APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED BUILDING SIMULATION AND CFD TO A
CLASSROOM HEATING CASE STUDY IN A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE
Miguel A. Campano*1, Samuel Domínguez1, Jesica Fe nández-Agüe a1, Juan J. Send a1
Ins i u e o A chi ec u e and Building Science, Se ille, Spain
2 Reina Me cedes A enue, Se ille 41012, ES.
*E-mail add ess: mcamp[email p o ec ed]s
ABSTRACT
This s udy de elops knowledge o he me hodological
analysis o indoo ai dis ibu ion in high densi y
ooms, allowing e alua ion o he expec ed com o
le el o he occupan s. A ypical class oom is p esen ed
as a case s udy, ocusing on he in luence o dedica ed
en ila ion. The me hodology es ablished he bounda y
condi ions using disc e iza ion and de e mina ion o
alues o e ime which de ined he dynamic ene gy
beha iou o he oom, by means o a nodal model.
The s udy inco po a es sec ional iso he mal cu es and
ai eloci y analysis, he use o indica o s o e alua e
he he mal com o o he occupan s acco ding o
ASHRAE s anda ds, and compa isons o al e na i e
HVAC sys ems.
A case s udy applica ion shows poo e iciency o
adi ional adia o hea ing sys ems e sus hose which
inco po a e a neu al en ila ion ai supply.
INTRODUCTION
HVAC sys ems a e always designed o sol e he
equa ion o balance be ween ene gy demand and he
powe supplied o he space. Usually, his solu ion is
ca ied ou by assuming he ans e is be ween wo
disc e e poin s, one in e nal and one ex e nal.
Howe e , he spaces o be deal wi h a e olumes
whe e he occupan s usually ha e eedom o
mo emen o loca ion, wi h mul iple poin s whe e his
ene gy load-con ibu ion a io does no beha e as in
he o iginally o eseen model. This p oblem is c i ical
in e alua ing wo linked concep s: he e iciency o
deli e ing ene gy o he sys em o he olume
occupied, and he eal com o o he di e en
occupan s acco ding o hei spa ial dis ibu ion in he
olume.
Al hough he e a e many me hods o calcula ing he
ans e equa ions o a he mal sys em, hese a e
achie ed wi h a nodal model, whe e i is no possible o
know wha he ene gy dis ibu ion will be wi hin he
space, wi hou es ablishing a spa ial model based on
CFD (Zhai, Z.J. e al). The gene a ion o hese models
allows he ene gy e iciency o he building o be
e alua ed, and i s ene gy dis ibu ion o be analysed,
by conside ing he enues as h ee-dimensional spaces
whe e occupan s, u ni u e, equipmen and o he hea
sou ces a e ac i e in he sys em.
This wo k is p esen ed wi h his ocus, and has sough
o de elop a me hodology o connec ing he nodal
analysis esul s, ep esen ing he empo al e olu ion o
he ene gy s a es o he building-HVAC-ex e io
sys em, and i s impac on di e en s a es o he in e io
space.
A school building was chosen as he applica ion model,
because a class oom ep esen s a space wi h p oblems
ha a e ypical o hose o be analysed, due o i s high
in e nal load, high en ila ion (ISO 13779:2008 on
Ven ila ion o non- esiden ial buildings) and high
com o needs and p olonged use o e ime. The
e olu ion o i s beha iou o e a ypical day is a
pa icula ly impo an ac o , gi en he in luence o he
posi i e loads associa ed wi h he use o he space
(Ka imipanah, T. e al).
This s udy is p esen ed as he nex s ep in he wo king
me hodology begun in "Analysis o he mal emissions
om adia o s in class ooms in Medi e anean
clima es" and i inco po a es new analy ical ools and
b oadens he ield o s udy o include he in luence o
mechanical en ila ion. The wo k uses a se ies o
indica o s, among which he Fange me hod is
highligh ed, and is supplemen ed wi h a se ies o linea
g aphs o he mal a ia ions.
The inal objec i e o his wo k is he de elopmen o a
me hodology o unde ake compa a i e s udies
be ween HVAC sys ems, enabling decision making
based on he esul s o ene gy dis ibu ion and he
desi ed com o o he occupan s.
SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
De ini ion o he model unde s udy
The cha ac e is ics o he base model o he s udy a e
as ollows: a ypical class oom o 50m2 co esponding
o he non-uni e si y eaching cen e ype,
accommoda ing 25 s uden s wi h hei eache .
Dimensions a e 7.25 x 6.40 me es and 3.00 me es
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high, wi h he window o he le o he sea s o easie
eading wi h na u al ligh ing. The space is de ined, in
addi ion o i s no h side (wo s case o ien a ion o he
s udy o hea ing sys ems), by ho izon al and e ical
pa i ions in con ac wi h o he class ooms o simila
size and use, and he common access co ido (Fig. 1).
Figu e 1 Floo plan o he class oom unde s udy
A poin o highligh is he inco po a ion o a lap op o
each s uden .
The building was assumed o be loca ed in a C3 zone
(acco ding o Spanish clima ic zoning), which has
mode a ely cold win e s and ho summe s, as can be
seen on Table 1.
Table 1 Loca ion da a
Loca ion
G anada (Spain)
Time zone
GTM +1:00
Longi ude/La i ude
3.78º (W) / 37.18º (N)
Ele a ion abo e sea le el
559.0 m
Ex e io calcula ion empla e
1.9 ºC
Rela i e humidi y o calcula ion
90%
Wind speed
10.1 m/s
Calcula ion da e
21s o Janua y
Clima ic da e empla e
ESP_G anada.swec
The building da a on he he mal en elope comply wi h
he cu en na ional s anda d o limi ing ene gy
demand, and a e shown in Table 2.
Table 2 En elope
ELEMENT TRANSMITTANCE
(W/m
2
·K)
Façade
0.45
Ve ical pa i ions
2.09
Slab
1.98
Insula ed doo
0.84
Fenes a ion
Double glazed window (4/6/4) wi h
he mal b eak
Desc ip ion o he sys ems s udied
The s udy ocuses on he modi ica ion o he beha iou
o he class oom o e a ypical usage pe iod, by adding
a mechanical en ila ion sys em o a adia o hea ing
ins alla ion, which adi ionally elied on uncon olled
en ing h ough he en elope (model A). This o iginal
model is he mos common in Sou he n Eu ope.
The adia o hea exchange sys em, common o bo h
models, consis s o h ee s eel panels benea h he
windows o model A and wo s eel panels o model
B, ma ked ed in Figu e 2a and b, wi h an a e age
emission empe a u e o 70 ºC and a a he mal
di e ence o 20 ºC in he wa e I/O. The wa e low
a ies acco ding o he he mal equi emen s o he
enue.
Figu e 2 Posi ioning o HVAC elemen s in he models
The in il a ion a e o model 1 is ep esen ed by a
cons an alue o 1 ai change pe hou in oduced in o
he enue h ough windows pe ime e , adop ed as a
usual alue as we ha e been able o app ecia e in
di e en ield es s. The emaining ai ge s ou o he
enue h ough he doo jambs.
The mechanical en ila ion sys em in oduced in he
second model unde conside a ion (model B) as a
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complemen o esol e he indoo ai quali y, acco ding
o EN 13779 on en ila ion o non- esiden ial
buildings, consis s o a neu al p ima y ai condi ione
(dedica ed ou doo ai handle ) which il e s and hea
ea s 1170 m3/h o ou doo ai o le el IDA2 a 21 °C,
he in e io empe a u e se -poin . In addi ion, wa e
apou is in oduced by a s eam lance o each 40%
ela i e humidi y a he quo ed 21 °C.
The ai is in oduced in a ypical ashion ia he
in e io uppe pa o he class oom and collec ed in a
pe pendicula plane below ha o he supply.
The a io be ween he impulse and ex ac ion lows is
80%, in o de o achie e an o e p essu e s a e o s op
he in luence o na u al in il a ions. This emaining ai
escapes om he enue hough doo jambs and he
pe ime e o he windows depending on hei ou le
su aces.
Condi ions o use and ope a ion
The elemen s used in bo h s udy models a e shown in
Table 3.
Table 3 Elemen s included in he calcula ions
The mal con ol
21 ºC se empe a u e
Tables and chai s
26 ( able and chai pe occupan )
Ligh ing 6 o e head ligh s, indi idual emission
o 58 W (con ec i e componen only)
Ne books
One pe occupan , wi h an indi idual
low emission o 30 W (Lim, E. e al
and Lee, J.M. e al).
Occupan s
Teache , s anding, and 25 s uden s,
si ing, wi h an indi idual low
emission o 45 W (con ec i e
componen only) and clo hing 1.2 clo.
0.52 people/m
2
.
Openings
Model A: In il a ion a e o 1.0 ai
change pe hou h ough he windows
pe ime e .
Model B: In il a ion a e o 0.0 ai
changes pe hou .
Radia o s Model A: Th ee s eel adia o panels.
Model B: Two s eel adia o panels.
Mechanical
Ven ila ion
Model A: None
Model B: Neu al en ila ion ai
supply o 1170 m3/h (IDA 2).
A ea occupied Acco ding o EN 13779 on en ila ion
o non- esiden ial buildings ( ig 3).
Tool o ene gy simula ion
The so wa e chosen bo h o nodal calcula ions and
o he CFD was Design Builde 2.36.007. This
p og am was designed as he nodal simula ion engine
Ene gyPlus by he U.S. Depa men o Ene gy, and
also inco po a es a s eady-s a e ype CFD module,
alida ed by he Uni e si y o No humb ia
(Newcas le), which calcula es snap-sho o he s udied
model using nodal simula ion da a as bounda y
condi ions.
Fo his s udy, a simula ion ool wi h low
compu a ional needs bu eliable esul s was adop ed,
o allow o an easie me hodology de elopmen ,
al hough he p ocess applied is usable unde all ypes
o CFD calcula ion engines.
Figu e 3 Occupied zone in ho izon al (a) and e ical
(b) sec ion o he class oom (EN 13779)
P ope ies o calcula ion and de i ed geome ical
conside a ions
When building he s udy model in he p og am o make
he nodal calcula ion, i is necessa y o c ea e he
bounda y condi ions (Figu e 4), i.e., he spaces wi h
which he class oom makes con ac , hey a e:
• The class oom on i s le (P1)
• The class oom on i s le (P1)
• The class oom immedia ely abo e (P2)
• The class oom immedia ely below (PB)
• Access co ido (P1)
The cha ac e is ics o hese spaces will be he same as
he s udy loca ion, excep he hall, which ep esen s an
a ea wi hou ai condi ioning and ze o occupa ion and
ac i i y.
Figu e 4 Model unde s udy and adjacen enues
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The bounda ies o hese adjacen a eas, which a e he
ex e io and he o he class ooms. The la e
connec ion is ep esen ed by adiaba ic pa i ions, since
he ene gy exchange wi h hese o he ooms is no o
g ea ele ance, gi en he p edominance o ene gy
lows o he ex e io ia he en elope compa ed o
hose ha occu be ween he pa i ions.
To s udy he empo al e olu ion o bo h models, i was
chosen o pe o m an hou ly simula ion hypo hesis
a e he s a a 8:00 un il 11:00, when he daily b eak
ime occu s, hus b eaking he he mal cycle (Table 4),
ob aining he cha ac e iza ion o each o hese ins an s
o la e e alua ion.
Table 4 Desc ip ion o he adop ed assump ions
HEATING
SYSTEM
VENTILATION
SYSTEM
DIALY
EVOLUTION
3 adia o s unde
he windows
In il a ions h ough
he en elope
8:00; 9:00;
10:00; 11:00
2 adia o s unde
he windows
Mechanical
en ila ion sys em
8:00; 9:00;
10:00; 11:00
Fo CFD simula ion conside a ions, he bounda y
condi ions o each scena io we e gi en by he p e ious
nodal calcula ion, also made by he Design Builde
p og am.
A wo-equa ion (S anda d k-ε) u bulence model was
chosen because i is he mos comple e model included
in his so wa e, despi e o i assumes ully u bulen
low. A Reno malisa ion G oup (RNG) k-ε model
could sol e lamina low wi h mo e accu acy, bu he
ela i e de ia ion be ween bo h models esul s is
accep able o his ype o indoo en i onmen
(S eb ic, J. e al). Also, "Upwind" was chosen as a
disc e iza ion me hod because o i s g ea e simplici y
o calcula ion o a hypo hesis wi h ai as he sole
wo king luid, unde non-ex eme condi ions, wi hou
signi ican losses in he expec ed esul s.
When designing he mesh a hexahed al s uc u e wi h
s aigh , uni o m sides was chosen, wi h a maximum
spacing o 5 cm, being p og essi ely educed nea
su aces and objec s and uses a junc ion ole ance o 1
cm and a maximum a io be ween he edges o he
esul ing cells o 1 o 10.
This maximum spacing was educed o 2.5 cm in a es
model in o de o e alua e di e gences, and was
concluded ha his spacing dec ease did no a ec
signi ican ly o he o e all esul s bu high inc eased
compu a ional ime, as expec ed o hose g id
densi ies (S eb ic, J. e al).
The maximum numbe o i e a ions o each simula ion
was es ablished a 10,000.
Me hod o compa ison o esul s
Two di e en me hods we e used, one based on
nume ical indica o s and he o he on g aphs.
The ecommenda ions o S anda ds EN ISO 7730 and
EN ISO 11079 on E gonomics o he he mal
en i onmen , we e ollowed by using a numbe o
indica o s o he mal sensa ion and clo hing associa ed
wi h an a ay o e alua ion poin s o 3x3 wi h h ee
heigh s, co esponding o he legs (0.1 m), o so (0.6
m) and head (1.1 m) o a sea ed occupan , (Fig. 5),
wi h which he esul s o he calcula ion we e analysed
om he pe spec i e o a ypical use . O hese poin s,
nine o hem (co esponding o he se ies C, F and I)
we e close o adia o s, hus simula ing he possibili y
o an occupan pe manen ly sea ed nea hem, which is
qui e common in eaching class ooms and no
ecommended by he S anda d EN ISO-13779.
Figu e 5 A ay o e alua ion poin s o 3x3x3 in he
class oom unde s udy
These indica o s a e:
• Fange me hod
• P edic ed Mean Vo e (PMV)
• P edic ed Pe cen age o Dissa is ied
(PPD)
• Le el o local he mal discom o due o
D augh Ra e (DR).
• Le el o local he mal discom o due o
e ical ai empe a u e di e ence (PD).
• Requi ed clo hing insula ion (IREQ).
• To main ain he mal equilib ium wi h high
physiological esponse (IREQminimum)
• To main ain he mal equilib ium wi h no
physiological esponse (IREQneu al)
All hese indica o s we e applied a a heigh o 0.6
me e , co esponding o he ches o a sea ed occupan .
Pa allel o hese indica o s, a se ies o linea g aphs o
he mal a ia ions we e c ea ed in suppo , and in
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which we e gene a ed a se o slices o he iso he mal
cu es con ained in he e ical sec ion o be s udied
(Fig. 6), and chosen o being highly ep esen a i e.
Th ough he supe imposi ion o he g aphs o he
ins an s s udied o each model o he mal sys em, i
was possible o pe o m he analysis o hei e olu ion,
as well as he compa a i e s udy be ween he wo
sys ems.
Figu e 6 Lineal g aphs o he mal a ia ions on
e ical sec ion on 3.57 m
DISCUSSION AND RESULT ANALYSIS
Node calcula ions
The esul s o he s uc u al he mal demand o he
class oom (wi hou mechanical en ila ion loads) as a
unc ion o ime o 21 Janua y o bo h models, a e
shown in Table 5, whe eby he adia o s deli e a
p opo ional amoun o he mal ene gy i i is equi ed.
In model B, due o he p essu iza ion c ea ed by he
neu al empe a u e en ila ion ai supply, om 10:00
in e nal loads (occupa ion, ligh ing and compu e s) a e
enough on hei own o compensa e he mal losses
h ough he en elope whi ou a hea ing sys em suppo .
Simila ly, he a e age empe a u es o he ai and
adian aces we e measu ed o each o he ins an s o
calcula ion, and a e lis ed in Table 6.
All hese da a we e used as bounda y condi ions in he
CFD calcula ion o each o he hypo heses o he
models.
Table 5 Nodal esul s o local ime s uc u al hea ing
demand (Janua y)
TIME
STRUCTURAL HEATING DEMAND
MODEL A
W
MODEL B
W
8:00 2291 1414
9:00
1158
331
10:00
696
0
11:00 321 0
Table 6 Ai and su ace a e age empe a u es o bo h
models (Janua y)
ELEMENT m2
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
ºC
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00
Ou doo ai
-
1.7
2.8
4.4
7.2
Ex e nal wall
23.8
14.0
15.9
16.6
17.2
Windows
7.3
8.5
12.3
13.2
14.2
Pa i ion 1
18.1
13.6
12.8
13.1
16.5
Pa i ion 2
5.7
13.9
19.3
20.0
20.4
Doo 1 1.3 11.6 11.6 11.6 13.8
Doo 2
1.3
11.6
11.6
11.6
13.8
Pa i ion 3
21.5
13.5
16.0
16.9
17.4
Pa i ion 4 21.5 13.5 16.0 16.9 17.4
Floo
45.1
14.6
15.9
16.9
17.8
Ceiling
45.1
15.4
16.6
17.5
17.8
TOTAL 190.8 14.1 15.6 16.5 17.4
CFD calcula ions
Figu e 7 3D iew o he class oom wi h mesh o iso he m cu es. Model B.
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Figu e 8 T ans e sal e ical sec ion (X = 3,57 m) and ho izon al sec ion (Z = 1 m) o model A and B a 8:00
The esul s o CFD calcula ion can be shown as a 3D
ma ix o iso he mal lines ( ig. 7) which can be cu
wi h ho izon al and e ical sec ions o being easie
analyzed ( ig. 8).
To analyse he beha iou o he wo sys ems s udied,
he cen al ans e se e ical sec ion was aken, a e
checking by means o a ho izon al sec ion a 1 me e
and he a ay o e alua ion poin s ha he o he wo
ans e se e ical sec ions which co e he emaining
poin s beha e simila ly o he s udy objec .
To calcula e he a ious indica o s, ai empe a u e,
eloci y and ela i e humidi y da a we e aken o e
ime in he e alua ion poin s D1+2 +3, E1+2 +3 and
F1 +2 +3 o bo h models.
Applying he E gonomics o he The mal
En i onmen egula ions
Wi h he da a abo e, each o he indica o s desc ibed
(Table 7) we e calcula ed, and e alua ed acco ding o
EN ISO 7730 in h ee ca ego ies, om bes o wo s
com o : A (g een), B (o ange) and C ( ed). Whe e ou
o he ange, he alue is in black.
The inal classi ica ion o he he mal en i onmen was
equal o he leas a ou able o he ou indica o s.
F om his able we can see ha al hough bo h sys ems
e ol e in a simila way, he he mal pe cep ion o he
occupan s in he adia o s only model (model A) is
sligh ly be e .
Table 7 Expec ed com o indica o s o model A and
model B (0.6 me e s high)
POINT
PMV
-3 o 3
PPD
%
DR
%
PD
%
IREQ
min
clo
neu
clo
D 2
8:00
A
B
-0.63
-0.70
13.2
15.3
4.24
6.05
8.5
2.4
0.92
0.93
1.28
1.29
E 2
8:00
A
B
-0.67
-0.68
14.5
14.6
0.00
5.09
12.5
6.3
0.95
0.92
1.31
1.28
F 2
8:00
A
B
-0.70
-0.41
15.3
8.5
1.64
3.13
19.1
1.4
0.96
0.77
1.32
1.13
D 2
9:00
A
B
-0.51
-0.67
10.4
14.3
1.18
5.23
4.5
2.4
0.86
0.92
1.23
1.28
E 2
9:00
A
B
-0.55
-0.67
11.2
14.4
0.00
5.42
5.5
4.7
0.88
0.92
1.24
1.28
F 2
9:00
A
B
-0.57
-0.42
11.7
8.6
2.94
4.76
17.9
1.1
0.88
0.77
1.24
1.13
D 2
10:00
A
B
-0.42
-0.60
8.7
12.6
0.00
5.00
3.2
2.0
0.85
0.89
1.18
1.25
E 2
10:00
A
B
-0.45
-0.61
9.2
12.7
0.00
4.38
4.2
3.6
0.86
0.89
1.22
1.25
F 2
10:00
A
B
-0.5
-0.35
10.3
7.6
3.72
4.43
4.2
1.0
0.86
0.74
1.22
1.11
D 2
11:00
A
B
-0.34
-0.54
7.4
11.2
0.00
4.92
2.6
2.0
0.79
0.85
1.15
1.22
E 2
11:00
A
B
-0.37
-0.55
7.8
11.3
0.00
5.48
3.9
3.4
0.82
0.85
1.18
1.22
F 2
11:00
A
B
-0.40
-0.53
8.4
11.1
0.00
4.77
12.1
0.9
0.83
0.85
1.19
1.08
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This is mainly due o he di e gence in he ela i e
humidi y o he ai , which inc eased o e ime in
model A and was mo e s able in he model B due o i s
hyg o he mic ea men . This humidi y a ia ion is also
mo e sha ply pe cei ed in he inc easing di e gence
be ween he wo sys ems when assessing he le el o
insula ion o he clo hing, i becoming somewha
excessi e a 11:00 in he i s case, because o he high
humidi y. D augh a e alues a e highe in model B
han model A, due o he en ila ion sys em wo king,
bu despi e his bo h models ob ain ca ego y A in his
indica o . Finally, he PD indica o demons a es
g ea e s a i ica ion in he occupied a ea o he i s
se ies o he model.
Lineal g aph analysis o he mal a ia ions
acco ding o sec ion
The esul ing g aphs a e shown in igu e 9, acco ding
o he p e iously selec ed cu s included in igu e 5.
Figu e 9 Lineal g aphs o he mal a ia ions on e ical sec ion o model A and model B
In he g aphs i can be seen again ha he e is s ong
he mal homogenei y in he ho izon al plane, b oken
only by app oach o he adia ing elemen s. On he
o he hand, a mo e p onounced s a i ica ion
phenomenon eappea s in he model A, a ac which
a ou s a be e ene gy dis ibu ion and a g ea e
endency o app oach he 21ºC ai empe a u e being
seen in he en ila ion hypo hesis (model B).
CONCLUSION
Abou he me hodology
The p ocess o c ea ing he wo king model desc ibed,
despi e ha ing been pe o med wi h a so wa e wi h
low compu a ional equi emen s bu enough accu a e
esul s, is ully expo able o o he p og ams wi h
g ea e equi emen s and ea u es because i was
ocused on es ablishing he ini ial and bounda y
condi ions, and i is p esen ed as a me hodological
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guide o he gene a ion o any kind o model o
s udying ai -condi ioned loca ions.
Mo eo e , he dual analysis o hese calcula ion da a
by using combined indica o s o p o en eliabili y as
he Fange me hod, he indica o s o local he mal
discom o and he IREQ index, as well as he se ies o
linea g aphs o he mal a ia ions, allow objec i e and
de ailed cha ac e iza ion o he he mal beha iou
simula ed wi h CFD o he HVAC sys ems in he gi en
loca ions, in o de o compa e hem wi h al e na i e
sys ems in hese loca ions.
Abou he esul s
The adia o s only sys em, despi e allowing somewha
highe a e age ai empe a u es o be eached han in
he sys em inco po a ing mechanical en ila ion, i
su e s om a highe deg ee o s a i ica ion and
he mal he e ogenei y, while su e ing om excessi e
build-up o humidi y de i ed om occupa ion. On he
o he hand, i helps o sligh ly inc ease he mal
pe cep ion and g adually dec ease he amoun o
insula ion by clo hing.
In any case, hese di e ences a e no ma ked, because
he e ec o he in oduc ion o mechanical en ila ion
on he selec ed empe a u e o he occupied a ea does
no signi ican ly in luence he o e all he mal a ia ion
o he enclosu e, al hough i is e iden ha he e is a
need o humidi ica ion o imp o e he le el o
occupan com o .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like o hank he esea ch g oup PAIDI
TEP-130 (A chi ec u e, He i age and Sus ainabili y:
acous ics, ligh ing and ene gy) o Uni e si y o Se ille
all help and suppo p o ided.
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2012
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