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Family diversity and reconciliation strategies. A comparative study. DIVERSIA final report

González Rodríguez, María del Mar; Díez López, Marta; López Gaviño, Francisca; Martínez, Eloísa; Morgado Camacho, Beatriz María · 2013

Abstract

DIVERSIA is the short name of the subproject “Family diversity and reconciliation strategies,” integrated in the PEOPLE program that seeks to approach sub-objective 1 of this project: Reconciliation of career, family and personal life. Partners from three European regions participated in this project: Andalusia (Spain), Malopolska (Poland) and Stockholm (Sweden). The aims of DIVERSIA are to deepen into the difficulties in reconciling career and personal life that new family models face, as well as to perform a comparative analysis of difficulties and resources for reconciliation between the several family models studied, across the three regions involved. A total of 330 families participated in this study; of these, 164 were from the region of Andalusia (Spain), 97 from the region of Malopolska (Poland) and 67 from the region of Stockholm (Sweden). Considering the family diversity, 135 participants were native heterosexual parents from each region, 69 gay/lesbian parents, 67 single mothers and 59 immigrant heterosexual families. The families participating in this study were phone interviewed by specifically trained experts on the subject. The interview (semi-structured) was designed specifically for this study. When the different family models were compared, the following results were found: in native heterosexual families the men were involved in family life, but not equally; immigrant heterosexual families presented the most traditional pattern and had less access to reconciliation resources at the work place; in the case of two same-sex parent families, the reconciliation of working, family and personal life was a joint responsibility of the couple; finally, the single mother families reconciled mainly through the greatest use of resources. Comparisons between regions report that in Malopolska the resources for reconciliation were limited; there were little co-responsibility within the couples and families showed low life satisfaction. In Stockholm, families were highly satisfied with children care resources; Swedish couples showed the most equal patterns of all those studied and families had high life satisfaction. In Andalusia, same-sex couples were much more equalitarian than heterosexual ones, families were relatively satisfied with children care resources and showed life satisfaction scores in intermediate positions between those obtained in the other two regions studied. Finally, we provide recommendations for the improvement of reconciliation in the several family models, based on the conclusions extracted from both the study and the analysis of good practices in the three regions, included in this report too.

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Family diversity and reconciliation strategies. A comparative study. DIVERSIA final report

Author: González Rodríguez, María del Mar; Díez López, Marta; López Gaviño, Francisca; Martínez, Eloísa; Morgado Camacho, Beatriz María
Publisher: Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer
Year: 2013
Source: https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/36a7201c-af52-4204-88b3-b5d365f51f98/download
Inno a ion o
Socie al Change
Eu opean Union
Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund
FAMILY DIVERSITY AND
RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY
DIVERSIA
FINAL REPORT
Family Di e si y and Reconcilia ion S a egies. A compa a i e S udy
Di e sia. Final Repo
S udy Au ho s:
M. -Ma González (Main Resea che )
Ma a Díez
F ancisca López
Eloísa Ma ínez
Bea iz Mo gado
Pa ne s o Di e sia P ojec
Andalusia (Spain)
Women Ins i u e o Andalusia (Lead Pa ne )
Di ec o : Soledad Pé ez
P ojec Manage s: Olga Ga cía
Dolo es Leal
Team: Ma ía Osuna
Malopolska (Poland)
Associa ion o Ci ies and Coun ies o Malopolska
Di ec o : Wieslaw Misz al
P ojec Manage : Ba osz Lipszyc
Team: Anna Go al, Ewa K zaklewska
Uni e si y o Se ille
Di ec o : Joaquín Luque
P ojec Manage s: M. -Ma González
Isabel Vázquez
Team: Ma a Díez, F ancisca López,
Eloísa Ma ínez, Bea iz Mo gado,
Ne ea Sanchís, José Manuel Se illano
S ockholm Region (Sweden)
Municipali y o Sode alje
Di ec o : Ulla-Ma ie Hellenbe g
P ojec Manage : Paki Hol ande
Team: E a Bju holm, Osca Hul ake
Diseño y p oducción: T ama Ges ión, S.L.
5
Index
1. Summa y 7
2. In oduc ion 9
3. Theo e ical Basis: Reconcilia ion and amily di e si y 13
3.1. New Families on he Eu opean pano ama 13
3.2. The challenge o econcilia ion in he new amily pano ama 15
3.3. Reconcilia ion and li e sa is ac ion 17
3.4. Andalusia, Malopolska and S ockholm in e ms o Family Di e si y, Reconcilia ion Policy and
Li e Sa is ac ion
20
4. Reconcilia ion in amily di e si y s udy 29
4.1. Me hod 29
4.1.1. Pa icipan s 29
4.1.2. P ocedu e o access he pa icipan amilies 31
4.1.3. Socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he pa icipan s 32
4.1.4. Ins umen s and p ocedu e 44
4.2. Resul s 45
4.2.1. Ca ing o he child en 46
4.2.2. Resou ces o ca e o he child en 60
4.2.3. Reconcilia ion measu es a he wo kplace 67
4.2.4. O he econcilia ion s a egies 77
4.2.5. Domes ic co- esponsibili y 86
4.2.6. Pe sonal li e econcilia ion 93
4.2.7. Gene al ema ks abou econcilia ion 100
4.2.8. Li e sa is ac ion and i s ela ionship wi h econcilia ion 109

6
4.3. Conclusions and Discussion 114
4.3.1. Na i e he e osexual amilies: men a e in ol ed in amily li e, bu no equally 114
4.3.2. Immig an he e osexual amilies: he mo e adi ional gende ole pa e ns and less
access o econcilia ion esou ces a he wo k place
117
4.3.3. Same-sex pa en amilies: econcilia ion om a join esponsibili y o he couple 118
4.3.4. Single mo he amilies: econcilia ion h ough a g ea e use o esou ces 120
4.3.5. Reconcilia ion in Malopolska: Limi ed esou ces, li le co- esponsibili y wi hin he
couple and low sa is ac ion
122
4.3.6. Reconcilia ion in S ockholm: Good esou ces, equali a ian in ol emen , high li e
sa is ac ion
124
4.3.7. Reconcilia ion in Andalusia: Highs and Lows in econcilia ion 126
4.3.8. Reconcilia ion and li e sa is ac ion 128
5. Good p ac ices in econcilia ion 133
5.1. Me hodology o de ec ion and ans e ence o bes p ac ices ela i e o econcilia ion be-
ween women and men in Eu ope
133
5.2. Examples o good p ac ice in econcilia ion in Andalusia 135
5.3. Examples o good p ac ice in econcilia ion in Malopolska 146
5.4 Examples o good p ac ice in econcilia ion in S ockholm 149
5.5 Conclusions o Good P ac ices on econcilia ion 154
6. Gene al ecommenda ions o p omo ing econcilia ion be ween wo king, amily and
pe sonal li e in di e se amilies
157
6.1. Ins i u ional measu es linked o child ca e 158
6.2. Measu es ela ed o wo k condi ions 160
6.3. Time policies 160
6.4. P omo e changes in he sha ed social ep esen a ions wi h ega ds o gende and amily 162
6.5. A en ion o g oups wi h special needs 163
7. Re e ences 167
Annex (in e iew) 174
FINAL REPORT
7
DIVERSIA is he sho name o he subp ojec “Family di e si y and econcili-
a ion s a egies,” in eg a ed in he PEOPLE p og am ha seeks o app oach
sub-objec i e 1 o his p ojec : Reconcilia ion o ca ee , amily and pe sonal
li e. Pa ne s om h ee Eu opean egions pa icipa ed in his p ojec : An-
dalusia (Spain), Malopolska (Poland) and S ockholm (Sweden). The aims o
DIVERSIA a e o deepen in o he di icul ies in econciling ca ee and pe -
sonal li e ha new amily models ace, as well as o pe o m a compa a i e
analysis o di icul ies and esou ces o econcilia ion be ween he se e al
amily models s udied, ac oss he h ee egions in ol ed.
A o al o 330 amilies pa icipa ed in his s udy; o hese, 164 we e om he e-
gion o Andalusia (Spain), 97 om he egion o Malopolska (Poland) and 67 om he
egion o S ockholm (Sweden). Conside ing he amily di e si y, 135 pa icipan s we e na i e he e osexual
pa en s om each egion, 69 gay/lesbian pa en s, 67 single mo he s and 59 immig an he e osexual amilies.
The amilies pa icipa ing in his s udy we e phone in e iewed by speci ically ained expe s on he subjec .
The in e iew (semi-s uc u ed) was designed speci ically o his s udy.
When he di e en amily models we e compa ed, he ollowing esul s we e ound: in na i e he e osexual
amilies he men we e in ol ed in amily li e, bu no equally; immig an he e osexual amilies p esen ed he
mos adi ional pa e n and had less access o econcilia ion esou ces a he wo k place; in he case o wo
same-sex pa en amilies, he econcilia ion o wo king, amily and pe sonal li e was a join esponsibili y o he
couple; inally, he single mo he amilies econciled mainly h ough he g ea es use o esou ces.
Compa isons be ween egions epo ha in Malopolska he esou ces o econcilia ion we e limi ed; he e
we e li le co- esponsibili y wi hin he couples and amilies showed low li e sa is ac ion. In S ockholm, amilies
we e highly sa is ied wi h child en ca e esou ces; Swedish couples showed he mos equal pa e ns o all
hose s udied and amilies had high li e sa is ac ion. In Andalusia, same-sex couples we e much mo e equali-
a ian han he e osexual ones, amilies we e ela i ely sa is ied wi h child en ca e esou ces and showed li e
sa is ac ion sco es in in e media e posi ions be ween hose ob ained in he o he wo egions s udied.
Finally, we p o ide ecommenda ions o he imp o emen o econcilia ion in he se e al amily models, based
on he conclusions ex ac ed om bo h he s udy and he analysis o good p ac ices in he h ee egions,
included in his epo oo.
1.
Summa y
FINAL REPORT
9
PEOPLE Inno a ion o Socie al Change is a Eu opean mini-p og amme
led by he Jun a de Andalucia (Andalusian Regional Go e nmen ) co- und-
ed unde he In e egional Coope a ion p og amme INTERREG IVC.
This Eu opean p og amme in ol es se en Eu opean egions: Andalusia (Spain),
Sou h Eas England (UK), Venice (I aly), Noo d-B aban (Ne he lands), Malopolska
(Poland), S ockholm (Sweden) and Timis (Romania).
The gene al aim o PEOPLE is o explo e oppo uni ies o new o ms o employmen and imp o ing well-be-
ing and cohesion wi hin he con ex o demog aphic and socie al changes. This way, PEOPLE will con ibu e
o ein o ce he cohesion and social wel a e in he pa icipa ing egions and ind solu ions o add ess some o
he consequences o he economic down u n. The e a e six hemes open unde PEOPLE:
• Sub-objec i e 1 - Reconcilia ion o wo k and p i a e li e
• Sub-objec i e 2 - E-heal hand Independence
• Sub-objec i e 3 - Sil e economy
• Sub-objec i e 4 - Social and e-inclusion
• Sub-objec i e 5 - Social en ep eneu ship
• Sub-objec i e 6 - Ci il socie y empowe men
DIVERSIA is he sho name o he subp ojec “Family di e si y and econcilia ion s a egies”, a sub-
p ojec in eg a ed in he PEOPLE p og amme ha seeks o app oach sub-objec i e 1 o his p ojec : Recon-
cilia ion o ca ee and pe sonal li e.
Pa ne s om h ee Eu opean egions pa icipa ed in his p ojec : Andalusia, Malopolska and S ockholm.
Pa ne s o Di e sia P ojec in Andalusia a e: Andalusian Women´s Ins i u e (lead pa ne ) and Uni e si y o
2.
In oduc ion
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
16
Logically, he mo emen women ha e begun owa ds wo king ou side hei households has d i en
a mo emen o men owa ds he home (Du án, 1998). I , in he pas , men in cha ge o he domes ic
and ca e aking asks we e he excep ion, oday, he e a e a g owing numbe o men in ol ed in he
daily ca e- ela ed asks o he home and he child en. To a g ea ex en , his has been p omp ed by
he necessi y o aking cha ge o esponsibili ies p e iously unde aken by women. The ac ha men
ha e s a ed pe o ming domes ic cho es does no mean ha hei implica ion is iden ical. I ce ainly
con inues o be in e io , as has been e i ied in s udies ca ied ou in a numbe o coun ies, e en when
mo he s ha e ull ime ca ee s (Bianchi, Milkie, Saye and Robinson, 2000; C aig, 2006; Gál ez-Muñoz,
Rod íguez-Mod oño and Domínguez-Se ano, 2011; Meil, 2005; Tobío, 2005). As C aig (2006) ou lined
in his analysis o he models o child ca e ha mo he s and a he s pe o m in Aus alia, he ac ha
women ha e “masculinised” (in a adi ional sense) hei wo king pa e ns did no ha e as consequence
ha he men ha e “ eminized” no ha he women ha e “masculinised” hei ca e pa e ns.
I his happens in con en ional amilies, unde he esponsibili y o a man and a woman, one could
wonde wha is happening simul aneously wi h new amily models. Ob iously, he e is much less da a
abou how he domes ic and ca e- ela ed asks a e allo ed in gay/lesbian amilies, whe e child en g ow
up wi h wo lesbian mo he s o wo gay a he s. Howe e , he a ailable in o ma ion is easonably simi-
la in all he coun ies whe e s udied. Acco ding o he accumula ed scien i ic e idence, in gay/lesbian
amilies, lesbian mo he s o gay a he s pe o m e y equal oles wi hin he amily, so ha in many cases,
hey sha e he domes ic cho es, ca e o hei child en and make decisions join ly (Bos e al, 2007;
Chan, e al, 1998; González, Chacón, Gómez, Sánchez, and Mo cillo, 2003) while a he same ime,
con ibu e o he main enance o he amily (Fulche , Su in, and Pa e son, 2008). I is he adop i e gay/
lesbian amilies who show he sha pes endency owa ds balanced equali y, especially in child ca e
(Ciano-Boyce and Shelley-Si eci, 2002). Possibly due o he mo e equi able cha ac e o he couples,
he lesbian mo he s o gay a he s in he s udies ca ied ou in o he coun ies a e mo e sa is ied wi h
he allo men o asks han he e osexual couples o hey show g ea e sa is ac ion wi h hei pa ne ’s
ole as “co-mo he o co- a he ” (Bos, an Balen, and an den Boom, 2004; Pa e son, 1995, 2002). An
indi ec con i ma ion o his s a emen can be gained om he ac ha in he e osexual amilies, dispa i y
in he allo men o domes ic cho es is one o he clea es easons o dissa is ac ion in ma iage and one
o he isk ac o s o he up u e o he couple’s p ojec o sha ing a li e oge he (Meil, 2005).

FINAL REPORT
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I he ocal poin o he p e ious pa ag aphs was on he amilies wi h wo p ogeni o s, whe he he same
o di e en sex, he ocus will now be on single pa en amilies, which end o usually be mo he s (mo e
han 8 ou o e e y 10, in Eu ope). I he econcilia ion be ween he a ious sphe es and oles in ol ed in
he daily li e o men and women leads o a majo sou ce o ension and con lic s o wo-pa en amilies,
i is easy o imagine wha i mus be like o he mo he s who a e on hei own. Undoub edly, he ensions
o econcilia ion a e one o he main pi alls in he expe ience o ma e ni y o hese women, because he
coo dina ion be ween wo k and amily is mo e di icul when he e a e only wo hands o do e e y hing,
pa aph asing he i le o an a icle by He z and Fe guson (1998). This was made clea by he s udies
ca ied ou abou he expe ience o single mo he hood, bo h hose pe o med wi h single mo he s who
had no sough his s a e in ad ance (Jiménez, González and Mo gado, 2005; Tobío, 2005) as well as
hose who olun a ily emba ked on he ad en u e o being single mo he s by choice (González, Jimé-
nez, Mo gado and Díez, 2008).
The esul s in he s udies wi h single mo he s show ha , conscious o hei need o help, hey demand,
mo e han o he pa en s, amily suppo and ins i u ional suppo esou ces, whe e hese exis , usually
wi h a combina ion o bo h (González e al, 2008; He z and Fegu son, 1998; Jiménez e al, 2005; Tobío,
2005). No esea ch has been ound ha compa es he use o esou ces by single mo he amilies in di -
e en ci cums ances. Howe e , i could possibly be deduced om he di e en s udies ha he women
who chose o be single mo he s seek ins i u ional and paid esou ces mo e equen ly, while hose who
ha e been o ced in o his ci cums ance depend mo e upon amily esou ces; his may also be due o
hei di e en economic esou ces, clea ly less in he la e .
The e o e, and in summa y, he ensions o econcilia ion be ween ca ee and amily li e seem o im-
p egna e he li e o new Eu opean amilies. Howe e , s udies a e s ill lacking o pe o m in-dep h and
compa a i ely esea ch in o he p oblems and di icul ies, bu also he esou ces and s a egies used
by Eu opean amilies wi h di e en s uc u es and composi ion. To co e his e iden de iciency in he
li e a u e, he p ojec DIVERSIA was designed, as ha e been explained in he in oduc ion o his epo .
3.3. Reconcilia ion and Li e Sa is ac ion
In p e ious sec ions, e e ence has been made o new amily ci cums ances, he objec i e needs o ec-
oncile amily and ca ee li e and he esou ces ha pa en s coun on o his end. This sec ion seeks o
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
18
analyze he mo e subjec i e aspec o hese new eali ies, he ela ionship o hese objec i e condi ions
wi h he pe cep ion o quali y o li e and psychological well-being o he pa en s.
Ob iously, he daily s ess o econciling a ca ee and amily li e is a m om insigni ican in he li es o
Eu opean mo he s and a he s; he e o e, i can be supposed ha his a ec s hei psychological well-
being o discom o . This is an a ea o s udy ha has only ecen ly begun o be explo ed, abou which
in e es ing conclusions can al eady be d awn; ne e heless, he e a e s ill a numbe o un esol ed ques-
ions. I is some o hese ha his s udy aspi es o explo e.
In ecen decades, he s udy o psychological well-being and quali y o li e has been s ongly p esen in
scien i ic li e a u e. This coincides wi h an inc ease o wha has been iden i ied as “Posi i e Psychology,”
a change o ocus in he discipline o psychology, which has, o decades, been mo e conce ned wi h
discom o and pa hology han o well-being. Al hough he ini ial s udies abou happiness and o he
componen s o well-being can be ound he 1930s, as clea ly s a ed by Wilson (1967) in his c ucial e-
iew, in ac , i was no o be un il ou o i e decades la e ha he e was a p oli e a ion o s udies in his
ield, as a es ed by he e iews by Diene (1984; Diene , Suh, Lucas and Smi h, 1999).
One o he mos equen ly used indica o s o pe cei ed psychological well-being and quali y o li e
is known as “Li e Sa is ac ion.” This would be i s mos cogni i e and e alua i e componen , since i is
a subjec i e judgemen abou whe he an indi idual li e i s he s anda ds ha each pe son wan s o
hemsel es. The e o e, i is no a di ec consequence o he objec i e condi ions, al hough i is ela ed;
a he , i is ui o a pu ely subjec i e compa ison be ween he ci cums ances o he indi idual’s li e and
hei aspi a ions. I could be de ined as “sa is ac ion wi h li e as a whole;” in o he wo ds, he indi idual
and subjec i e global e alua ion o one’s indi idual li e, which is some hing mo e han he sum o he
sa is ac ion wi h di e en pa s o li e, as is pos ula ed by Diene (1984), who is a pe son o e e ence in
his ield and au ho o one o he mos u ilized e alua ion scales, he Sa is ac ion wi h Li e Scale (Diene ,
Emmons, La sen, & G i in, 1985).
The ela ionship be ween li e sa is ac ion and he s ess o econcilia ion be ween ca ee and amily li e
has been app oached in he scien i ic li e a u e only ecen ly. T adi ionally, s udies analyzed wo ypes
o de e minan s o li e sa is ac ion, as is s a ed by Bönke (2005). On one hand, psychology o a mo e
clinical na u e was occupied wi h he in luence o pe sonali y de e minan s, such as ce ain empe a-
men al disposi ions, he deg ee o ex o e sion o he neu o icism, among o he s. On he o he hand,
FINAL REPORT
19
Sociology and Social Psychology p o essionals essen ially analyzed he in luence o li e ci cums ances,
such as educa ional le els, income, ype o employmen and social ela ionships. Con en ionally, he
balance be ween ca ee and amily li e had no been included in hese li e ci cums ances as a condi ion
ha could a ec li e sa is ac ion, based on whe he i was pe cei ed as being in balance o leaning mo e
owa ds one side o he o he .
The i s a emp s a analyzing he subjec i e expe ience o econcilia ion condi ions only ouched upon
i s nega i e aspec s and only in women: i was ound ha he con lic s caused by econcilia ion di -
icul ies and he associa ed s ess had pe nicious e ec s on he heal h o women (Fa me , 1984; Go e,
1984). This ocus should no be su p ising, since he econcilia ion needs began being seen as a emale
ma e , and he ac ha nega i e e ec s we e sough ou somehow i wi h he social pe cep ion ha
he es ablished o de was being upse .
La e on, howe e , a se ies o s udies inged hese s a emen s, and no ed ha he pe nicious e ec s
on heal h appea ed in hose cases in which bo h ca ee and amily demands we e e y high and he e-
o e, di icul o econcile, such as in he case o single mo he s wi h dependen child en who wo ked
ull- ime (Mac an, Cla ke, & Joshi, 1996). In ac , he s udy by Fokkema (2002) demons a ed how a
speci ic combina ion o ca ee li e - amily li e p omo ed he bes s anda ds o heal h in women, bo h
ma ied and di o ced; his being especially e iden in he case o hose who wo ked pa - ime o had
olde child en.
I would no be un il some ime la e ha he i s s udies appea ed, in which he link be ween ca ee
li e - amily li e ela ionship was explo ed, wi h psychological well-being o quali y o li e measu e-
men s. Ini ially, he ela ionship con inued o be o mula ed in e ms o “con lic ” be ween ca ee
and non-ca ee li e (Rice, F one, & McFa lin, 1992). Howe e , la e on, in he las decade, hinking
mo ed owa ds mo e posi i e e ms, using exp essions such as “equilib ium,” “balance” o “ econ-
cilia ion” be ween bo h (Hobson, Delunas & Kesic, 2001; Schoon, Hansson, & Salmela-A o, 2005,
Böhnke, 2005).
F om among he s udies ca ied ou , his wo k would like o highligh he Fi s Eu opean Quali y o Li e
Su ey (Böhnke, 2005) due o he complexi y o i s me hodological app oach, he b ead h o samples
and he di e si y o Eu opean coun ies in ol ed. In his s udy, he pe cei ed quali y o li e was analyzed
(li e sa is ac ion, happiness and sense o belonging) in 28 Eu opean coun ies ( he 27 cu en EU coun-
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
20
ies as well as Tu key), which analyzed ou majo de e minan s including ca ee -li e balance and he
use o ime. The esul s o his mac o-su ey clea ly demons a e he a ia ions aking place in he li e
sa is ac ion o he Eu opean ci izens depending on hei econcilia ion ci cums ances: hose who pe -
cei ed mo e di icul ies when con on ing amily esponsibili ies, o who dedica ed less ime o he amily
o social ela ionships han hey would like, had lowe sco es o li e sa is ac ion. In ac , econcilia ion
di icul ies con ibu ed speci ically and signi ican ly o explain li e sa is ac ion e en when o he impo an
de e minan s we e in oduced in o he equa ion, such as ma e ial esou ces o he social ela ionships
he pe son had.
3.4. Andalusia, Malopolska and S ockholm in e ms o Family Di e si y,
Reconcilia ion Policy and Li e Sa is ac ion
The h ee egions included in his s udy a e no only dis an in cul u al and geog aphic e ms, bu also
wi h ega ds o amily di e si y as well as in policies o equali y and o amily econcilia ion. The e a e
ce ainly majo di e ences in he ecen his o y o he coun ies whe e he h ee pa icipan egions a e
loca ed. While Sweden has enjoyed ull democ acy since a leas 1921, i was no un il 1978 when Spain
d a ed a democ a ic cons i u ion a e almos 40 yea s o dic a o ship. Poland, on he o he hand, has
enjoyed democ acy only since 1989, a e mo e han ou decades o a communis egime. The e o e,
hese socie ies all ha e ex emely di e en democ a ic backg ound in which conce ns o amily di e -
si y and econcilia ion policies be ween amily and ca ee li e ha e lead equally dis inc i e ou es, as will
be explained.
Table 1 shows a compa a i e da a om he h ee egions, which is ex emely illus a i e o he
di e ences be ween hese egions and on se e al le els. Some o hese compa a i e da a, hose
mos ela ed wi h amily di e si y and econcilia ion, appea in able 1 o his epo and will se e o
o e an o e iew abou he di e ences be ween hese egions. I mus be cla i ied ha he da a e-
e s o he h ee coun ies whe e he egions included in his s udy a e loca ed. In some cases, he
issues compa ed a e egula ed a he na ional; in o he cases, i is no simple o ind compa able
s a is ical indices o he h ee egions. Ne e heless, he e a e some eliable sou ces ha compa e
he coun ies in he issues a hand.
FINAL REPORT
21
Table 1. Compa a i e da a on amily di e si y and econcilia ion in Poland, Spain and Sweden
Poland Spain Sweden
Same-sex ma iage No 2005 2009
Assis ed ep oduc ion open o single mo he s and same-sex couples No 2006 2006
Adop ion open o single pa en s 1964 1987 -----
Adop ion open o same-sex couples No 2005 2003
To al Fe ili y Ra e 1,23% 1,46% 1,97%
Female Ac i i y Ra e 52,8% 53% 70,2%
Male Ac i i y Ra e 62.7% 66,6% 75,1%
GDP expendi u e a e in amily- ela ed bene i s 0,8% 1,2% 3%
Schooling a e 0-3 yea s/3-6 yea s 3% / 35% 38% / 95% 49% / 95%
Ma e ni y Lea e 5 mon hs 4 mon hs 2 mon hs
Pa e ni y Lea e 1 week 2 weeks 2 mon hs
Pa en al Lea e ------- ------- 12 mon hs
S a ing wi h he a i ude hese h ee coun ies ha e owa ds amily di e si y, subs an ial di e ences
we e ound among hem wi h ega ds o he legi imacy enjoyed by he di e en amily models. Bo h
Spain and Sweden ha e, o example, in ecen yea s, e ised hei legisla ions o allow same-sex ma -
iages, as well as join pa en hood o hei sons and daugh e s. In Poland, he cons i u ion i sel es ab-
lishes ma iage as he union be ween a man and a woman; same-sex ma iages pe o med in o he
coun ies a e no e en ecognized. Ob iously, join adop ion by a same sex couple is also no possible
in Poland, while i is in Sweden and Spain.
Likewise, bo h he legisla ion o Spain and Sweden, bu no he Polish, con empla es he possibili y o
single women, o e en a lesbian couple o use assis ed ep oduc ion echniques o become mo he s.

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
22
Howe e , he e is some hing in common in he h ee coun ies wi h ega ds o amily di e si y: in all h ee
coun ies, he laws con empla e he possibili y o singles adop ing.
Thus, wi h ega ds o a i udes and legi imacy o amily di e si y, he di e ences, in his s udy, a e basi-
cally be ween Poland and he o he wo coun ies. I is mo e han p obable ha i is he undamen al
ole played by he Ca holic Chu ch in Polish socie y h oughou his o y ha is behind hese di e ences,
holding oge he he Polish iden i y when he coun y has been occupied by o eign o ces, as Ebe s
(1998) s a es in a e y illus a i e a icle. Acco ding o his same au ho , his was also he case du ing
he communis pe iod, when he Chu ch played an essen ial ole suppo ing he opposi ion, which con-
e ed i wi h mo al au ho i y ha was undamen al o he ansi ion p ocess owa ds democ acy. A he
same ime, i jus i ied i s p eponde an ole in he con igu a ion o he new democ a ic ins i u ions and in
he poli ical decisions-making cen es in a ious a eas. Thus, al hough Poland is cons i u ionally a non-
con essional s a e, he in luence o he Ca holic Chu ch is el in social and poli ical li e. In his sense,
he legal non- ecogni ion o same-sex unions o he di icul ies o access o assis ed ep oduc ion in
gene al, and in pa icula o single mo he s, would be a poli ical s ance ha a e ully coincides wi h
Ca holic doc ine, which con inues enjoying a p eponde ance in Poland ha i no longe has in Spain,
a e 30 yea s o democ acy, and ha i possibly ne e had in democ a ic Sweden.
Con inuing wi h compa ison be ween he h ee coun ies wi h ega ds o he amily li e-ca ee econcili-
a ion policies (See able 1), his s udy has aken h ee di e en indica o s o illus a ion pu poses: amily
bene i s, ma e ni y/pa e ni y lea e and child-ca e esou ces. Fo his ask, he epo s published on he
web-si e o he Eu opean Alliance o Families abou he way he a ious Eu opean coun ies app oach
hei policies o econcilia ion be ween amily and ca ee li e is o g ea use, especially wi h ega ds o
Poland, Sweden and Spain.
S a ing wi h amily bene i s, and as can be obse ed in he able, hese h ee coun ies dedica e a
clea ly di e en pe cen age o hei G oss Domes ic P oduc o hese bene i s. While he in es men in
bene i s in Poland and Spain ail o e en, o ha dly each 1%, espec i ely, Sweden dedica es 3% and
he Eu opean Union a e age is 2.1% acco ding o he Eu opean Alliance o Families epo s (2011 a, b
and c). Ob iously, his di e en le el o in es men is e lec ed in he economic aid ecei ed by amilies in
he h ee coun ies, as is indica ed in hose a o emen ioned epo s. Swedish amilies uni e sally enjoy
conside able economic suppo when i comes o pa en al esponsibili ies, bo h unde no mal, as well
FINAL REPORT
23
as excep ional ci cums ances. In Spain, his ype o amily suppo is educed, almos exclusi ely, o
si ua ions o ex eme po e y o special child en’s needs, al hough economic suppo measu es ha e
ecen ly been es ablished o all amilies wi h child en unde he age o h ee, whose mo he s ha e ca-
ee s. In Poland, economic suppo om he go e nmen is equally sca ce and exclusi ely dedica ed o
amilies wi h ex emely di icul economic ci cums ances o disabled child en.
These a ying economic, amily suppo sys ems ha e an in e se co ela ion on he a es o child po -
e y in he h ee coun ies s udied, as can be obse ed in he epo ecen ly published by he Di ec o-
a e-gene al o Employmen , Social A ai s and Inclusion o he Eu opean Commission: while Sweden
has one o he lowes po e y a es o he Eu opean Union and UNICEF conside s i among he mos
wo hy na ions wi h ega ds o child well-being, he a es o child po e y in Spain and Poland a e abo e
he Eu opean a e age (B adshaw & Meye , 2011).
The second indica o o be esea ched he ein is ma e ni y and pa e ni y lea e. Spain and Poland ha e
simila pa e ns, which could be desc ibed as sca ce when compa ed o o he EU coun ies; in sho ,
wi h Sweden. Mo he s in Poland and Spain, a e childbi h o adop ion, enjoy 20 and 16 weeks o ma-
e ni y lea e, espec i ely, while a he s can enjoy only one week o pa e ni y lea e in Poland and wo
in Spain. Ne e heless, in bo h coun ies, he e a e plans o double pa e ni y lea e o inc ease o, in he
nea u u e, wo and ou weeks espec i ely.
Sweden, on he o he hand, has de eloped a gene ous and lexible pa e ni y lea e sys em, in he wo ds
o he Alliance o Families (2011c) ha hese au ho s suppo . This sys em helps and encou ages bo h
pa en s o be in ol ed wi h hei child en. Join ly, he pa en s can enjoy up o 16 mon hs o pa e ni y
lea e wi h hei child en. O his 16-mon h o al, each pa en has wo non-nego iable mon hs o lea e,
while he emaining 12 mon hs can be dis ibu ed as he pa en s conside bes . In addi ion, as explained
in he chap e abou Good P ac ices in his epo , a “Gende Equali y Bonus” as ecen ly been es ab-
lished. This Bonus is an incen i e, in he o m o a ax discoun , o hose couples who sha e, equally,
hei ma e ni y/pa e ni y lea e.
The hi d indica o conside ed o be o in e es o his esea ch is ela ed o childca e se ices p io o
compulso y school a endance. While in Poland only 3% o he child en unde he age o 3 ha e access
o public nu se y school (dayca e cen e), his igu e ises o 38% in Spain and eaches 49% in Swe-
den. As can be seen in able 1, he di e ences among he h ee coun ies in he 3-6 yea -old ange a e
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
24
e en mo e signi ican : while 35% o child en a e in school in Poland, he igu e eaches almos 100%
in bo h Spain and Sweden. The e o e, Poland is a om eaching he 2010 objec i es es ablished by
he Eu opean Council wi h ega ds o child ca e a ea ly ages, known as “Ba celona a ge s” (28% o
0-3 yea s and 38% o 3-6 yea s), while Sweden and Spain appea o ha e achie ed hese goals, a
leas in absolu e e ms. Ne e heless, while in Sweden public childca e is gua an eed o all pa en s
and ope a es on a whole-day basis (open om 6:30 am – 6:30 pm), in Spain, a e y high pe cen age
o hese child en a e only en olled pa - ime (be ween h ee o i e hou s/day); he e o e hese igu e, in
eali y, “mask a signi ican sho all in ca e p o ision,” using he exac wo ds om he Eu opean Alliance
o Families (2011a) epo . In ac , and al hough i ansla es as an ad ance in compa ison wi h p e i-
ous decades, he da a published by Spain’s Minis y o Educa ion wi h ega ds o he use o he school
ca e e ia, indica es ha only 42% o he pupils be ween 3-6 yea s o age make use o his possibili y.
The e o e, and in syn hesis, his s udy has been ca ied ou in h ee coun ies ha o e di e en suppo o
econcile amily and ca ee li e. As shown, he di e ences appea , abo e all, be ween Sweden, pionee in
p omo ing econcilia ion policies and gene ous in i s suppo o amilies, and Poland and Spain, coun ies
ha ha e inco po a ed hese policies much mo e ecen ly and ha o e he amilies less esou ces.
Ob iously, his di e si y o econcilia ion suppo sys ems is e lec ed in wo undamen al indices: emale
employmen a e and e ili y a e. As can also be con i med in able 1, he e a e almos 20 poin s o di -
e ence be ween he emale employmen a es in Sweden (70.2%) and hose o Spain (53%) and Poland
(52.8); hese las wo alling below he Lisbon a ge o emale employmen (60%). This could lead one
o conclude ha hese di e ences migh be due o he di e en employmen le els in he h ee egions,
bu , as has al eady been seen, al hough in Sweden he e a e less han 5 poin s o di e ence be ween
he male and emale employmen a es, in Spain his di e ence is mo e han 12 poin s.
Likewise, he e a e subs an ial di e ences be ween he h ee coun ies wi h ega ds o e ili y a es:
while his a e o Sweden is 1.97 child en pe woman—well abo e he Eu opean a e age (1.53)—in
Spain and Poland, he e ili y a e is clea ly below he Eu opean a e age: 1.46 and 1.23 espec i ely. I
his da a is coupled wi h he p e ious da a, one o he usual supposi ions abou he cause o he all in
he e ili y index is ound o be a aul : ob iously his is no due o he inco po a ion o women in he
wo kplace, since Swedish women a e clea ly wo king in a g ea e p opo ion han he Poles o Span-
ia ds. The e o e, answe s mus be sough in he di e en suppo sys ems ha hese coun ies o e
FINAL REPORT
25
o econcilia ion, as hese a e a leas pa o he eason o hese di e ences. As Inés Albe di (1998)
s a ed, “i is when he e is no sha ing o asks be ween spouses and childca e se ices a e expensi e
and sca ce ha women seeking o coo dina e hei ca ee s and ma e ni y decide o educe he numbe
o child en.” (page 86)
In he concluding pa ag aphs o his sec ion, hese h ee egions will be compa ed in e ms o li e sa -
is ac ion. To do his, he a o emen ioned s udy by Bönke (2005) will be o g ea use. As was exposed
p e iously, he quali y o li e pe cei ed by people om 28 Eu opean coun ies was e alua ed in his e-
sea ch, analyzing, among o he indica o s, hei li e sa is ac ion. The da a ob ained indica ed ha , on a
scale o 1 o 10, bo h in Sweden (7.8) and in Spain (7.5), he ci izens sco ed hei li e sa is ac ion abo e
he Eu opean a e age o he 25 (7.1). Howe e , Poles showed a li e sa is ac ion below he Eu opean
a e age (6.2).
I is p obably no by chance ha he sco es o he h ee egions appea scaled; he highes being Swe-
den, ollowed by he sco es o Spain and in las place, hose o Poland. As his same epo clea ly
shows, he li e sa is ac ion o Eu opeans is closely ela ed o hei s anda ds o li e, bo h in e ms o
GDP pe capi a and he Human De elopmen Index. In hese indexes, he h ee coun ies included
in his s udy a e indeed in he same posi ions on he g adien as obse ed o hei li e sa is ac ion. A
simila g adien was ound in h ee o he ou de e minan s o li e sa is ac ion analyzed in his s udy:
ma e ial esou ces, social in eg a ion, and he quali y o hei social dis ibu ion. As s a ed by Schoon
e al. (2005), his da a sugges s ha he a ia ions ound in he li e sa is ac ion h oughou he a ious
coun ies mus be ela ed, a leas in pa , o he di e en objec i e condi ions o li e in each coun y.
Su p isingly, Böhnke (2005) ound ha Sweden, Spain and Poland ha dly di e ed in he ou h de e -
minan analyzed: he econcilia ion di icul ies be ween amily and ca ee li e. This is a ac ha hese
au ho s ind su p ising in he ligh o wha has p e iously been discussed in his sec ion. Possibly, hese
esul s a e ela ed o he ac ha , o he ou indica o s analyzed, none e e ed o he esou ces a ail-
able o econcilia ion. Ne e heless, wo indica o s a e ela ed o he dis ibu ion o wo k hou s and
social li e, which is an aspec , due o li e ambi ions, he pa icipan s om he h ee coun ies seem o
ha e simila le els o sa is ac ion.
In ac , a ecen Eu os a epo (2009) ha analyzes he sa is ac ion o people om he a ious Eu o-
pean coun ies wi h he balance be ween ca ee li e and p i a e li e, he da a was ela i ely coinciden .
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
32
In Malopolska, con ac wi h he e osexual amilies was ca ied ou mainly h ough he snowball sampling
p ocedu es; in o he wo ds, he ac ual amilies ecommended one ano he om hei di ec ci cle o iends,
acquain ances, neighbou s, amilies a ending he same school as hei child en, e c.
Wi h ega ds o con ac ing single mo he amilies, he con ac p ocess ollowed was simila o he p e iously
desc ibed p ocess o he e osexual amilies and 26 single mo he s we e included in he sample.
Las ly, o con ac wi h he immig an amilies, he collabo a ion o non-go e nmen o ganiza ions wo king wi h
he immig an popula ion in he coun y was also undamen al in he case o Malopolska. This sample was
cha ac e ized by a di icul ec ui men , since many o he amilies e used o collabo a e in he esea ch. Mos
o he immig an amilies we e om Russia, Kazakhs an, Uk aine and Bela us.
In S ockholm, con ac wi h he e osexual amilies was made h ough he cou egis e , om which he mem-
be o he couple who was legal gua dian o he child was selec ed. The selec ion was andomly ca ied ou
om among 2000 people.
Gay/lesbian amilies we e eached he same as he e osexual pa en s; h ough a andom selec ion om
186 people om he cou egis e . Because he numbe o gay/lesbian amilies in he municipali y o
Söde älje was oo small o each he desi ed numbe o in e iews, he selec ion was enla ged o co e
he en i e egion o S ockholm. O he 40 amilies in e iewed, 39 we e made up o women, while only
one was o med by men.
4.1.3. Socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ic o he pa icipan s
Wi h ega ds o he gene al socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he amilies pa icipa ing in he s udy, i can
be said ha he a e age age bo h o he in e iewees and hei pa ne s was 37 (see able 3). The e we e sig-
ni ican di e ences be ween he h ee egions in e ms o pa icipan age: he younges we e in Malopolska,
bo h in he case o he in e iewees and hei pa ne s (see able 5).

FINAL REPORT
33
Table 3. Socio-demog aphic da a o he people in e iewed (I) and hei pa ne s (P)
I P
M(SD) M(SD)
Age 37.5(7.2) 37.3(6.3)
Hou s wo k pe week 35.6(8.2) 40.6(9.6)
I P
% %
Educa ional le el
Elemen a y school s udies and less 5.2 8.8
Lowe seconda y 8.5 7.3
Uppe seconda y/high school 28.5 33.6
Uni e si y 57.9 50.4
Employmen
si ua ion
Employed 81.8 75
Sel Employed 10.3 16.9
In e nship/Voca ional aining 0.9 0.4
Wi hou legal con ac 77.7
Type o wo k
schedule
Con inous shi 63 49.8
Spli shi 6.4 16
Ro a ing shi 3.7 10.6
Mo ning and 1-2 e enings 6.7 3.5
Flexible 18 17.5
O he s 2.1 2.3
Mon hly
income
< minimun sala y 12.8 4.2
1 MS – 2 MS 46.1 43.9
2 MS- 3 MS 24.8 29.6
3 MS- 4 MS 13.6 13.8
4 MS- 5MS 2.3 5.8
Abo e 5 MS 0.4 2.6
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
34
When a compa ison was made be ween he ages o he in e iewees om he di e en amily ypes, i was
ound ha single mo he s we e olde when compa ed wi h all o he s in e iewed. These di e ences we e
s a is ically signi ican . In ela ion o he age o he pa ne s, no di e ences we e ound ac oss he amily ypes
( able 4).
Wi h ega ds o he educa ional le el, mos o he in e iewees and hei pa ne s had s udied a uni e si y,
al hough he e was a dis ibu ion h oughou he a ious educa ional le els. When compa ing he educa ional
le el acco ding o he amily ype, signi ican di e ences we e ound bo h be ween he in e iewees as well
as be ween hei pa ne s. The di e ences we e ound in he ac ha he single mo he s had a highe a e o
uni e si y s udies while pa icipan s om immig an amilies showed lowe educa ional le els.
Table 4. Socio-demog aphic da a o he people in e iewed (I) and hei pa ne s (P) by amily ype
Two
he e osexual
pa en s
Two same sex
pa en s
Inmig an
pa en s
Single
mo he s
I P I P I P I I P
M (SD) M(SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M(SD) F F
Age 36.1
(6.4)
37.4
(6.3)
39.8
(6.3)
37.6
(6.2)
34.4
(5.7)
36.8
(6.3)
40.9
(8.5) 14.5** 0.2
Hou s wo k pe week 35.2
(8.2)
42.1
(9.2)
36.7
(6.4)
38.4
(10.6)
34.8
(12)
39.6
(9.08)
36.01
(6.03) 0.7 3.7*
% % % % % % % χ2χ2
Educa ional
le el
Elemen a y school s udies and less 5.9 9.6 1.4 2.9 13.6a13.6 0
37.02** 17.5**
Lowe seconda y 11.9a5.9 4.3 4.4 15.3a13.6 0
Uppe seconda y/high school 25.9 36.3 26.1 25 37.3 37.3 28.4
Uni e si y 56.3 48.1 68.1 67.6 33.9b35.6 71.6a
Employmen
si ua ion
Employed 81.5 76.7 86.8 77.9 67.8b67.8 89.6
50.8** 30.9**
Sel Employed 14.1 21.89 11.8 14.7 3.4b8.5b7.5
In e nship/Voca ional aining 0.7 0 0 0 1.7 1.7 1.5
Wi hou legal con ac 3.7 1.5b1.5 7.4 27.1a22a1.5
FINAL REPORT
35
Type o wo k
schedule
Con inous shi 57.8 42.5b69.6 53.7 64.9 62.5 65.2
19.8 34.4**
Spli shi 9.6a17.9 2.9 13.4 8.8 14.3 1.5
Ro a ing shi 2.2 65.8 16.4 5.3 16.1 3
Mo ning and 1-2 e enings 5.2 34.3 35.3 5.4 13.6a
Flexible 22.2 28.4a14.5 9b15.8 1.8b15.2
O he s 32.2 2.9 4.5 0 0 1.5
Mon hly
income
< minimun sala y 8.7 26.9 6.9 33.9a6.8 3b
83.8** 49.1**
1 MS – 2 MS 56.3a34.7b13.8b13.8b59.3a74.6a32.8b
2 MS- 3 MS 21.4 31.7 51.7a48.3a6.8b16.9b34.3a
3 MS- 4 MS 11.7 17.8 20.7 24.1 0b1.7b25.4a
4 MS- 5MS 1.9 8.9 6.9 6.9 0 0b43
Abo e 5 MS 0 5a0 0 0 0 1.5
* p <.05 ** p <.01
a. Co ec ed s anda dized esiduals o e 1,96
b. Co ec ed s anda dized esiduals below - 1,96
When aking in o conside a ion he ype o egion, i was ound ha he e we e signi ican di e ences in he
educa ional le el, bo h in he case o he in e iewees and hei pa ne s (see able 5).
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
36
Table 5. Socio-demog aphic da a o he people in e iewed (I) and hei pa ne s (P) by egion
I P I P
M (S.D) M (S.D) F F
Hou s wo k pe week
Andalusia 33.7 (7.9) 40.7 (8.1)
9.5** 0.1Malopolska 37.2 (9.4) 40.9 (12.3)
S ockholm 38.0 (5.8) 40.1 (8.9)
Age
Andalusia 40.1 (6.8) 39.87 (5.8)
48.3** 23.9**Malopolska 32.3 (5.9) 34.15 (6.2)
S ockholm 38.9 (5.54) 36.1 (5.2)
% % χ2χ2
Educa ional le el
Andalusia
Elemen a y school s udies and less 10.4a16.3a
58.9** 40.5**
Lowe seconda y 15.9a14.6a
Uppe seconda y/high school 15.2b25.2b
Uni e si y 58.5 43.9b
Malopolska
Elemen a y school s udies and less 0b1.4b
Lowe seconda y 2b1.4b
Uppe seconda y/high school 43.4a45.2a
Uni e si y 54.5 52.1
S ockholm
Elemen a y school s udies and less 0b3
Lowe seconda y 0b0b
Uppe seconda y/high school 38.8a36.4
Uni e si y 61.2 60.6
Employmen
si ua ion
Andalusia
Employed 78b67.5b
6.8 10.1
Sel Employed 11 22a
In e nship/Voca ional aining 1.2 0.8
Wi hou legal con ac 9.8a9.8
Malopolska
Employed 84.8 78.9
Sel Employed 8.1 16.9
In e nship/Voca ional aining 1 0
Wi hou legal con ac 6.1 4.2
S ockholm
Employed 86.4 84.8a
Sel Employed 12.1 7.6b
In e nship/Voca ional aining 0 0
Wi hou legal con ac 1.5b7.6
FINAL REPORT
37
Type o wo k
schedule
Andalusia
Con inous shi 63.4 33.6b
63.5** 69.9**
Spli shi 11.8a32.8a
Ro a ing shi 3.1 14.3
Mo ning and 1-2 e enings 12.4a5
Flexible 9.3b14.3
O he s 0b0b
Malopolska
Con inous shi 62.6 67.1a
Spli shi 2b0b
Ro a ing shi 0b1.4b
Mo ning and 1-2 e enings 2b2.7
Flexible 29.3a24.7a
O he s 44.1
S ockholm
Con inous shi 62.7 60
Spli shi 0b3.1b
Ro a ing shi 10.4a15.4
Mo ning and 1-2 e enings 0b1.5
Flexible 22.4 15.4
O he s 4.5 4.6
Mon hly income
Andalusia
< minimun sala y 12.4b4.2
41.3** 15.3**
1 MS – 2 MS 32.3b36.7b
2 MS- 3 MS 31.1a29.2a
3 MS- 4 MS 19.9a18.3a
4 MS- 5MS 3.7a9.2a
Abo e 5 MS 0.6 2.5
Malopolska
< minimun sala y 13.4 4.3a
1 MS – 2 MS 69.1a56.5
2 MS- 3 MS 14.4 30.4
3 MS- 4 MS 3.1a5.8
4 MS- 5MS 0 0b
Abo e 5 MS 0 0
* p <.05 ** p <.01
a. Co ec ed s anda dized esiduals o e 1,96
b. Co ec ed s anda dized esiduals below - 1,96

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
38
Al hough in all egions he e we e a la ge p opo ion o people wi h uni e si y s udies, in Malopolska howe e ,
he e was a highe pe cen age wi h high school s udies and in Andalusia he e we e mo e pa icipan s wi h
p ima y s udies. Wi hin each egion, he compa isons by amily ypes yielded some signi ican di e ences in
Andalusia and S ockholm. Single Andalusian mo he s had a highe a e o uni e si y s udies han he o he in-
e iewees, while immig an pa icipan s mo e equen ly showed he lowes le els o educa ion. In S ockholm,
he homosexual pa ne s had uni e si y s udies in highe pe cen ages han he he e osexuals. In e es ingly,
he e we e no di e ences in he educa ional le el in he Malopolska sample, e en in he compa ison be ween
immig an and no immig an amilies. In e es ingly, he e we e clea di e ences be ween he educa ional le el
o he immig an amilies om Malopolska and Andalusia (lowe in hese las ) and also in he single mo he in
hese wo egions (highe in Andalusia his ime).
Wi h ega ds o he employmen si ua ion, he mos p edominan and signi ican si ua ion was o be wo king
o o he s, bo h he pe son in e iewed as well as he pa ne (81.8% and 75% espec i ely). The compa ison
be ween amily ypes shows ha he e a e signi ican di e ences be ween hem. This is mos ly due o he ac
ha he immig an pa icipan s wo k wi hou egula ed con ac s a highe a e han o he s in e iewees (see
able 4). The e we e no signi ican di e ences in he simple compa ison by egions, bu he e we e di e ences
when he compa ison was made based on egion and amily ype. Bo h in Andalusia and in Malopolska, he
immig an pa icipan s in he s udy had g ea e p obabili ies o wo king wi hou a con ac . Single, Andalusian
mo he s wo ked mo e as employees while he e osexual, Andalusian pa icipan s ended o be sel -employed. In
S ockholm, no di e ences appea ed in he employmen si ua ion among he a ious amily ypes (see able 6).
In e ms o wo k schedule, he con inuous shi was he mos common bo h in he case o in e iewees and
hei pa ne s, ollowed by a lexible schedule, by a la ge di e ence (57.8% and 22.2% espec i ely). The e
we e no di e ences be ween he di e en ypes o amilies in e ms o he in e iewees wo k schedule, bu
he e we e di e ences when he pa ne s’ wo k schedule was compa ed. In hese cases, he di e ences ap-
pea ed mo e in he lexible wo k day, which was mo e commonplace among na i e he e osexual couples and
clea ly less among immig an amilies. In e ms o egional compa isons, he e we e signi ican di e ences
bo h in he wo k day o he in e iewees as well as hei pa ne s. Thus, a spli shi , al hough ma ginal, i was
mo e common among Andalusian in e iewees han hose om he o he wo egions. Likewise, in Malopol-
ska, he possibili y o a lexible wo k day was seen mo e equen ly, while in S ockholm, he in e iewees
ended o wo k o a ing shi s mo e equen ly han in he o he wo egions.
FINAL REPORT
39
Wi h ega ds o he compa isons o he ype o wo k schedule among he amily ypes in each egion, de-
spi e he ac ha a con inuous shi p e ailed o he people in e iewed om he h ee egions, some signi i-
can di e ences appea ed. In Andalusia, i was ound ha people who we e membe s o a he e osexual amily
enjoyed a highe a e o lexible wo k days han he pa ne s o gay-lesbian amilies who wo ked a con inuous
shi mo e o en and he e we e a la ge p opo ion o immig an s who wo ked a o a ional day. These di e -
ences we e s a is ically signi ican . In he case o Malopolska, i was ound ha , o he mos pa , he pa ne s
o he e osexual amilies wo ked a lexible day while immig an s wo ked a con inuous day. Finally, in S ock-
holm, i was ound ha he pa ne s om gay/lesbian amilies wo ked, o he mos pa , in a o a ing shi .
Upon analyzing he wo k day based on egions and amily ype, he esul s showed ha in Andalusia, he di -
e ences a ose om he ac ha he pa ne o immig an amilies wo ked mo e o a ing shi s han any o he
g oup; bo h membe s o he e osexual amilies ha e lexible schedules mo e equen ly. The pa ne o gay/les-
bian couples pe o med mo e con inual shi s han he o he couples and immig an s enjoy less lexible wo k
days. In Malopolska, di e ences also a ose in lexible schedules, which was mo e equen o he pa ne s o
na i e he e osexual amilies han o immig an amilies. On he o he hand, in S ockholm he di e ences ap-
pea ed only in he pa ne ’s wo k schedule: i was mo e common place o see gay/lesbian pa ne s wo king
o a ing shi s han he e osexual pa ne s.
Upon s udying he a e age numbe o hou s wo ked pe week, he e was a di e ence o 5 poin s be ween
he pe son in e iewed and he pa ne , in a ou o his la e , which demons a ed ha i con inued o be he
men who wo ked longe hou s ou side he home in he h ee egions. Howe e , in he case o he pe son in-
e iewed, signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he egions: on a e age, in Andalusia, he in e iewees
wo ked less hou s pe week han in he o he egions. The e we e no di e ences in he hou s pe week ha
he pa ne s wo ked in he di e en egions. The compa isons by amily ype showed ha he he e osexual
pa ne s wo ked signi ican ly mo e hou s pe week han he homosexuals.
In e ms o mon hly income, one aspec mus be no ed wi h ega ds o his a iable: he e is no minimum
es ablished wage in S ockholm. The e o e, his issue could no be included in hese analyses. Bea ing he
a o emen ioned in mind, mos amilies we e dis ibu ed a ound he in e media e le els o mon hly incomes,
al hough i he wo egions a e aken in o conside a ion, di e ences we e ound be ween hem: in Andalusia,
he pa ne s a e ep esen ed mo e wi hin he highes sala ies, while in Malopolska his dis ibu ion was simila
o ha o he in e iewees.
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
40
Table 6. Socio-demog aphic da a o he people in e iewed (I) and hei pa ne s (P)
by amily ype and egion
Two he e osexual
pa en s
Two same sex
pa en s Immig an pa en s Single
mo he s
I P I P I I P I P
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) F F
Age
Andalusia 37.9 39.6 40.8 40.6 35.8 39.5 46.2
9.6** 1.08
(5.1) (5.5) (7) (6.3) (5.9) (6.3) (4.9)
Malopolska 31.6 34.06 --- --- 32.9 34.2 32.6
(6.4) (6.8) (5.2) (5.2) (5.9)
S ockholm 36.1 37.2 39.1 35.4 --- --- ---
(5.7) (5.1) (5.7) (5.2)
Hou s wo k pe week
Andalusia 32.7 42.9 35.4 36.6 31.6 39.9 35.6
1.6 1.6
(7.05) (7.4) (7.9) (9.1) (11.8) (7.3) (5.1)
Malopolska 37.1 42.1 --- --- 37.9 34.4 36.6
(9.3) (13.5) (11.3) (10.6) (7.3)
S ockholm 38.6 40.4 37.7 39.8 --- --- ---
(7.02) (3.2) (4.9) (11.5)
% % % % % % % χ2χ2
Educa ional
le el
Andalusia
Elemen a y school
s udies 12.3 16.9 3.4 3.4b27.6a27.6 0b
43.4** 21.8**
Lowe seconda y 21.5 10.8 10.3 10.3 31a27.6 0b
Uppe seconda y/high
school 12.3 18.5 10.3 31 24.1 34.5 17.1
Uni e si y 53.8 53.8a75.9 55.2 17.2b10.3b82.9a
Malopolska
Elemen a y school
s udies --- 2.3 --- --- --- 0---
3.5 2.3
Lowe seconda y 4.7 2.3 --- --- 0 0 0
Uppe seconda y/high
school 37.2 48.8 --- --- 50 40 46.2
Uni e si y 58.1 46.5 --- --- 50 60 53.8
S ockholm
Elemen a y school
s udies --- 3.7 --- 2.6 --- --- ---
0.07 10.8**
Lowe seconda y --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Uppe seconda y/high
school 40.7 59.3a37.5 20.5b--- --- ---
Uni e si y 59.3 37b62.5 76.9a--- --- ---
FINAL REPORT
41
Employ-
men
si ua ion
Andalusia
Employed 78.5 70.8 86.2 75.9 51.7b51.7 90.2a
39.1** 40.4**
Sel Employed 16.9a29.2a10.3 20.7 6.9 6.9b4.9
In e nship/Voca ional
aining 0 0 0 0 3.4 3.4 2.4
Wi hou legal con ac 4.6 0b3.4 3.4 37.9b37.9b2.4
Malopolska
Employed 83.7 75.6 --- --- 83.3 83.3 88.5
12.9* 2.3
Sel Employed 1.6 22 --- --- 010 11.5
In e nship/Voca ional
aining 2.3 --- --- --- 0--- 0
Wi hou legal con ac 2.3 2.4 --- --- 16.7a6.7 0
S ockholm
Employed 85.2 92.6 87.2 79.5 --- --- ---
1.5 2.1
Sel Employed 11.1 3.7 12.8 10.3 --- --- ---
In e nship/Voca ional
aining --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Wi hou legal con ac 3.7 3.7 010.3 --- --- ---
Type o
wo k
schedule
Andalusia
Con inous shi 58.5 23.4b75.9 55.2a55.6 34.6 67.5
25.5* 22.5**
Spli shi 16.9 37.5 6.9 24.1 18.5 30.8 2.5b
Ro a ing shi 010.9 06.9 11.1a 30.8a5
Mo ning and 1-2
e enings 9.2 4.7 10.3 6.9 7.4 3.8 22.5
Flexible 15.4a23.4a6.9 6.9 7.4 0b2.5
O he s --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Malopolska
Con inous shi 55.8 53.5 --- --- 73.3 86.7a61.5
7.04 18.6**
Spli shi 4.7 --- --- --- 0--- 0
Ro a ing shi --- 0--- --- --- 3.3 ---
Mo ning and 1-2
e enings 2.3 0--- --- 3.3 6.7 0
Flexible 30.2 39.5a--- --- 23.3 3.3b34.6
O he s --- 7--- --- --- 0---
S ockholm
Con inous shi 59.3 70.4 65 52.6 --- --- ---
0.4 11.2*
Spli shi --- 0--- 5.3 --- --- ---
Ro a ing shi 11.1 3.7b10 23.7a--- --- ---
Mo ning and 1-2
e enings --- 3.7 --- 0--- --- ---
Flexible 25.9 22.2 20 10.5 --- --- ---
O he s --- 0--- 7.9 --- --- ---
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES FINAL REPORT
48
sexuals and immig an mo he s pe o med, on a e age, mo e ca e- ela ed asks han he o he s, and wi hou
any di e ences be ween hese wo g oups.
Upon con empla ing he implica ion o he pa ne s in he di e en amily ypes, he di e ences we e signi i-
can among he g oups: hose making up a amily wi h wo people o he same sex appea wi h he highes
a e age, ollowed by he e osexual amilies, wi h immig an amilies being wo poin s behind.
In e ms o he ela i es, i was ound ha hey p o ided g ea e help in ca ing o he child en o single mo h-
e s, in a signi ican ly g ea e p opo ion han in he case o gay/lesbian amilies. Howe e , he e we e no sig-
ni ican di e ences be ween he a e ages o ca e- ela ed asks pe o med by he ela i es o he emaining
amilies. Ins i u ions, on he o he hand, we e used less by he e osexual amilies han by gay/lesbian amilies
o single mo he s, al hough in no case was he a e age sco e ele a ed.
Also, he e we e di e ences when compa ing he coun y by coun y a e age o asks pe o med. See able 13.
Table 13. To al a e age o daily child ca e- ela ed asks pe pe son by egion
In e iewee Pa ne Rela i es Ins i u ional Ca e
MMMM
Andalusia 5.5 3.3 0.5 0.4
Malopolska 6.0 3.1 1.2 0.3
S ockholm 4.7 4.5 ---- 0.7
F25.6** 17.5** 3.2* 7.9**
* p <.05** p <.01
Those in e iewed in Malopolska (Poland) pe o med, always upon a e age, mo e daily ca e- ela ed asks
han women om Andalusia (Spain) and hese mo e han women om S ockholm (Sweden). In he case o
he pa ne s, i was hose om S ockholm who pe o med mo e asks, di e en ia ed om hose in Andalusia
and Malopolska, al hough hese wo la e egions we e no signi ican ly di e en om each o he in e ms o
he pa icipa ion o he pa ne .

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES FINAL REPORT
49
In S ockholm, ela i es do no pa icipa e in ca e- ela ed asks, bu hey we e in ol ed in he o he wo egions.
Rela i es pe o m signi ican ly mo e ca e- ela ed asks in Malopolska han in Andalusia, al hough he equen-
cy in bo h egions is low. The lesse impo ance o help om ela i es in S ockholm was complemen ed by he
ac ha in his egion, ins i u ions played a g ea e ole han in Andalusia o Malopolska.
The compa ison o he a e age o asks pe o med depending on he ype o amily and he egion join ly,
showed signi ican di e ences o in e es , as can be seen in able 14.
Table 14. To al a e age o daily child ca e- ela ed asks pe pe son by amily ype and egion
In e iewee Pa ne Rela i es Ins i u ional Ca e
M M M M
Andalusia
Two he e osexual pa en s 5.6 3.5 0.6 0.3
Two same-sex pa en s 4.8 4.6 0.2 0.4
Immig an pa en s 5.3 1.9 0.8 0.2
Single mo he s 6.0 --- 0.4 0.8
Malopolska
Two he e osexual pa en s 5.6 3.3 1.2 0.1
Two same-sex pa en s --- --- --- ---
Immig an pa en s 6.7 3.0 0.3 0.7
Single mo he s 6.1 --- 2.1 0.5
S ockholm
Two he e osexual pa en s 5.2 4.7 --- 0.6
Two same-sex pa en s 4.3 4.4 --- 0.8
Immig an pa en s --- --- --- ---
Single mo he s --- --- --- ---
F5.2** 5.2** 8.9** 5.2**
** p <.01
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
50
Upon aking a look a hose in e iewed, he di e ences we e, essen ially, due o, on he one hand, hose
belonging o immig an amilies in Malopolska who pe o med a g ea e a e age numbe o asks han hose
pe o med by he in e iewees om Andalusia. On he o he hand, he pa icipan s in e iewed om he e o-
sexual amilies in S ockholm pe o med a sligh ly in e io numbe o asks han hei pee s om Andalusia o
Malopolska.
In e ms o pa ne s, i mus be no ed ha he e we e amilies, bo h he e osexual as well as gay/lesbian ami-
lies om he Swedish egion who pe o med, on a e age, mo e ca e- ela ed asks. Rela i es played no ole in
S ockholm, as was indica ed be o e, bu hey we e especially p esen in single mo he amilies om Malopol-
ska and play a conside able ole in all o he amilies s udied in Andalusia. In e ms o ins i u ional ca e, i can
be seen ha he a e age was highe in single mo he amilies in Andalusia in compa ison wi h he es o he
amily ypes wi hin he same egion; his ac was no seen in he o he wo egions. In ac , in Malopolska,
he signi ican di e ence appea ed in he he e osexual amilies, who used o his ype o ins i u ional ca e less
han he es o he amilies.
A e hese ini ial analyses, i was decided o ca y ou a mo e in-dep h analysis o he co- esponsibili y be-
ween he in e iewees and hei pa ne s in he daily ca e- ela ed asks. Fo his, a di e en ial sco e
was c ea ed ha consis ed o sub ac ing he asks pe o med by he in e iewee om he o al asks pe o med
by he pa ne . Thus, in an e o o lea n in which cases he di e ences in he sha ing o ca e- ela ed asks a e
g ea e , o , on he con a y, whe e hese di e ences we e limi ed and he e o e, he e was a balanced sha ing o
asks. The close he di e en ial sco e is o “0,” he mo e balanced he sha ing o asks. I he sco e is posi i e,
his implies mo e asks we e pe o med by he in e iewee and less on behal o he pa ne . I , on he con a y,
he sco e is nega i e, i means ha he pe son in e iewed was he pe son who pe o med ewe asks.
As shown in igu e 1, he e we e signi ican di e ences in he ca e o he child en on a daily basis among he
h ee ypes o amilies cons i u ed by couples: gay/lesbian amilies show a signi ican ly mo e balanced sha ing
o asks han he es and he na i e he e osexual amilies we e signi ican ly mo e balanced han immig an
he e osexual amilies.
The e we e also signi ican di e ences among he h ee egions ( igu e 2), wi h S ockholm showing a dis ibu-
ion o asks ha was mo e equal be ween hose in e iewed and hei pa ne , ollowed by Andalusia and
las ly, Malopolska.
FINAL REPORT
51
Figu e 1. Di e en ial sco es o daily child ca e- ela ed asks by amily ype
Figu e 2. Di e en ial sco es o daily child ca e- ela ed asks by egion
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
52
When compa ing he amily ype and he coun y, no signi ican di e ences we e ound, as can be seen in
igu e 3. In o he wo ds, he e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in he sha ing o he ask o ca e
o he child en be ween he in e iewees and hei pa ne s. This was based on he ype o amily and he
egion o he coun y, al hough he sco e a ied be ween -0.02 o gay/lesbian amilies in S ockholm, o 3.6
o immig an amilies in Malopolska, which we e he wo ex emes. Tha is due, a leas in pa , o he e ec
o di e ences in educa ional le els, because he signi icance in he di e ences was los when he educa ional
le el was in oduced as a co a ia e.
Figu e 3. Di e en ial sco es o daily child ca e- ela ed asks by amily ype and egion
Once he si ua ion o daily ca e was analysed, ex ao dina y ca e si ua ions we e hen explo ed; hose
unexpec ed o un o eseen si ua ions ha mus be aced. As can be seen in able 15, i was he in e iewee
who aced he g ea es pe cen ages o ca e- ela ed asks in excep ional si ua ions. The equency in which
he pa ne s ook cha ge o he same ask was some wha lowe , which means ha i was a hi d less
han wha was pe o med by he in e iewees as in he case o daily ca e si ua ions. Rela i es played an
impo an ole in hese ex ao dina y si ua ions, as, on a e age, hey ook ca e o he child en in 27% o he
cases. I is in e es ing o no e he high pe cen age o amilies who we e in cha ge o ca ing o he child en
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
FINAL REPORT
53
when he e was a s ike a school o he ca e ake was una ailable. Howe e , i seems ha aking hem o he
doc o was a ask ha was undamen ally pe o med by he pa en s, as indica ed by he low pe cen age
o ela i es who ca ied ou his ask. Basically, ins i u ions ook ca e o he child en du ing school holidays
and when mo he s o a he s had o go o school mee ings, al hough he pe cen age use was no e y high
in any o he cases.
Table 15. Pe cen age o ex ao dina y child ca e- ela ed asks
In e iewee Pa ne Rela i es Ins i u ional Ca e
% % % %
Taking ca e o when a child is sick 84.6 55.4 31 0.9
School holidays 76.3 64.3 42.5 7.4
S ikes a school. Ca ee no a ailable 58.2 47.5 40.5 1.8
Take he child en o he doc o 94.8 55.3 7.9 ----
A end school mee ings 77.6 47.3 13.2 5.2
To be able o compa e he o al numbe o ex ao dina y asks pe o med by he in e iewee, pa ne , ela i es
and ins i u ions, a global sco e was calcula ed in a simila manne as used o de e mine he daily ca e- ela ed
asks, es ablishing he ull numbe o asks pe o med and ob aining he co esponding a e age. In his case,
no di e ences we e ound depending on he ype o amily (Table 16) in e ms o he a e age o asks ca ied
ou by he pe son in e iewed, which anged om 3.5 and 3.8 in all cases.
Upon looking a pa ne s, he e we e di e ences among he h ee ypes o amilies analysed. Gay/lesbian
pa ne s pe o med mo e ex ao dina y ca e- ela ed asks han na i e he e osexual pa ne s and hese la e
mo e han immig an he e osexuals. In e ms o he a e age o asks pe o med by ela i es in each ype o
amily, signi ican di e ences we e ound, in he sense ha gay/lesbian and immig an amilies seem o coun
less on ela i es han he e osexual amilies o a single mo he . The a e age o ca e- ela ed asks in excep ional
ci cums ances co e ed by ins i u ions was qui e low; e en so, di e ences we e seen in single mo he amilies,
who used ins i u ional ca e o a g ea e ex en han he es o he amilies.

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
54
Table 16. A e age o he o al ex ao dina y child ca e- ela ed asks by amily ype
In e iewee Pa ne Rela i es Ins i u ional Ca e
M M M M
Two he e osexual pa en s 3.5 2.3 1.4 0.1
Two same-sex pa en s 3.7 3.4 0.7 0.08
Immig an pa en s 3.7 1.5 0.8 0.03
Single mo he s 3.8 ---- 1.8 0.3
F1.07 24.01** 12.5** 7.6**
** p <.01
Upon compa ing egions, (Table 17) hose in e iewed in Andalusia we e ound o pe o m less ca e- ela ed asks,
on a e age, han hose om Malopolska o S ockholm. This di e ence was g ea e in he Swedish egion han in
he Polish egion. On he con a y, he a e age o asks pe o med by he pa ne was g ea e in S ockholm han
in he o he wo egions. In all h ee egions, jus he opposi e was seen in he compa ison o ex ao dina y ca e-
ela ed asks in ol ing ela i es; in his case, he numbe was signi ican ly less in S ockholm han in Andalusia and
Malopolska. In e ms o ins i u ions, he di e ence was ound in Andalusia, a egion whe e he a e age o ins i u-
ional ca e was sligh ly highe , wi h his ype o ca e being p ac ically ze o in he o he wo egions.
Table 17. A e age o he o al ex ao dina y child ca e- ela ed asks by egion
In e iewee Pa ne Rela i es Ins i u ional Ca e
MMMM
Andalusia 3.4 1.9 1.3 0.2
Malopolska 3.7 2.2 1.6 0.02
S ockholm 4.1 3.7 0.6 0.03
F8.8** 34.1** 12.3** 14.2**
** p <.01
When compa ing he a e age sco es o ca e- ela ed asks based on amily ype and egion, (Table 18), he
s udy disco e ed ha he e we e no di e ences in he sco es o he people in e iewed, hei pa ne s and
FINAL REPORT
55
ela i es. Howe e , i was ound ha he e we e di e ences in he a e age sco e o ca e- ela ed asks pe -
o med by ins i u ions; his was mainly due o he high numbe o esou ces used by single-mo he amilies
om Andalusia in compa ison wi h he es o he amilies in all he coun ies. In ac , and as s a ed abo e,
he p esence o ins i u ions o ca e o child en in special si ua ions was almos inexis en in Malopolska and
S ockholm, while in Andalusia, his esou ce was used by some amilies in need o ca e.
Table 18. A e age o he o al ex ao dina y child ca e- ela ed asks by amily ype and egion
In e iewee Pa ne Rela i es Ins i u ional
Ca e
M M M M
Andalusia
Two he e osexual pa en s 3.2 1.8 1.5 0.1
Two same-sex pa en s 3.2 2.7 0.8 0.2
Immig an pa en s 3.4 1.3 0.8 0.07
Single mo he s 3.7 --- 1.5 0.5
Malopolska
Two he e osexual pa en s 3.5 2.6 1.7 0.02
Two same-sex pa en s --- --- --- ---
Immig an pa en s 4.0 1.7 0.9 0
Single mo he s 3.9 --- 2.2 0.04
S ockholm
Two he e osexual pa en s 4.2 3.4 0.7 0.07
Two same-sex pa en s 4.0 40.5 0
Immig an pa en s --- --- --- ---
Single mo he s --- --- --- ---
F0.2 0.8 0.9 3.8*
* p <.05
To analyse he compa ison in ex ao dina y ca e si ua ions be ween he in e iewees and hei pa ne s,
once again di e en ial sco es we e c ea ed. Remembe ha hese sco es a e calcula ed by sub ac ing he
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
56
asks pe o med by he pe son in e iewed om he o al o he asks pe o med by he pa ne . When com-
pa ing hese sco es depending on he ype o amily, (Figu e 4), he s udy ound ha gay/lesbian amilies once
again appea o be mo e equal, wi h a mo e balanced sha ing o asks be ween he in e iewees and hei
pa ne s (as shown in he a e age di e en ial sco e ha is close o ze o). Na i e he e osexual amilies had a
somewha highe sco e, ollowed by immig an amilies, wi h a wo poin di e ence in compa ison wi h gay/
lesbian amilies.
Figu e 4. Di e en ial sco es o ex ao dina y child ca e- ela ed asks by amily ype
Upon s udying he di e ences based on egions (Figu e 5), i was obse ed ha Swedish couples sha e he
esponsibili y o ca ing o he child en in hese ex ao dina y si ua ions on a signi ican ly mo e equali a ian
basis, while Spanish and Polish couples showed no signi ican di e ences.
No signi ican di e ences we e seen in he combined compa ison based on amily ype and egion as ob-
se ed in igu e 6.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
FINAL REPORT
57
Figu e 5. Di e en ial sco es o ex ao dina y child ca e- ela ed asks by egion
Figu e 6. Di e en ial sco es o ex ao dina y child ca e- ela ed asks by amily ype and egion
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
64
Ha ing seen he esul s by egions and amily ypes, hose esul s will be discussed when he ca e esou ces
a e analysed, and conside ing bo h aspec s a he same ime.
In his sense, as can be seen in able 23, he esul ing da a also show signi ican di e ences in some o he
esou ces. S a ing wi h he mo ning class, he esul s om Malopolska and Andalusia we e well di e en i-
a ed. While in Andalusia i was he single mo he s who use his esou ce mos , he e osexual amilies used i
much less. In Malopolska, he e osexual amilies used his esou ce mo e equen ly while immig an amilies
used mo ning class as a esou ce o ca e o hei child en much less.
As shown in able 23, he signi ican di e ences seen in he use o he school can een s em om ac ha
he e osexual amilies in Malopolska made less use o his esou ce while single mo he s in Andalusia used
his mo e. When ocusing on he use o ex acu icula ac i i ies, signi ican s a is ical di e ences appea in
he ollowing aspec s: in Andalusia, he di e ences be ween amily ypes we e due o he g ea e use o his
esou ce by single mo he s and lesse use on behal o immig an amilies. In Malopolska, on he con a y,
he e we e no di e ences in he use o his esou ce in he a ious amily ypes. In S ockholm, he di e ences
we e ob ious due o he g ea e use made o ex acu icula ac i i ies by he e osexual amilies wi h espec o
ha made by gay/lesbian amilies.
Finally, when ocusing on he use o u ban camps, he e we e in e es ing di e ences among he h ee e-
gions. In Andalusia, i was single mo he s who once again used his esou ce mo e, while immig an ami-
lies used his possibili y signi ican ly less. In he case o Malopolska, he di e ences we e clea ly ob ious
because immig an amilies did no use his esou ce, while he e osexual amilies used i mo e equen ly
han single mo he s. Las ly, in he case o he Swedish egion, he di e ences in his sense was ha he -
e osexual amilies used u ban camps mo e equen ly as a esou ce o ca e o hei child en han lesbian
mo he s o gay a he s.
Once he esou ces o ca e o he child en we e analysed, he amilies we e asked abou hei le el o sa is-
ac ion wi h hese esou ces. As can be seen in igu e 10, all o he amilies gene ically esponded a medium
o high deg ee o sa is ac ion wi h he esou ces o ca e o hei child en. Thus, using a scale o 1 o 5, going
om less o g ea e sa is ac ion, he a e age sco e o he amilies was 3.7.

FINAL REPORT
65
Figu e 10. Sa is ac ion wi h ca e esou ces o child en by amily ype
Figu e 11. Sa is ac ion wi h ca e esou ces o child en by egion
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
66
As shown in igu e 10, he da a wi h he a e age sa is ac ion based on amily ype, he e we e signi ican
di e ences be ween one and ano he . Immig an amilies di e om he o he amilies, as hey exp essed a
signi ican ly lowe le el o sa is ac ion. The e we e no signi ican di e ences among he es o he amilies.
The le el o sa is ac ion wi h he esou ces o ca e o hei child en also showed signi ican di e ences de-
pending on he egion, as can be seen in igu e 11. These di e ences we e due o he lesse sa is ac ion wi h
he esou ces shown by he amilies o Malopolska wi h espec o Andalusia and S ockholm.
To conclude his sec ion ela i e o he use o esou ces o ca e o child en and he sa is ac ion wi h hese
se ices, he c oss- e e encing o da a by egions and amily ype we e no signi ican , as can be obse ed
in igu e 12.
Figu e 12. Sa is ac ion wi h ca e esou ces o child en by amily ype and egion
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
FINAL REPORT
67
4.2.3. Reconcilia ion measu es a he wo kplace
Space was ese ed in he in e iew o explo e he econcilia ion measu es o e ed by employe s a he in e -
iewees’ wo k place, as well as i hey ook ad an age o hese measu es and in he case ha hey did no
use such measu es, why.
The esul s shown in able 24 indica e ha mos companies o e econcilia ion measu es including: ha e ee
days o a end unexpec ed amily issues, wo k pa - ime o a end amily obliga ions, lexible dis ibu ion o
daily and weekly schedule and he possibili y o enjoying ma e ni y o pa e ni y lea e.
Table 24. Exis ence o employe econcilia ion measu es and use o hese
Measu e exis The measu e has
been used
N % N %
Flexibili y in he dis ibu ion o daily wo k hou s 192 58.2 154 46.7
Flexibili y in he dis ibu ion o weekly wo k hou s 166 49.7 127 38.5
Pa - ime wo k o a end amily esponsibili ies 203 61.5 120 36.4
Lea e o absence 179 54.2 62 18.8
F ee days o ex ao dina y amily si ua ion 257 77.9 190 57.6
Telewo king 81 24.5 57 17.3
Two days o possible absence paid o pa en s who ha e child en below
14 yea s old 64 19.4 47 14.2
Special a angemen s upon e u ning o wo k a e ma e ni y lea e 76 23 49 14.8
Reduced wo k hou s o b eas eeding 160 48.5 83 25.2
Ex ended pa e ni y/ma e ni y lea e 114 34.5 80 24.2
Financial assis ance o amily expenses 81 24.5 59 17.9
Wo kplace nu se y 17 5.2 11 3.3
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
68
In e ms o using econcilia ion measu es, he mos equen ly used by hose included in his s udy we e:
ha e ee days o a end unexpec ed amily issues, lexible dis ibu ion o daily and weekly wo k schedule,
wo k pa - ime o a end amily esponsibili ies and a educed wo k schedule o b eas eed.
The easons why he subjec s ailed o use econcilia ion measu es o e ed by hei companies was also
esea ched. The esul s ( able 25) indica e ha he undamen al eason o no using such esou ces was
because he e was no need. O he easons gi en, o a lesse ex en , included lack o sala y, he impossibili y
o use, o simply, hey we e no in e es ed.
Table 25. Reason o no using he employe econcilia ion measu es when hese exis
Why don’ you use i ?
No Need No
In e es No Sala y No
Possible
No
Applicable
N % N % N % N % N %
Flexibili y in he dis ibu ion o daily wo k hou s 20 80 2 8 --- --- 312 --- ---
Flexibili y in he dis ibu ion o weekly wo k hou s 16 72.7 --- --- 14.5 418.2 --- ---
Pa - ime wo k o a end amily esponsibili ies 40 58.8 11.5 22 32.4 4 18.2 --- ---
Lea e o absence 52 48.6 21.9 40 37.4 12 1.2 10.9
F ee days o ex ao dina y amily si ua ion 43 84.3 35.9 --- --- 59.8 --- ---
Telewo king 317.6 741.2 --- --- 741.2 --- ---
Two days o possible absence. paid o pa en s
who ha e child en below 14 yea s old 7100 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Special a angemen s upon e u ning o wo k
a e ma e ni y lea e 956.3 16.3 16.3 425 16.3
Reduced wo k hou s o b eas eeding 26 40 11.5 --- --- 57.7 33 50.8
Ex ended pa e ni y/ma e ni y lea e 19 82.6 14.3 --- --- 28.7 14.3
Financial assis ance o amily expenses 9 56.3 --- --- --- --- 743.8 --- ---
Wo kplace nu se y 233.3 466.7 --- --- --- --- --- ---
FINAL REPORT
69
Upon compa ing he use o econcilia ion measu es o e ed by employe s, depending on he ype o amily,
( able 26) signi ican di e ences we e ound in he exis ence o all econcilia ion measu es a he companies
whe e he in e iewees wo ked. The i e mos common measu es we e ocused upon, beginning wi h he
possibili y o ha e ee days o a end unexpec ed amily issues, i was ound ha his measu e was signi i-
can ly less common in he companies whe e immig an amilies wo ked, in compa ison wi h he es . This
di e ence was s a is ically signi ican wi h espec o single mo he s, who used his measu e mo e.
Wi h espec o pa - ime wo k o be able o a end amily esponsibili ies, i was ound o be a signi ican ly
mo e common measu e in hose companies whe e membe s o gay/lesbian amilies wo ked, and less com-
mon in wo kplaces whe e immig an s wo ked. When i comes o using such esou ces, he esul s indica e
ha hose who use hem mos a e membe s o gay/lesbian and he e osexual amilies in compa ison wi h im-
mig an and single mo he amilies.
He e osexual amilies ha e g ea e access o he possibili y o dis ibu ing hei daily wo k hou s in a mo e
lexible manne when compa ed o o he amily ypes, wi h his di e ence being s a is ically signi ican in he
case o immig an amilies. F om he e, i was ound ha he e osexual amilies make signi ican ly mo e use o
his measu e han immig an amilies.
In e ms o lea e o absence, i exis ed in i ms whe e gay/lesbian amilies wo ked, and o cou se, hese made
he mos use o his measu e, while immig an amilies and single mo he s asked o ewe lea es o absence.
Finally, i was ound ha i was in companies whe e gay/lesbian amilies wo k ha he e was a g ea e pe -
cen age o possibili y o dis ibu ing hei weekly wo k hou s in a mo e lexible manne , while in i ms whe e
immig an amilies wo k, his op ion was less equen . As a as he use o his possibili y, he esul s indica e
ha immig an s used his measu e less in compa ison wi h all o he o he amily ypes.
Upon compa ing egions, ( able 27) signi ican di e ences we e ound in all measu es explo ed. S a ing wi h
he possibili y o ha ing ee days o a end ex ao dina y amily issues, he esul s indica e ha his measu e
was signi ican ly less a ailable in companies om he egion o Andalusia han in he o he wo egions s ud-
ied. When i comes o using his op ion, i was ound ha somewha mo e han hal used his op ion, wi h no
signi ican di e ence among he h ee egions.
Pa ime wo k o a end amily esponsibili ies was ound o be a measu e ha was signi ican ly mo e com-
mon in companies in S ockholm (Sweden) han i ms in Andalusia (Spain) and Malopolska (Poland). When i
comes o aking ad an age o his possibili y, i was he Swedish amilies who used i mos , which esul ed in
signi ican di e ences wi h espec o Andalusian amilies who used his possibili y o a much lesse deg ee.

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
70
Table 26. Exis ence/p esence o employe econcilia ion measu es and use o hese by amily ype
Two he e osexual
pa en s
Two same-sex
pa en s
Immig an s
pa en s
Single
mo he s
Measu e
exis
The
measu e
has been
used
Measu e
exis
The
measu e
has been
used
Measu e
exis
The
measu e
has been
used
Measu e
exis
The
measu e
has been
used
Measu e
exis
The
measu e
has been
used
% % % % % % % % χ2χ2
Flexibili y in he
dis ibu ion o
daily wo k hou s
67.4a54.8a68.1 52.2 35.6b32.2b49.3 37.3 22.09** 11.7**
Flexibili y in he
dis ibu ion o
weekly wo k
hou s
55.6 43.7 60.9a40.6 33.9b27.1b43.3 35.8 12.24** 5.1
Pa - ime wo k o
a end amily
esponsibili ies
65.2 45.9a72.5a49.3a33.9b16.9b67.2 20.9b24.17** 26.8**
Lea e o absence 53.3 18.5 84.1a43.5a16.9b5.1b58.2 6b58.24** 42.05**
F ee days o
ex ao dina y
amily si ua ion
82.2 60 79.7 59.4 57.6b33.9b85.1 71.6a17.67** 19.4**
Telewo king 30.4a23a37.7a20.3 3.4 1.7b17.9 16.4 24.75** 13.5**
Two days o
absence paid o
pa en s wi h
child en below
14 yea s old
18.5 13.3 0b0b35.6a22 26.9 23.9a28.96** 19.5**
Special
a angemen s
upon e u ning o
wo k a e ma e -
ni y lea e
27.4 17.8 39.1a24.6a5.1b3.4b13.4b925.75** 14.1**
FINAL REPORT
71
Reduced wo k
hou s o
b eas eeding
54.1 37a40.6 18.8 20.3b8.5b70.1a22.4 34.72** 20.5**
Ex ended
pa e ni y
/ ma e ni y lea e
35.6 26.7 43.5 31.9 11.9b6.8b43.3 26.9 18.18** 12.6**
Financial
assis ance
o amily
expenses
25.2 20 30.4 15.9 8.5b6.8b31.3 25.4 11.22* 6.1*
Wo kplace
nu se y 3 0b11.6a8.7a1.7 1.7 6 6 8.72* 12.7**
* p <.05 ** p <.01
a. Co ec ed s anda dized esidual abo e 1.96
b. Co ec ed s anda dized esidual below -1.96
Wi h espec o he possibili y o dis ibu ing hei daily wo k hou s in a mo e lexible manne , he esul s indi-
ca e ha his measu e was signi ican ly mo e commonplace o companies in S ockholm han hose ound
in o he egions. Howe e , i is in e es ing o no e ha he e was no di e ence in he pe cen age o usage o
his possibili y among he h ee egions because somewha mo e han hal o he amilies in S ockholm ook
ad an age o his possibili y and almos hal o he amilies om he egion o Andalusia and Malopolska also
used i (mos o hose who had his possibili y).
In e ms o lea e o absence, i was ound ha his measu e was mo e common place in companies loca ed in
S ockholm and Andalusia, which di e ed om Malopolska. Howe e , hose using his possibili y signi ican ly
mo e we e hose om S ockholm.
Finally, possibili y o dis ibu ing hei weekly wo k hou s in a mo e lexible manne was mo e commonplace in
S ockholm. This esul was s a is ically signi ican wi h espec o companies loca ed in Andalusia. Ne e he-
less, he e we e no signi ican di e ences in he use o his measu e in he di e en egions.
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
72
Table 27. Exis ence/p esence o employe econcilia ion measu es and use o hese by egion
Andalusia Malopolska S ockholm
Measu e
exis
The
measu e
has been
used
Measu e
exis
The
measu e
has been
used
Measu e
exis
The
measu e
has been
used
Measu e
exis
The
measu e
has been
used
% % % % % % χ2χ2
Flexibili y in he dis ibu ion
o daily wo k hou s 57.3 45.1 45.5b42.4 79.1a56.7 18.7** 3.6
Flexibili y in he dis ibu ion
o weekly wo k hou s 44.5b36 43.4 38.4 74.6a44.8 19.9** 1.5
Pa - ime wo k o a end
amily esponsibili ies 59.8 31.1b51.5b32.3 80.6a47.8a71.3** 46.3**
Lea e o absence 64a11b20.2b12.1b80.6a55.2a14.7** 12.9**
F ee days o ex ao dina y
amily si ua ion 72.6b59.8 80.8 55.6 86.6 55.2 6.1* 0.6
Telewo king 17.7b12.2b18.2 16.2 50.7a31.3a31.1** 12.3**
Two days o absence paid
o pa en s who ha e chil-
d en below 14 yea s old
0b0b64.6a47.5a0b0b185.2** 127.8**
Special a angemen s upon
e u ning o wo k a e ma-
e ni y lea e
1.8b1.8b34.3a24.2a58.2a32.8a95.5** 46.04**
Reduced wo k hou s o
b eas eeding 67.7a31.7a41.4b28.3 11.9b4.5b62.01** 19.4**
Ex ended pa e ni y/ma e ni-
y lea e 43.9a33.5a23.2b15.2b28.4 14.9b13.08** 15.3**
Financial assis ance o
amily expenses 34.8a25a14.1b13.1 14.9b7.5b18.3** 12.1**
Wo kplace nu se y 9.8a6.1a0b0b1.5 1.5 14.3** 8.01*
* p <.05 ** p <.01
a. Co ec ed s anda dized esidual abo e 1.96
b. Co ec ed s anda dized esidual below -1.96
FINAL REPORT
73
When i came o amily sa is ac ion wi h he econcilia ion measu e o e ed by hei employe , he global
esul s indica e ha hose pa icipa ing in his s udy showed an a e age sa is ac ion wi h hese measu es.
(A e age sco e o 3.02 on a scale o 1 o 5).
Based on he amily ype, i was ound ha immig an amilies we e signi ican ly less sa is ied wi h he econ-
cilia ion measu es hei employe o e ed han he gay/lesbian and he e osexual amilies ( igu e 13).
Figu e 13. Sa is ac ion wi h employe econcilia ion measu es by amily ype
When compa ing egions, i was ound ha amilies in S ockholm we e signi ican ly mo e sa is ied wi h he
econcilia ion measu es o e ed by hei employe s. (Figu e 14)
Likewise, he sa is ac ion wi h employe econcilia ion measu es was also compa ed based on he amily ype
in all h ee egions. As shown in igu e 15, he e we e signi ican di e ences. To be e unde s and hese di -
e ences, how his a iable beha ed in each egion was explo ed depending on he amily ype. In his sense,
he di e ences we e deno ed by he ollowing da a: while he e we e no signi ican di e ences in Malopolska
and S ockholm be ween one amily ype and ano he , in Andalusia he e was a clea di e ence in e ms o
less sa is ac ion among immig an amilies when i came o employe econcilia ion measu es in compa ison
wi h gay/lesbian, he e osexual and single mo he amilies.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 39. 03**
1,8
1,9
2,8
3,4
3,6
0
0,2
2,1
2,3
0,5
0,2
0
-0,02
0,1
3,5
F = 25.6**
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-101234
Inmig an s pa en s
Andalusia
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an s pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
F =22. 01**
F = 8. 5**
F = 8. 5
1,4
1,5
0,4
1.1
0.2
2.2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,61,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
F = 37.5**
F = 1. 9
1 2
3,02
1,6
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
0,0
1,4
1,4
2,2
2,5
2,1
3,3
F = 11. 9**
2,9
2,6
2,3
0,8
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
3,8
F = 14. 5**
4,2
4 4,5 5
2,7
2,7
3,3
3,4
3,1
1,4
2,5
1,7
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1.6
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,1
2,9
2,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4
4,1
4,1
4,3
4,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,8
3,7
** p <.01
F = 30. 2**
3,9
3,02
4,2
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
3,2
3,2
F = 5.05**
3,3
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,4
2,9
3,02
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 5.1**
1 2
2,9
2,9
3,5
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 7. 8**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,5
3,5
3,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,4
2,9
1,8
3,1
F = 4.8**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5
To al
Single mo he s
inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,2
3,2
2,9
† p <.0 .1
F = 2.9†
2,7 2,8 2,9 3
3,3
3,3
2,9
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
2,8
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
80
Figu e 21. Reconcilia ion by empo a ily lea ing he wo k o ce o ca e o amily by amily ype
Figu e 22. Reconcilia ion by gi ing up ca ee goals by amily ype
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
F = 3.1
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
4,03
2,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
3
3,17
3,22
3,23
3,27
3,3
χ2 = 87.01**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40,7
30,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 34,8
8,9
8,8
14,9
3,7
1,7 5,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Being nea school and ela i e´s home
Being nea school and wo kplace
Pos poning ha ing child en o wo k
and economic easons
Being nea home and wo kplace
Being nea home and school 33,4
29,2
21,3
20,4
26,4
3,7
4
3,1
5,2
10,9
1,5
18,8
12,8
0 10 20 30
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
28,1
16,2
** p <.01
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 21.5*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 31,1
3,8
13,6
31,3
3
3,4
1,7
10,6
** p <.01
33,9
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 86.2**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
29,3
2,5
34,3
4,3
12,1 34,4
0,3
** p <.01
7,6
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 22,7
2,3
10,6
17,9
6,1
3,4
1,7
1,5
28,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 20.8**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
35,4
6,1
27,3
3
4,9
3,3
1
** p <.01
9,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.05*
0 5 10 15 20 25
23,8
2,4
18,2
0,6
4,9
0
1
* p <.05
14,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
8,1
In e iewee
Pa ne
0 1 2
1,7
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,5
1,8
Lea e young child en o o he
dependen people alone a home
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons
Take he child en and/o o he
dependen people wi h you o you
wo k
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F= 9.8**
0,9
0,7
1,2
2,4
** p <.01
† p<0.1
F=9.7**
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 -1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 1,3
1,8
0,3
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
1,3
1,04
2,9
0
1
0,52
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1,8
F=2.90†
3,7 F=27.2**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,2
3,8
4,7
** p <.01
F= 21.9**
3,5
3,5
4,6
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
F = 3.1
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
4,03
2,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
3
3,17
3,22
3,23
3,27
3,3
χ2 = 87.01**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40,7
30,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 34,8
8,9
8,8
14,9
3,7
1,7 5,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Being nea school and ela i e´s home
Being nea school and wo kplace
Pos poning ha ing child en o wo k
and economic easons
Being nea home and wo kplace
Being nea home and school 33,4
29,2
21,3
20,4
26,4
3,7
4
3,1
5,2
10,9
1,5
18,8
12,8
0 10 20 30
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
28,1
16,2
** p <.01
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 21.5*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 31,1
3,8
13,6
31,3
3
3,4
1,7
10,6
** p <.01
33,9
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 86.2**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
29,3
2,5
34,3
4,3
12,1 34,4
0,3
** p <.01
7,6
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 22,7
2,3
10,6
17,9
6,1
3,4
1,7
1,5
28,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 20.8**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
35,4
6,1
27,3
3
4,9
3,3
1
** p <.01
9,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.05*
0 5 10 15 20 25
23,8
2,4
18,2
0,6
4,9
0
1
* p <.05
14,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
8,1
In e iewee
Pa ne
0 1 2
1,7
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,5
1,8
Lea e young child en o o he
dependen people alone a home
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons
Take he child en and/o o he
dependen people wi h you o you
wo k
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F= 9.8**
0,9
0,7
1,2
2,4
** p <.01
† p<0.1
F=9.7**
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 -1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 1,3
1,8
0,3
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
1,3
1,04
2,9
0
1
0,52
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1,8
F=2.90†
3,7 F=27.2**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,2
3,8
4,7
** p <.01
F= 21.9**
3,5
3,5
4,6
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia

FINAL REPORT
81
In e ms o he s a egy linked o enouncing new goals o p o essional esponsibili ies o ca e o he amily, in
gene al, i was seen ha i was he in e iewee—wha e e he amily ype—who mainly had o enounce new
ca ee goals (execu i e pos s, p omo ions, e c.). All he same, i was once again in he gay/lesbian amilies
whe e i is mo e p obable ha he pa ne o bo h use his measu e o econcile amily, ca ee and pe sonal
esponsibili ies han o he dual pa en amilies. See igu e 22.
Finally, he e we e no signi ican di e ences among he amily ypes wi h espec o he pe cen age o pa en s
who changed jobs o ca e o hei child en, al hough esidual ma gins indica e ha his was less equen in
lesbian mo he o gay a he s. See igu e 23.
Figu e 23. Reconcilia ion by job change o acili a e he ca e o child en o o he dependen people by amily ype
When compa ing he h ee egions, once again, he e we e signi ican di e ences in he h ee econcilia ion
s a egies. Thus, i was ound ha in e iewees om Malopolska had le he wo k o ce in signi ican highe
numbe s han hose om he o he wo egions s udied. Upon looking a he uses o his s a egy on behal
o he in e iewee’s pa ne , i was ound ha he pa ne s om S ockholm had, o a g ea e ex en , le he
wo k o ce a a gi en poin o ca e o o he s. As expec ed, in his same egion, he e was a g ea e pe cen -
age in which bo h he in e iewees and hei pa ne s had chosen his s a egy o be able o econcile hei
pe sonal, amily and ca ee li e. See igu e 24.
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
F = 3.1
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
4,03
2,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
3
3,17
3,22
3,23
3,27
3,3
χ2 = 87.01**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40,7
30,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 34,8
8,9
8,8
14,9
3,7
1,7 5,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Being nea school and ela i e´s home
Being nea school and wo kplace
Pos poning ha ing child en o wo k
and economic easons
Being nea home and wo kplace
Being nea home and school 33,4
29,2
21,3
20,4
26,4
3,7
4
3,1
5,2
10,9
1,5
18,8
12,8
0 10 20 30
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
28,1
16,2
** p <.01
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 21.5*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 31,1
3,8
13,6
31,3
3
3,4
1,7
10,6
** p <.01
33,9
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 86.2**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
29,3
2,5
34,3
4,3
12,1 34,4
0,3
** p <.01
7,6
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 22,7
2,3
10,6
17,9
6,1
3,4
1,7
1,5
28,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 20.8**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
35,4
6,1
27,3
3
4,9
3,3
1
** p <.01
9,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.05*
0 5 10 15 20 25
23,8
2,4
18,2
0,6
4,9
0
1
* p <.05
14,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
8,1
In e iewee
Pa ne
0 1 2
1,7
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,5
1,8
Lea e young child en o o he
dependen people alone a home
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons
Take he child en and/o o he
dependen people wi h you o you
wo k
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F= 9.8**
0,9
0,7
1,2
2,4
** p <.01
† p<0.1
F=9.7**
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 -1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 1,3
1,8
0,3
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
1,3
1,04
2,9
0
1
0,52
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1,8
F=2.90†
3,7 F=27.2**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,2
3,8
4,7
** p <.01
F= 21.9**
3,5
3,5
4,6
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
82
Figu e 24. Reconcilia ion by empo a ily lea ing he wo k o ce o ca e o amily by egion
Figu e 25. Reconcilia ion by gi ing up ca ee goals by egion
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
F = 3.1
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
4,03
2,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
3
3,17
3,22
3,23
3,27
3,3
χ2 = 87.01**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40,7
30,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 34,8
8,9
8,8
14,9
3,7
1,7 5,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Being nea school and ela i e´s home
Being nea school and wo kplace
Pos poning ha ing child en o wo k
and economic easons
Being nea home and wo kplace
Being nea home and school 33,4
29,2
21,3
20,4
26,4
3,7
4
3,1
5,2
10,9
1,5
18,8
12,8
0 10 20 30
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
28,1
16,2
** p <.01
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 21.5*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 31,1
3,8
13,6
31,3
3
3,4
1,7
10,6
** p <.01
33,9
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 86.2**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
29,3
2,5
34,3
4,3
12,1 34,4
0,3
** p <.01
7,6
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 22,7
2,3
10,6
17,9
6,1
3,4
1,7
1,5
28,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 20.8**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
35,4
6,1
27,3
3
4,9
3,3
1
** p <.01
9,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.05*
0 5 10 15 20 25
23,8
2,4
18,2
0,6
4,9
0
1
* p <.05
14,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
8,1
In e iewee
Pa ne
0 1 2
1,7
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,5
1,8
Lea e young child en o o he
dependen people alone a home
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons
Take he child en and/o o he
dependen people wi h you o you
wo k
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F= 9.8**
0,9
0,7
1,2
2,4
** p <.01
† p<0.1
F=9.7**
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 -1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 1,3
1,8
0,3
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
1,3
1,04
2,9
0
1
0,52
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1,8
F=2.90†
3,7 F=27.2**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,2
3,8
4,7
** p <.01
F= 21.9**
3,5
3,5
4,6
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
F = 3.1
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
4,03
2,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
3
3,17
3,22
3,23
3,27
3,3
χ2 = 87.01**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40,7
30,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 34,8
8,9
8,8
14,9
3,7
1,7 5,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Being nea school and ela i e´s home
Being nea school and wo kplace
Pos poning ha ing child en o wo k
and economic easons
Being nea home and wo kplace
Being nea home and school 33,4
29,2
21,3
20,4
26,4
3,7
4
3,1
5,2
10,9
1,5
18,8
12,8
0 10 20 30
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
28,1
16,2
** p <.01
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 21.5*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 31,1
3,8
13,6
31,3
3
3,4
1,7
10,6
** p <.01
33,9
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 86.2**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
29,3
2,5
34,3
4,3
12,1 34,4
0,3
** p <.01
7,6
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 22,7
2,3
10,6
17,9
6,1
3,4
1,7
1,5
28,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 20.8**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
35,4
6,1
27,3
3
4,9
3,3
1
** p <.01
9,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.05*
0 5 10 15 20 25
23,8
2,4
18,2
0,6
4,9
0
1
* p <.05
14,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
8,1
In e iewee
Pa ne
0 1 2
1,7
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,5
1,8
Lea e young child en o o he
dependen people alone a home
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons
Take he child en and/o o he
dependen people wi h you o you
wo k
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F= 9.8**
0,9
0,7
1,2
2,4
** p <.01
† p<0.1
F=9.7**
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 -1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 1,3
1,8
0,3
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
1,3
1,04
2,9
0
1
0,52
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1,8
F=2.90†
3,7 F=27.2**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,2
3,8
4,7
** p <.01
F= 21.9**
3,5
3,5
4,6
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
FINAL REPORT
83
In e ms o enouncing a new p o essional goal, i was ound ha his s a egy has been used o a g ea e
ex en exclusi ely by he pe sons in e iewed in he egion o Andalusia and signi ican ly less in S ockholm.
Howe e , i is mo e p obable ha in S ockholm, bo h membe s o he couple had enounced achie ing new
p o essional goals han hose in Andalusia o Malopolska.
Finally, i was ound ha in gene al, i is he in e iewees who had had o change jobs o ca e o hei amily,
al hough in he case o amilies om Malopolska, he esul s indica e ha he e was a g ea e pe cen age o
pa ne s, wi h espec o he o he wo egions, who ha e changed jobs a a gi en poin in hei li es o ca e
o hei child en o a dependan ela i e. See igu e 26.
Figu e 26. Reconcilia ion by job change o acili a e he ca e o child en o o he dependen people by egion
Du ing he in e iew, space was ese ed o ask whe he he in e iewee o hei pa ne had used ex eme
econcilia ion s a egies such as aking hei child en o wo k o lea ing mino s o o he dependan ela-
i es a home on hei own. The esul s indica e ha hese s a egies we e used in equen ly, o una ely, bo h
by he in e iewee as well as by hei pa ne ; in he 1 o 5 scale, i was ound ha he a e age equency
anged om 1.3 and 1.8. See igu e 27.
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
F = 3.1
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
4,03
2,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
3
3,17
3,22
3,23
3,27
3,3
χ2 = 87.01**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40,7
30,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 34,8
8,9
8,8
14,9
3,7
1,7 5,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Being nea school and ela i e´s home
Being nea school and wo kplace
Pos poning ha ing child en o wo k
and economic easons
Being nea home and wo kplace
Being nea home and school 33,4
29,2
21,3
20,4
26,4
3,7
4
3,1
5,2
10,9
1,5
18,8
12,8
0 10 20 30
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
28,1
16,2
** p <.01
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 21.5*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 31,1
3,8
13,6
31,3
3
3,4
1,7
10,6
** p <.01
33,9
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 86.2**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
29,3
2,5
34,3
4,3
12,1 34,4
0,3
** p <.01
7,6
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 22,7
2,3
10,6
17,9
6,1
3,4
1,7
1,5
28,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 20.8**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
35,4
6,1
27,3
3
4,9
3,3
1
** p <.01
9,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.05*
0 5 10 15 20 25
23,8
2,4
18,2
0,6
4,9
0
1
* p <.05
14,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
8,1
In e iewee
Pa ne
0 1 2
1,7
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,5
1,8
Lea e young child en o o he
dependen people alone a home
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons
Take he child en and/o o he
dependen people wi h you o you
wo k
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F= 9.8**
0,9
0,7
1,2
2,4
** p <.01
† p<0.1
F=9.7**
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 -1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 1,3
1,8
0,3
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
1,3
1,04
2,9
0
1
0,52
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1,8
F=2.90†
3,7 F=27.2**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,2
3,8
4,7
** p <.01
F= 21.9**
3,5
3,5
4,6
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
84
Figu e 27. Ex eme econcilia ion s a egies on behal o he in e iewee and his/he pa ne
The use o ex eme s a egies by he in e iewee is ce ainly low; hus, i is no su p ising ha he e we e no
di e ences in e ms o he amily ype. See able 35.
Table 35. Ex eme econcilia ion s a egies on behal o he in e iewee by amily ype
Two he e osexual
pa en s
Two same
sex pa en s
Immig an
pa en s
Single
mo he s F
M M M M
Take he child en and/o o he depen-
den people wi h you o you wo k 1.79 1.63 1.7 1.8 0.54
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons 1.92 1.64 1.7 1.7 1.6
Lea e young child en o o he depen-
den people alone a home 1.32 1.57 1.3 1.3 1.1
Howe e , he e we e signi ican di e ences in he use o ex eme econcilia ion s a egies in all h ee egions
(Table 36). S a ing wi h he s a egy o aking he child o dependan ela i e o wo k, i was ound ha in he
egion o Andalusia, his was an op ion ha was used mo e equen ly (a e age sco e o 2.2 on a scale o 1
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
F = 3.1
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
4,03
2,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
3
3,17
3,22
3,23
3,27
3,3
χ2 = 87.01**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40,7
30,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 34,8
8,9
8,8
14,9
3,7
1,7 5,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Being nea school and ela i e´s home
Being nea school and wo kplace
Pos poning ha ing child en o wo k
and economic easons
Being nea home and wo kplace
Being nea home and school 33,4
29,2
21,3
20,4
26,4
3,7
4
3,1
5,2
10,9
1,5
18,8
12,8
0 10 20 30
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
28,1
16,2
** p <.01
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 21.5*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 31,1
3,8
13,6
31,3
3
3,4
1,7
10,6
** p <.01
33,9
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 86.2**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
29,3
2,5
34,3
4,3
12,1 34,4
0,3
** p <.01
7,6
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 22,7
2,3
10,6
17,9
6,1
3,4
1,7
1,5
28,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 20.8**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
35,4
6,1
27,3
3
4,9
3,3
1
** p <.01
9,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.05*
0 5 10 15 20 25
23,8
2,4
18,2
0,6
4,9
0
1
* p <.05
14,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
8,1
In e iewee
Pa ne
0 1 2
1,7
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,5
1,8
Lea e young child en o o he
dependen people alone a home
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons
Take he child en and/o o he
dependen people wi h you o you
wo k
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F= 9.8**
0,9
0,7
1,2
2,4
** p <.01
† p<0.1
F=9.7**
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 -1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 1,3
1,8
0,3
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
1,3
1,04
2,9
0
1
0,52
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1,8
F=2.90†
3,7 F=27.2**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,2
3,8
4,7
** p <.01
F= 21.9**
3,5
3,5
4,6
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
FINAL REPORT
85
o 5) han in o he egions. The di e ence was s a is ically signi ican in compa ison wi h Malopolska. Finally,
he s a egy o lea ing mino s o dependan ela i es a home on hei own is used much mo e equen ly in
amilies om S ockholm, while amilies om Andalusia used his op ion much less. I mus be no ed ha his
op ion is used e y li le in all cases.
Table 36. Ex eme econcilia ion s a egies on behal o he in e iewee by egion
Andalusia Malopolska S ockholm F
M M M
Take he child en and/o o he dependen people wi h you o
you wo k 2.02 1.37 1.6 10.6**
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod o ca e easons 2.01 1.60 1.5 11.09**
Lea e young child en o o he dependen people alone a home 1.09 1.61 1.8 22.5**
** p <.01
When i comes o using hese s a egies on behal o he pa ne s, he e we e signi ican di e ences in e ms
o he ype o amily (Table 37). Speci ically, ake he child en o wo k is a s a egy ha was used mos e-
quen ly by pa en s o na i e he e osexual amilies han immig an amilies. The e we e no signi ican di e -
ences among amilies when i came o he ex eme measu e o lea ing he child en a home on hei own.
Table 37. Ex eme econcilia ion s a egies on behal o he pa ne by amily ype
Two he e osexual
pa en s
Two same sex
pa en s
Immig an
pa en s F
M M M
Take he child en and/o o he dependen people wi h
you o you wo k 1.5 1.4 1.1 5.5**
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod o ca e easons 1.5 1.8 1.2 8.08**
Lea e young child en o o he dependen people alone
a home 1.2 1.5 1.4 2.4
** p <.01

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
86
Upon compa ing egions, signi ican di e ences we e ound in he s a egy o lea ing he child en o depend-
an ela i e a home. Pa icula ly, i was ound ha his s a egy was used signi ican ly mo e equen ly by
amilies om S ockholm han in he o he egions. This op ion was used much less in he egion o Andalusia.
See able 38.
Table 38. Ex eme econcilia ion s a egies on behal o he pa ne by egion
Andalusia Malopolska S ockholm F
M M M
Take he child en and/o o he dependen people wi h you
o you wo k 1.4 1.3 1.4 0.9
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod o ca e easons 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.5
Lea e young child en o o he dependen people alone a
home 1.1 1.5 1.7 13.8**
** p <.01
4.2.5. Domes ic co- esponsibili y
To unde s and how he esponsibili y o domes ic asks in each home was dis ibu ed, he in e iewee was
asked who pe o med some o hese asks a home. As shown in able 39, hose in e iewed s a ed ha hey
pe o med mos o he household asks hemsel es. Thei pa ne s, on he o he hand, also played an impo -
an ole, wi h pe cen ages ha anged om 34.9% in he ask o washing clo hes, o 82% when i came o
he ask o small household epai s.
Table 39. Pe cen age o domes ic asks pe o med by he in e iewee and his/he pa ne
In e iewee Pa ne
% %
P epa e ood 89.4 54.6
Wash he dishes 89.7 64.9
Make mino household epai s 47.3 82.4
FINAL REPORT
87
Vacuum o mop he loo 85.8 46.6
Th ow away ash 74.2 77.9
Domes ic shopping 92.7 71.3
Pay bills. eceip s 79.1 70.2
Washing clo hes 93.3 34.9
W i e le e s. call amily. iends 97.6 77.0
In addi ion o unde s anding jus how he domes ic cho es we e o ganized, he s udy was in e es ed in ha ing
a mo e in-dep h unde s anding o his dis ibu ion depending on he amily ype, he egion and depending
on he amily ype and he egion join ly. To achie e his, a global sco e was calcula ed which would allow he
a e age numbe o asks pe o med by each in e iewee wi h hei pa ne o be s udied. A di e en ial sco e
was hen ob ained, which came om sub ac ing he o al numbe o asks pe o med by he in e iewee om
he o al numbe o asks pe o med by he pa ne , as was he o mula used o ca e- ela ed asks. Thus, he
s udy could see whe he o no he ask dis ibu ion pa e n was balanced o di e en ial, a leas in e ms o
he numbe o ask pe o med by each membe o he couple.
Upon pe o ming he compa ison based on amily ypes wi h he global sum o he sco es (Table 40), i was
ound ha single mo he s pe o med mo e domes ic ask han any o he g oup, ollowed by in e iewees om
gay/lesbian amilies.
Table 40. A e age o domes ic cho e o al by amily ype
In e iewee Pa ne
M M
Two he e osexual pa en s 5.3 4.3
Two same-sex pa en s 5.8 5.1
Immig an pa en s 5.7 3.3
Single mo he s 6.4 ---
F18.2** 17.7**
** p <.01
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
88
F om he analysis o he di e ences in he di e en ial sco es, based on amily ypes ( igu e 28), i was deduced
ha immig an amilies we e less balanced, in compa ison wi h gay/lesbian amilies who appea o ha e mo e
balance in e ms o domes ic esponsibili ies be ween he in e iewees and hei pa ne s.
Figu e 28. Di e en ial sco es o domes ic cho es by amily ype
Upon compa ing he di e en ial sco es by egions, i was ound ha he dynamics a e simila in he egions
o Andalusia and Malopolska: he in e iewees pe o med mo e domes ic cho es han hei pa ne s, bu in
S ockholm, no di e ences we e ound. In he Swedish egion, domes ic cho es we e sha ed mo e equally and
i was signi ican ly di e en om he o he egions. See able 41 and igu e 29.
Table 41. A e age o domes ic cho e o al by egion
In e iewee Pa ne
M M
Andalusia 5.6 4.0
Malopolska 5.9 3.6
S ockholm 5.7 5.6
F1.8** 33.7**
** p <.01
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
F = 3.1
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
4,03
2,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
3
3,17
3,22
3,23
3,27
3,3
χ2 = 87.01**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40,7
30,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 34,8
8,9
8,8
14,9
3,7
1,7 5,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Being nea school and ela i e´s home
Being nea school and wo kplace
Pos poning ha ing child en o wo k
and economic easons
Being nea home and wo kplace
Being nea home and school 33,4
29,2
21,3
20,4
26,4
3,7
4
3,1
5,2
10,9
1,5
18,8
12,8
0 10 20 30
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
28,1
16,2
** p <.01
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 21.5*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 31,1
3,8
13,6
31,3
3
3,4
1,7
10,6
** p <.01
33,9
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 86.2**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
29,3
2,5
34,3
4,3
12,1 34,4
0,3
** p <.01
7,6
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 22,7
2,3
10,6
17,9
6,1
3,4
1,7
1,5
28,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 20.8**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
35,4
6,1
27,3
3
4,9
3,3
1
** p <.01
9,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.05*
0 5 10 15 20 25
23,8
2,4
18,2
0,6
4,9
0
1
* p <.05
14,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
8,1
In e iewee
Pa ne
0 1 2
1,7
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,5
1,8
Lea e young child en o o he
dependen people alone a home
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons
Take he child en and/o o he
dependen people wi h you o you
wo k
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F= 9.8**
0,9
0,7
1,2
2,4
** p <.01
† p<0.1
F=9.7**
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 -1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 1,3
1,8
0,3
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
1,3
1,04
2,9
0
1
0,52
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1,8
F=2.90†
3,7 F=27.2**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,2
3,8
4,7
** p <.01
F= 21.9**
3,5
3,5
4,6
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
FINAL REPORT
89
Figu e 29. Di e en ial sco es o domes ic cho es by egion
When sha ing domes ic cho es based on he amily ype and egion (Table 42), signi ican di e ences we e
ound in he a e age o cho es pe o med by pa ne s. Upon seeing wha happened in e nally in each egion,
hese di e ences we e ob ious; while in S ockholm he e we e no di e ences in he numbe o household
asks pe o med by he e osexual and gay/lesbian amilies, in Malopolska he e we e impo an di e ences
be ween he wo amily ypes s udied: he e osexual and immig an amilies.
Table 42. A e age o domes ic cho e o al by amily ype and egion
Two he e osexual
pa en s
Two same-sex
pa en s Immig an pa en s Single mo he s
I P I P I P I
M M M M M M M
Andalusia 5.2 3.9 5.4 4.4 5.6 3.8 6.4
Malopolska 5.2 4.1 --- --- 5.7 2.7 6.6
S ockholm 5.6 5.6 6.1 5.6 --- --- ----
F In e iewee 0.5
F Pa ne 3.2*
* p <.05
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
F = 3.1
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
4,03
2,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
3
3,17
3,22
3,23
3,27
3,3
χ2 = 87.01**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40,7
30,9
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 34,8
8,9
8,8
14,9
3,7
1,7 5,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Being nea school and ela i e´s home
Being nea school and wo kplace
Pos poning ha ing child en o wo k
and economic easons
Being nea home and wo kplace
Being nea home and school 33,4
29,2
21,3
20,4
26,4
3,7
4
3,1
5,2
10,9
1,5
18,8
12,8
0 10 20 30
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
28,1
16,2
** p <.01
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 21.5*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6,1
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 31,1
3,8
13,6
31,3
3
3,4
1,7
10,6
** p <.01
33,9
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 86.2**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
29,3
2,5
34,3
4,3
12,1 34,4
0,3
** p <.01
7,6
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 22,7
2,3
10,6
17,9
6,1
3,4
1,7
1,5
28,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
S op wo king du ing a empo a y
pe iod o ca e easons
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 20.8**
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2
35,4
6,1
27,3
3
4,9
3,3
1
** p <.01
9,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Gi ing up ca ee goals: p omo ion,
managemen posi ions...
In e iewee
Pa ne
Bo h
χ2 = 14.05*
0 5 10 15 20 25
23,8
2,4
18,2
0,6
4,9
0
1
* p <.05
14,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
Job change o acili a e he ca e o
child en o o he dependen
people
8,1
In e iewee
Pa ne
0 1 2
1,7
1,4
1,4
1,3
1,5
1,8
Lea e young child en o o he
dependen people alone a home
S op wo king du ing a empo a y pe iod
o ca e easons
Take he child en and/o o he
dependen people wi h you o you
wo k
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F= 9.8**
0,9
0,7
1,2
2,4
** p <.01
† p<0.1
F=9.7**
-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 -1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 1,3
1,8
0,3
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
1,3
1,04
2,9
0
1
0,52
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
1,8
F=2.90†
3,7 F=27.2**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,2
3,8
4,7
** p <.01
F= 21.9**
3,5
3,5
4,6
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 54,5
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
96
Table 45. Pe sonal ime by egion
Andalusia Malopolska S ockholm F
M M M
Pe sonal ime In e iewee 2.68 2.26 3.7 35.3**
Pe sonal ime Pa ne 3.22 2.89 3.8 12.03**
Pe sonal ime oge he 2.34 2.2 2.7 3.9*
* p <.05 ** p <.01
I seems in e es ing o commen ha he e we e no signi ican di e ences nei he in he pe sonal ime da a
o he in e iewees, no in hei pa ne o join ime, aking join ly in conside a ion he in luences o he egion
and amily ype, as shown in igu e 37 and able 46.
Table 46. Pe sonal ime by amily ype and egion
Single
mo he s
Immig an
pa en s
Two same-
sex pa en s
Two he e osexual
pa en s F
M M M M
Andalusia
Pe sonal ime in e iewee 2.60 2.10 3.10 2.80 0.06
Pe sonal ime pa ne --- 3.10 3.03 3.35
Pe sonal ime oge he --- 1.93 2.31 2.53
Malopolska
Pe sonal ime in e iewee 2.19 1.93 --- 2.53 0.7
Pe sonal ime pa ne --- 2.76 --- 2.97
Pe sonal ime oge he --- 1.86 --- 2.44
S ockholm
Pe sonal ime in e iewee --- --- 3.75 3.62 1.1
Pe sonal ime pa ne --- --- 3.79 3.77
Pe sonal ime oge he --- --- 2.55 2.51

FINAL REPORT
97
Figu e 36. Di e en ial sco es o pe sonal ime by egion
Figu e 37. Di e en ial sco es o pe sonal ime by amily ype and egion
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
3,3
33,4
4,4
4,5
0
0
12345
F= 3.05*
6
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
* p <.05
3,5
4,8
1 2
2,9
2,9
2,7
3,3
2,4
3 4 5
Pe sonal ime oge he
Pe sonal ime Pa ne
Pe sonal ime in e iewee
-1 0 1
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F = 11.1**
-0,4
-0,4
0,1
0,9
** p <.01
F = 4.7**
-0,5
-0,6
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-0,1
Andalusia
F = 0.9
Malopolska
S ockholm
-2
-0,5
-1
-0,8
-0,4 -0,1
0,1
0
0,2
-1 0 1 2
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,02
F = 9.4**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,9
2,3
2,8
** p <.01
F = 25.6**
1 2
2,5
3,8
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 0.7
12345
2,7
2,3
2,3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 2,8
3,9
3,8
3,3
2,5 3,1
2,1
2,6
F =11.7**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,6
3,4
2,6
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 29. 2**
1 2
3,1
1,7
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,7
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 5.1**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,04
3,6
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
1,6
1,8
2,4
2,3
3,2
2,04
2,8
F = 16.1**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,4
2,9
** p <.01
F = 32. 7**
1 2
3,1
1,9
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1. 3
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,9
3,6
3,2
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
2,1
1,7
2,5
2,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
Wo kplace Nu se y
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Financial aid
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing 53,7
35,4
23,8
22
17,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
U ban camps
Mo e help om he amily
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing
Financial aid 66,7
40,4
39,4
30,3
26,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Telewo king
Pa - ime wo k
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible 61,2
35,8
29,8
28,3
23,9
5,7
5,04
F = 27.2**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4,9
3,8
4,8
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 40.8**
1 2
4,2
5,7
3 4 5 6
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 4,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 15.00**
1234567
4,4
3,3
4,3
3,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 5,2
5,7
5,7
5,8
5,4
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
3,3
33,4
4,4
4,5
0
0
12345
F= 3.05*
6
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
* p <.05
3,5
4,8
1 2
2,9
2,9
2,7
3,3
2,4
3 4 5
Pe sonal ime oge he
Pe sonal ime Pa ne
Pe sonal ime in e iewee
-1 0 1
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F = 11.1**
-0,4
-0,4
0,1
0,9
** p <.01
F = 4.7**
-0,5
-0,6
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-0,1
Andalusia
F = 0.9
Malopolska
S ockholm
-2
-0,5
-1
-0,8
-0,4 -0,1
0,1
0
0,2
-1 0 1 2
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,02
F = 9.4**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,9
2,3
2,8
** p <.01
F = 25.6**
1 2
2,5
3,8
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 0.7
12345
2,7
2,3
2,3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 2,8
3,9
3,8
3,3
2,5 3,1
2,1
2,6
F =11.7**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,6
3,4
2,6
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 29. 2**
1 2
3,1
1,7
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,7
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 5.1**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,04
3,6
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
1,6
1,8
2,4
2,3
3,2
2,04
2,8
F = 16.1**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,4
2,9
** p <.01
F = 32. 7**
1 2
3,1
1,9
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1. 3
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,9
3,6
3,2
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
2,1
1,7
2,5
2,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
Wo kplace Nu se y
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Financial aid
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing 53,7
35,4
23,8
22
17,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
U ban camps
Mo e help om he amily
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing
Financial aid 66,7
40,4
39,4
30,3
26,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Telewo king
Pa - ime wo k
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible 61,2
35,8
29,8
28,3
23,9
5,7
5,04
F = 27.2**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4,9
3,8
4,8
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 40.8**
1 2
4,2
5,7
3 4 5 6
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 4,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 15.00**
1234567
4,4
3,3
4,3
3,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 5,2
5,7
5,7
5,8
5,4
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
98
To conclude his sec ion, he le el o sa is ac ion o he amilies wi h hei pe sonal ime will be co e ed.
As can be seen in igu e 38, he o al numbe o amilies in e iewed exp essed an a e age deg ee o sa is ac-
ion wi h espec o he ec ea ional ime hey ha e. Thus, on he 1 o 5 scale, which goes om less o g ea e
sa is ac ion, he a e age sco e o he amilies was 2.9. These esul s a e logical when conside ing ha he
a e age amoun o pe sonal ime is qui e low.
Figu e 38. Sa is ac ion wi h pe sonal ime by amily ype
As can be seen in igu e 38, he in o ma ion wi h he a e age sa is ac ion based on he ype o amily indica es
ha he e a e signi ican di e ences be ween one and ano he . These di e ences we e pe cep ible o he
highe le el o sa is ac ion o gay/lesbian amilies when compa ed wi h he es o he amilies. In he case o
single mo he s, hey ha e a signi ican lowe le el o sa is ac ion wi h hei pe sonal ime han he gay/lesbian
amilies, bu hey we e no di e en in his aspec om he o he wo g oups o amilies. Mo eo e , he e we e
signi ican di e ences be ween he lowe le el o sa is ac ion o immig an amilies wi h espec o he e o-
sexual and gay/lesbian amilies.
The da a abou sa is ac ion wi h pe sonal and ec ea ional ime also shows signi ican di e ences based on
he ype o egion, as can be seen in igu e 39. These di e ences a ise om he g ea e sa is ac ion wi h he
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
3,3
33,4
4,4
4,5
0
0
12345
F= 3.05*
6
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
* p <.05
3,5
4,8
1 2
2,9
2,9
2,7
3,3
2,4
3 4 5
Pe sonal ime oge he
Pe sonal ime Pa ne
Pe sonal ime in e iewee
-1 0 1
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F = 11.1**
-0,4
-0,4
0,1
0,9
** p <.01
F = 4.7**
-0,5
-0,6
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-0,1
Andalusia
F = 0.9
Malopolska
S ockholm
-2
-0,5
-1
-0,8
-0,4 -0,1
0,1
0
0,2
-1 0 1 2
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,02
F = 9.4**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,9
2,3
2,8
** p <.01
F = 25.6**
1 2
2,5
3,8
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 0.7
12345
2,7
2,3
2,3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 2,8
3,9
3,8
3,3
2,5 3,1
2,1
2,6
F =11.7**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,6
3,4
2,6
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 29. 2**
1 2
3,1
1,7
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,7
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 5.1**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,04
3,6
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
1,6
1,8
2,4
2,3
3,2
2,04
2,8
F = 16.1**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,4
2,9
** p <.01
F = 32. 7**
1 2
3,1
1,9
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1. 3
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,9
3,6
3,2
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
2,1
1,7
2,5
2,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
Wo kplace Nu se y
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Financial aid
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing 53,7
35,4
23,8
22
17,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
U ban camps
Mo e help om he amily
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing
Financial aid 66,7
40,4
39,4
30,3
26,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Telewo king
Pa - ime wo k
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible 61,2
35,8
29,8
28,3
23,9
5,7
5,04
F = 27.2**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4,9
3,8
4,8
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 40.8**
1 2
4,2
5,7
3 4 5 6
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 4,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 15.00**
1234567
4,4
3,3
4,3
3,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 5,2
5,7
5,7
5,8
5,4
FINAL REPORT
99
a ailabili y o pe sonal and ec ea ional ime ha he amilies om S ockholm ha e wi h espec o hose om
Andalusia and Malopolska, which is logical da a i conside ing ha hey ha e mo e a ailable ime.
Figu e 39. Sa is ac ion wi h pe sonal ime by egion
Figu e 40. Sa is ac ion wi h pe sonal ime by amily ype and egions
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
3,3
33,4
4,4
4,5
0
0
12345
F= 3.05*
6
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
* p <.05
3,5
4,8
1 2
2,9
2,9
2,7
3,3
2,4
3 4 5
Pe sonal ime oge he
Pe sonal ime Pa ne
Pe sonal ime in e iewee
-1 0 1
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F = 11.1**
-0,4
-0,4
0,1
0,9
** p <.01
F = 4.7**
-0,5
-0,6
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-0,1
Andalusia
F = 0.9
Malopolska
S ockholm
-2
-0,5
-1
-0,8
-0,4 -0,1
0,1
0
0,2
-1 0 1 2
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,02
F = 9.4**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,9
2,3
2,8
** p <.01
F = 25.6**
1 2
2,5
3,8
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 0.7
12345
2,7
2,3
2,3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 2,8
3,9
3,8
3,3
2,5 3,1
2,1
2,6
F =11.7**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,6
3,4
2,6
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 29. 2**
1 2
3,1
1,7
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,7
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 5.1**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,04
3,6
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
1,6
1,8
2,4
2,3
3,2
2,04
2,8
F = 16.1**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,4
2,9
** p <.01
F = 32. 7**
1 2
3,1
1,9
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1. 3
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,9
3,6
3,2
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
2,1
1,7
2,5
2,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
Wo kplace Nu se y
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Financial aid
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing 53,7
35,4
23,8
22
17,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
U ban camps
Mo e help om he amily
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing
Financial aid 66,7
40,4
39,4
30,3
26,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Telewo king
Pa - ime wo k
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible 61,2
35,8
29,8
28,3
23,9
5,7
5,04
F = 27.2**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4,9
3,8
4,8
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 40.8**
1 2
4,2
5,7
3 4 5 6
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 4,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 15.00**
1234567
4,4
3,3
4,3
3,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 5,2
5,7
5,7
5,8
5,4
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
3,3
33,4
4,4
4,5
0
0
12345
F= 3.05*
6
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
* p <.05
3,5
4,8
1 2
2,9
2,9
2,7
3,3
2,4
3 4 5
Pe sonal ime oge he
Pe sonal ime Pa ne
Pe sonal ime in e iewee
-1 0 1
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F = 11.1**
-0,4
-0,4
0,1
0,9
** p <.01
F = 4.7**
-0,5
-0,6
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-0,1
Andalusia
F = 0.9
Malopolska
S ockholm
-2
-0,5
-1
-0,8
-0,4 -0,1
0,1
0
0,2
-1 0 1 2
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,02
F = 9.4**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,9
2,3
2,8
** p <.01
F = 25.6**
1 2
2,5
3,8
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 0.7
12345
2,7
2,3
2,3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 2,8
3,9
3,8
3,3
2,5 3,1
2,1
2,6
F =11.7**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,6
3,4
2,6
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 29. 2**
1 2
3,1
1,7
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,7
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 5.1**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,04
3,6
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
1,6
1,8
2,4
2,3
3,2
2,04
2,8
F = 16.1**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,4
2,9
** p <.01
F = 32. 7**
1 2
3,1
1,9
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1. 3
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,9
3,6
3,2
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
2,1
1,7
2,5
2,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
Wo kplace Nu se y
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Financial aid
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing 53,7
35,4
23,8
22
17,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
U ban camps
Mo e help om he amily
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing
Financial aid 66,7
40,4
39,4
30,3
26,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Telewo king
Pa - ime wo k
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible 61,2
35,8
29,8
28,3
23,9
5,7
5,04
F = 27.2**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4,9
3,8
4,8
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 40.8**
1 2
4,2
5,7
3 4 5 6
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 4,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 15.00**
1234567
4,4
3,3
4,3
3,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 5,2
5,7
5,7
5,8
5,4
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES FINAL REPORT
100
Cong uen wi h he esul s ob ained when c oss- e e encing pe sonal ime (di e en ial sco es) based on he
ype o amily and egion, he e we e also signi ican di e ences in he sa is ac ion wi h pe sonal ime when
he join in luence o he amily ype and he egion was analysed. This can be obse ed in igu e 40 and is
cong uen wi h he da a ob ained wi h he di e en ial sco e in pe sonal ime.
4.2.7. Gene al ema ks abou econcilia ion
A e ha ing analyzed he main aspec s ela i e o amily econcilia ion o amily, pe sonal and ca ee li e, i
is in e es ing o no e he b oad pe cep ion ha amilies ha e o hei econcilia ion p oblems. Mo eo e , hey
we e asked o no e hei main p oblems, and abo e all, o o e sugges ions in e ms o measu es o imp o e
hei si ua ion.
To s a wi h, he pe cep ion o he ac ual amilies abou hei p oblems o econcilia ion will be e-
iewed. As shown in igu e 41, he a e age ob ained (2.6) on he scale om “1: I ha e no p oblems o econ-
cile” o “5: I equen ly ha e p oblems,” indica es ha he amilies in e iewed ha e a medium-low pe cep ion
o econcilia ion p oblems.
Figu e 41. Global pe cep ion o econcilia ion p oblems by amily ype
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
3,3
33,4
4,4
4,5
0
0
12345
F= 3.05*
6
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
* p <.05
3,5
4,8
1 2
2,9
2,9
2,7
3,3
2,4
3 4 5
Pe sonal ime oge he
Pe sonal ime Pa ne
Pe sonal ime in e iewee
-1 0 1
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F = 11.1**
-0,4
-0,4
0,1
0,9
** p <.01
F = 4.7**
-0,5
-0,6
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-0,1
Andalusia
F = 0.9
Malopolska
S ockholm
-2
-0,5
-1
-0,8
-0,4 -0,1
0,1
0
0,2
-1 0 1 2
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,02
F = 9.4**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,9
2,3
2,8
** p <.01
F = 25.6**
1 2
2,5
3,8
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 0.7
12345
2,7
2,3
2,3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 2,8
3,9
3,8
3,3
2,5 3,1
2,1
2,6
F =11.7**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,6
3,4
2,6
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 29. 2**
1 2
3,1
1,7
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,7
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 5.1**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,04
3,6
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
1,6
1,8
2,4
2,3
3,2
2,04
2,8
F = 16.1**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,4
2,9
** p <.01
F = 32. 7**
1 2
3,1
1,9
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1. 3
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,9
3,6
3,2
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
2,1
1,7
2,5
2,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
Wo kplace Nu se y
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Financial aid
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing 53,7
35,4
23,8
22
17,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
U ban camps
Mo e help om he amily
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing
Financial aid 66,7
40,4
39,4
30,3
26,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Telewo king
Pa - ime wo k
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible 61,2
35,8
29,8
28,3
23,9
5,7
5,04
F = 27.2**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4,9
3,8
4,8
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 40.8**
1 2
4,2
5,7
3 4 5 6
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 4,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 15.00**
1234567
4,4
3,3
4,3
3,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 5,2
5,7
5,7
5,8
5,4
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES FINAL REPORT
101
I his a iable is also analysed—based on he amily ype— igu e 41 shows ha he e a e signi ican di e -
ences. These di e ences we e equen ly deno ed by a g ea e pe cep ion o econcilia ion p oblems ha im-
mig an amilies had in compa ison wi h all o he amilies and a lesse pe cep ion o econcilia ion p oblems in
gay/lesbian amilies. The e we e no s a is ical di e ences be ween he a e age pe cep ion o single mo he s
and he e osexual amilies.
The in o ma ion o he pe cep ion o econcilia ion p oblems also shows signi ican di e ences based on he
egion, as shown in igu e 42. These di e ences we e due o he g ea e pe cep ion o p oblems ha amilies
om Malopolska see wi h espec o amilies om Andalusia and hose o S ockholm, who pe cei e econcili-
a ion p oblems o a much lesse ex en , gene ically speaking.
Figu e 42. Global pe cep ion o econcilia ion p oblems by egion
The e we e signi ican di e ences when analyzing he in o ma ion o his a iable, aking in o conside a ion
join ly he egion and he ype o amily, as can be seen in igu e 43. To unde s and hese di e ences, how his
a iable beha es o each egion depending on he ype o amily, was explo ed. In his sense, he di e ences
we e deno ed by he ollowing aspec s: while in Malopolska and S ockholm he e we e no signi ican di e -
ences be ween one amily ype and ano he , in Andalusia he e we e clea di e ences, deno ed by he g ea e
pe cep ion o econcilia ion p oblems ha immig an amilies had wi h espec o gay/lesbian, he e osexual
and single mo he amilies.
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
3,3
33,4
4,4
4,5
0
0
12345
F= 3.05*
6
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
* p <.05
3,5
4,8
1 2
2,9
2,9
2,7
3,3
2,4
3 4 5
Pe sonal ime oge he
Pe sonal ime Pa ne
Pe sonal ime in e iewee
-1 0 1
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F = 11.1**
-0,4
-0,4
0,1
0,9
** p <.01
F = 4.7**
-0,5
-0,6
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-0,1
Andalusia
F = 0.9
Malopolska
S ockholm
-2
-0,5
-1
-0,8
-0,4 -0,1
0,1
0
0,2
-1 0 1 2
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,02
F = 9.4**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,9
2,3
2,8
** p <.01
F = 25.6**
1 2
2,5
3,8
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 0.7
12345
2,7
2,3
2,3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 2,8
3,9
3,8
3,3
2,5 3,1
2,1
2,6
F =11.7**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,6
3,4
2,6
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 29. 2**
1 2
3,1
1,7
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,7
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 5.1**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,04
3,6
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
1,6
1,8
2,4
2,3
3,2
2,04
2,8
F = 16.1**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,4
2,9
** p <.01
F = 32. 7**
1 2
3,1
1,9
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1. 3
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,9
3,6
3,2
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
2,1
1,7
2,5
2,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
Wo kplace Nu se y
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Financial aid
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing 53,7
35,4
23,8
22
17,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
U ban camps
Mo e help om he amily
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing
Financial aid 66,7
40,4
39,4
30,3
26,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Telewo king
Pa - ime wo k
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible 61,2
35,8
29,8
28,3
23,9
5,7
5,04
F = 27.2**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4,9
3,8
4,8
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 40.8**
1 2
4,2
5,7
3 4 5 6
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 4,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 15.00**
1234567
4,4
3,3
4,3
3,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 5,2
5,7
5,7
5,8
5,4

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
102
Figu e 43. Global pe cep ion o econcilia ion p oblems by amily ype and egion
Mo e han he gene ic pe cep ion o he p oblems, speci ic econcilia ion p oblems ha he amilies men-
ioned spon aneously will be co e ed in his sec ion. The dynamics o he analysis ollowed o da e has
changed, as i is belie ed ha his sec ion is mo e in e es ing in he ligh o he conclusions and ecommen-
da ions. Fi s , he mos equen p oblems ound in he o al sample we e s udied, and la e , he i e mos
equen p oblems o he amilies in each egion. In his pa icula case, he di e ences based on he amily
ype we e s udied in dep h, as i seemed ex emely ele an o he ecommenda ions.
As obse ed in able 47, lack o pe sonal ime is he mos e e ed o p oblem by he in e iewees, ollowed
by incompa ibili y o wo k hou s o ca e o he child en, and he sensa ion o being o e whelmed by he ask.
This same able indica es, in o de o equency, he es o he p oblems e e ed o by he amilies in e iewed.
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
3,3
33,4
4,4
4,5
0
0
12345
F= 3.05*
6
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
* p <.05
3,5
4,8
1 2
2,9
2,9
2,7
3,3
2,4
3 4 5
Pe sonal ime oge he
Pe sonal ime Pa ne
Pe sonal ime in e iewee
-1 0 1
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F = 11.1**
-0,4
-0,4
0,1
0,9
** p <.01
F = 4.7**
-0,5
-0,6
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-0,1
Andalusia
F = 0.9
Malopolska
S ockholm
-2
-0,5
-1
-0,8
-0,4 -0,1
0,1
0
0,2
-1 0 1 2
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,02
F = 9.4**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,9
2,3
2,8
** p <.01
F = 25.6**
1 2
2,5
3,8
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 0.7
12345
2,7
2,3
2,3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 2,8
3,9
3,8
3,3
2,5 3,1
2,1
2,6
F =11.7**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,6
3,4
2,6
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 29. 2**
1 2
3,1
1,7
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,7
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 5.1**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,04
3,6
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
1,6
1,8
2,4
2,3
3,2
2,04
2,8
F = 16.1**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,4
2,9
** p <.01
F = 32. 7**
1 2
3,1
1,9
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1. 3
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,9
3,6
3,2
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
2,1
1,7
2,5
2,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
Wo kplace Nu se y
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Financial aid
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing 53,7
35,4
23,8
22
17,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
U ban camps
Mo e help om he amily
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing
Financial aid 66,7
40,4
39,4
30,3
26,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Telewo king
Pa - ime wo k
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible 61,2
35,8
29,8
28,3
23,9
5,7
5,04
F = 27.2**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4,9
3,8
4,8
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 40.8**
1 2
4,2
5,7
3 4 5 6
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 4,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 15.00**
1234567
4,4
3,3
4,3
3,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 5,2
5,7
5,7
5,8
5,4
FINAL REPORT
103
Table 47. Main econcilia ion p oblems
%
Lack o pe sonal ime 44.9
Incompa ibili y o wo k hou s wi h school hou s 33.2
Sense o being o e whelmed 31.4
Lack o ca e esou ces o child en du ing ex ao dina y si ua ions, summe and o he
school holidays. 30.6
Lack o amily suppo ne wo k 18.1
Lack o co- esponsibili y om pa ne 12.5
High cos s o ca e esou ces 12.5
Dis ance home-wo kplace-school 12.9
The i e mos equen p oblems pe egion a e s a ed in ables 48 (Andalusia), 49 (Malopolska) and 50
(S ockholm). As can be seen, and ollowing he logic o he gene ic in o ma ion, he main p oblem in he h ee
egions, indi idually, con inues o be a lack o pe sonal ime. The second o hese p oblems, in he case o
Andalusia, co esponds o lack o ca e esou ces o child en du ing ex ao dina y si ua ions, he summe
and o he school holidays, ollowed by incompa ibili y o wo k hou s o ca e o he child en. In he case o
Malopolska, as shown in able 49, he second p oblem is he sensa ion o being o e whelmed and he hi d
is lack o ca e esou ces o child en du ing ex ao dina y si ua ions, he summe and o he school holidays.
Table 48. Main econcilia ion p oblems by egion (Andalusia)
Andalusia
%
Lack o pe sonal ime 33.5
Lack o ca e esou ces o child en du ing ex ao dina y si ua ions, he summe and o he
school holidays 32.3
Incompa ibili y o wo k hou s wi h school hou s 31.7
Sense o being o e whelmed 22.6
Lack o amily suppo ne wo k 12.8
Lack o co- esponsibili y om pa ne 12.8
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
104
Table 49. Main econcilia ion p oblems by egion (Malopolska)
Malopolska
%
Lack o pe sonal ime 63.6
Sense o being o e whelmed 48.5
Lack o ca e esou ces o child en du ing ex ao dina y si ua ions, he summe and o he
school holidays
42.4
Incompa ibili y o wo k hou s wi h school hou s 34.3
Lack o a amily suppo ne wo k 28.3
Las ly, in he case o S ockholm, and conside ing he e y low pe cen age o amilies ha men ioned some
ype o econcilia ion p oblems, hese we e he incompa ibili y o wo k hou s, lack o ca e esou ces o chil-
d en du ing ex ao dina y si ua ions, he summe and o he school holidays and sense o being o e whelmed.
Table 50. Main econcilia ion p oblems by egion (S ockholm)
S ockholm
%
Lack o pe sonal ime 16.42
Lack o ca e esou ces o child en du ing ex ao dina y si ua ions, he summe
and o he school holidays 9
Sense o being o e whelmed 7.5
Dis ance home-wo kplace-school 7.5
Lack o a amily suppo ne wo k 4.5
In he in e iew, a ques ion was included o measu e he sensa ion o being o e whelmed. This ques ion
was especially in e es ing as one o he p oblems men ioned by he amilies in all h ee coun ies is p ecisely
he sensa ion o being o e whelmed wi h daily esponsibili ies.
FINAL REPORT
105
The in e iewee mus place him/he sel , hinking abou acing daily esponsibili ies, on a scale ha wen om
“1: wi hou di icul ies, elaxed” o “5: Wi h many di icul ies, o e whelmed”. The esul s, as exp essed in igu e
44, show ha he amilies in e iewed ha e an a e age pe cep ion o being o e whelmed as shown by an
a e age sco e o 2.8.
Figu e 44. Sense o being o e whelmed by all daily esponsibili ies by amily ype
Conside ing he di e ences based on amily ype, i will be seen ha he e a e signi ican di e ences in he
sensa ion o being o e whelmed ( igu e 44). As expec ed, hese di e ences we e s ongly deno ed by a
g ea e sensa ion o eeling o e whelmed in he case o immig an amilies o e o he amilies and a lesse
sensa ion o being o e whelmed in he case o gay/lesbian amilies.
The esul s o he compa isons by egions show ha he e a e also signi ican di e ences be ween hese, as
can be seen in igu e 45. These di e ences we e due o a lesse sensa ion o being o e whelmed shown by
amilies om S ockholm in compa ison wi h amilies om Andalusia and om Malopolska.
When join ly conside ing amily ypes and egions, in e ms o he sensa ion o eeling o e whelmed, no sig-
ni ican di e ences we e ound among he h ee egions when conside ing he ypes o amilies ( igu e 46).
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
0
3,3
33,4
4,4
4,5
0
0
12345
F= 3.05*
6
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
* p <.05
3,5
4,8
1 2
2,9
2,9
2,7
3,3
2,4
3 4 5
Pe sonal ime oge he
Pe sonal ime Pa ne
Pe sonal ime in e iewee
-1 0 1
Inmig an pa en s
To al
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
** p <.01
F = 11.1**
-0,4
-0,4
0,1
0,9
** p <.01
F = 4.7**
-0,5
-0,6
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10,8
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia
-0,1
Andalusia
F = 0.9
Malopolska
S ockholm
-2
-0,5
-1
-0,8
-0,4 -0,1
0,1
0
0,2
-1 0 1 2
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
3,6
3,02
F = 9.4**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,9
2,3
2,8
** p <.01
F = 25.6**
1 2
2,5
3,8
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 0.7
12345
2,7
2,3
2,3
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 2,8
3,9
3,8
3,3
2,5 3,1
2,1
2,6
F =11.7**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,6
3,4
2,6
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 29. 2**
1 2
3,1
1,7
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,7
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 5.1**
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
3,04
3,6
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
1,6
1,8
2,4
2,3
3,2
2,04
2,8
F = 16.1**
** p <.01
12345
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
2,8
3,4
2,9
** p <.01
F = 32. 7**
1 2
3,1
1,9
345
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 2,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 1. 3
1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
2,9
3,6
3,2
3,2
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 3,03
2,1
1,7
2,5
2,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
Wo kplace Nu se y
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Financial aid
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing 53,7
35,4
23,8
22
17,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
U ban camps
Mo e help om he amily
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible
wi h ca egi ing
Financial aid 66,7
40,4
39,4
30,3
26,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ex acu icula ac i i ies
F ee days o ex ao dina y si ua ions
Telewo king
Pa - ime wo k
Flexible wo k shedule compa ible 61,2
35,8
29,8
28,3
23,9
5,7
5,04
F = 27.2**
** p <.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
To al
Inmig an pa en s
Two same-sex pa en s
Single mo he s
Two he e osexual pa en s
4,9
3,8
4,8
** p <.01
** p <.01
F = 40.8**
1 2
4,2
5,7
3 4 5 6
S ockholm
Malopolska
Andalusia 4,9
Andalusia
Malopolska
S ockholm
F = 15.00**
1234567
4,4
3,3
4,3
3,8
Inmig an pa en s
Single mo he s
Two same-sex pa en s
Two he e osexual pa en s 5,2
5,7
5,7
5,8
5,4
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
112
The s udy also sough o answe i he li e sa is ac ion le el shown by he in e iewees was linked o he as-
sessmen hey had made h oughou he in e iew o he a ious aspec s ela ed o econcilia ion: pe cep ion
o di icul ies when ca ing o child en; wo k- ela ed s ess; sa is ac ion wi h esou ces o ca e o child en;
sa is ac ion wi h he dis ibu ion o domes ic cho es and sa is ac ion wi h pe sonal and ec ea ional ime. To
see whe he o no he e was a ela ionship among hese a iables, a co ela ion ma ix was c ea ed. These
esul s a e shown on able 52.
Table 52. Co ela ions be ween li e sa is ac ion and se e al econcilia ion measu es
Pe cep ion o
child en ca e
di icul ies
Wo k- ela ed
S ess
Child en Ca e
Resou ces
Sa is ac ion
Company
Reconcilia ion
Measu es
Sa is ac ion
Dis ibu ion
o Domes ic
Cho es
Sa is ac ion
Pe sonal
Time
Sa is ac ion
Sa is ac ion
wi h Li e -0.49** -0.31** 0.44** 0.38** 0.51** 0.48**
** p <.01
As shown in able 52, he li e sa is ac ion sco e nega i ely co ela ed wi h he pe cep ion o di icul y in ca ing
o he child en and wi h wo k- ela ed s ess. These esul s imply ha he li e sa is ac ion pe cei ed by he in-
e iewees dec eased when he amilies pe cei e mo e di icul ies when i came o acing he ca e o child en
and when he e was g ea e wo k- ela ed s ess.
On he con a y, li e sa is ac ion inc eased when he e was g ea e sa is ac ion wi h he esou ces o child
ca e, wi h he econcilia ion measu es p o ided by employe s, wi h he dis ibu ion o domes ic cho es and
wi h pe sonal o ec ea ional ime.
A mul iple lineal eg ession analysis was pe o med wi h mos o hese a iables o e he li e sa is ac ion pe -
cei ed as he dependen a iable. In he ini ial analyses, he a iable sa is ac ion wi h he dis ibu ion o do-
mes ic cho es was no included because he en i e sample was included and his a iable would exclude he
single mo he amilies. Reg ession analysis in o ms o he join in luence o se e al independen a iables o e
he dependen a iable. These analyses also in o med abou he deg ee o which each independen a iable
de e mined he a ia ion in he le el o li e sa is ac ion (dependen a iable), ollowing s ep-wise p ocedu es.

FINAL REPORT
113
The p og am excluded he wo k- ela ed s ess om he equa ion and included he ollowing a iables in he
equa ion in he ollowing o de in ou s eps: sa is ac ion wi h pe sonal o ec ea ional ime, sa is ac ion wi h
child ca e esou ces, di icul ies in ca ing o he child en and sa is ac ion wi h he econcilia ion measu es
o e ed by he employe . Table 53 shows he de e mina ion coe icien (R squa e), which indica es ha when
aken oge he , he ou independen a iables included in he analysis explain a 46% a iance o he depend-
en a iable o “li e sa is ac ion”. The eg ession model was s a is ically highly signi ican [F(4,287)= 62,65**],
as was he ela ionship be ween each p edic able a iable and he independen a iable ( alue ). Upon look-
ing a he sign o he Be a alue, li e sa is ac ion inc eased a he same ime as he sa is ac ion wi h pe sonal
ime, wi h child ca e esou ces and wi h on- he-job econcilia ion measu es and dec eased simul aneously as
he pe cei ed di icul ies ca ing o he child en inc eased.
Table 53. Reg ession analysis wi hou he sa is ac ion wi h domes ic asks dis ibu ion
No S anda dized
Coe icien β - alues R2R2
change
(Cons an ) 3.06 9.14**
Sa is ac ion wi h Pe sonal Time 0.29 0.29 5.88** 0.28 0.28
Sa is ac ion wi h Child en Ca e Resou ces 0.29 0.26 5.64** 0.39 0.10
Pe cep ion o Child en Ca e Di icul ies -0.24 -0.23 -4.51** 0.44 0.05
Sa is ac ion wi h Company Reconcilia ion Measu es 0.18 0.17 3.60** 0.46 0.02
** p <.01
Due o he high co ela ion ound be ween li e sa is ac ion and sa is ac ion wi h he dis ibu ion o domes ic
cho es, i was decided o pe o m a new eg ession equa ion o include all o he abo e, bu also adding his
la e a iable as independen . In his case, single mo he s could no be included in he analysis. Table 54
shows he indexes o ha eg ession equa ion.
The eg ession equa ion included he ollowing a iables, in he ollowing o de , in i e s eps: sa is ac ion wi h
pe sonal ime, sa is ac ion wi h child ca e esou ces, sa is ac ion wi h he dis ibu ion o domes ic cho es,
sa is ac ion wi h he econcilia ion measu es o e ed by he companies and di icul ies ca ing o he child en.
Once again, he eg ession equa ion o sook he a iable o wo k- ela ed s ess. As obse ed in able 53,
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
114
he de e mina ion coe icien (R squa e) indica es ha aken oge he , he i e independen a iables included
in he analysis explain 54% o he dependen a iable “li e sa is ac ion” a iance. The eg ession model was
s a is ically highly signi ican [F(5,222)= 52,10**], as well as he ela ionship be ween he p edic able a iable
and he independen a iable in all cases ( alue ). When looking a he signs o he Be a alue, li e sa is ac ion
inc eased a he same ime as he sa is ac ion wi h pe sonal ime, wi h child ca e esou ces, wi h he dis ibu-
ion o domes ic cho es and wi h on- he-job econcilia ion measu es and dec eased in he measu e ha he
pe cei ed di icul ies ca ing o he child en inc eased.
Table 54. Reg ession analysis including he sa is ac ion wi h domes ic asks dis ibu ion
No S anda dized
Coe icien β - alues R2R2 change
(Cons an ) 2.26 6**
Sa is ac ion wi h Pe sonal Time 0.15 0.15 2.56* 0.29 0.29
Sa is ac ion wi h Child en Ca e Resou ces 0.24 0.22 4.45** 0.38 0.09
Sa is ac ion wi h he Domes ic asks Dis ibu ion 0.34 0.28 5.39** 0.46 0.07
Sa is ac ion wi h Company Reconcilia ion Measu es 0.23 0.21 4.27** 0.50 0.04
Pe cep ion o Child en Ca e Di icul ies -0.23 -0.21 -4.01** 0.54 0.03
* p <.05 ** p <.01
4.3. Conclusions and Discussion
This sec ion--which discusses he da a ob ained and es ablishes he conclusions--will e ol e a ound he
main objec i es p oposed a he s a o he epo . Due o his, econcilia ion in he a ious new amily models
as d awn om he da a has d awn will be discussed, ollowed by he di e ences ound in econcilia ion ma -
e s and amily di e si y among he egions included in he s udy. This will be ollowed by how hese aspec s
ela e o he psychological well-being pe cei ed by hose in e iewed.
4.3.1. Na i e he e osexual amilies: men a e in ol ed in amily li e, bu no equally
This analysis begins wi h he mos adi ional o he amilies in e ms o i s s uc u e and o igin: wo pa en s,
he e osexual and om he na i e popula ion. In hese amilies, ne e heless, bo h pa en s wo ked ou side he
FINAL REPORT
115
home and ha ac in oduced a subs an ial change wi h ega ds o he pa ia chal model. I was expec ed
ha his ci cums ance would close he gap in e ms o he oles pe o med by men and women, no only in
hei p o essional li e, bu also wi hin he scope o amily and pe sonal li e.
The da a indica es ha al hough women con inue o pe o m mos domes ic cho es and child ca e, he e a e
an e e g owing numbe o men in ol ed in hese asks, as he in e iewees s a ed. This da a con i ms he
esul s ob ained by pe iodic su eys abou how men and women use hei ime, which indica e ha he gap
be ween he amoun o ime ha women and men spend on domes ic cho es and ca e is dec easing. In he
case o Spain, o example, he da a indica es ha be ween 2003 and 2010, he di e ence in ime dedica ed
o such asks dec eased by 41 minu es in his se en yea span (INE, 2010).
Despi e hese ad ances, his da a shows ha he pa e n o in ol emen in amily li e by men and women is
s ill no equal: he amoun o ime ha men spend on domes ic cho es and child ca e con inues o be clea ly
in e io o ha he amoun spen by he women in hese amilies. These esul s a e cohe en wi h wha has
been ound in o he esea ch in o he in ol emen o women and men in domes ic cho es and child ca e
(Bianchi, Milkie, Saye and Robinson, 2000; C aig, 2006; Meil, 2005; Tobío, 2005). I con i ms ha al hough
a i m s ep o wa d is being aken owa ds co- esponsibili y, equali y has no ye been eached. I is he
opinion o hese au ho s, he di e ences would be e en mo e no iceable i , a he han measu ing “cho es”
pe o med by one o he o he , he amoun o ime in es ed in hese cho es was measu ed, because he e
a e some asks ha demand a ce ain deg ee o diligence ( aking he child en o school, o example) while
o he s equi e a g ea e in es men o ime (helping wi h homewo k, o example). In ac , he a o emen ioned
su ey o ime uses (INE, 2010) clea ly s a ed ha despi e he educ ion o he gap in he p o en amoun o
ime o ime dedica ed o household cho es, women con inued o spend wo and a qua e hou s mo e han
he men on amily and domes ic cho es daily. An iden ical di e en ial pa e n o empo a y dedica ion o men
and women o unpaid wo k (domes ic and ca e), we e ound by Gál ez-Muñoz e al. (2011) in hei analysis o
15 Eu opean coun ies, including Spain, Poland and Sweden, bu wi h some di e ences be ween hen ha
will be app oached la e .
To ha e a comple e pe spec i e o he eali y o econcilia ion in hese amilies, i is ad isable o in oduce
o he poin s o iew. Among hese was ha o ime spen a wo k. The da a in his s udy indica es ha in hese
amilies, men spen signi ican ly mo e hou s a wo k han hei wi es and ha hey we e much less likely o
wo k a s anda d wo kday. Mo eo e , his s udy e eals ha only in e y excep ional ci cums ances did men
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
116
deicide o empo a ily gi ing up wo k, change jobs o ejec a p omo ion o amily easons. Howe e , based
on he ca ee s o hei wi es, i can be deduced ha hese women ha e a g ea e commi men wi h econcili-
a ion: sho e wo king days and in a conside able pe cen age o cases hey empo a ily le he wo k o ce,
changed jobs o ga e up a ca ee p omo ion o a end o amily obliga ions. The e o e, i was ound ha in
hese couples, a high pe cen age o men had e ained a adi ional masculine wo king pa e n, e en hough
hei wi es had en e ed in o he labou ma ke . The wi es, howe e , appea o ha e op ed o a wo king pa -
e n ha is mo e econcilable wi h hei amily esponsibili ies.
To comple e he pic u e o econcilia ion in hese na i e he e osexual amilies, when analyzing pe sonal ime,
i was ound ha he women in e iewed we e less likely o enjoy ee ime han hei pa ne s. The e o e, in
hese amilies, al hough a change can be seen wi h ega ds o adi ional ole models, his s udy can only
conclude ha he econcilia ion e o s a e unequal be ween he wo membe s o he couple. Fo he mos
pa , i is women who adap in e ms o hei dedica ion o ime spen a wo k. I is women who a e mo e
in ol ed in ca ing o he child en and in pe o ming domes ic cho es and who, o be able o do all he abo e,
gi e up a la ge amoun o hei pe sonal ime. The men, howe e , s ill main ain a a he adi ional pa e n in
e ms o hei ca ee dedica ion and only pa ially include domes ic and ca e ac i i ies in hei agenda, while a
he same ime, e ain hei pe sonal ime. The e o e, i can be concluded, as C aig (2006) s a ed, ha he ac
ha he women ha e “masculinized” hei wo k pa e ns (and we ha e seen ha his is no exac ly he case),
he consequence o his has no been ha he men ha e “ eminized” hei ca e pa e ns, no ha e women
“masculinized” hei s. I is unde s ood ha “ca e,” in his case, is no only o he ca e o o he s bu also o
hemsel es.
In any case, i mus be no ed ha when s udying he in e nal di e si y wi hin hese amilies, depending on he
egion o o igin, ce ainly di e en econcilia ion pa e ns we e ound: Swedish he e osexual couples showed
a clea ly mo e equal pa e n when compa ed wi h hose o he o he wo egions s udied. In ac , he e we e
ha dly any di e ences be ween he membe s o he e osexual couples om S ockholm when i came o
pe o ming domes ic o ca e- ela ed ac i i ies o in he pe sonal ime a ailable, while hese di e ences we e
no able in Andalusia and Malopolska. Those di e en ial da a a e cohe en wi h he ones ob ained by Gál ez-
Muñoz, e al. (2011) in hei analysis o he simila i ies and di e ences be ween men and women in hei o al
wo k (paid and non-paid ca e wo k): Swedish membe s o he he e osexual couples showed less di e ences
be ween hen han Polish and Spanish ones.
FINAL REPORT
117
4.3.2. Immig an he e osexual amilies: he mo e adi ional gende ole pa e ns and less
access o econcilia ion esou ces a he wo k place
As es ablished in he ini ial o ma o his s udy, he analysis o econcilia ion wi hin he e osexual immig an
amilies was ca ied ou wi h amilies o o eign o igin esiding in Andalusia and Malopolska--all hese being
i s gene a ion immig an s. These amilies we e cha ac e ized by ha ing he lowes le els o educa ion and
wo king wi hou a con ac . This ac ha was pa icula ly p ominen in he Andalusian sample (almos ou
ou o e e y en).
In hese amilies, adi ional pa e ns we e ound in e ms o household cho es unde aken women. Undoub -
edly, in hese amilies, he e we e econcilia ion ensions, which we e su e ed almos exclusi ely by he wom-
en. I was he women who unde ook mos o he child ca e asks; in his case, he da a we e compa able o
hose o single mo he s. In o he wo ds, hey ake as much esponsibili y o he ca e o hei child en as do
hose who do no ha e a pa ne ; i is as i his was a ask o which hey we e sole esponsible. The e o e, i is
no su p ising ha hese women pe cei e he mos di icul ies when i comes o he ask o child ca e o ha
in his pe cep ion is close o ha o single mo he s han o mo he s wi h a pa ne .
In hese amilies, a simila pa e n was ound in he allo men o household asks: he couples a e less equali-
a ian as hey showed a less balanced dis ibu ion o asks. Mo eo e , i mus be emembe ed ha he
measu emen o he domes ic asks in his s udy did no ake in o accoun whe he he ime and e o spen
on each ask was he same one o no , bu a he whe he , a any ime du ing he week, he said cho e was
pe o med by each pe son. I he measu emen in his s udy had been sensi i e o hose o he pa ame e s,
he di e ences may ha e been e en g ea e in hese amilies. I is qui e unde s andable ha i is he mo he s
who show less sa is ac ion wi h he allo men o household asks wi hin he couple.
I mus be added, along hese same lines, ha i was also in hese amilies ha we e ound o ha e he g ea -
es di e ence in he pe sonal ime a ailable o bo h pa ne s. Immig an mo he s no only s a ed ha hey had
less pe sonal ime han o he mo he s in e iewed, bu also, hey pe cei ed mo e di e ence be ween he pe -
sonal ime a ailable o hem and he amoun o ime a ailable o hei pa ne s. I is no su p ising, he e o e,
ha hey we e also he mos unsa is ied in his ega d.
Ou o he en i e sample, i was he immig an mo he s in e iewed who we e he mo e likely o ha e le he
wo k o ce a a gi en poin in hei li es o ake ca e o hei child en, o who, o hose same easons, changed

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
118
jobs o o sook a possible ca ee p omo ion. The pe cen age in which hei pa ne s used hese same s a e-
gies was, howe e , insigni ican .
These deeply pa ia chal pa e ns o he dis ibu ion o esponsibili ies and he ime dedica ed o hese asks
in he immig an couples a e possibly ela ed o hose pa e ns ound he socie ies and cul u es whe e hese
immig an amilies o igina ed. I could be ha a his le el, wha happens coincides wi h wha has al eady
been e i ied in he case o e ili y pa e ns in immig an women, who s addle he ence be ween hei coun-
ies o o igin and he coun ies whe e hey a e li ing (Monllo & Gómez, 2004; Toulemon, 2004).
Ano he pa icula ly ele an aspec wi h ega ds o he li e o immig an amilies is ela ed o he esou ces
hey use o econcilia ion. S a ing wi h esou ces p o ided a hei place o wo k, hese mo he s s a e ha
hey ha e less possibili y o ake ad an age o measu es such as lexible wo king hou s, ex ended ma e ni y
lea e, lea e o absence o educed hou s o b eas eeding; he e o e, hey use hese esou ces less. I is
mo e han p obable ha his ac should be di ec ly linked o he ac ha hese women ha e mo e p eca ious
labo condi ions. I mus be emembe ed ha a high pe cen age o immig an mo he s wo k wi hou a con-
ac . This was pa icula ly ue in he Andalusian sample; consequen ly, hey lacked he bene i s associa ed
wi h a legal con ac , including aspec s ha acili a e econcilia ion. I is no su p ising ha hese same women
exp essed less sa is ac ion wi h he esou ces p o ided by he i m whe e hey wo ked and s a ed ha hey
expe ience mo e s ess a wo k.
Based on he in o ma ion p o ided in his sec ion, no-one would ind i unusual ha he immig an mo he s in-
e iewed we e hose who s a ed hey had mo e p oblems wi h econcilia ion, hey el mo e o e whelmed by
hei daily esponsibili ies and hey we e less sa is ied wi h li e. I mus be added ha he immig an amilies in-
e iewed showed i ually no di e ences in hei econcilia ion pa e ns when compa ing esiden s in Andalusia
and in Malopolska. I is a shame ha he e is no compa able da a om S ockholm, which would ha e allowed a
mo e comple e pic u e o he econcilia ion pa e ns o be d awn. The da a con ibu ed by he Swedish egional
epo , wi h ega ds o second and hi d gene a ion immig an amilies, clea ly shows ha hese immig an ami-
lies ha e ake on he equali a ian pa e ns o he na i e popula ion, which is a posi i e sign o hope.
4.3.3. Two same-sex pa en amilies: econcilia ion om a join esponsibili y o he couple
This p ojec s udied same-sex pa en amilies in he egions o S ockholm and Andalusia. I one aspec
cha ac e ized homosexual amilies in bo h egions, i was he co- esponsibili y wi h which bo h membe s
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o he couple accep ed he asks and ensions o econcilia ion in e ms o hei p o essional, amily and
pe sonal li es.
As seen h oughou he esul s, i was hese amilies who p esen ed a mo e equal pa e n when i came o ca -
ing o he child en, bo h on a daily basis, as well as in ex ao dina y si ua ions. I is he e o e no su p ising ha
i is hese couples who pe cei ed ewe p oblems in he asks o child ca e. In he same way, hese amilies
p esen ed less di e ence in he numbe o domes ic asks ca ied ou by each membe o he couple and, due
o all o his ac , hese amilies demons a ed he g ea es sa is ac ion wi h he allo men o household asks.
I was a simila scena io when i came o how hey enjoyed hei ee ime. Membe s o homosexual couples
s a ed ha hey enjoyed mo e ime o hemsel es, in compa ison wi h all o he pa icipan s in e iewed. Also
in his ega d, hese couples we e he mos equali a ian, since hey we e he only ones who enjoyed an equal
amoun o ee ime. Due o all o his, i was he homosexuals in e iewed--almos all lesbian mo he s--who
we e by a mo e sa is ied wi h he pe sonal ime a ailable o hem.
Homosexual amilies we e no only equali a ian in hei amily and pe sonal sphe es, bu i was mo e p ob-
abili y ha hey would also be in he ca ee sphe e. Thus, hese couples dedica ed a simila numbe o hou s
o hei ca ee s, which implied ha hei pa ne s wo ked signi ican ly less hou s ha hei he e osexual coun-
e pa s. In he same way, hey ca ied ou econcilia ion s a egies ela ed wi h hei wo king en i onmen in
mo e equal manne : hese we e he amilies in which i was mo e p obable han measu es had been aken by
bo h membe s o he couple, such as ha ing gi en up a p omo ion o ha ing le he wo k o ce empo a ily
o easons o amily econcilia ion. Remembe ha in he e osexual amilies, i was mo e p obable han hese
measu es had been aken by he women, bu no by hei male pa ne .
In ano he aspec ela ed o econcilia ion wi hin he labo en i onmen ha di e en ia es homosexual amilies
om he o he pa icipan s was ha hese we e mos likely o ha e adop ed econcilia ion measu es in hei
place o wo k, which could be educed wo king hou s, ei he by wo king pa ime, by a educ ion o hou s ol-
lowing ma e ni y o e en by he enjoying lea e o absence. The da a in his s udy ails o in o m whe he hese
s a egies we e assumed by one o ano he membe o he couple. Howe e , he emaining measu emen s
lead he au ho s o belie e ha hey we e mo e han likely o be ca ied ou by bo h.
Based on he abo e, i is no unexpec ed ha he homosexual pa en s in e iewed s a ed ha hey had ewe
econcilia ion p oblems, el less o e whelmed by all he esponsibili ies ha hey had and showed a highe
a e o sa is ac ion wi h li e han any o he g oup.
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120
The da a ob ained is cohe en wi h exis ing scien i ic li e a u e abou he sha ed esponsibili y in domes ic asks
and child ca e in homosexual couples wi h child en. In hose o he s udies, ca ied ou in he Uni ed S a es, Hol-
land and Spain, i was also ound ha gay o lesbian couples p esen ed e y iguli a ian pa e ns wi h ega ds
o household asks and child ca e (Bos e al. 2007; Chan, e al., 1998; Ciano-Boyce & Shelley-Si eci, 2002;
González, Chacón, Gómez, Sánchez, & Mo cillo, 2003), as well as in hei con ibu ion o he main enance o he
amily (Fulche , Su in, & Pa e son, 2008). In he same way, esul s ha e also been ound ha con i m he g ea e
sa is ac ion shown by lesbian mo he s when compa ed wi h he e osexual mo he s, when i comes o he allo -
men be ween he couple o domes ic cho es and child ca e, as well as wi h he ole pe o med by hei pa ne
as “co-mo he o co- a he ” (Bos, an Balen, & an den Boom, 2004; Pa e son, 1995, 2002).
The au ho s would like o add a inal commen along he lines o he in e nal compa ison be ween Swedish
and Spanish homosexual amilies. The e we e no di e ences o he measu emen s ega ding he dis ibu ion
o he household asks, child ca e o pe sonal ime. No was he e any di e ence wi h ega ds o hei pe cep-
ion o li e sa is ac ion, which was e y high in bo h cases. The e o e, i would seem ha homosexual amilies
a e he g oup o pa icipan s who ha e he mos simila i ies o he a ious g oups s udied in coun ies ha a e
so geog aphically and cul u ally dis an as is he case o Sweden and Spain.
4.3.4. Single mo he amilies: econcilia ion h ough a g ea e use o esou ces
Single mo he s, whose di icul ies and econcilia ion s a egies ha e been analyzed in his epo , we e in e -
iewed in Malopolska and Andalusia. As was s a ed ea lie , hey all li ed alone wi h hei child en, al hough
he e we e di e ences in o he socio-demog aphical cha ac e is ic: single mo he s om Andalusia we e olde
and had highe educa ional and economic le els. These di e ences we e e y possibly associa ed wi h he
di e en ci cums ances unde which hey achie ed ma e ni y: in he case o he Andalusians, all we e single
mo he s by choice (adop ion, assis ed ep oduc ion). The e is no p io da a ega ding he deg ee o decision
ha accompanied he single ma e ni y o he Polish mo he s in e iewed.
As seen in he p e ious chap e , single mo he s a e mos likely o seek he help o amily o ins i u ional e-
sou ces o ake on he asks o child ca e, bo h in day o day si ua ions and in ex ao dina y si ua ions. The
suppo o he ela i es was pa icula ly impo an in Malopolska, while he ins i u ions played a unique ole
in Andalusia. In bo h cases, he ac ha hese mo he s we e solely esponsible o hei child en mean ha
hey hemsel es had o pe o m mo e ca e- ela ed asks han he mo he s wi h a pa ne , al hough, as seen,
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hey did no di e in his espec om he e osexual immig an mo he s. No did hey di e om hese o na-
i e he e osexual mo he s in hei pe cep ion o he di icul ies associa ed wi h child ca e; howe e , hey did
pe cei e mo e p oblems han lesbian mo he s o gay a he s who, as s a ed, ecei ed mo e suppo om
hei pa ne s.
These mo he s said hey made mo e use o he child ca e esou ces made a ailable by ins i u ions. Thus, hei
child en wen , signi ican ly mo e equency, o mo ning classes, i was mo e p obable ha hey a e a school
and also mo e p obable ha hey a ended ex a-schola ac i i ies and u ban camps han he child en o he
o he amilies s udied. I seems clea ha hese mo he s had lea ned how o seek ou and e ec i ely handle
he o mal ca e esou ces as a econcilia ion s a egy ha is pa icula ly use ul and necessa y when you ha e
no o he means o sha e he ask.
These mo he s ound i mo e di icul o use some o he econcilia ion measu es o e ed a hei wo kplace.
Ob iously, hese mo he s we e less likely o use such s a egies in which he wo king hou s we e educed,
which wen hand-in-hand wi h educed income. Since hey a e he only b eadwinne s, i was much mo e
di icul o hem o be able o make use o measu es such as a educed wo k schedule o eques a lea e o
absence. Ne e heless, hey made he mos use o o he measu es (such as days o o amily necessi ies),
which does no in ol e a educ ion in income and when o ced o esol e unexpec ed amily si ua ions ( o
example, hei child en’s illnesses, medical appoin men s, school appoin men s).
The in oduc ion o his epo s a ed ha he e was no much p e ious da a abou econcilia ion in single
mo he amilies, bu he a ailable da a ag ees wi h wha his s udy ound. Thus, his da a con i ms ha single
mo he s a e skilled manage s o ca e esou ces, habi ually by means o he combina ion o o mal and in o -
mal ca e, as had been ound in p e ious s udies (González e al. 2008; He z & Fe guson, 1998; Jiménez e
al., 2005; Tobío, 2005).
The ac ha amily esou ces we e mo e ele ance in Malopolska, while he o mal esou ces had a g ea e
p esence in Andalusia, could ha e, in he opinion o hese au ho s, wo complemen a y explana ions. On he
one hand, his could be ela ed o he di e en ins i u ional child ca e suppo , b oade in Andalusia han in
Malopolska, as seen in he ini ial chap e . On he o he , i could possibly also be ela ed o he di e ences in
educa ional and economic le el be ween one g oup o mo he s and he o he . As He z & Fe guson (1998)
ound, i is mo e p obable ha mo he s wi h less economic esou ces will eso o hei in o mal suppo ne -
wo ks ( amily, iends), which a e mo e economically a o dable, o esol e econcilia ion ensions.
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
128
in e iewed in Andalusia also demanded economic help, hus claiming ins i u ional co- esponsibili y o he
economic suppo o childhood ha is no ound in his egion (excep in he 0-3 yea s) and which, ne e he-
less, exis s in o he many Eu opean egions.
When he global alues p o ided by Andalusian amilies wi h ega ds o whe he hey ha e esol ed hei
econcilia ion p oblems o no , he au ho s ound ha hey a e loca ed in a mid-poin on he scale o bo h
hei pe cep ion o econcilia ion p oblems and eeling o e whelmed by all he daily esponsibili ies. I mus
s essed ha in bo h aspec s, his s udy ound qui e a lo o in e nal di e si y wi hin he sample s udied and,
as s a ed ea lie , i was immig an amilies wi hin he Andalusian sample who g an ed he mos nega i e e alu-
a ion. Remembe ha , in addi ion, his g oup had he mos p eca ious wo k condi ions (one hi d o he im-
mig an s in e iewed wo ked wi h no con ac ). Also, hey su e ed mo e s ess and we e p edic ably subjec
o labou condi ions ha we e ha dly compa ible wi h econcilia ion.
The li e sa is ac ion sco es ob ained om he Andalusian mo he s in e iewed we e in posi ions in e media e
be ween hose ob ained in he o he wo egions s udied; a he same ime, hese esul s we e sligh ly abo e
he a e age on he scale used. These esul s seem o be in ag eemen wi h he po ai d awn o his egion in
e ms o econcilia ion, in which, as seen, he e a e posi i e aspec s in his ma e ha coexis ed wi h o he s
showing clea de iciencies; g oups appea ed ha we e easonably sa is ied wi h he co- esponsibili y o he
esou ces hey had access o, while he e we e o he s ha we e a a clea disad an age in hese ega d. In
he opinion o hese au ho s, Andalusia demons a es ha i is mo ing o wa d along he pa h o econcilia ion,
bu s ill has some dis ance le o go.
4.3.8. Reconcilia ion and li e Sa is ac ion
As s a ed, one o ou main objec i es o his s udy e sed upon he possible ela ionship be ween he con-
lic s, di icul ies, s a egies and esou ces o econcilia ion o he people in e iewed in he h ee egions and
hei psychological well-being, measu ed h ough a speci ic indica o , li e sa is ac ion.
The da a ob ained o e whelmingly con i ms ha he li e sa is ac ion o he in e iewees in he h ee egions,
o he mos pa women, is due, o a g ea deg ee, o hei pe cep ion o ha ing esol ed hei econcilia ion
p oblems be ween wo k, amily and pe sonal li e. Remembe ha he alues ob ained we e abou a 50% o
a iance, explained by he li e sa is ac ion based on he combined in luence o se e al a iables ela ed wi h a
success ul econcilia ion. These alues a e undoub edly much highe han hose ob ained by Böhnke (2005)

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in his s udy o li e sa is ac ion in Eu ope, bu i is also ue ha included in his he econcilia ion indica o was
he equa ion along wi h o he s ha we e un ela ed. On he o he hand, i mus be emembe ed ha he pa -
icipan s in his s udy ul illed a se ies o condi ions ha maximized he need o good econcilia ion: bo h he
women and hei pa ne s (as would be he case) had ca ee s, hey had child en unde he age o 13 yea s,
and he e o e e y dependen and hey li ed alone wi h hei child en. I is p obable ha unde such s ess ul
ci cums ances he pe cep ion o success ully acing hei econcilia ion needs had mo e weigh wi hin hei
pe sonal well-being.
Ha ing analyzed he combined e ec o he di e en a iables linked o econcilia ion on li e sa is ac ion, i
would be in e es ing o pe o m a de ailed analysis on a leas some o hese a iables. Thus, li e sa is ac-
ion was posi i ely and e y signi ican ly associa ed wi h he sa is ac o y pe cep ion o he dis ibu ion o he
household asks wi hin he couple. O , i could also be said ha hose who conside ed he allo men o house-
hold asks o be equal el mo e sa is ied wi h hei li e. The au ho s a e unawa e o o he esea ch ha has
analyzed his same objec i e, bu he e a e o he s ha a e indi ec ly ela ed. The al eady men ioned esea ch
by Chan e al. (1998) disco e ed ha sa is ac ion wi h he allo men o he domes ic cho es and child ca e
wi hin he couple co ela ed wi h g ea e sa is ac ion wi h hei ma iage. On he o he hand, he e is conside -
able li e a u e ha unde lines he close ela ionships be ween enjoying a sa is ac o y ela ionship as a couple
and demons a ing a high li e sa is ac ion (See Diene e al, 1999 o a summa y). Being ha his s udy did
no e alua e he sa is ac ion wi h he ela ionship as a couple, i is unknown whe he o no his would be a
media ing a iable, bu wha his da a clea ly unde lines is he ela ionship, di ec o no , be ween sa is ac ion
wi h he allo men o asks wi hin he couple and gene al li e sa is ac ion.
Also, i was ound ha li e sa is ac ion was posi i ely associa ed wi h he exis ence o esou ces ha acili a e
econcilia ion, bo h hose o e ed by companies and o he s ha aid he adjus men be ween wo k li e and
amily needs, and hose supplied by o he ins i u ions o acili a e child ca e. The e o e, he da a in his s udy
shows how ha ing he pe cep ion ha he necessa y esou ces o acili a e econcilia ion be ween amily and
ca ee li e being a ailable is ela ed wi h he psychological well-being o he people in e iewed. The au ho s
a e unawa e o esea ch in o he exac same objec i e as his s udy, bu some a e simila . In he al eady
men ioned s udy by Böhnke (2005), i was ound ha he li e sa is ac ion o Eu opean ci izens had signi ican
modi ica ions i hey pe cei ed ha he socie y whe e hey li ed had good suppo se ices a he han i hey
pe cei ed ha his was no he case.
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130
Las ly, he au ho s a e o he opinion ha he associa ion ound be ween sa is ac ion wi h he pe sonal ime
a ailable and gene al li e sa is ac ion was ex emely in e es ing. I seems clea ha ha ing ee ime o dedica e
o exclusi e ac i i ies, beyond wo k and amily esponsibili ies, bea s a e y close ela ionship wi h he psycho-
logical well-being o hose in e iewed, measu ed h ough he li e sa is ac ion indica o . This ac should no
be a e ela ion o anyone gi en he p essu e any mo he o a he wi h small child en endu e o combine all
hei obliga ions in he wo k and he amily sphe e. I , unde hese ci cums ances, hey manage o ha e some
ime on hei own, which is judged as sa is ac o y, i is no su p ising ha his pe cep ion has bene icial e ec s
on hei psychological well-being. Only some o he da a om he s udy by Böhnke (2005) poin in a simila
di ec ion: hose who pe cei ed hey had li le ime o social ela ionships showed lowe li e sa is ac ion han
hose who s a ed hey had all hey needed.
The e o e, i seems clea om his da a i can be con i med ha he e is a ela ionship be ween li e sa is-
ac ion, he pe cep ion o ha ing a good balance be ween amily, ca ee and pe sonal li e, wi h su icien
esou ces o his and pe cei ing ha he e is good co- esponsibili y wi hin he couple, in hose cases whe e
he e is one, when con on ing sha ed obliga ions. The au ho s belie e ha his a ea has, up o now, been
sca cely explo ed in he esea ch and ha i is wo h ad ancing in his ega d and co obo a ing hese esul s
wi h new s udies ca ied ou wi h la ge samples and in o he coun ies. I is e iden ha based on he da a in
his s udy, i can be deduced ha he e is a need o ake in conside a ion a success ul econcilia ion be ween
ca ee , amily and pe sonal li e as a decisi e elemen o li e sa is ac ion.
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133
5.
Good
p ac ices o
econcilia ion
5.1. Me hodology o de ec ion and ans e ence o
bes p ac ices ela i e o econcilia ion be ween
women and men in Eu ope
The knowledge and he ans e abili y o ac ions, desc ibed as good
p ac ices, o o he ins i u ions, agencies and echnical and poli ical pe -
sonnel ac ing on econcilia ion, is essen ial o he ad ancemen and im-
p o emen o hose public and p i a e s a egies aiming o be de eloped
in his ma e in he di e en e i o ies. The e o e, one o he achie emen s
o he sub-p ojec DIVERSIA has been o acili a e he ans e o good p ac-
ices in di e en con ex s and e i o ial eali ies.
The e a e many de ini ions o good p ac ice. One o he mos comp ehensi e de ines
i as any ac ion o expe ience in oduced, d i en by an en i y, based on a p e ious p ojec and planning and
esponding in an inno a i e and success ul manne o a p oblem o con ex . A good p ac ice is chosen, i s ,
o i s inno a ion, no only o i s p ocess bu also o i s esul s, objec i es o con ex . In addi ion, a good
p ac ice should be po en ially ans e able.
The de ec ion, analysis and ans e o a good p ac ice is he e o e an impo an ool o he ad ancemen o
he policies o Eu opean public adminis a ions on equali y and econcilia ion.
F om he de ini ion abo e, he elemen s ha ha e de ined a bes p ac ice, in he con ex o he Di e sia sub-
p ojec , a e:
a) Inno a ion. The in oduc ion o imp o emen o elemen s in a sys em, by ac ions aken bo h
wi h ega d o he managemen and he se ice p o ided, wi h he aim o imp o ing i s in e nal
unc ioning and i s ela ionship wi h he en i onmen , and wi h a isible impac on he ou come
o hese pe o mances.
b) T ans e abili y. The capaci y o a good p ac ice o allow he epe i ion o i s key elemen s in a
di e en con ex om which i was c ea ed and wi h a high p obabili y o success.
c) E ec i eness. Rela ed o he quali y o he me hodology, a good p ac ice should achie e he
objec i es o which i is planned and de eloped.

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
134
d) Feasibili y. A cha ac e is ic by which an ini ia i e is likely o succeed in i s implemen a ion, be-
cause i s design has aken in o accoun he con ex in which i mus be pe o m.
e) Posi i e impac . The e ec i eness o he ac ion, de ined as he achie emen o he s a ed objec i es;
his achie emen implies he exis ence o an impac , an obse able change and is posi i ely e alua ed
wi hin he ield on which he conduc ed ac ion has ocused. So, an expe ience ha will no p oduce
he expec ed impac , o will no achie e he desi ed objec i e, is an unsuccess ul expe ience.
In addi ion, he speci ic objec i es ma ked o enable he d a ing o a compila ion and explana ion documen
o hose expe iences implemen ed by each egional pa ne o he Di e sia subp ojec (Andalusia, Malopols-
ka, Sode alje), ha e been conside ed good p ac ices in o de o allow hei po abili y and dis ibu ion. These
ha e been used o iden i y hose ac ions, o selec hem using he s anda ds o excellence equi ed: e iciency,
e ec i eness, planning, inno a ion, e alua ion and ans e , o de elop his epo , included in he inal epo
o he Di e sia subp ojec , and o compile he examples o each egion and o dissemina e he esul s.
In ela ion o he con en s o conc e e aspec s in which a gi en expe ience, which may cons i u e a good p ac-
ice o be ac ed upon, hese ha e been o imp o e he supply o quali y employmen o women in sec o s whe e
hey ha e an impo an p esence and also in he mo e masculine sec o s. These ha e also been o imp o e
pa en al lea e and ca e bene i s and o make hese bene i s ans e able be ween pa en s; o encou age pa en s
o use hem mo e, while inc easing business’ awa eness and employees unde s anding o he bene i s o enjoy-
ing pa en al lea e; o in oduce mechanisms wi hin he social p o ec ion sys em o ecognize ha li e cycles a e
indi idual and a e o med by pe iods o p o essional ac i i y and inac i i y, aking in o accoun , whe e necessa y,
he ime spen on in o mal ca e; ensu ing a ailabili y o lexible and nego ia ed ag eemen s o men and women,
pa icula ly wi h ega d o pe mi s, ha will no a ec long- e m pa icipa ion and posi ion in he labou ma ke
and o p o ide a ious o ms o in as uc u e o he ca e o child en and olde people which is accessible, o a
high quali y and is a o dable, and which does no unde mine labou ma ke mobili y.
Phases o he compila ion o good p ac ices
The phases de eloped o he s udy and selec ion o good p ac ices in each egion pa ne ha e been:
1. Iden i ica ion: In his phase, each egion has esea ched and iden i ied hose ac ions which may
cons i u e a good p ac ice in e ms o he c i e ia speci ied abo e.
In o de o acili a e and sys ema ize he collec ion o ini ial in o ma ion i has de eloped a Ca d o iden i ying
Good P ac ices
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2. Analysis and sha ing: Following he iden i ica ion o bes p ac ices, i has been necessa y o
collec all o his in o ma ion by illing in he iden i ying ca ds and a aching an explana ion o a-
cili a e a ho ough analysis o he ini ia i e desc ibed.
The pa ne s ha e sen all he in o ma ion once i has been all ga he ed. I has also been impo an o collec
expe iences conce ning each one o he aspec s o con en desc ibed abo e. I has been necessa y o do a
conside able amoun o esea ch wo k.
3. Selec ion: Once selec ed, hose ac i i ies o a i udes conside ed “bes p ac ices”, ha e gone
h ough a p ocess o gi e hem a s uc u e and o ganiza ion o acili a e eplica ion, ha is, i s
ans e , in his way achie ing an ini ial p oduc which will e lec hose pa e ns o ac ion ha will
help he de elopmen o implemen a ion ini ia i es o imp o e he balance o men and women
in con ex s o he han hose e i o ies in which hey o iginally s a ed.
4. Eu opean Good P ac ice Repo on Reconcilia ion: This epo has been included, as a
chap e , in his Final Repo o he subp ojec , o enable bo h p o essionals and poli icians, as
bo h go e nmen s and companies know he excellen wo k aking place in his ield a Eu opean
le el, and also o p o ide a use ul ool wi h which o implemen hese ac ions in he ield a Eu o-
pean le el and o implemen hem wi hin he ield o hei compe ence.
5.2. Examples o Good P ac ice in econcilia ion in Andalusia, selec ed by
he Andalusian Woman’s Ins i u e
The sea ch o and iden i ica ion o Good P ac ices in econcilia ion pe o med by he Andalusian Woman’s
Ins i u e concluded wi h he selec ion o wo examples o Good P ac ice in Andalusia: he Uni e si y o Se ille
Se ice O ice (SACU) and he Ma acena Ci y Council (G anada). Bo h ini ia i es a e an in e na ional e e ence
o his subjec hanks o he excellen wo k ca ied ou by wo bodies, which a e bo h pa o public admin-
is a ion, bu wi h di e en p o iles and a ge g oups wi h di e en needs.
The SACU—a pionee se ice in Andalusia, c ea ed in 2005—o e s se e al p og ams he objec i e o which
is none o he han o help and p omo e he econcilia ion o he ca ee , pe sonal and amily li e. Among hese,
he Gende Equali y Plan mus be unde lined. This p og am was p omo ed by he Uni o Gende Equali y a
he Uni e si y o Se ille and was app o ed in 2009. Wi hin a ea 6 o his plan, he commi men o a ou co-
esponsibili y and econcilia ion wi hin he uni e si y communi y appea s.
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
136
Ano he measu e de eloped by he SACU was designed speci ically by he Pedagogic Consul ancy o c ea e
nu se y schools. In sho , i was a kinde ga en and nu se y school se ice ha no only o e s subsidised
places o he uni e si y communi y bu also—in some cases— o pa en s who need his se ices, bu who
we e no membe s o he uni e si y communi y.
Also, a play cen e was c ea ed, as well as a quali y p og am o acili a e econcilia ion be ween he wo k and
amily li e wi h a se o educa ional ac i i ies g ouped oge he by opics and adap ed o pa icipan s be ween
app oxima ely 3 and 12 yea s o age. The play cen e is an a ea c ea ed o he in eg al de elopmen o he
pa icipan s, ocusing on he ca e and educa ional en e ainmen o he child en o Uni e si y p o essionals
and s uden s, while wo k ou side ac ual o school hou s (e enings, Ch is mas, summe , o example).
A Lis o Baby-si e s was ano he econcilia ion measu e ha he SACU de eloped. In his case, a lis o s u-
den s was made a ailable o he Uni e si y Communi y, gene ally young people, who accep ed he esponsi-
bili y o ca ing o small child en, child en o pa en s om he Uni e si y Communi y, du ing sho absences,
in exchange o a paymen ag eed by bo h pa ies. The choice o baby-si e o he ca e o he child en is ee,
and is no subjec o es ic ions o any ype, excep hose ha occu due o he baby-si e ’s p io commi -
men s o due o he baby-si e ’s own schedule.
Ano he SACU ac ion p omo ed by he Uni o Gende Equali y was he c ea ion o a Time Bank, a mu ual
help ne wo k ha p omo es coope a ion se ices wi hin he communi y, aiding econcilia ion be ween he
pe sonal, amily and wo k li es o he bene icia ies. In a Time Bank, se ices and educa ional and leisu e
ac i i ies a e exchanged. The cu ency exchange is always ime. One hou is exchanged o ano he hou ,
independen ly o he se ices and ac i i ies o e ed o eques ed.
Las ly, he Uni e si y o Se ille, h ough he SACU Social Wo k uni launched he “In eg al Ca e P og am o
Elde ly People wi hin he Uni e si y Communi y” (Family Respi e Cen e), designed o imp o e he quali y o
li e o hese people while a he same ime acili a ing econcilia ion be ween amily and wo k li e. Thus, i o e s
se ices and bene i s ha supplemen hose o e ed by he public adminis a ion; i coun s on p o essionals,
se ices and a undamen al esou ce: a la ge communi y o young people being ained o p o essionally ca e
o people in a dependen si ua ion, who bene i om he con ac wi h eal si ua ions o supplemen hei aca-
demic aining. A he same ime, hese eal si ua ions help hem o de elop human alues such as solida i y,
espec o ou elde ly, and pa ience.
Below, he Good P ac ice ile has been included, which lays ou he de ails o his example oge he wi h he
mos signi ican ad an ages and esul s.
FINAL REPORT
137
Good p ác ice 1: S.A.C.U. - Reconcilia ion p og am
S.A.C.U.
(Uni e si y Communi y Ca e Se ice o he)
Reconcilia ion P og am
Uni e si y communi y a he Uni e si y o Se ille (Se ille)
SACU Uni o Equali y, Pedagogical Consul ancy, Social Wo k Uni a he
Uni e si y o Se ille
The Uni e si y o Se ille has mo e han 70,000 people in i s a ious sec o s: s uden s,
eaching and esea ch s a (PDI) and adminis a i e and se ice pe sonnel (PAS). I is an
ex emely la ge communi y in which mos o he educa ional s a , adminis a i e pe son-
nel and a la ge pe cen age o i s s uden s demons a ed se ious econcilia ion p oblems
and hey demanded a se ies o se ices o aid in his econcilia ion.
These se ices dedica ed o econcilia ion began and we e se up in 1992 as one o he
mos de ining ini ia i es o he Uni e si y Communi y Ca e Se ice. F om hen on, his
demand has been g owing and he o e has no only g own bu also di e si ied, as seen
in he p e ious sec ion.
In 2009, he Uni e si y o Se ille d a ed i s Fi s Gende Equali y Plan; a ea 6 is “Co- e-
sponsibili y and econcilia ion.” The objec i e o his a ea is “ o Facili a e co- esponsibili y
and econcilia ion o he wo k, amily and pe sonal li e o he membe s o he uni e si y
communi y. Thus, he uni e si y p omo ed and made i s econcilia ion policy isible while
a he same ime making a i m commi men o i s de elopmen .
A se ies o measu es we e ca ied ou o gua an ee he econcilia ion be ween he ca-
ee , amily and pe sonal li e o people who a e a pa o he uni e si y communi y a he
Uni e si y o Se ille in hei di e en sec o s: educa ional and esea ch s a , adminis a-
i e and se ice pe sonnel and s uden s. The ollowing a e among hese measu es:
Name o he
Good P ac ice
Scope o
applica ion
Applicable
Body
Con ex
Desc ip ion o
he good
p ac ice
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
144
• Red C oss
• Associa ion Banco de Tiempo de Ma acena
• Cul u al Associa ion
• You h Associa ions
P oduc i e Field
• Policy make s and echnical s a , Ma acena municipali y
• Municipal Educa ion Cen es: Managemen and pe sonnel esponsible o co-educa ion.
• AMPAS
• P e ious Ac ion Plan P oposals (Con luence o policy ini ia i e and echnical p ojec )
• Awa eness aining and diagnosis: Cons i u ion and ope a ion o h ee de sec o al
wo king ables: Educa ion, Se ices. Social – wo k o ce. Semina on econcilia ion
(Oc obe 2008). P oduc ion and adminis a ion o ques ionnai es. Conduc ing diag-
nos ic s udy (Public p esen a ion May 2010)
• App oach o unde s anding he eali y on econcilia ion in he municipali y: Diagnosis
o depa u e.
• De elopmen : App o al o Local Reconcilia ion Pac .
• Implemen a ion / de elopmen o he ag eemen
• Assessmen (ongoing and pa icipa o y)
1. Expansion and imp o emen o econcilia ion igh s in he Ag eemen and Collec i e
Ag eemen :
Schedule lexibili y o mula
2. Ex ension o ce ain opening hou s o he public
Opening o Ci y Hall wo a e noons a week
3. T aining on econcilia ion aimed a municipali y s a : P o essional aining.
Con inuous T aining P og am
Desc ip ion o
he good
p ac ices
in econcilia ion:
Resul s and
imp o emen s

FINAL REPORT
145
4. Ex ension o Rec ea ion Cen e (Child en’s Club) se ices:
S a ing up Rec ea ion Cen e (Child en’s Club) se ices a he Municipal Chil-
d en’s School
S a ing up he Family Respi e Se ice
5. Enhancemen o he home help se ice as pa o he Dependency Law
6. Coo dina ing he schedules o he Ci y Spo s o acili a e econcilia ion
7. Encoun e s o equali y: Co-educa ion o econcilia ion
Na u e’s Class oom “Las Alpuja as”
8. Boos ing Summe Schools
9. C ea ion o wo p oximi y lines o u ban anspo
This Good P ac ice is conside ed a good local p ac ice and is ans e able. A good ex-
ample is he CONCILIAM PLAN, which has been egis e by 34 Councils, each wi h a
di e en popula ion (be ween 704,414 inhabi an s, o example he ci y o Se ille and 847
inhabi an s, o example he own o “El Almend o “(Huel a).
Ul ima ely, i may become necessa y o he ela ionship be ween he wo ld o wo k, he
domes ic sphe e, public au ho i ies and social needs o be ans o med.
I equi es he in ol emen and pa icipa ion o all ci izens and all social, poli ical and
economic agen s.
www.ma acena.es
Possibili ies o
applica ion in
o he loca ions
Documen a ion
and Appendices
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
146
5.3. Examples o Good P ac ice in econcilia ion in Malopolska
The Associa ion o Ci ies and Coun ies o he Malopolska Region (Poland) has selec ed he ollowing exam-
ples: Bank Zachodni WBK S.A. and he Lancko oma Municipali y.
Good p a ice 3: Bank Zachodni WBK S.A.
Bank Zachodni WBK S.A.
The BZWBK Policy is suppo ing expec an and new mo he s.
Poland, all he ci ies whe e he Bank Zachodni has i s b anches.
The goal o he Bank Zachodni WBK S.A. is o be ecognized as an employe who assis s
new mo he s in combining hei amily and wo k commi men s, ecognizing hei po en ial
o he company’s de elopmen and ensu ing no only compliance wi h he p o isions o he
Labou Code bu also addi ional p i ileges and solu ions o hose equi ed by law.
The objec i e o his Policy is o:
1. encou age new mo he s o e u n o p o essional ac i i y;
2. acili a e hei e u n o wo k a he Bank a e he b eak ela ed o childbi h;
3. assis new mo he s in con inuing hei ca ee ;
4. p omo e solu ions among BZWBK managemen and s a which will enable new
mo he s o combine amily and wo k commi men s.
A success ully implemen ed policy which suppo s mo he s and amilies
Ag eed, a e including he speci ic en i onmen o he ins i u ion.
Ti le o he
good p ac ice
P og amme o
applica ion
Coun y / own o
he applica ion
Con ex
Desc ip ion o he
good p ac ices in
econcilia ion
Resul s and
imp o emen s
Possibili ies o
ans e abili y
FINAL REPORT
147
Good p a ice 4: Gmina Lancko ona
Gmina Lancko ona
Ecological and Cul u al Associa ion “On he Ambe Rou e”
Gmina Lancko ona, Malopolska Region
Lancko ona is a u al commune (adminis a i e dis ic ) in Wadowice Coun y, Malopol-
ska Voi odeship, in sou he n Poland. I s cen e is he own o Lancko ona, which lies
app oxima ely 16 kms (10 miles) eas o Wadowice and 27 kms (17 miles) sou h-wes o
he egional capi al, K akow. Gmina co e s an a ea o 40.61 squa e kms (15.7 sq miles)
and, i s o al popula ion in 2006 was 5,819 inhabi an s.
Lancko ona is one o he ew communes in Poland whe e he whole go e nmen boa d
consis s only o women.
The s a egy o he commune is based mainly on he de elopmen o ou ism and cul-
u al sec o s. G ea s eng h is placed on women’s pa icipa ion in local de elopmen
and social li e o he commune and o his eason, many p ojec s we e, and a e s ill a e,
un by hem in he commune.
The Associa ion was c ea ed in 2004 as a esul o he wo k o local leade s and is
loca ed in Lancko ona. I s ac i i ies ocus on h ee main a eas: adi ion, cul u e and
en e p ise. I ocuses on ac i i ies such as: p ese a ion and p omo ion o egional cul-
u e, local communi y de elopmen , suppo and p omo ion o handc a s, p omo ion o
adi ional local p oduc s: bo h ood and handc a , ecological educa ion and all ac i i ies
connec ed wi h he de elopmen o u al a eas. The Associa ion’s ocus is on unde ak-
ing p ojec s connec ed wi h sus ainable de elopmen and he de elopmen o he social
economy in a eas which ha e a s ong impac on local de elopmen .
Ti le o he good
p ac ice
P og amme o
applica ion
Place / own o
applica ion
Con ex
Desc ip ion o
he good
p ac ices in
econcilia ion
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
148
The Associa ion is suppo ing all he ini ia i es and ac i i ies which ocus o women’s de el-
opmen , especially in hei in ellec ual and p oduc ion sphe es, hose connec ed wi h cul u al
and na u al he i age h ough pa icipa ion in an in e na ional p og amme called ‘Babiniec’
(‘Hen Pa y’) which is aimed a suppo ing local women leade s om u al a eas.
P ojec s unde aken by he Associa ion:
- ‘Babiniec’ (‘Hen Pa y’)
- Resusci a ion o he Lancko ona Ecomuseum
- Shops wi h Local P oduc s
- Ini ia i es connec ed o he ‘Ambe Rou e’
- Eu opean Volun a y Se ice – he You h p og amme
‘Women o he i age p ese a ion and local de elopmen in u al a eas. Polish-Slo a-
kian-Czech common ini ia i e BABINIEC’. This is a join ini ia i e and named a e he
ac i i ies o local leade s (mainly women) om u al a eas o Cen al Eu ope. I is a pa
o a 3 yea in e na ional p og amme, “Wo kshops and consolida ion o women leade s
in u al a eas”. The aim o he p og amme is o inc ease he numbe o women-leade s
in he Czech Republic, Slo akia and Poland, h ough aining in leade ship skills, s udy
ips o New England, an exchange o expe ience and also h ough elaxing and gaining
posi i e ene gy which could be de i ed om gene al con ac s and he achie emen o
common aims. The p ojec was coo dina ed by QLF – an Ame ican-Canadian Ecologi-
cal Founda ion, Associa ion o Sus ainable Li e (STUZ) – Whi e Ca pa hian Moun ains
and he Founda ion Pa ne ship o En i onmen .
The p ojec was unde aken by he Cul u al Cen e o he Lancko ona Commune. I s
aim was o lead o he c ea ion o a p ac ical backg ound o ‘ma ke ’ he women’s ini ia-
i es om pa ne egions. Pa icipa ion in in e na ional ai s, c ea ion o Ecological and
Cul u al Associa ion “On he Ambe Rou e” o he Pa ne G oup, “Pa ne ship o he
Wadowice egion” aimed a he con en - ela ed and economical suppo o he ini ia i e.
Realiza ion o he p ojec was e y success ul and, because o ac i e pa icipa ion o
he women o Lancko ona, he cul u al and ou ism po en ial on o e in he egion, his
became i s main sou ce o economic and social de elopmen .
FINAL REPORT
149
The c ea ion o shops wi h local p oduc s, he ‘Angel Fes i al’ which akes place e e y
yea , a communi y ini ia i e HORYZONTY ITD, a new NGO, he Ecological and Cul u al
Associa ion “On he Ambe Rou e”
I is a ac ha e e y u al commune has a g ea deal o po en ial wi hin hei communi y
in he women who a e employed in he home b inging up hei child en. In oducing he
women o he ac ha hey ha e many aluable alen s o use and o sha e. All o he
Lancko ona commune p ojec s we e inanced using EU unds. I is a ai ly simple ma e
o each commune o apply o unds and s a a p ojec o women
h p://www.nbs.o g.pl
5.4. Examples o Good P ac ice in econcilia ion in S ockholm
Finally, S ockholm egion has chosen he Gende Equali y Bonus and he Single Pa en ´s Tempo a y Pa en al
Suppo p ojec s, bo h examples o good ac ion on econcilia ion.
Good p a ice 5: Gende Equali y Bonus
Gende Equali y Bonus
Addi ion o he Swedish Na ional Law on Family Policies: Social ö säk ingsbalken
Public Adminis a ion o The Swedish Na ional Insu ance Agency; Ci y o Sode alje,
S ockholm Region, Sweden, pa en s in Sode alje, Sweden.
Sweden has a main-s eam, highly-de eloped and lexible, publicly unded, pa en al
lea e scheme ha allows and encou ages bo h pa en s o spend ime wi h hei child en.
Resul s and
imp o emen s
Possibili ies o
ans e abili y
Appendices and
da a explana ions
Ti le o he good
p ac ice
P og amme o
he applica ion
Place / own o
applica ion
Con ex

DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
150
The mo he and he a he a e, collec i ely, en i led o up o 16 mon hs paid lea e pe
child. Each pa en has a pe sonal, non- ans e able en i lemen o wo mon hs o paid
pa en al lea e ( om he o al 16 mon hs). The emaining 12 mon hs can be eely sha ed
be ween bo h pa en s. The igh o be absen om ull ime wo k is es ic ed o he
child’s i s 18 mon hs.
Despi e he posi i e consequences on a he s’ in ol emen in childca e, he lexibili y o
he sys em, in e ms o who akes he lea e, esul s in he lion’s sha e o pa en al lea e
days being aken by mo he s. Fa he s in Sweden ake abou 22% o he o al amoun o
pa en al lea e days. (This is s ill conside ably mo e han mos EU Membe S a es). This
is an economic incen i e o mo he s and a he s, o he equally sha ed pa en al lea e
be ween same sex pa en s, o sha e childca e mo e equally and o imp o e, especially
he mo he s’ pa icipa ion, in wo king li e. In July 2008, he Swedish go e nmen in o-
duced a ’Gende Equali y Bonus’.
Pa en s o child en bo n o adop ed a e 1 July 2008, who sha e hei pa en al lea e
equally be ween he couple (i.e. eigh mon hs each i all he a ailable six een mon hs a e
aken) a e en i led o he ull ax elie bonus, on condi ion ha hey wo k while he o he
pa en is aking pa en al lea e. This bonus can be as high as SEK 3,000 (a ound €275)
pe mon h, wi h he maximum amoun a ailable se a 13,500 SEK pe child, pe yea .
To ob ain he ull allowance pe mon h and pe child, he amily canno use a publicly
unded p e-school es ablishmen o childca e. Pa en s a e no eligible o ecei e he
bonus un il bo h ha e used hei ini ial wo mon h quo a o pa en al lea e.
I one pa en akes less han hal o his/he sha e o he pa en al lea e hen he amoun
o he bonus is educed acco dingly. The p ecise amoun s depend on he income o he
household and how many days each pa en uses. Time o can be aken in blocks o one
day, h ee qua e s o a day, hal a day, a qua e o a day o an eigh h o a day.
The Gende Equali y Bonus is “ echnically” deli e ed as ax elie o each indi idual pa -
en a he local adminis a i e le el, in coope a ion wi h he Na ional Insu ance Agency,
he Na ional Taxa ion O ice and he Municipali y. Pa en s ac i ely ha e o claim he bo-
nus, and o “p o e” he sha ed amoun o ime, o be eligible o he GEB.
Desc ip ion o
good p ac ices in
econcilia ion
FINAL REPORT
151
As a mains eam measu e o impac on gende equali y conce ning he sha ed espon-
sibili y o child ca e be ween mo he s / a he s o same-sex pa en s, he GEB is mean
as an economic incen i e, especially o a he s, o inc ease he amoun o ime o hei
pa en al lea e. The law was inaugu a ed in 2008 and he e ec s a e slowly gaining
g ound. Du ing he las moni o ing pe iod in 2009, an a e age o 45 days we e aken
by he a he s a he end o he o al 18 mon h pe iod allowed. The amoun o sha ed,
pa en al lea e ime is expec ed o ise u he . Recen esea ch shows ha one o he
side e ec s, apa om he a he s’ close ela ionships wi h hei child en, is an inc ease
in he a he s’ well-being.
The GEB Law implies a local, egional o na ional legal sys em on he igh s o pa en s o
pa en al lea e, publicly unded by he gene al ax e enues. Wi hin such a sys em, local,
egional o na ional ules can be applied on an equal basis o all pa en s, on he con-
di ion ha he pa en s a e pa o he gene al ax-sys em, ha is, hey ea n an amoun
o money by wha e e o m and howe e much paid wo k, which en i les hem o be a
pa o he gene al ax-sys em. The e a e ongoing public discussions o ex end GEB o
pa en s wi hou any income om wo k (i.e. wi hou any axed income).
The s eng h and sus ainabili y o a public sys em such as GEB, ha monize wi h he al-
ues o equal oppo uni ies, amily li e lexibili y and eedom o choice.
h ps://lagen.nu/2010:110
Resul s and
imp o emen s
Possibili ies o
ans e abili y
Appendices and
da a explana ions
DIVERSIA SUB-PROJECT FAMILY DIVERSITY AND RECONCILIATION STRATEGIES
152
Good p a ice 6: single pa en s´ empo a y pa en al suppo
Single Pa en s´ Tempo a y Pa en al Suppo
Addi ion o he Swedish Na ional Law on Family Policies: Social ö säk ingsbalken: Pa-
en al Lea e Scheme; Single Pa en s´ Tempo a y Pa en al Suppo
The Na ional Insu ance Agency; Ci y o Sode alje; S ockholm Region; Sweden; single
pa en s´ in Söde älje, Sweden.
A new ule is added o he social insu ance scheme o help single pa en s who all ill and
canno look a e hei child. The ule, which has been in o ce since 1 Janua y 2010, al-
lows ano he insu ed pe son (i.e. a pe son legally li ing and/o wo king in Sweden) who
o goes paid wo k o ecei e empo a y pa en al bene i o look a e he child. I applies
o child en up o he age o h ee. P e iously empo a y pa en al bene i was only a ail-
able o he pa en s hemsel es o o a ca ee eplacing he child’s egula ca ee i hey
we e o all ill.
Cu en ly, empo a y pa en al bene i is a ailable o any pa en who needs o s op wo k
and s ay a home o look a e a sick child unde he age o 12 (in some cases 16) and
when, o example, he child’s egula ca egi e is ill. This bene i can be paid o 60 days
pe child pe yea . Once hese days ha e been used up, he bene i can be paid o a
u he 60 days, which, howe e , may no be used in he e en o he egula ca egi e
alling ill.
Unde he new ule, empo a y pa en al bene i can be gi en o ano he insu ed pe son
when a single pa en is oo ill o ake ca e o hei child/child en. The ule applies o chil-
d en up o he age o h ee and is payable o a maximum o 120 days pe child pe yea .
The bene i is alloca ed pe child. So, i , o example, he e a e wo child en unde h ee
ha need o be looked a e , hen wo se s o paymen s a e made. Fo adop ed child en,
Denomina ion o
he good p ac ice
P og am o
applica ion
Place/ own o
applica ion
Con ex
Desc ip ion o he
good p ac ise in
econcilia ion
FINAL REPORT
153
i applies un il hey a e i e yea s old. The aim o he new p o ision is o gi e single pa -
en s simila op ions o childca e as amilies wi h wo pa en s ha e.
Unde he new ule, he empo a y pa en al bene i is paid by he day and depends on
he ca ee ’s income. I co esponds o 80% o hei income up o a maximum o 26,400
Swedish K ono pe mon h (a ound €2,640). In 2009, he a e age amoun o bene i paid
ou pe day was 800 Swedish K one (a ound €80). The bene i is paid ou by Sweden’s
Social Insu ance Agency.
The new ule wi hin he single pa en s´ empo a y suppo gi es single pa en s and hei
child en an imp o emen in he con ex o equal oppo uni ies and be e men o hei
li e con ex . The new ule has no ye been e alua ed, bu he expec ed esul s a e in he
amewo k o be e heal h and less s ess o bo h child and pa en .
The new ule o single pa en s wi hin he empo a y pa en al lea e scheme implies a
local, egional o na ional law sys em on he igh o pa en s o pa en al lea e, publically
unded by he gene al ax e enues. Wi hin such a sys em, local, egional o na ional
ules can be pe o med on an equal basis o all pa en s. The s engh and sus ainabili y
o a public sys em, which also akes he single pa en s´ special li e si ua ion in o accoun ,
assesses he ha moniza ion o he alues o equal oppo uni ies, amily li e- lexibili y and
eedom o choice.
h ps://lagen.nu/2010:110
Resul s and
imp o emen s
Possibili ies o
ans e abili y
Annexes and
da a explana o y