, o en lacking in public en e p ises, encou ages
en ep eneu ial ac i i y and mus conside goals and eedback, emphasize indi idual
esponsibili y, and, mos impo an ly, be based on ag eed-upon esul s (Ho nsby e al.,
2002). I is hus necessa y o include an e ec i e ewa ds sys em ha acknowledges he
con ibu ions o employees wi hin he o ganiza ion.
Con ol mechanisms a e also emphasized as an impo an de e minan o public sec o
en ep eneu ship, and in public en e p ises, hey a e so complex ha hey may lead o ex-
cessi e bu eauc acy and mic o-managemen (Shih & Yong,2001). Such s ic ly es ablished
con ol sys ems in many highly cen alized ins i u ions a e, in ac , ou o e e y con ol
(Kea ney e al.,2009). This is especially ue in he inancial domain, whe e manage s ha e
li le oom o maneu e , o cing hem o seek sho - e m solu ions o pa icula p oblems
(Rana e al.,2019). These ci cums ances nega i ely a ec o he employees, who may wo k
in condi ions o educed c ea i i y and may lack he mo i a ion o exp ess new ideas (Shih
& Yong,2001).
5. Fu u e A enues o Resea ch in Public Sec o En ep eneu ship
Public sec o en ep eneu ship combines he adi ional p inciples o public en e p ises
wi h he mode n spi i o en ep eneu ship. Many no ice ha hese wo no ions a e di icul
o econcile because ee and c ea i e en ep eneu ial spi i may no be compa ible wi h
public sec o o ganiza ions’ igid no ms and p ocedu es (Fennimo e & Semen elli,2016;
Rhodes & Wanna,2007). Fu he mo e, he concep o public en ep eneu ship is cons an ly
changing because public in e es s, which e ol e, a e some imes di icul o iden i y (Klein
e al.,2010). Unlike p i a e companies, public sec o ins i u ions a e d i en by social and
poli ical goals, ha a e o en nume ous, di e se, and di icul o p io i ize (Be nie ,2014;
Olumeko ,2024). Due o he apid ad ancemen s in echnology, shi s in demog aphy,
ising ci izen expec a ions, and he need o sus ainable de elopmen and g een inno a ion,
i is sugges ed ha en ep eneu ship in he public sec o will become o cen al impo ance
o enable public o ganiza ions o lou ish in a dynamic en i onmen (Vassallo e al.,2023).
As men ioned, since he 1980s, public en ep eneu ship has ga ne ed inc easing a en-
ion, bu signi ican gaps emain in unde s anding i s p ac ices wi hin he public sec o . The
exis ing esea ch has la gely ocused on condi ions o en ep eneu ship and compa isons
wi h p i a e sec o p ac ices, o en elying on limi ed case s udies and ou da ed concep ual
amewo ks (Dhliwayo,2017;Hay e e al.,2018;Meynha d & Die enbach,2012). Schola s
emphasize he need o upda ed empi ical and heo e ical s udies o add ess he e ol ing
challenges and dynamics o mode n public o ganiza ions (Demi cioglu & Chowdhu y,
2021;Liddle & McElwee,2019) as well as i s de e minan s and dimensions (Demi cioglu
& Chowdhu y,2021;Klein e al.,2013;T emml,2019;Vassallo e al.,2023). Di e en e-
sea ch di ec ions and app oaches will allow a deepe unde s anding o he na u e o public
en ep eneu ship which is expec ed o ise as a c i ical concep in he u u e.
The u u e esea ch ecommenda ions ou lined in he examined pape s sugges se -
e al po en ial di ec ions o ad ance he Public Sec o En ep eneu ship ield. Based on he
sys ema ic li e a u e e iew o ecen publica ions, he ollowing key clus e s o ecommen-
da ions o empi ical esea ch eme ge as ollows:
1. Da a-D i en Resea ch (Funko e al.,2023;Olumeko ,2024):A signi ican limi a ion
in PSE esea ch is he absence o consis en , objec i e da a. Many s udies ely on case
s udies based on subjec i e in e p e a ions, which limi s he abili y o make gene alizable
conclusions. Mo eo e , he e is a lack o s anda dized pe o mance measu emen ools
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 20 o 28
o bo h esea che s and public sec o en ep eneu s (Olumeko ,2024). Thus, u u e
esea ch should ocus on c ea ing obus me hodologies and ins umen s o assess he
pe o mance o public sec o en ep eneu s in line wi h he unique cha ac e is ics o public
adminis a ion, including he goals, ewa ds, and ins i u ional di e ences ha dis inguish
he public and p i a e sec o s. This would sugges de eloping su eys, ques ionnai es,
and in e iew me hods ailo ed o public sec o se ings in o de o p o ide objec i e da a
on PSE e ec i eness.
2. A Fu he Explo a ion o PSE Theo ies (Aksom & Vakulenko,2024;Mendez e al.,
2024): As many PSE heo ies a e de i ed om he p i a e sec o sphe e, he e is a need o
explo e u he he pos ula es o he p oposed heo ies s ic ly wi hin he public con ex s.
Fo example, Aksom and Vakulenko (2024) emphasize ha mo e empi ical s udies o ins i-
u ional heo y can p o ide a deepe unde s anding o PSE by analyzing he p essu es, con-
s ain s, and ine ia public o ganiza ions ace. Resea ch could also explo e how ins i u ional
p ac ices a e adop ed and adap ed in he con ex o public sec o en ep eneu ial ac i i ies.
As an ex ension o such esea ch, measu able indica o s o public alue p o ided by
he o ganiza ion could also be de eloped (Li e is,2015;Meynha d e al.,2017;Meynha d
& Ba holomes,2011;Moo e,2015), so ha he esul s may indica e hei social impac .
Imp o ing en ep eneu ial ac i i ies leads o a posi i e mani es a ion o public alue, which
can be measu ed h ough h ee key a eas: (1) he cos -e ec i e deli e y o high-quali y
se ices, (2) achie ing desi ed ou comes, and (3) building us wi h ci izens (T y & Radno ,
2007). Ano he ecommenda ion o u u e esea ch is o examine u he he New Public
Managemen pa adigm and i s e ec i eness in managing public o ganiza ions (Colon &
Gué in-Schneide ,2015;Meie & O’Toole,2007), pa icula ly gi en he di e en pe spec-
i es on i s ele ance and applicabili y in he public sec o . In his sense, he e ec s o
decen aliza ion, se ice quali y imp o emen , adminis a i e e iciency, leade ship oles,
o he esul s-o ien ed cul u e on he success o public en e p ises o ins i u ions can be
obse ed. Addi ionally, he oles o mo i a ion, willingness o change, and knowledge
sha ing among manage s and employees on he success o public sec o en ep eneu ship
can be s udied (Liddle,2016) along wi h he ole o s a egic pa ne ships and ne wo king
(Considine e al.,2009). In a simila ein, s udies can obse e he p e alence and e ec i e-
ness o NPG-inspi ed e o ms, changes, and inno a ions ac oss di e en socio-poli ical
and adminis a i e con ex s (K ogh & T ian a illou,2024), ha is he quan i a i e and
quali a i e alida ion o NPG amewo ks (Pop˛eda & Hadasik,2024).
3. Collabo a ion Ac oss Sec o s: Collabo a ion be ween public and p i a e sec o s, as
well as among di e en public en i ies, is iden i ied as a key d i e o success ul public
sec o en ep eneu ship (Funko e al.,2023). Ne wo ks based on in e ac ion and collabo-
a ion a e also essen ial o achie ing public sec o esilience, as hey enable he c ea ion
o s a egic pa ne ships, in o ma ion sha ing, and esou ce alloca ion ha can help e-
spond o c ises and build an equi able u u e (Deloi e Insigh s,2024). Thus, u u e s udies
could explo e he po en ial o mul i-pa y collabo a ions and ne wo k-building, such as
go e nmen agencies, p i a e sec o en i ies, non-p o i o ganiza ions, and ci izens, o
co-c ea e solu ions and enhance en ep eneu ial ou comes in he public sec o . Mo eo e ,
s udies could ocus on iden i ying he bes p ac ices o public–p i a e pa ne ships ha
d i e he de elopmen o sus ainable en ep eneu ial ecosys ems and os e economic
esilience o obse e he in e play be ween ins i u ional suppo mechanisms—such as
unding, in as uc u e, and policy amewo ks—and he en ep eneu ial ac i i ies hey
seek o nu u e (Robe son e al.,2020).
4. Longi udinal and Compa a i e S udies: The e is a need o compa a i e s udies
o PSE ac oss di e en coun ies and public sec o ins i u ions (Olumeko ,2024). This
would enable a deepe unde s anding o how PSE is di e en in a ious cul u al, poli -
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 21 o 28
ical, and economic con ex s. Compa a i e s udies could also examine how ins i u ional,
poli ical, and economic en i onmen s in luence he e ec i eness and ou comes o public
sec o en ep eneu ial ac i i ies. Fo example, i would be wo hwhile o diagnose he
en ep eneu ial clima e by conduc ing case s udies on public sec o companies o ins i u-
ions in di e en coun ies (Ku a ko e al.,1990;Vigoda-Gado & Mei i,2008). Assessing
dimensions o he en ep eneu ial clima e and o ien a ion can help public o ganiza ions
iden i y a eas o imp o emen o op imize hei se ice deli e y (McMu ay e al.,2021).
Fu he mo e, au ho s could explo e he concep o public sec o inno a ion and s udy
i mo e closely wi hin coun y-speci ic con ex s (2023 OECD Digi al Go e nmen Index,
2024). Measu ing inno a ion in he public sec o can examine which app oach o inno a ion
o which ype o inno a ion (o ganiza ional, p oduc , p ocess, communica ion, e c.) leads
o speci ic ou comes and whe he i a ec s en ep eneu ial ac i i ies and he ins i u ion’s
o e all success. Simila ly, he impac o public sec o inno a ion on o e all economic
g ow h can be examined.
Finally, as he poli ical en i onmen has been indica ed o be impo an o he success
o PSE, u u e esea ch migh explo e he componen s o he poli ical en i onmen ( h ough
a ious ac o s such as co up ion, he pa y sys em, poli ical s abili y, e c.) and he
ba ie s ha could hinde he de elopmen o en ep eneu ship in he public sec o . Such
s udies could highligh p oblema ic a eas ha need mo e a en ion a he ins i u ional,
social, and legisla i e le els (T emml,2019). Public en ep eneu ship can also be s udied
ac oss di e en indus ial sec o s o which o ganiza ions belong o e en a he in e nal
o ganiza ional le els, such as among di e en depa men s.
5. Sus ainable P ac ices wi hin Public Sec o En ep eneu ship: Gi en he global
emphasis on sus ainabili y, u u e s udies a e encou aged o explo e how public sec o
en ep eneu ship con ibu es o achie ing en i onmen al goals (Olumeko ,2024;C iado
e al.,2023). This could include examining how public sec o manage s (and employees)
a e d i ing sus ainable p ac ices h ough policy inno a ion, g een in as uc u e, and he
de elopmen o en i onmen ally iendly public se ices, especially in e ms o enewable
ene gy implemen a ion. The ole o PSE in ad ancing en i onmen al sus ainabili y, pa icu-
la ly in managing c i ical in as uc u e like ene gy sys ems, p esen s an impo an a ea o
u u e esea ch (Deloi e Insigh s,2024). The COVID-19 pandemic has also b ough new
pe spec i es on sus ainable business g ow h. I demons a ed he impo ance o e ec i e,
esponsi e, p oac i e, and inclusi e public ins i u ions in de eloping inno a i e solu ions
o un o eseen e en s. This pu s inno a ion and en ep eneu ship a he hea o u u e
public sec o ac i i ies o ensu e hey can posi i ely change socie y.
6. The Impac o New Technologies and Digi aliza ion: The ise o new echnologies,
pa icula ly AI and he digi aliza ion o public adminis a ion p ocesses, o e s signi ican
oppo uni ies and challenges o public sec o en ep eneu ship (Fa ell e al.,2023). These
au ho s sugges ha u he esea ch should ocus on unde s anding how new echnologies
can enhance public sec o inno a ion and se ice deli e y and imp o e e iciency. Addi ion-
ally, s udies should in es iga e how public o ganiza ions can manage he isks associa ed
wi h echnology adop ion, including issues o digi al inequali y, p i acy conce ns, and
o ganiza ional eadiness. Applying AI, machine lea ning, and digi al in as uc u es can
signi ican ly impac how public en ep eneu s c ea e alue, especially in s eamlining ad-
minis a i e asks, imp o ing cus ome expe iences, and add essing socie al needs (Vi ona
e al.,2024). Resea ch could also explo e how digi al echnologies can os e anspa ency,
acili a e public pa icipa ion, and enhance esilience in public o ganiza ions (Deloi e
Insigh s,2024). Fo example, hey can assis in making mo e p uden decisions while
imp o ing communica ion and engagemen wi h he public (Walke e al.,2015). The e a e
also challenges o in eg a ing AI in o he public en ep eneu ship con ex , such as p i acy
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 22 o 28
and secu i y issues. The e may also be a lack o in as uc u e and expe ise o handle AI
sys ems e ec i ely. The cos o echnology and aining can also be a p oblem, highligh ing
he need o public sec o ins i u ions o add ess hese ba ie s e ec i ely (Sousa e al.,
2019). Collec i ely, hese ac o s also equi e a g ea e a en ion in u u e esea ch o obse e
and add ess he complexi ies o in eg a ing AI in o he public en ep eneu ship con ex .
9. Pandemic Response and Fu u e Resilience: The COVID-19 pandemic has accen-
ua ed he impo ance o inno a ion and en ep eneu ship in ensu ing esilien public
ins i u ions (Funko e al.,2023). Fu u e esea ch should explo e how he public sec o ’s
esponse o c ises can impac u u e en ep eneu ial s a egies, wi h a ocus on c ea ing
sus ainable business g ow h h ough inno a ion. In es iga ing he pandemic’s impac
on public sec o en ep eneu ship could p o ide insigh s in o he p epa edness o public
ins i u ions o handle unexpec ed challenges while con inuing o c ea e alue o socie y.
6. Conclusions
The aim o his pape was o p o ide a be e unde s anding o de ini ions, heo ies,
dimensions, and de e minan s o public sec o en ep eneu ship, iden i y gaps in he li -
e a u e, and p opose a enues o u u e empi ical esea ch. By syn hesizing he exis ing
li e a u e, his e iew o e ed a s uc u ed amewo k o he key heo e ical concep s o
guide u u e esea ch. I examined how PSE has been de ined and ope a ionalized, iden i-
ied key heo ies ha unde pin he ield, and explo ed i s dimensions such as inno a ion,
isk- aking, and p oac i eness. The pape also analyzed he de e minan s ha os e o
hinde en ep eneu ial ac i i y in public o ganiza ions, emphasizing o ganiza ional and
en i onmen al ac o s. Elabo a ing on hese elemen s p o ides a ounda ional unde s and-
ing o PSE and can se e as a aluable esou ce o schola s and p ac i ione s aiming o
enhance he en ep eneu ial capaci y o public o ganiza ions. Fu he mo e, i p oposes
a enues o u u e esea ch o add ess iden i ied gaps, such as he need o mo e in eg a-
i e app oaches o heo y-building, explo ing eme ging ends like digi al ans o ma ion
and sus ainabili y in public en ep eneu ship, and applying c oss-sec o al compa isons o
en ich he ield. Th ough his wo k, he pape con ibu es o ad ancing he discou se on
PSE and i s po en ial o d i e inno a ion and alue c ea ion in he public sec o .
This e iew has se e al limi a ions, he i s being he scope and b ead h o he
li e a u e co e age, as i could no comp ehensi ely co e all ele an publica ions due o
limi a ions in da abases, language es ic ions, o inclusion/exclusion c i e ia. As he key
concep s we e mainly aken om publica ions wi h he mos ci a ions o hose ha mos
in ensely engaged wi h he opic, i could neglec o he eme ging heo e ical pe spec i es
ha con as hese p edominan pa adigms. In sugges ions o u u e s udies, he e iew
ook insigh s om mo e ecen s udies, po en ially neglec ing olde empi ical s udies ha
hold equal me i . Mo eo e , he opic only b ushed upon he ou comes o PSE, such as
public alue c ea ion, and his also se es as a ecommenda ion o o he u u e bibliome ic
analysis. Ne e heless, his a icle can se e as a good s a ing poin o schola s and
p ac i ione s seeking o ad ance esea ch and p ac ice in public sec o en ep eneu ship.
The pos -pandemic public sec o inds i sel a he in e play o change, inno a ion,
wo k o ce ans o ma ion, and egula o y challenges ha a ec i s ope a ions. In esponse
o equen c ises, he public sec o has ecognized a need o mo e e ec i e inno a i e
p ac ices o b ing oge he he p i a e sec o , academia, and o he s akeholde s o handle
la ge-scale challenges. Du ing he pandemic, public ins i u ions wo ldwide had o inno a e
apidly, ans o ming in e nal p ocesses and hei in e ac ions wi h hei espec i e com-
muni ies. Signi ican shi s we e seen in collabo a ions wi h non-s a e ac o s o main ain
se ice deli e y, anspa ency, and accoun abili y. These unique ci cums ances highligh ed
he c i ical impo ance o adap abili y and esilience wi hin public ins i u ions, pushing
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 71 23 o 28
hem o explo e new models o ope a ion and pa ne ship. Inno a i e p ac ices du ing
his pe iod no only ensu ed con inui y bu also laid he g oundwo k o eimagining
public se ice deli e y in a mo e dynamic and collabo a i e amewo k. Public sec o en-
ep eneu ship is sugges ed as a pa hway o building on hese inno a ions, wi h i s abili y
o make as changes and imp o emen s, and sha e and ealloca e esou ces in esponse
o ma ke needs. PSE is a p omising and mul i aced opic wi h high esea ch and p ac ice
po en ial. The en ep eneu ial spi i can undoub edly exis in he public sec o , which,
wi h he help o employees’ c ea i i y and inno a ion, can o e come po en ial ba ie s and
enable public o ganiza ions o be mo e esponsi e, anspa en , and e icien .
Funding: Funded by he Eu opean Union–Nex Gene a ionEU. The iews and opinions exp essed
a e solely hose o he au ho s and do no necessa ily e lec he o icial iews o he Eu opean Union
o he Eu opean Commission. Nei he he Eu opean Union no he Eu opean Commission can be
held esponsible o hem.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
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