Wu, Mou
A icle
Public heal h isk con ol in in e na ional spo s e en s:
S a egy e olu ion in he pos -pandemic pe iod
Economic Fo um
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Lu sk Na ional Technical Uni e si y
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Wu, Mou (2025) : Public heal h isk con ol in in e na ional spo s e en s:
S a egy e olu ion in he pos -pandemic pe iod, Economic Fo um, ISSN 2415-8224, Lu sk Na ional
Technical Uni e si y, Lu sk, Uk aine, Vol. 15, Iss. 2, pp. 90-99,
h ps://doi.o g/10.62763/e /2.2025.90
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In oduc ion
The COVID-19 pandemic c ea ed a new logic o in e na-
ional spo ing e en s, in which public heal h isks ha e
become a sys emic ac o in s a egic planning. Fu he -
mo e, a e 2020, he usual mechanisms o o ganising
such e en s we e unable o gua an ee he con ollabil-
i y o biological h ea s wi hou echnological suppo
and egula o y adap a ion. The change in he s a us o
sani a y and epidemiological con ol in he s uc u e o
secu i y s a egies has led o a e hinking o he ole o
digi al ools, in e -ins i u ional coope a ion and p e en-
ion policies on a global scale. In his con ex , he s udy
o public heal h isk managemen a he in e sec ion
Public heal h isk con ol in in e na ional spo s e en s:
S a egy e olu ion in he pos -pandemic pe iod
Mou Wu*
Mas e
Guangdong Spo s Voca ional and Technical College
510663, 52 Olympic Spo s Rd., Guangzhou, People’s Republic o China
h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0009-1925-2025
Sugges ed Ci a ion:
Wu,M.(2025). Public heal h isk con ol in in e na ional spo s e en s: S a egy e olu ion in he pos -pandemic pe iod. Economic
Fo um, 15(2), 90-99. doi:10.62763/e /2.2025.90.
Copy igh © The Au ho (s). This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he
C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0 (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/)
*Co esponding au ho
Abs ac . The COVID-19 pandemic has highligh ed he need o e ise adi ional secu i y s a egies o
in e na ional spo ing e en s and has b ough public heal h issues o he o e on as a sys emic componen .
The s udy aimed o add ess he ans o ma ion o secu i y managemen s a egies a mass spo ing e en s
in he pos -pandemic eali y. The esea ch me hodology was based on he use o such scien i ic me hods as
s uc u al and unc ional analysis, me hods o analogy and analy ical e iew, which ensu ed a comp ehensi e
and in eg a ed co e age o he issue. The s udy de e mined ha sani a y and epidemiological con ol has
ceased o be a seconda y unc ion and has become a s uc u al axis o s a egic planning. The examples o
he Olympic and Pa alympic Games in Tokyo in 2021 and he FIFA Wo ld Cup in Qa a in 2022 demons a ed
ha a high le el o e iciency was achie ed bo h unde se e e es ic ions and mode a e scena ios, p o iding
digi al suppo and accina ion co e age. In addi ion, he s udy de e mined ha digi al pla o ms in he COVID
and pos -COVID pe iod became cen al o con ol and analy ics, o ecas ing and modelling isk beha iou .
A he same ime, ba ie s ha e been iden i ied in he o m o inequali y o access, poli icisa ion o heal h
and agmen a ion o he egula o y amewo k. As a conclusion, he s udy p oposed o use he concep o
in eg a ed isk managemen , which in ol ed c oss-sec o al coo dina ion, adap i e scena io planning and digi al
suppo o ea ly wa ning sys ems. The signi icance o he s udy is de e mined by he ou line o a sys ema ic
amewo k o e hinking secu i y s a egies a mass spo ing e en s, which can be used as an analy ical basis
o he de elopmen o p ac ical ecommenda ions
Keywo ds: digi al echnologies; isk managemen ; epidemiological con ol; in e na ional coo dina ion; s a egic
planning
ECONOMIC FORUM
Jou nal homepage: h ps://e- o um.com.ua/en
Vol. 15, No. 2, 2025, 90-99
Recei ed: 17.01.2025 Re ised: 03.04.2025 Accep ed: 24.04.2025
UDC 614.4:796.1 DOI: 10.62763/e /2.2025.90
o spo , digi alisa ion and biosecu i y is becoming in-
c easingly impo an o he de elopmen o new ana-
ly ical amewo ks.
Since 2020, he scien i ic communi y has ocused on
ce ain aspec s o his issue, bu an in eg a ed ision o
pos -pandemic isk managemen in in e na ional spo s
has no been o med as o 2025. T.Schmid e al.(2024),
using he example o he 2020 Eu opean Foo ball Cham-
pionship, de e mined ha he holding o spo ing e en s
was accompanied by an inc ease in COVID-19 cases in
se e al hos coun ies, whe e gene ally accep ed p e-
en i e es ic ions we e no ollowed. The esea che s
Wu
Economic Fo um, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 2
91
me hods o analogy and analy ical e iew, which p o id-
ed a holis ic unde s anding o he dynamics o ans o -
ma ions in he ield o public heal h isk managemen in
he con ex o in e na ional spo ing e en s du ing he
pandemic (Decembe 2019-May 2023) and pos -pan-
demic (since May2023).
Based on an analy ical e iew o he models o eg-
ula ion, ins i u ional in e ac ion and digi al moni o ing,
he ans o ma ional ec o s o pos -pandemic egula-
ion we e desc ibed. In pa icula , he mechanisms an-
alysed included: p o ocols o admission o e en s, es -
ing models (manda o y polyme ase chain eac ion (PCR)
es ing, daily sc eening), egula ions o he mo emen
and c ea ion o isola ed bubble sys ems, algo i hms
o he ope a ion o digi al applica ions, s anda dised
esponse p ocedu es in case o symp oms o posi i e
es esul s. The use o he analy ical me hod ensu ed a
concep ual ansi ion om a agmen ed desc ip ion o
indi idual mechanisms o a uni ied iew o he s uc u e
o he upda ed managemen pa adigm. The egula o y
documen , such as The playbook in e na ional ede a-
ions. You guide o a sa e and success ul Games(2021)
de eloped o he Olympic and Pa alympic Games in
Tokyo 2021, was in ol ed in he analy ical e iew. The
Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion ecommenda ions we e
used as a concep ual basis, in pa icula he documen
Key planning ecommenda ions o mass ga he ings in
he con ex o COVID-19: In e im guidance (2021), as
well as Fan heal h in o ma ion/Co id-19 in o ma ion &
a el policy(2023) o Qua a .
In addi ion, he s udy analysed mobile digi al appli-
ca ions such as COCOA (COVID-19 con ac -con i ming…,
n.d.), a digi al con ac eco ding applica ion used du ing
he Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games; and Eh e az, a manda-
o y digi al pla o m in Qa a du ing he 2022 FIFA Wo ld
Cup (Al-Kuwa i e al., 2022). Fu he mo e, as a sepa-
a e example, MY2022, a mobile applica ion wi h he
unc ion o moni o ing and e i ying he s a e o public
heal h, was analysed(Knockel, 2022). The analysis o he
unc ionali y o hese applica ions was used o ace he
ans o ma ion o digi al solu ions as an elemen o he
biosa e y sys em. The egula o y amewo k was sup-
plemen ed by s a is ics con ained in he epo s o he
Johns Hopkins Uni e si y Cen e o Sys ems Science and
Enginee ing (JHU CSSE) (Resea ch,2022) on he numbe
o es s, he pe cen age o posi i e esul s among pa ic-
ipan s, he accina ion a e among he popula ion o he
o ganising coun ies, and he olume o con ac in e ac-
ion (Unde s anding accina ion p og ess,n.d.). The ag-
g ega e indica o s we e used o analy ical compa ison
o he selec ed secu i y models.
A s uc u al- unc ional analysis was used o he he-
o e ical cons uc ion o a public heal h isk managemen
sys em as a complex s uc u e wi h in e connec ed
unc ional blocks. This app oach co e ed he o ganisa-
ional componen s o digi al moni o ing pla o ms, egu-
la o y documen s, p o ocol mo emen sys ems, es ing
concluded ha mass e en s wi hou s ic epidemi-
ological con ol can signi ican ly inc ease local ans-
mission o he i us. A he same ime, J.P. Sugden &
J.T.Sugden(2020) p oposed a c i ical e lec ion on he
u u e o global spo s go e nance in he con ex o
epidemiological h ea s. In pa icula , he s udy consid-
e ed he inequali y o access o medical esou ces he
imbalance in he implemen a ion o secu i y policies a
he le el o in e na ional ede a ions and he need o
e o m go e nance models. J.J.Reade(2024) conside ed
he ela ionship be ween public sa e y and managemen
app oaches o majo spo ing e en s, p o iding gene al
ecommenda ions on sa e y p o ocols, including medi-
cal esponse and c owd isk p e en ion.
F.Bazzanellae al.(2021) examined he ans o ma-
ion o app oaches o isk managemen in he con ex
o o ganising cycling e en s. The s udy analysed he
changing ole o local o ganise s and he s uc u al e-
s uc u ing o sa e y p o ocols, demons a ing he de-
si e o mo e o malised and echnologically suppo ed
decision-making mechanisms. A.Pacak(2020) analysed
he social media s a egies o p o essional oo ball clubs
in he UK in esponse o he pandemic c isis. Addi ion-
ally, ano he pe spec i e on he p oblem was p esen ed
in he s udy by J.Ca swelle al.(2023), which discussed
o e coming he consequences o he pandemic in he
con ex o de eloping he sus ainabili y o ou is and
spo s des ina ions. A scien i ic publica ion by T.-Y.Chou
& P.-Y.Lee(2023) analysed he beha iou al and psycho-
logical ac o s ha in luence people’s desi e o e u n o
spo s ac i i y, gi en he pe cep ion o sani a y sa e y as
a key ac o o us .
Thus, mode n scien i ic discou se showed a mul i-
disciplina y app oach o he s udy o spo ing e en s
in he pos -pandemic en i onmen , bu he e was ag-
men a ion in he co e age o he s a egic in e ac ion o
componen s. These publica ions do no o m a holis ic
model o pos -pandemic biological isk managemen
ha inco po a ed digi al in as uc u e, adap i e egu-
la ion and in e ope abili y limi a ions wi hin mass spo -
ing e en s. In his ega d, he s udy aimed o analyse he
model o ans o ma ion o public heal h isk manage-
men s a egies in he in e na ional spo s con ex , in-
co po a ing he changes caused by he pandemic and
he sp ead o digi al echnologies. The implemen a ion
o his goal in ol ed he ollowing asks: o iden i y unc-
ional changes in he secu i y managemen s uc u e
based on a compa a i e analysis o s a egies du ing and
a e COVID-19; o p o ide a heo e ical in e p e a ion
o he ole o digi al pla o ms in he isk managemen
s uc u e; o iden i y ba ie s and po en ial ways o im-
p o e he implemen a ion o biosecu i y mechanisms.
Ma e ials and Me hods
The me hodological basis o he s udy was based on
he applica ion o heo e ical me hods o scien i ic
knowledge, such as s uc u al and unc ional analysis,
RPublic heal h isk con ol in in e na ional spo s e en s...
Economic Fo um, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 2
92
algo i hms, and egula o y isola ion scena ios as ele-
men s o an o de ed model, in which each componen
played a s abilising ole in ensu ing he con inui y and
p edic abili y o managemen decisions. The me hod
ou lined he in e nal logical links be ween such a eas as
digi al e i ica ion, p o ocol egula ion, in o ma ion poli-
cy and egula o y modelling o beha iou in he con ex
o po en ial biological h ea s. The me hod o analogy
was used o make a heo e ical compa ison o di e -
en ypes o o ganisa ional esponse models o iden i y
common ea u es ha indica ed he exis ence o s able
e iciency ac o s in sys ems wi h di e en pa ame e s.
I was used o concep ually compa e a iable app oach-
es o secu i y o ganisa ions. The analogy se ed as a ool
o iden i ying he in e ope abili y and p ac ical ans e -
abili y o indi idual managemen elemen s wi hin di e -
en egula o y en i onmen s, which p o ided a basis o
u he uni ica ion o app oaches o biosa e y.
Resul s
The o ganisa ion o la ge-scale in e na ional spo ing
e en s, such as he Olympic Games o Wo ld Champion-
ships, has adi ionally been associa ed wi h a se o chal-
lenges ela ed o secu i y a a ious le els. Be o e 2020
and he in oduc ion o COVID-19 es ic ions, he h ea
o e o is a acks, public o de dis up ions, man-made
acciden s, and ce ain aspec s o sani a y con ol ela ed
o ood, hygiene, o li ing condi ions emained a p io i-
y. A he same ime, issues ela ed o public heal h in a
b oade sense we e la gely no ea ed as independen
in s a egic planning and we e seen as an auxilia y a ea
ha did no equi e cen alised decisions o in eg a ed
managemen s uc u es. Howe e , he e en s ela ed
o he COVID-19 pandemic ha e led o a undamen al
e hinking o he p inciples o o ganising mass e en s,
pa icula ly he ole o secu i y in he heal hca e sec o
(Schü ee al.,2023).
The o ma ion o a new model o isk communica-
ion, he expansion o he de ini ion o “ h ea ” in he
con ex o spo , and he global scale o he challenge
ha e led o he ins i u ionalisa ion o p ac ices ha
we e p e iously conside ed empo a y o eme gency.
Thus, he issue o heal h p o ec ion has gone beyond
he unc ional a ea o medical ca e, becoming a sys-
emic elemen ha pe mea ed logis ics, in as uc u e,
inancial calcula ions, in o ma ion policy and diploma -
ic in e ac ions. Thus, A.Kho am-Maneshe al.(2024)
no ed ha de e mina ion o isk con ol as a mul idi ec-
ional p ocess ha equi ed p edic abili y, adap abili y
and cons an moni o ing has become pa icula ly el-
e an . In his con ex , he ole o p elimina y analysis
o he epidemiological si ua ion, p o ocol suppo o
he mo emen o people, managemen o he low o
in o ma ion on symp oms and es esul s, and he c e-
a ion o e ec i e esponse mechanisms in case o dan-
ge signs ha e inc eased. In addi ion, he se o ools
(digi al pla o ms, mobile applica ions, emo e heal h
moni o ing, big da a analysis, simula ion modelling)
used o ensu e he sus ainable unc ioning o e en s in
a dynamic en i onmen has signi ican ly expanded. As
a esul , his shi in ocus has led o he need o in es-
iga e, how public heal h isk managemen s a egies
ha e e ol ed, which models ha e become dominan in
he pos -pandemic pe iod, which empo a y solu ions
ha e u ned in o ins i u ional p ac ices, and wha chal-
lenges emain in p o ec ing he heal h o pa icipan s
and spec a o s o in e na ional compe i ions.
The e o e, he eme gence o new challenges ela -
ed o heal h in a highly concen a ed social en i onmen
has called in o ques ion he e ec i eness o p e iously
es ablished s a egies ha domina ed he o ganisa ion
o spo ing e en s. Un il 2020, in he pe iod p eceding
he pandemic, he dominan ocus was on issues as-
socia ed wi h sa e y in he classical sense: o ganise s
ocused hei e o s on p e en ing a hle e inju ies, en-
su ing ood sa e y a ood ou le s, and moni o ing he
sani a y condi ion o p emises and in as uc u e (Gle-
bo ae al.,2022). A he same ime, he epidemiolog-
ical componen was conside ed a ac o o seconda y
impo ance ha did no equi e deep in eg a ion in o
he o e all isk managemen sys em. The limi ed ools
o p edic ing and p e en ing he sp ead o in ec ions,
in pa icula espi a o y in ec ions, we e no conside ed
a c i ical h ea , as such inciden s we e ei he local in
na u e o emained ou side he in o ma ion ield o he
spo ing e en .
Wi h he ou b eak o he SARS-CoV-2 pandemic,
e en o ganise s we e aced wi h he need o apidly
ans o m hei usual esponse mechanisms. The exis -
ing sys em was no adap ed o long- e m global c ises
o his magni ude, so expe imen al, empo a y o hyb id
app oaches came o he o e. To minimise he isk o in-
ec ion, se e al eme gency p o ocols we e implemen -
ed, including egula es ing o pa icipan s, manda o y
sel -isola ion in case o symp oms, he c ea ion o isola -
ed accommoda ion g oups, he so-called “bubbles”, and
es ic ions on physical con ac be ween delega ions
(Masseye al.,2021). A he same ime, digi al echnol-
ogies ensu ed p omp moni o ing o he heal h s a us
o pa icipan s. These sys ems ac i ely used mobile ap-
plica ions such as COVID-19 con ac -con i ming applica-
ion(n.d.), En e az (Al-Kuwa ie al.,2022) and MY2022
(Knockel,2022) o eco d symp oms, accina ion ce i -
ica es, digi al “heal h passpo s”, as well as algo i hms
ha analysed he low o people o p e en high- isk
con ac s. A he inal s age o he pandemic, when glob-
al o ganisa ions began o g adually mo e o long- e m
planning s a egies, a new concep o pe manen p e-
pa edness o biological h ea s was o med. Some o
he measu es ha we e ini ially empo a y we e ound
o be e ec i e and included in he pe manen egula-
ions ha apply o all mass e en s. Among hese inno a-
ions a e he upda ed s anda ds ini ia ed by in e na ion-
al ins i u ions, including Key planning ecommenda ions
Wu
Economic Fo um, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 2
93
o mass ga he ings in he con ex o COVID-19: In e im
guidance(2021) and The playbook in e na ional ede a-
ions. You guide o a sa e and success ul Games(2021),
and documen o he Minis ies o Heal h o di e en
coun ies (Fan heal h in o ma ion…,2023).
In esponse o he unp eceden ed global challeng-
es posed by he COVID-19 pandemic, in e na ional and
na ional ins i u ions ha e implemen ed a se o egula-
o y and ins i u ional ans o ma ions ha ha e adically
changed app oaches o he o ganisa ion o mass spo -
ing e en s. These shi s ha e become a ec o o ongo-
ing e o ms aimed a in eg a ing heal h isk managemen
in o he en i e logis ics in as uc u e o spo ing e en s.
A he in e na ional le el, he main coo dina o was
he Tokyo O ganising Commi ee o he Olympic and
Pa alympic Games 2020, which has de eloped and imple-
men ed se e al manda o y egula o y documen s, such
as The playbook in e na ional ede a ions. You guide o
a sa e and success ul Games.(2021) ha ha e become
a p o o ype o simila solu ions o o he mass e en s.
These egula ions con ained de ailed es ing p o ocols,
isola ion s a egies in case o in ec ion, algo i hms o
he mo emen o pa icipan s, as well as equi emen s
o s aying in Olympic enues, inco po a ing he speci -
ics o each spo . Thus, he Tokyo O ganising Commi ee
o he Olympic and Pa alympic Games 2020 has ini i-
a ed he de elopmen o indus y-speci ic sa e y s and-
a ds ha inco po a e bo h epidemiological challenges
and he echnical cha ac e is ics o he compe i ion.
A he same ime, he Tokyo O ganising Commi ee
o he Olympic and Pa alympic Games 2020 and o h-
e spo s o ganisa ions we e ins i u ionally suppo ed
by he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion ecommenda ions,
which published Key planning ecommenda ions o
mass ga he ings in he con ex o COVID-19: In e im
guidance(2021). The documen , which has been upda -
ed se e al imes, emphasised he need o a comp e-
hensi e isk assessmen , in eg a ion o heal h moni-
o ing measu es, clea communica ion wi h he public,
and eadiness o espond quickly o possible disease
ou b eaks. These ecommenda ions ha e become he
basis o shaping app oaches o spo ing, cul u al and
eligious e en s, including a he egional le el. In addi-
ion, ollowing he new p o ocols, anspa ency in isk
communica ion, comba ing disin o ma ion, digi al e hics
and p o ec ion o pe sonal da a used in moni o ing he
epidemiological si ua ion was emphasised.
In analysing public heal h isk managemen s a e-
gies in he con ex o in e na ional spo ing e en s, i was
use ul o conside speci ic examples o he implemen-
a ion o such s a egies. Fo example, he Tokyo Olym-
pics in 2021 and he FIFA Wo ld Cup in Qa a in 2022
ha e become es beds o implemen ing and e alua ing
he e ec i eness o di e en app oaches o ensu ing
he sa e y o pa icipan s and spec a o s. The 2021 To-
kyo Olympics was he i s majo in e na ional spo -
ing e en held du ing he ac i e phase o he COVID-19
pandemic. Gi en he challenging epidemiological si ua-
ion in Japan and globally, he o ganise s ha e de eloped
and implemen ed a comp ehensi e sys em o measu es
o p e en he sp ead o he in ec ion among a hle es,
echnical s a and he local popula ion. One o he main
solu ions was o comple ely exclude spec a o s om he
s ands, which signi ican ly educed he load on he in-
as uc u e and a oided massi e c owds. This decision,
al hough i had economic consequences, was made in
he in e es s o public sa e y, gi en he high isk o i us
ansmission in a dense c owd. In addi ion, o minimise
he likelihood o he in e nal sp ead o COVID-19 among
he Games pa icipan s, a mul i-le el es ing sys em was
implemen ed, including bo h p e- and pos -e en mon-
i o ing. All pa icipan s had o p o ide p oo o a nega-
i e es esul be o e a i ing in Japan and we e subjec
o daily sc eening upon a i al. The a hle es, delega ion
membe s and suppo s a we e kep in a con olled-ac-
cess en i onmen o ensu e isola ion om he ou side
en i onmen . All mo emen s we e s ic ly egula ed, and
compliance wi h sani a y equi emen s was moni o ed
a all le els. Mask egime, disin ec ion o p emises and
physical dis ancing we e manda o y. The e ec i eness
o he measu es aken was con i med by da a showing
ha ou o mo e han 1 million es s conduc ed du ing
he Olympic and Pa alympic Games, only 299 samples
showed posi i e esul s, which was 0.03% o he o al.
Among he app oxima ely 11,000 a hle es, who s ayed
in he Olympic Village, only 15 cases o close con ac in-
ec ion we e epo ed (Akashie al.,2022). Such s a is ics
indica e a high le el o con ol and e ec i eness o an-
i-epidemic measu es. Thus, Japan’s expe ience has con-
i med ha unde s ic egula ion, e en many in e na-
ional pa icipan s does no lead o a la ge-scale sp ead
o he i us, p o ided ha p o ocols we e ollowed.
Howe e , in con as o he Japanese app oach,
which was based on maximum es ic ion o social in-
e ac ion, he o ganise s o he 2022 FIFA Wo ld Cup in
Qa a ha e op ed o a s a egy o mode a e libe alisa-
ion. The compe i ion was held wi h spec a o s, which
led o signi ican lows o ans om di e en coun ies
and la ge c owds in s adiums, an zones and anspo
hubs. Despi e he easing o es ic ions, basic p o ocols
emained in place, including digi al heal h moni o ing
and sys ems o ale ing people o po en ial in ec ious
h ea s. The Eh e az mobile app was used du ing he
e en o quickly ack con ac s and ale people o pos-
sible epidemiological isks (Al-Kuwa ie al.,2022). No a-
bly, du ing he championship, he e was a sho - e m
inc ease in COVID-19 cases, bu due o high accina ion
a es among he local popula ion and ou namen pa -
icipan s, as well as he heal h sys em’s eadiness o han-
dle he load, he e we e no la ge-scale ou b eaks o col-
lapses o he medical in as uc u e (De gaae al.,2023).
A isual compa ison o he e ec i eness o di e en ap-
p oaches o con olling public heal h isks du ing hese
e en s was p esen ed in Table1.
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Economic Fo um, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 2
94
No ably, bo h cases did no demons a e majo epi-
demiological ailu es, al hough hey used undamen al-
ly di e en app oaches o o ganisa ion. This indica ed
ha e ec i eness was no de e mined by he se e i y
o he es ic ions, bu a he by he con ex o hei
implemen a ion, including he le el o aining, heal h
sys em mobilisa ion (including accina ion o he popu-
la ion), echnological suppo and communica ion poli-
cy. The e o e, i was possible o a gue ha he mode n
model o o ganising spo ing e en s was ans o ming
owa ds a syn hesis o epidemiological sa e y, digi-
al analy ics and c oss-sec o al coo dina ion (Fahime
al., 2024). The ins i u ional and egula o y shi s ini i-
a ed du ing he pandemic ha e shaped a new go e n-
ance pa adigm ha ocused no only on ensu ing he
sa e physical p esence o spec a o s and a hle es, bu
also on gua an eeing his sa e y in he ace o biologi-
cal unce ain y. As a esul , his app oach has opened
new oppo uni ies o he de elopmen o sus ainable
p ac ices aimed a he long- e m p ese a ion o public
heal h, e en ou side he pandemic con ex .
The p ac ice o holding la ge-scale in e na ional
spo ing e en s has shown ha inno a i e digi al ools
a e becoming an e ec i e ool o achie ing sa e y.
The e o e, as pa o mode n heal h isk managemen in
he o ganisa ion o in e na ional spo ing e en s, digi al
echnologies ha e g adually ans o med om auxilia y
ools o sys emic componen s o he o e all biosa e y
in as uc u e. A he same ime, hei implemen a ion
was no limi ed o he con ol o e i ica ion unc ion,
bu was expanding owa ds he c ea ion o sus aina-
ble models o moni o ing, analy ics and ea ly h ea
o ecas ing. The p ocess was de e mined by he ansi-
ion om eac i e o p oac i e con ol mechanisms, in
which digi al solu ions p o ided he abili y o adap i ely
adjus p o ocols in eal- ime, analyse beha iou al de i-
a ions and iden i y po en ial in ec ion clus e s be o e
symp oms appea .
Du ing and a e he pandemic, mobile heal h pass-
po pla o ms became uni e sal o digi al epidemiol-
ogy, accumula ing da a on es ing, accina ion s a us,
con ac his o y, and pe mission o en e designa ed a e-
as (A COVID-19 heal h…,n.d.). Howe e , he expe ience
o hei implemen a ion has also con i med a signi ican
numbe o isks associa ed wi h p i acy iola ions, in-
su icien anspa ency o algo i hms, and inequali y o
access o digi al se ices. Fo example, he manda o y
MY2022 app used du ing he Beijing 2022 Win e Olym-
pics had se ious ulne abili ies in e ms o p o ec ing
pe sonal heal h da a, as well as he lack o basic en-
c yp ion p o ocols o in o ma ion ansmission (Knock-
el,2022). This example aised he issue o he need o
a p elimina y independen audi o so wa e solu ions
be o e hei la ge-scale use on a global scale.
Alongside he echnical aspec s, geog aphical and
p ac ical challenges ha e also become mo e acu e. Ge-
og aphical ba ie s included inequali ies in access o
accines, di e ences in egula o y amewo ks, di e -
ences be ween coun ies in da a secu i y and p i acy
policies, and di icul ies wi h s anda disa ion and in-
e ope abili y. This was compounded by limi a ions in
digi al in as uc u e and access o echnology. In u n,
p ac ical challenges include medical con aindica ions
o accina ion, b eak h ough in ec ions, unce ain y
abou na u al immuni y, and he limi ed accu acy o
s anda dised es s o assessing he isk o in ec ion
(Towe e al.,2023).
To add ess hese challenges, global in e na ional
coo dina ion o e o s o ha monise egula o y ame-
wo ks, imp o e digi al in as uc u e and ensu e equal
access o echnology and heal hca e esou ces has be-
come necessa y. In es ing in esea ch and imp o ing
isk assessmen and heal h moni o ing sys ems has also
become impo an . In his case, he use o p edic i e
analy ics echnologies based on la ge da a se s opened
p ospec s. An example was he collabo a ion be ween
Me ic Tokyo 2021 (Olympic
and Pa alympic Games) Qa a 2022 (FIFA Wo ld Cup) E ec
The p esence o he audience Lack o spec a o s a all
enues Mo e han 3.4 million iewe s
I a ec ed he densi y o
con ac s and he complexi y
o con ol
Vaccina ion a e o he hos
coun y’s popula ion <40% a he ime o he e en >95% ully accina ed Reduced he isk o se e e
o ms and hospi alisa ions
Manda o y es ing o all
pa icipan s Yes (daily PCR o a hle es) Yes (upon en y + selec i ely
du ing he ou namen )
The equency and scope o
es ing de e mined he le el o
de ec ion
Masks in in e io spaces Manda o y e e ywhe e, e en
in gyms Recommended, no equi ed De e mined he p obabili y o
ai bo ne ansmission
Digi al heal h moni o ing
sys ems Yes (COCOA applica ion) Yes (EHTERAZ, wi h QR codes) Simpli ied con ac acquisi ion
Numbe o posi i e cases
eco ded among pa icipan s App oxima ely 0.03%
Da a was no made public,
bu no majo ou b eaks we e
epo ed
Re lec ed he o e all
e ec i eness o a se o
measu es
Sou ce: based on M.G. Al-Kuwa ie al.(2022), Fan heal h in o ma ion/Co id-19 in o ma ion & a el policy(2023), COVID-19
con ac -con i ming applica ion (n.d.), Unde s anding accina ion p og ess (n.d.)
Table 1. Compa ison o isk con ol measu es
Wu
Economic Fo um, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 2
95
he Uni e si y o Pi sbu gh and Amazon Web Se ices,
which esul ed in he eme gence o a isk p edic ion
labo a o y, whe e a i icial in elligence (AI) was used o
iden i y po en ial diseases o a hle es based on da a on
physiology, logis ics ajec o ies, beha iou al a iables,
and con ac chains (Su les, 2025). Such solu ions can
imp o e he accu acy o eal- ime decision-making and
in oduce adap i e access con ol scena ios, bu also
equi e clea egula ion a he le el o in e na ional law
and alignmen wi h da a p o ec ion s anda ds.
In he con ex o pos -pandemic isk managemen
in he ield o in e na ional spo ing e en s, i was wo h
highligh ing he challenges ha we e eme ging a he
in e sec ion o biomedical, social, in o ma ion and
geopoli ical ec o s. Al hough he adap a ion o many
c isis p o ocols has become a sus ainable p ac ice in he
o ganisa ion o global e en s, he isks hemsel es ha e
no los hei ele ance. Fi s and o emos , he p ob-
abili y o new pandemic h ea s, which can be o bo h
i al and bac e ial o igin, emains high. The e olu ion
o ins i u ional app oaches has al eady conside ed he
need o de elop ea ly wa ning sys ems and adap i e
logis ics. Howe e , he challenges o he u u e may no
be limi ed o he de elopmen o con ingency scena ios.
He e, he need o mul i-le el scena io modelling ha
can conside he mu a ional dynamics o pa hogens, cli-
ma e change ac o s, and he social esponsi eness o
he popula ion comes o he o e (Table2).
De e minan Elemen s
Epidemiological p o ile The possibili y o new pa hogens ( i al/bac e ial); gene ic a ia ion and mu a ional dynamics
o pa hogens
Scena io o ecas ing Mul i-le el modelling sys em; in eg a ion o backup epidemiological scena ios
En i onmen al pa ame e s Impac o clima e change on pa hogen ansmission; local en i onmen al isks ( empe a u e,
humidi y, popula ion densi y)
Social beha iou Le el o social mobilisa ion; deg ee o us in heal hca e sys ems; public pe cep ion o isk
Ins i u ional capaci y A ailabili y o ea ly wa ning sys ems; adap i e logis ics and c oss-na ional coo dina ion
Technological in as uc u e Use o digi al pla o ms o su eillance; ensu ing cybe secu i y o pe sonal medical da a
Heal hca e esou ces Vaccina ion co e age based on medical con aindica ions; scalabili y and eliabili y o
diagnos ic ools
Table 2. Sys ema ic classi ica ion o de e minan s o public heal h isk con ol du ing in e na ional spo ing e en s
Sou ce: de eloped by he au ho
Gi en he da a p o ided, e ec i e con ol o pub-
lic heal h isks du ing in e na ional spo ing e en s e-
qui ed he in eg a ion o an in e disciplina y app oach
ha encompassed bo h biomedical and socio-ins i u-
ional ac o s. The key was o in oduce adap i e, digi-
ally suppo ed epidemiological modelling sys ems ha
can espond quickly o changes in pa hogenic, en i on-
men al and beha iou al de e minan s. One o he con-
s an ac o s o inc eased isk was he mass mo emen
o ans du ing e en s. The densi y, c oss-bo de na u e,
and a ying le els o accina ion, heal h insu ance, and
awa eness c ea e an ex emely he e ogeneous en i on-
men in which adi ional app oaches o in ec ion con-
ol lose hei e ec i eness. A pa icula challenge was
posed by a eas o empo a y esidence/s ay ( an camps,
hos els, ho els, ai po ansi s), whe e i was di icul o
p o ide a comp ehensi e sani a y in as uc u e. This
ac o u he ein o ces he need o coo dina ion be-
ween o ganise s, municipal se ices and heal hca e
sys ems, as well as he need o expand he esponsibili-
ies o logis ics pa ne s.
The endency o public heal h issue poli icisa ion
was also no able, being mani es ed in he he o ic
a ound accina ion, es ing, masks and digi al moni o -
ing. An i- accina ion mo emen s based on misin o ma-
ion can signi ican ly educe compliance wi h manda o y
s anda ds on he pa o bo h spec a o s and a hle es.
This si ua ion unde mined he e ec i eness o e en he
mos ca e ully designed p o ocols, as i h ea ens no
only he epidemiological balance, bu also social us ,
which was a key ac o in he implemen a ion o pa -
icipa o y mechanisms ha we e he basis o mode n
biosecu i y managemen in he spo s con ex . A he
same ime, limi ed in e na ional coope a ion in heal h
da a exchange emained ano he signi ican ba ie o
building an e ec i e wa ning and esponse sys em. Al-
hough some digi al solu ions we e al eady being imple-
men ed owa ds in eg a ion, hei e ec i eness was o -
en hampe ed by na ional egula ions, lack o common
s anda ds, ins i u ional mis us and geopoli ical en-
sions. As a esul , he sys em o moni o ing he heal h
o bo h pa icipan s and iewe s was o en agmen ed,
and he abili y o de ec and localise po en ial h ea s
p omp ly was signi ican ly hampe ed. All o his showed
ha public heal h isk managemen a global spo ing
e en s mus espond p omp ly and e ec i ely o exis -
ing challenges and e ocus on long- e m s a egic o e-
sigh based on he in eg a ion o in e disciplina y da a,
lexible coo dina ion mechanisms, and s eng hened in-
s i u ional us on an in e na ional scale.
Discussion
Since he sp ead o he co ona i us in ec ion in 2019,
he issue o public heal h isk managemen in he con-
ex o in e na ional spo ing e en s has been a he
cen e o p o essional discussions in he ield o spo s
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Economic Fo um, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 2
96
managemen , epidemiology and digi al policy. S a e-
gic app oaches ha we e o med be o e he pandemic
ha e unde gone ans o ma ions ha go beyond pu ely
an i-epidemic esponse and co e a wide ange o o -
ganisa ional, egula o y, echnical and beha iou al ac-
o s. In he scien i ic ield, his has led o he o ma ion
o se e al pa allel esea ch ec o s, each o which high-
ligh ed ce ain aspec s o he spo s indus y’s adap a-
ion o he new e a o biological h ea . Howe e , he
sys ema ic gene alisa ion and heo e ical cohe ence o
hese a eas was s ill in i s in ancy, which made i neces-
sa y o conduc a concep ual analysis o he models ha
ha e eme ged in esponse o global challenges. Fo his
eason, an app oach ha can desc ibe he changing ole
o sani a y and epidemiological con ol as a s uc u ing
elemen o secu i y s a egies, based on speci ic cases
and heo e ical in e p e a ion o digi al echnologies as
a pla o m o o ecas ing, e i ica ion and managemen
in eg a ion, was used.
Fo ins ance, he publica ion by O. Ha yliuk e
al.(2021) we e de o ed o communica i e and discu si e
p ac ices in he spo s sphe e du ing he pandemic. The
s udy conduc ed an in-dep h analysis o he ans o -
ma ion o media communica ion, highligh ing he eme -
gence o new o ma s o p esen ing spo s con en ,
changes in he o ic, and he adap a ion o in o ma ion
space playe s o new condi ions. Wi hin he amewo k
o he analysis, spo s communica ion was p esen ed as
a means o s eng hening us in e en s aking place
unde es ic ions, as well as a ool o no malising ep-
idemiological beha iou . While he s udy highligh ed
in o ma ion dynamics, his s udy ocused on he o gan-
isa ional and egula o y basis o secu i y, co e ing no
only a hle es, bu also o dina y ci izens. A he same
ime, bo h app oaches ecognised he need o synch o-
nise managemen decisions wi h communica i e logic.
While he au ho in e p e ed media communica ion as a
ac o in luencing public eadiness o comply wi h ules,
his s udy add essed p ocedu al cla i y and digi al p e-
dic abili y as ac o s ha c ea ed he basis o he legi i-
macy o decisions. As a esul , his edi ion expanded he
con ex o he discussion om media in e p e a ions o
manage ial in eg a ion, ensh ined in digi al mechanisms
ha simul aneously pe o med he unc ions o con ol
and ansmission o no ma i i y.
A he same ime, J.D u ye al.(2021) ou lined he
issue o beha iou al isks du ing he opening o mass
e en s du ing he pe iod o li ing lockdowns. The e-
sea che s conduc ed an in-dep h assessmen o social
dynamics, us mechanisms, compliance wi h es ic-
ions, and he po en ial o collec i e esponsibili y as
a ac o o s abili y. The s udy analysed he condi ions
unde which pa icipan s ag ee o p o ocols and ound a
dependence on anspa ency o decision-making, public
in ol emen in ulemaking, and s abili y o in o ma ion
channels. Howe e , his a icle examined beha iou al
a iables in he con ex o digi al models ha can p edic
de ia ions and de ec abno mal ajec o ies, p o iding a
new line o in e p e a ion be ween beha iou al sociolo-
gy and analy ical digi al epidemiology. Such a discussion
e ealed he po en ial o combining humani a ian e-
lec ion wi h echnological go e nance, which c ea ed a
concep ual space o he o ma ion o models o p edic-
i e pa icipa ion ha combined beha iou al ends wi h
sc ip ed in e aces o digi al solu ions.
A mo e de ailed analysis o he use o digi al se-
cu i y managemen ools was p oposed by C.Meng &
W.Rui(2023). The s udy was based on he concep o a
mul i-le el ins i u ional esponse based on he example
o China. The au ho s ocused on analysing o ganisa-
ional p ocedu es ha included il e ing an lows, ad-
minis e ing access o acili ies, and using QR sys ems as
a sani a y con ol ool. The concep o coo dina ion be-
ween municipal au ho i ies and spo s ins i u ions was
also gi en impo ance. Howe e , o his a icle, he ap-
p oach o he Chinese case was in e p e ed in e ms o
e hical and legal dilemmas ela ed o he exploi a ion o
pe sonal da a. In pa icula , he analysis o he MY2022
digi al app ga e g ounds o ques ion i s e ec i eness
wi hou p ope ex e nal audi and p i acy p o ec ion
s anda ds. Thus, al hough bo h pape s deal wi h he
same ools, hey ep esen ed di e en esea ch pe -
spec i es. In his case, he compa ison helped s eng h-
en he a ionale o he need o in oduce s anda dised
egula ions and o b ing he issue o digi al moni o ing
in o he ealm o in e s a e legal and social discou se.
J.A.L.Lud igsen & J.W.Hay on(2020) analysed he
basic o ganisa ional amewo k o he es a o spo -
ing e en s in a pandemic, wi h a pa icula ocused on
he s uc u e o esponsibili y be ween ins i u ional ac-
o s, isks o public us and he need o anspa en
communica ion. The analyses desc ibed he elemen s o
e hical suppo , and adap a ion o spa ial logis ics, and
subs an ia ed he dependence o he e ec i eness o
secu i y measu es on he quali y o in e agency coo di-
na ion. Howe e , he s udy also did no e eal he im-
po ance o using digi al ools, ouching on hem only in
he o m o gene al e e ences wi hou unc ional p o ile
analysis. Ins ead, his wo k has demons a ed ha digi-
al solu ions such as COCOA o Eh e az no only acili a -
ed he localisa ion o con ac s in p ac ice, bu also p o-
ided he abili y o build scena io models in eal- ime.
Thus, i J.A.L.Lud igsen & J.W. Hay on (2020) ou lined
he mac o-poli ical mechanisms o isk managemen ,
analyses o his s udy add essed he unc ional links be-
ween p o ocols and echnology pla o ms.
When s udying he issue o secu i y managemen
ans o ma ion, i was ad isable o pay a en ion no
only o he public, bu also o he ac ual and di ec pa ic-
ipan s o a hle es’ e en s. Thus, B.T.Ba bosae al.(2020)
iden i ied he physiological and psychological aspec s
o he pandemic’s impac on a hle es, in he absence o
ou namen ac i i y, es ic ions on aining p ocesses,
and high le els o anxie y. The s udy analysed changes
Wu
Economic Fo um, 2025, Vol. 15, No. 2
97
Re e ences
[1] A COVID-19 heal h passpo secu ed by blockchain o enable decon inemen . (n.d.). SICPA. Re ie ed om
h ps://www.sicpa.com/news/co id-19-heal h-passpo .
[2] Akashi, H., Shimada, S., Tamu a, T., Chinda, E., & Kokudo, N. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 in ec ions in close con ac s o
posi i e cases in he Olympic and Pa alympic illage a he 2021 Tokyo Olympic and Pa alympic Games. JAMA,
327(10), 978-980. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.0818.
[3] Al-Kuwa i, M.G., Al Nuaimi, A.A., Semaan, S., Gibb, J.M., AbdulMajeed, J., & Al Romaihi, H.E. (2022). E ec i eness
o Eh e az digi al con ac acing app e sus con en ional con ac acing in managing he ou b eak o COVID-19
in he S a e o Qa a . BMJ Inno a ions, 8(4), 255-260. doi:10.1136/bmjinno -2021-000879.
in exe cise egimes, adap a ion o aining in isola ion,
and he consequences o psycho-emo ional s abili y. As
he s udy add essed only biomedical aspec s, s a egic
o digi al e en managemen was omi ed. The co ela-
ion be ween hese app oaches demons a ed ha an
e ec i e managemen model should inco po a e bo h
epidemiological and logis ical dimensions, as well as he
condi ion o he pa icipan s hemsel es. Fu he mo e,
his idea was e lec ed in he indings ha highligh ed
he need o sys ema ic in eg a ion o scena io-based
isk modelling ha can inco po a e beha iou al and psy-
chophysiological a iables alongside digi al da a. In he
con ex o his aspec o he issue, his a icle p o ided
an o e iew o he Uni e si y o Pi sbu gh’s Risk P edic-
ion Lab and Amazon Web Se ices, which highligh ed
he impo ance o explo ing he dimension o a mul i ac-
o ial secu i y cons uc , in which digi al in as uc u e
was one elemen .
Thus, he s udy o mula ed a sys ema ic ision o
he e olu ion o public heal h isk managemen s a -
egies in he in e na ional spo s con ex , based on an
in e disciplina y analysis o digi al ools, egula o y dy-
namics and o ganisa ional p ac ices. A compa ison wi h
ele an scien i ic wo ks has shown bo h he b ead h o
co e age and analy ical speci ici y o his wo k, which
can be used o in eg a e sepa a e app oaches o secu i-
y in o a single concep ual ield and iden i y new a eas o
esea ch, among which he leading ones we e isk sce-
na io modelling based on digi al beha iou al analy ics,
e hical coding o biosecu i y managemen decisions and
ha monisa ion o egula ions a he in e na ional le el o
ensu e adap abili y o possible u u e biological h ea s.
Conclusions
The analysis has shown ha mode n public heal h isk
managemen in he spo s con ex was inc easingly
ending o syn hesise echnological, egula o y and be-
ha iou al ac o s wi hin a single adap i e sys em. Digi al
ools, ini ially in oduced as empo a y con ol meas-
u es, ha e e ol ed in o ull- ledged componen s o he
biosecu i y in as uc u e, capable o p o iding no only
ope a ional con ac acing, bu also mul idimensional
scena io isk modelling based on big da a. In his con-
ex , he concep o sa e y has ceased o be a heal hca e
issue and has been ans o med in o a c oss-sec o al
s a egy, whe e echnological in eg a ion, egula o y
compa ibili y (in pa icula , using ecommenda ions o
Minis y o Heal h, Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion and na-
ional egula ions) and ins i u ional us we e in e e-
la ed ac o s o esilience. The case s udies o he Tokyo
2021 Olympic and Pa alympic Games and he 2022 FIFA
Wo ld Cup in Qa a demons a ed a g adual shi om
eac i e o p oac i e managemen models, whe e p o o-
col lexibili y, decision anspa ency and analy ical sup-
po o m he basis o a new pa adigm o o ganising
spo ing e en s in he ace o biological unce ain y.
The s udy has shown ha i was he combina ion
o p oac i e isk modelling and in e -ins i u ional coop-
e a ion ha can c ea e he p econdi ions o imely e-
sponse and sus ainabili y o e en s in a dynamic epide-
miological con ex . Despi e he comp ehensi e na u e
o he analysis, he limi a ion o he s udy was i s heo-
e ical o ien a ion, since he gene alisa ions and conclu-
sions we e based on he analysis o documen s, digi al
ools and cases wi hou he in ol emen o empi ical
me hods ha could e i y hypo heses, deepen he in e -
p e a ion o pa e ns and iden i y ba ie s ha emained
ou side he scope o public analy ics. In he u u e, i is
ad isable o de elop empi ical models o assessing he
e ec i eness o digi al p o ocols and hei impac on
he beha iou al dynamics o pa icipan s, de ine c i e ia
o in e na ional ha monisa ion o biosa e y s anda ds
based on he analysis o egula o y compa ibili y and le-
gal con lic s, and model mul i ac o ial isks in he spo s
en i onmen , inco po a ing geopoli ical ins abili y, poli -
icisa ion o heal hca e and g owing cybe h ea s. Thus,
he s udy p o ided a concep ual amewo k o u he
esea ch aimed a imp o ing heal h managemen s a -
egies in he con ex o mass spo s e en s. In combi-
na ion wi h he empi ical e i ica ion o he p oposed
p o isions, his c ea es he po en ial o he o ma ion
o a s able, anspa en and echnologically suppo ed
secu i y in as uc u e in he global spo s con ex .
Acknowledgemen s
None.
Funding
None.
Con lic o In e es
None.
