ARQUITECTURA, PATRIMONIO Y SOSTENIBILIDAD: ACÚSTICA, ILUMINACIÓN, ÓPTICA Y ENERGÍA
ARCHITECTURE, HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABILITY: ACOUSTICS, LIGHTING, OPTICS AND ENERGY
TEP 130
h ps://g upo.us.es/g upo ep130/es/
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola
açades in o de o balance dayligh ing
wi h he mal pe o mance
Do is A. Chi, Da id Mo eno, and Jaime Na a o
This is an Accep ed Manusc ip o an a icle published by Else ie : Building and
En i onmen , Volume 125, 2017, Pages 383-400
ISSN 03060-1323
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/j.builden .2017.09.007
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 2
Au ho s’ names and a ilia ions:
Do is A. Chi, Da id Mo eno, and Jaime Na a o
Ins i u o Uni e si a io de A qui ec u a y Ciencias de la Cons ucción, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Spain
Co esponding au ho :
Do is A. Chi, Ins i u o Uni e si a io de A qui ec u a y Ciencias de la Cons ucción, Uni e sidad de
Se illa, Spain
Email: abig[email p o ec ed]om
Abs ac
On ully-glazed building açades pe o a ed sola sc eens (PSS) a e o en used as an ou e skin in o de o educe ene gy
consump ion and o sol e issues such as isual appea ance. Howe e , no only mus PSS con ol sola adia ion bu hey
mus also p o ide adequa e dayligh le els, hus equi ing a balanced solu ion. Cu en ly, dayligh ing simula ion so wa e
enables us o pe o m e icien dayligh analysis o spaces wi h PSS. No wi hs anding his, cu en ene gy simula ion so wa e
such as Ene gyPlus canno deal well wi h such geome y di ec ly, making he he mal e alua ion o PSS an in easible ask.
This pape p esen s a me hodology o achie ing an in eg a ed analysis o dayligh ing and ene gy consump ion o spaces
wi h PSS du ing he design s age. Such me hodology p o ides dayligh analysis h ough DIVA, and he mal analysis h ough
Ene gyPlus ia DIVA/G asshoppe /A chsim. The aim is o op imise he dual pe o mance o a balanced PSS solu ion
h ough con olling i s pe o a ion pe cen age, ma ix and shape, by using he o hogonal a ays (DOA) s a is ical me hod.
DOA me hod is e icien in educing he numbe o simula ions de i ed om he combina ion o he a o emen ioned
a iables, and in iden i ying he op imal PSS con igu a ion. In compa ison o a non-op imised açade loca ed in Se ille,
Spain, he p edic ed op imal PSS achie ed a 50% inc ease in he ac ual dayli a ea and a 55% educ ion in he o al ene gy
demand.
Keywo ds: dayligh a ailabili y; ene gy consump ion; op imal design; o hogonal a ays; pe o a ed sola sc eens;
simula ion ools.
1. In oduc ion
The building en elope plays an impo an ole in con olling and/o admi ing he a ious elemen s
o he ex e nal en i onmen . The building en elope can achie e abou 80% o an en i onmen al
solu ion, c ea ing an e icien building ha in e ac s wi h i s su ounding en i onmen [1]. P esen
conce ns wi h ene gy conse a ion ha e induced ex ensi e s udies ega ding he açade’s
pe o mance wi h he en i onmen . The e a e nume ous examples o buildings which ha e igno ed
hei clima ic condi ions by ex ending he use o highly glazed açades in o de o hem o be ai y,
ligh and anspa en . Howe e , as he e is a isk o high ene gy demand in o de o main ain indoo
he mal com o [2] hei ene gy e iciency has come in o ques ion.
Sola shading has, he e o e, been an impo an s ep in ene gy sa ing con ol o buildings.
Shading a ec s he ene gy use o ligh ing, hea ing and cooling; i also educes yea ly sola gains
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 3
o igina ing om sola adia ion, as well as modi ying he mal exchanges h ough he glazed building
en elope and, mo eo e , i in luences dayligh le els wi hin a building [3]. Pe o a ed sola sc eens
(PSS) a e a ype o shading de ice ha ha e gained popula i y wi h he shi om adi ional o
mode n a chi ec u al s yles [4,5]. Gene ally, PSS a e la , opaque, pe o a ed panels o ming a
double skin o ully-glazed building açades. The o ganisa ion o hei pe o a ions il e s ou di ec
inciden sunligh , which is p e en ed om di ec ly pene a ing in o spaces while s ill allowing use s o
iew he ex e io . The opaque pa s o he sc een e lec sunligh and ac as sola con ol sys ems
[6,7]. Fo example, Figu e 1 illus a es a açade wi h a PSS.
Figu e 1. Rende ing o a PSS example.
1.1 The issue o applying he building pe o mance simula ion ools
Se e al wo ks ha e been de o ed o he s udy o he he mal e ec s o ixed shading sys ems, such
as lou es, o e hangs and e ical ins [8,9] using Ene gyPlus, TRNSYS and EES so wa e o ene gy
simula ions [3]. A ew wo ks ha e e iewed he impac o pe o a ed sc eens on educing ai
condi ioning and o e hea ing, bu hese we e de eloped o dese clima es and o s udying single
design a iables such as pe o a ion ange [10,11].
The impac o pe o a ed açades on dayligh ing has, appa en ly, no been widely s udied.
The e a e ew de ailed s udies ega ding hei e ec s on indoo illuminances by means o
measu emen s on scale models [6,12,13] and compu e simula ions wi h Daysim and DIVA so wa e
[1,14,15]. Fu he mo e, hese wo ks add essed single design a iables, such as shape [1,16],
pe o a ion a e and o ien a ion [14] independen ly o each o he .
A limi ed numbe o s udies ha e add essed he balance be ween p o iding dayligh and
educing sola gains de i ed om using sola con ol sys ems. Only a ew ele an e e ences exis
[17,18]. This lack o s udies add essing he in eg a ion o he dayligh ing and ene gy pe o mances
o PSS is due o he ac ha such s udies a e complex asks since hese domains in e ac a many
le els and simula ion ools usually specialise in one domain only. The combina ion, he e o e, o
dayligh and ene gy pe o mance needs o employ di e en so wa e packages in o de o pe o m
such de ailed calcula ions. Mo eo e , o ob ain accu a e esul s building en i onmen al pe o mance
simula ion ools equi e a conside able amoun o ime and i e a ions. In addi ion, PSS usually
p esen complex geome ies, making hem di icul o model in he cu en ene gy pe o mance
simula ion ools and hus he design p ocess becomes mo e sophis ica ed [19].
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 4
Ene gyPlus, o example, is a whole building ene gy simula ion p og am used o model he
ene gy consump ion in buildings – o hea ing, cooling, en ila ion, ligh ing and o he loads [20].
This so wa e is well-sui ed o assessing he ene gy pe o mance o con en ional building sys ems o
whole buildings, ye i is ques ionable whe he such a ool can desc ibe accu a ely he ene gy ans e
phenomena ha occu in complex geome ies [21]. Fu he mo e, Ene gyPlus has shown signi ican
sho comings in p edic ing he dayligh a ailable in a space, especially as he dis ance om he
açade inc eases [22]. Ene gyPlus u ilizes he spli lux me hod o model he in e io e lec ions o
ligh by di iding he luminous lux in o wo componen s; hen, each spli componen is e lec ed by
an a e age weigh ed e lec ance o he su aces abo e and below he window [20]. This kind o
calcula ion o en esul s in subs an ial inaccu acies ha ha e di ec consequences on elec ic ligh ing
use in ensi y [23].
In o de o o e come he simula ion ools’ limi a ions, some au ho s ha e de eloped me hods
using ecen ad ances in so wa e and/o in in eg a ing he use o a ious so wa e packages. Lagios,
Niemasz and Reinha [24] linked Rhinoce os/G asshoppe o Radiance/Daysim in o de o e alua e
key design pa ame e s, such as window size and ma e ial desc ip ions. Azadeh [25] p oposed a
p ocess o u ilising dayligh ing and ene gy analysis so wa e o op imising he pe o mance o a
sun-shading sc een. To u he unde s and he a ailable dayligh in he es space, a clima e-based
me ic was calcula ed in DIVA. In o de o model he e ec o he sc een on he ene gy consump ion,
he sc een's hou ly shading coe icien was calcula ed. An elec ic ligh ing schedule o he yea was
hen gene a ed and loaded in o Design Builde o he mal simula ions.
González and Fio i o [26] in eg a ed pa ame ic design wi h pe o mance simula ion ools.
They used Galapagos/G asshoppe o de ine andomly he se o es s and hen used DIVA bo h o
calcula e dayligh me ics and o c ea e an a i icial ligh ing schedule. Finally, hey used he DIVA
he mal componen o calcula e he ene gy consump ion and CO2 emissions. T ubiano e al. [27]
in eg a ed he use o G asshoppe wi h Radiance and Ene gyPlus h ough Ma lab. Adop ing gene ic
algo i hms and a single objec i e unc ion, hey de eloped an e olu iona y op imisa ion sc ip o
demons a e he possibili y o gene a ing he op imal shape o a iums. Lobacca o e al. [28] applied
a simila me hod o op imising he geome y o a building in o de o maximise he en elope’s
annual exposu e o sola adia ion. Da id e al. [29] applied he combina ion o dayligh and he mal
analysis o assessing sola shade e iciency. In o de o a e he pe o mance o di e en ypologies
o ex e nal o e hangs, hey used Radiance and Ene gyPlus o calcula e he shading coe icien ,
cooling ene gy demand, dayligh au onomy, sun pa ch index and use ul dayligh illuminance.
1.2 The design op imisa ion p oblem
The op imisa ion p oblem, ela ed o he design o ex e nal shadings in an o ice building, is linked
o he ime equi ed o pe o ming dayligh simula ions. This has been demons a ed o be abou 35
imes longe han ha equi ed o pe o ming a ull he mal dynamic analysis. Consequen ly, he
easibili y o conduc ing an op imisa ion p ocess o la ge a eas o complex geome ies is limi ed,
especially when ime is a cons ain [26]. Fu he mo e, PSS design equi es a wide a ie y o a iables
o be aken in o conside a ion, so a comp ehensi e s udy o possible a iable combina ions equi es
a la ge amoun o di e en models, simula ions and ime, some hing which is di icul o manage.
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 5
The Design o Expe imen s using O hogonal A ays (DOA) s a is ical me hod can simpli y
he in e ela ed s udy o a la ge numbe o a iables, educing he numbe o expe imen s/simula ions
and ob aining he maximum in o ma ion which may be o use in PSS design [30]. The DOA me hod
has been used e icien ly in di e en ields o science, con ibu ing alid conclusions and op imising
p ocesses [31]. I has been used o op imise building shape design in o de o achie e ene gy
sa ings [32] and o educe cons uc ion cos s [33]. I has also been used o op imise some window
design pa ame e s aimed a imp o ing dayligh ing and sola con ol [34] and a maximising ene gy
sa ings [35]. Chi, e al. [36] p opose a me hodology o applying o hogonal a ays (OA) o op imise
he pe o a ion pe cen age, shape, ma ix and o ien a ion o pe o a ed sc eens, educing he
numbe o simula ions om 256 o 16 and ob aining he bes combina ion o a iables o imp o ing
dayligh ing.
1.3 Aims o cu en esea ch
As he ene gy demand o a building is g ea ly in luenced by he le els o dayligh and sola adia ion
en e ing h ough he pe o a ions, enhancing dayligh ing and educing sola gains a e impo an
conside a ions in PSS design. This pape aims o s udy he simul aneous aking in o accoun o bo h
dayligh ing and he mal pe o mance o PSS o achie e he annual o e all balanced solu ion. A
wo k low is p oposed o in eg a e he use o dayligh ing and ene gy simula ion packages o
cha ac e ise and quan i y he global pe o mance o PSS. As, hese s udies a e o en complex and
ime-consuming due o a la ge numbe o simula ions, his app oach uses he DOA me hod o
p edic he op imal design de i ed om he combina ion o di e en PSS design a iables such
as pe o a ion pe cen age (PP), ma ix (M) and shape (S). The op imised PSS aims o ind he igh
balance be ween he dayligh a ailabili y and he educ ion o he o al ene gy consump ion (ligh ing
plus hea ing and cooling) o a ypical o ice space in Se ille, Spain.
2. Me hodology
The p oposed me hodology consis s o ou main phases. Fi s , he DOA me hod is applied o s udy
simul aneously he in e ela ion o he PSS design a iables and o educe he numbe o s udy
models. The second s age includes he pa ame e s, pe o mance me ics and so wa e used o
dayligh ing e alua ion. The nex phase includes an ene gy consump ion calcula ion p ocess by using
di e en compu e p og ams. Finally, a balanced solu ion, whe e he dayligh ing and he mal
pe o mance a e conside ed, is iden i ied. The equi ed s eps a e summa ised in Figu e 2 and
de eloped in mo e de ail in he case s udy.

Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 6
Figu e 2. Wo k low o dayligh ing and ene gy analysis o complex geome ies.
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 7
2.1 Case s udy
The op imal PSS con igu a ion o an open-plan o ice space loca ed in Se ille, Spain is
in es iga ed. A e e ence model measu ing 7 m × 7 m and 3 m in heigh was modelled by using
Rhinoce os so wa e. I is a space ha is sideli h ough a ully-glazed, sou h- acing açade. Table 1
summa izes he model cha ac e is ics and ma e ials ha a e se up acco ding o he s udy domain.
Namely, isible e lec ances o dayligh ing calcula ions [37]; sola e lec ances o annual
sola adia ion calcula ions [37]; and he mal p ope ies o ene gy simula ions [38]. These
alues emain ixed in all simula ions in o de o dismiss hei e ec s on esul s.
Table 1. Cha ac e is ics o he in e nal model su aces, PSS and glazing.
Wall
Visible e lec ance
50%
Sola e lec ance
50%
Ma e ial
Adiaba ic
Floo
Visible e lec ance
20%
Sola e lec ance
20%
Ma e ial
adiaba ic
Ceiling
Visible e lec ance
80%
Sola e lec ance
80%
Ma e ial
adiaba ic
Glazing
Visible ansmi ance
78.1%
Sola ansmi ance
60.4%
Sola Hea Gain Coe icien (SHGC)
0.703
The mal T ansmi ance (U- alue)
2.785 W/m2K
PSS
Visible e lec ance
90%
Sola e lec ance
90%
Ma e ial
Whi e Pain inish
2.2 PSS design
PSS a e ex e nally moun ed a a dis ance o 0.05 m om he e e ence model’s ully-glazed açade
(Figu e 1). The PSS dimensions a e 7 m wide × 3 m high; he hickness is no conside ed.
Cha ac e is ics o he PSS ma e ial a e summa ised in Table 1. Th ee design a iables ha a e usually
de e mined a he concep ual design s age a e selec ed o cha ac e ise and e alua e he PSS
pe o mance:
(1) PP: Ra io o he o al su ace o he openings o he opaque su ace.
(2) M: Ve ical × ho izon al dis ibu ion o openings on he sc een. The dis ance be ween
openings o each ma ix is o 0.25, 0.33, 0.50 and 1.00 m, espec i ely, measu ed om
he cen e and e ically and ho izon ally equidis an .
(3) S: Fou egula shapes a e p oposed. The di e en -shaped openings ha e he same opening
a ea when M and PP a e he same.
Figu e 3 shows he le els o each design a iable, oge he wi h hei nomencla u e be ween
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 8
pa en heses which is used o name he PSS de i ed om he combina ion o he a iables. Fo
example, a PSS wi h a PP 37.5%, M 9×21 and S ci cula is named 372CS, whe e S is e e ing o
he sou h. The e e ence model is e med REF100S, whe e 100 is e e ing o WWR (window- o-wall-
a io) 100%.
Figu e 3. PSS design a iables.
2.3 O hogonal A ay
All combina ions o he ou le els o he ac o s p oduce 64 PSS con igu a ions, ha is o say, 64
compu e simula ions need es ing in di e en compu e p og ams in o de o ob ain a simul aneous
e alua ion o dayligh ing and sola gains. This implies an inc ease in he numbe and ime o
simula ions which can be di icul o handle in p ac ical si ua ions. The e is a need, he e o e, o
p opose an e ec i e s a egy o add essing mul iple pe o mance c i e ia, inding close- o-op imal
solu ions in a sho pe iod o ime and wi h he minimum numbe o simula ions.
To achie e his, he p esen pape uses he DOA me hod, alida ed in a p e ious s udy [36],
in which some PSS design a iables we e analysed in e ms o dayligh ing pe o mance. The DOA
me hod selec s a ep esen a i e ac ion o all possible combina ions o ac o s wi h he aim o
dis ibu ing he expe imen s uni o mly wi hin he es ange, accu a ely ep esen ing he o e all
si ua ion [39]. The ad an ages o he DOA me hod a e ha he numbe o ials needed o comple e
he expe imen is ela i ely small and he es esul s can be analysed h ough mean analysis (ANOM)
and a iance analysis (ANOVA). The me hod is highly e icien o a anging mul i- ac o expe imen s
wi h op imal combina ion le els [40].
In DOA he expe imen selec ion is OA-based, ep esen ed by a ma ix which is exp essed
as LN (l)k, whe e L is OA, N he numbe o expe imen s, l he le el o ac o s and k he numbe o
ac o s o columns [30]. Many s anda d OAs ha e been abula ed o using DOA [39]. One o hese
a ays can be used di ec ly o planning he simula ion cases. I consis o h ee ac o s wi h ou
le els each: L16(43). The ac o s cons i u e he PSS design a iables and he le els a e he alues o
hese a iables, as summa ised in Table 2.
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
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TEP 130 9
Table 2. Fac o s and le els o L16(43).
Le els
Fac o s
1 (PP)
2 (M)
3 (S)
1
50%
12x28
Ci cula
2
37.5%
9x21
Hexagonal
3
25%
6x14
Quad angula
4
12.5%
3x7
T iangula
L16(43) uses only a ac ion o he possible 64 combina ions o he h ee ac o s wi h ou le els each
(43=64 uns), educing o 16 he numbe o PSS o be es ed. Table 3 p esen s he 16 PSS
con igu a ions, which we e ob ained using a s a is ical analysis p og am [41].
Table 3. Simula ions equi ed in L16(43).
Simula ion
PSS
Fac o s
1 (PP)
2 (M)
3 (S)
1
501CS
1 (50%)
1 (12x28)
1 (Ci cula )
2
502HS
1 (50%)
2 (9x21)
2 (Hexagonal)
3
503QS
1 (50%)
3 (6x14)
3 (Quad angula )
4
504TS
1 (50%)
4 (3x7)
4 (T iangula )
5
371HS
2 (37.5%)
1 (12x28)
2 (Hexagonal)
6
372CS
2 (37.5%)
2 (9x21)
1 (Ci cula )
7
373TS
2 (37.5%)
3 (6x14)
4 (T iangula )
8
374QS
2 (37.5%)
4 (3x7)
3 (Quad angula )
9
251QS
3 (25%)
1 (12x28)
3 (Quad angula )
10
252TS
3 (25%)
2 (9x21)
4 (T iangula )
11
253CS
3 (25%)
3 (6x14)
1 (Ci cula )
12
254HS
3 (25%)
4 (3x7)
2 (Hexagonal)
13
121TS
4 (12.5%)
1 (12x28)
4 (T iangula )
14
122QS
4 (12.5%)
2 (9x21)
3 (Quad angula )
15
123HS
4 (12.5%)
3 (6x14)
2 (Hexagonal)
16
124CS
4 (12.5%)
4 (3x7)
1 (Ci cula )
2.4 Dayligh ing Simula ion
The aim o his s age is o in es iga e he dayligh ing pe o mance o he PSS. The 16 dayligh ing
simula ions a e pe o med wi h DIVA- o -G asshoppe [42]. DIVA is a highly-op imised dayligh ing
and ene gy modelling plug-in o Rhinoce os. I comes wi h an enhanced use in e ace o
G asshoppe , a g aphical algo i hm edi o ha enables designe s wi h no o mal sc ip ing expe ience
o gene a e pa ame ic o ms [43] apidly. G asshoppe componen s [42] p o ide dayligh analysis
h ough Radiance/DAYSIM and he mal analysis h ough Ene gyPlus/A chsim.
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 16
Figu e 9. The mal model: a) 3D geome y, and b) Basic he mal beha iou .
Table 7. Ene gy pe o mance indica o s
SCannual
Annual mean alue o all SChou ly alues quan i ied a each PSS.
TSRE
Annual ansmi ed sola adia ion ene gy, no malised by loo a ea
(kWh/m2).
Ligh ing ene gy
consump ion
To al annual ene gy used on-si e o supply he elec ic ligh ing sys em
and no malised by loo a ea (kWh/m2).
Cooling ene gy
consump ion
To al annual ene gy used on-si e o supply he cooling sys em and
no malised by loo a ea (kWh/m2).
Hea ing ene gy
consump ion
To al annual ene gy used on-si e o supply he hea ing sys em and
no malised by loo a ea (kWh/m2).
To al Ene gy
Consump ion
Sum o he annual ene gy consumed o hea ing, cooling and
a i icial ligh ing and no malised by loo a ea (kWh/m2).
2.6 Balancing dayligh ing and he mal pe o mance
The a io o he ac ual dayli a ea o he SCannual is coun ed as an index o bo h dayligh ing and sola
shading in his s udy [34]. A high alue o he ac ual dayli a ea co esponds o be e dayligh ing
pe o mance. A lowe SCannual alue co esponds o be e annual sola shading pe o mance; hus,
high alues o his index ep esen a be e in eg a ed pe o mance o sola shading and dayligh ing.
3. Resul s
Table 8 and Figu e 10 p esen he annual esul s o he 16 simula ions. Figu e 10a shows he
pe cen ages o he modi ied Dayligh A ailabili y and Figu e 10b shows he annual ene gy used o
ligh ing, cooling and hea ing, he SCannual and he TSRE. The index appea s in bo h igu es a and b
o show he in e ela ion be ween he dayligh ing and he mal pe o mance.

Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
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TEP 130 17
Table 8. Annual esul s o simula ions.
Simula ion
PSS
Non-dayli a ea (%)
Ac ual Pa ially dayli a ea (%)
Ac ual Dayli a ea (%)
O e li a ea (%)
Annual Sola Radia ion on
Façade (kWh/m2)
SCannual
TSRE (kWh/m2)
Ligh ing ene gy (kWh/m2)
Cooling ene gy (kWh/m2)
Hea ing ene gy (kWh/m2)
Index
-
REF100S
0
0
0
100
1147.04
1.00
289.29
9.21
248.62
4.66
0.00
1
501CS
0
0
43
57
726.78
0.70
154.28
13.39
138.71
1.50
0.61
2
502HS
0
0
42
58
646.41
0.59
140.27
21.24
134.11
1.27
0.72
3
503QS
0
0
43
57
707.90
0.68
150.91
21.96
143.11
1.55
0.63
4
504TS
0
0
45
55
669.78
0.60
145.81
13.07
131.98
1.34
0.75
5
371HS
0
0
49
51
596.91
0.60
127.75
23.59
126.25
1.05
0.82
6
372CS
0
0
49
51
515.53
0.48
113.66
24.78
116.67
0.81
1.02
7
373TS
0
0
47
53
532.78
0.51
116.68
16.89
112.62
0.79
0.92
8
374QS
0
0
50
50
471.36
0.42
106.19
14.92
103.81
0.64
1.20
9
251QS
0
36
23
41
381.95
0.37
86.56
26.24
98.85
0.54
0.63
10
252TS
0
34
23
43
392.84
0.39
88.37
25.82
99.85
0.56
0.59
11
253CS
0
35
20
44
338.36
0.31
79.11
26.35
94.00
0.50
0.66
12
254HS
0
31
29
40
333.27
0.31
78.10
26.30
93.24
0.49
0.94
13
121TS
50
15
5
31
154.61
0.13
43.43
27.26
72.69
0.56
0.35
14
122QS
47
23
8
22
191.23
0.19
49.58
27.23
76.35
0.49
0.43
15
123HS
48
24
13
14
190.97
0.19
49.42
27.44
76.45
0.51
0.70
16
124CS
44
16
13
27
171.06
0.16
46.03
27.42
74.40
0.55
0.82
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 18
Figu e 10. Annual Resul s in L16(43).
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 19
3.1 OA analysis
The ANOM and ANOVA o he OA L16(43) a e used o p edic he op imal design de i ed om
he combina ion o he h ee design a iables. The op imal le els, he e o e, mus inc ease he a ea
li wi h use ul illuminance o occupan s and educe he a ea li wi h excessi e illuminance ha can
be associa ed wi h gla e and he mal discom o . The ‘ac ual dayli a ea’ mus be maximised and
he ‘non-dayli ’, ‘ac ual pa ially dayli ’ and ‘o e li ’ a eas mus be minimised. Fu he mo e, he
op imal le els mus main ain elec ical ene gy consump ion o ligh ing, cooling and hea ing as low
as possible. As i ep esen s he bes in eg a ed pe o mance o dayligh ing and sola shading, he
index mus be maximised.
Table 9 summa ises he ANOVA esul s o L16(43), whe e he s a is ical signi icance o 5% is
o PP o all indica o s and M o he index. The sum o squa es (SS) indica es he ela i e impo ance
o each ac o and is o de ed as ollows: PP>M>S o all indica o s (excep o he o e li indica o
ha ollows he o de PP>S>M).
Table 9. ANOVA o L16(43) when α=0.05
Indica o
Fac o
GL
SS
F
p
Signi icance
Non-
dayli a ea
1 (PP)
3
6751.44
1467.03
0.00
*
2 (M)
3
4.60
1.00
0.46
3 (S)
3
4.60
1.00
0.46
Residual e o
6
9.20
To al
15
6769.85
‘ac ual’
pa ially
dayli a ea
1 (PP)
3
3296.90
144.46
0.00
*
2 (M)
3
27.12
1.19
0.39
3 (S)
3
14.22
0.62
0.63
Residual e o
6
45.64
To al
15
3383.88
‘ac ual’
Dayli a ea
1 (PP)
3
3868.34
254.39
0.00
*
2 (M)
3
45.43
2.99
0.12
3 (S)
3
25.78
1.70
0.27
Residual e o
6
30.41
To al
15
3969.96
O e li
A ea
1 (PP)
3
2559.32
48.43
0.00
*
2 (M)
3
13.76
0.26
0.85
3 (S)
3
54.09
1.02
0.45
Residual e o
6
105.70
To al
15
2732.88
TSRE
1 (PP)
3
22480.90
152.38
0.00
*
2 (M)
3
163.30
1.11
0.42
3 (F)
3
1.00
0.01
1.00
Residual e o
6
295.10
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 20
To al
15
22940.20
Ligh ing ene gy
1 (PP)
3
274.33
7.54
0.02
*
2 (M)
3
38.61
1.06
0.43
3 (F)
3
30.49
0.84
0.52
Residual e o
6
72.72
To al
15
416.15
Cooling
ene gy
1 (PP)
3
8363.61
80.35
0.00
*
2 (M)
3
147.82
1.42
0.33
3 (F)
3
21.27
0.20
0.89
Residual e o
6
208.18
To al
15
8740.88
Hea ing
ene gy
1 (PP)
3
2.12
49.83
0.00
*
2 (M)
3
0.06
1.37
0.34
3 (F)
3
0.00
0.08
0.97
Residual e o
6
0.08
To al
15
2.26
Index
1 (PP)
3
0.38
18.86
0.00
*
2 (M)
3
0.23
11.47
0.01
*
3 (F)
3
0.05
2.57
0.15
Residual e o
6
0.04
To al
15
0.70
Table 10 p esen s he esul s o he L16(43) ANOM. Del a alues a e used o compa e he ela i e
magni ude o e ec s depending on o hogonal design [41]. I also shows he op imal PSS
con igu a ion which ob ains he highes index alues.
Table 10. L16(43) ANOM.
Mean
alues
Non-
dayli
a ea
(%)
‘ac ual’
Pa ially
dayli
a ea
(%)
‘ac ual’
Dayli
a ea
(%)
O e li
a ea
(%)
TSRE
(kWh/m2)
Ligh ing
ene gy
(kWh/m2)
Cooling
ene gy
(kWh/m2)
Hea ing
ene gy
(kWh/m2)
Index
PP
T1 (50%)
0
0
43
57
147.82
17.42
136.98
1.41
0.68
T2 (37.5%)
0
0
49
51
116.07
20.04
114.84
0.82
0.99
T3 (25%)
0
34
24
42
83.03
26.18
96.49
0.52
0.70
T4 (12.5%)
47
19
10
23
47.12
27.34
74.97
0.53
0.58
Del a
47
34
39
33
101
10
62
1
0.41
Rank
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
M
147.82
T1 (12×28)
13
13
30
45
103.00
22.62
109.13
0.91
0.60
T2 (9×21)
12
14
31
43
97.97
24.77
106.75
0.78
0.69
T3 (6×14)
12
15
31
42
99.03
23.16
106.54
0.84
0.73
T4 (3×7)
11
12
34
43
94.03
20.43
100.86
0.75
0.93
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 21
Del a
1
3
4
2.52
9
4
8
0
0.33
Rank
2.5
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
S
T1 (C)
11
13
31
45
98.27
22.99
105.95
0.84
0.78
T2 (H)
12
14
33
41
98.89
24.64
107.51
0.83
0.80
T3 (Q)
12
15
31
42
98.31
22.59
105.53
0.80
0.72
T4 (T)
13
12
30
45
98.57
20.76
104.29
0.81
0.65
Del a
1
2
4
5
1
4
3
0
0.15
Rank
2.5
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
Op imal
PSS
374H
No e: he numbe s in bold ep esen op imal le els acco ding o he indica o s.
Figu e 11 p esen s he L16(43) ANOM. 10a plo s he annual modi ied Dayligh A ailabili y whe e he
non-dayli a ea can be obse ed o emain a ze o in PPs la ge han 25% and shows luc ua ions
ha a e b oadly simila o all le els o M and S. The ac ual pa ially dayli a ea emains a ze o o
PPs g ea e han 37.5% and p esen s close luc ua ions be ween le els M and S. The ac ual dayli
a ea eaches i s highes alue a 37.5% PP, ollowed by 50% PP. I hen dec eases as PP dec eases.
This a ea shows a sligh inc ease a le els 4 (3×7) o M and 2 (H) o S. The o e li a ea dec eases
as PP dec eases and p esen s close esul s in all 4 le els o M and S.
Figu e 11b plo s he annual means o he PSS ene gy pe o mance indica o s. I can be
obse ed ha , simila o he o e li a ea, TSRE dec eases as PP dec eases; u he mo e, i eaches
highly simila alues in M and S le els. SCannual beha es he same as TRSE in he h ee design
a iables. Ligh ing ene gy inc eases sligh ly as PP dec eases and p esen s luc ua ions a le els M and
S. Cooling ene gy dec eases as PP dec eases; mo eo e , i is lowe in M4 (3×7) and p esen s
luc ua ions a S le els. Hea ing ene gy emains p ac ically he same o e all a iables. Wi h ega d
o he index, PP 37.5%, M 4 (3×7) and S 2 (C) and 1 (H) le els ob ain he bes simul aneous
pe o mances in he wo aspec s unde s udy.

Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 22
Figu e 11. L16(43) ANOM esul s.
The index is used o he dayligh ing and he mal cha ac e isa ion o he PSS and endea ou s o ind
a balance be ween na u al dayligh and he mal e iciency. The ollowing design c i e ia o sou h-
acing, Medi e anean PSS ha e been de i ed om hei op imal le els:
 PP is he de e mining a iable in PSS design since i was s a is ically signi ican o all
indica o s. PP should be limi ed o 37.5% o he ollowing easons (See Table 10). In e ms
o dayligh ing pe o mance, a PP o 37.5% gi es he highes ac ual dayli a ea alue (49%);
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 23
PPs g ea e han 37.5% inc eased he o e li a ea in mo e han 50% o wo kplane (57%),
while PPs o less han 37.5% led o a conside able (10-24%) educ ion. In e ms o he mal
pe o mance, a PP o 37.5% gi es in e media e alues wi h espec o ligh ing, hea ing and
cooling ene gy consump ion, achie ing annual sa ings when compa ed wi h la ge PPs. The
highes index alue is ob ained wi h PP 37.5% and he e o e i is e ec i e when desc ibing
simul aneously he PPs’ dayligh ing and he mal pe o mance.
 The second mos impo an ac o is he ma ix. In o de o achie e he bes balance be ween
dayligh and ene gy pe o mance, ma ices wi h he smalles numbe o la ge pe o a ions
a e ecommended. Acco ding o he esul s in dayligh ing pe o mance, le el 4 (3x7) ob ains
he highes ac ual dayli a ea alues, while in e ms o he o e li a ea, all ou le els a e
oughly equal, wi h le els 3 (6×14) and 4 (3×7) gi ing he lowes alues. In e ms o he mal
pe o mance, le el 4 (3x7) is he mos ad isable because i achie es he lowes le els o
ene gy consump ion o all ene gy uses, as well as he lowes TSRE le els. Wi h ega d o he
index, he op imal le el is le el 4 (3x7) and is he e o e e ec i e in cha ac e ising bo h
condi ions simul aneously. E en M is s a is ically signi ican o he index (See Table 9).
 Shape is he leas ele an a iable, allowing o g ea e design eedom. The esul s showed
no signi ican di e ences in any indica o (See Table 9).
3.2 Analysis o he use and non-use o sou h- acing PSS
This sec ion compa es he space’s dayligh ing and he mal condi ions wi h and wi hou PSS, selec ing
o ha pu pose con igu a ion 374QS om he simula ions ha had al eady been pe o med. This
con igu a ion was chosen because i combines he op imal and s a is ically signi ican le els de i ed
om he OA, as well as being he PSS wi h he highes index (See Figu e 10). Figu e 12a shows he
absolu e quan i ied e o in 374QS wi h espec o REF100S o modi ied Dayligh A ailabili y, as
well as he quan i ied pe cen ual e o o bo h ene gy consump ion and TSRE. The esul s
demons a e ha using op imised sou h- acing PSS can inc ease he ac ual dayli a ea by 50% and
dec ease he o e li wo kplane a ea by 50% when compa ed wi h a ully-glazed açade. Al hough
wi h PSS a i icial ligh ing consump ion ises by 62%, dayligh ing on he wo kplane is imp o ed
conside ably. Fu he mo e, he e is a 63% educ ion in TSRE while cooling and hea ing consump ion
dec ease by 58% and 86%, espec i ely. This gi es a 55% o al annual sa ing in ene gy consump ion.
I is, he e o e, ad isable o use PSS on sou h- acing glazed açades in line wi h he abo emen ioned
design c i e ia.
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 24
Figu e 12. Di e ences be ween use and non-use o an op imised sou h acing PSS.
Figu e 12b compa es he dayligh ing and he mal pe o mance o he op imised PSS wi h espec o
a simple ape u e wi h WWR 37.5%. The absolu e e o in 374QS wi h espec o WWR 37.5% o
modi ied Dayligh A ailabili y is shown, as is he quan i ied pe cen ual e o in 374QS wi h espec
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 25
o WWR 37.5% o ene gy consump ion and TSRE. The esul s show ha using a simple ape u e can
inc ease he ac ual dayli a ea by 63% and educe he o e li a ea on a wo kplane by 63% wi h
espec o he ully-glazed açade. A i icial ligh ing consump ion, howe e , inc eases by 62% which
is simila when using PSS. Mo eo e , TSRE dec eases by 56% and cooling and hea ing consump ion
by 37% and 54%, espec i ely. The e is only a 34% dec ease in o e all ene gy consump ion; 21%
less han when using PSS. On balance, he e o e, i is mo e ad isable o use PSS on glazed açades
ins ead o a simple ape u e in he wall.
3.3 Cha ac e isa ion o PSS dayligh ing and he mal pe o mance
Figu e 13 shows an o e lap o he ou a eas o he modi ied dayligh a ailabili y a each senso
poin in 374QS. The whi e a eas ep esen a senso wi h DA300 o a leas 75% o he wo king yea
ha do no each UDI>3000 du ing 5% o he occupied hou s (in sho , he a ou able ac ual dayli
a ea). The clea g ey scale shows senso s wi h DA300 be ween 50 and 75% o he wo king yea ha
do no each UDI>3000 du ing 5% o he occupied hou s (in sho , he nominal ac ual dayli a ea). In
addi ion, he REF100S esul s also appea in Figu e 13 o in o de o p esen dayligh on he
wo kplane wi hou PSS. No only can he dayligh ing imp o emen be obse ed in he inc eased
ac ual dayli a ea bu also in he educ ion o he o e li a ea and, u he mo e, in he educ ion o
he annual ime pe cen ages wi h excessi e illuminances a each senso poin .
Figu e 13. Dayligh A ailabili y in 374QS and REF100S.
In his wo k, illuminance and TSRE in o ma ion a e shown using annual empo al maps. These
empo al maps a e p oduced in MATLAB in o de o show, on a single g aph, he pe iods o he yea
Design op imisa ion o pe o a ed sola açades in
o de o balance dayligh ing wi h he mal pe o mance
TEP 130 32
Fundamen als, I-P Edi io, ASHRAE, Inc, A lan a, 2013.
[65] J. Ma dalje ic, Spa io- empo al dynamics o sola shading o a pa ame ically de ined oo sys em, Ene gy Build.
36 (2004) 815–823.
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