sus ainabili y
A icle
He i age Ca aloguing in His o y: Concep ual and G aphical
Founda ions o Immo able Cul u al He i age Da a Bases in he
Case o Spain
Robe o F. Alonso-Jiménez 1,* , Ma Lo en-Méndez 1, Daniel Pinzón-Ayala 1and F ancisco Olle o-Loba o 2
Ci a ion: Alonso-Jiménez, R.F.;
Lo en-Méndez, M.; Pinzón-Ayala, D.;
Olle o-Loba o, F. He i age
Ca aloguing in His o y: Concep ual
and G aphical Founda ions o
Immo able Cul u al He i age Da a
Bases in he Case o Spain.
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/su131911043
Academic Edi o s: Juan
F ancisco Reinoso-Go do,
An onio Gámiz-Go do and
An onio JoséGómez-Blanco Pon es
Recei ed: 5 Augus 2021
Accep ed: 30 Sep embe 2021
Published: 6 Oc obe 2021
Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al
wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in
published maps and ins i u ional a il-
ia ions.
Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1
Depa amen o de His o ia, Teo ía y Composición A qui ec ónicas, Escuela Técnica Supe io de A qui ec u a,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, 41012 Se illa, Spain; [email p o ec ed] (M.L.-M.); [email p o ec ed] (D.P.-A.)
2Depa amen o de Geog a ía, His o ia y Filoso ía, Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide, 41013 Se illa, Spain;
[email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +34-664-79-04-35
Abs ac :
Ca aloguing cons i u es he main ins umen o he i age assessmen and managemen
a ound he wo ld, and is cen al in he i age s udies. In he con ex o he g owing in e na ional
p o ec ion o he i age since he 20 h cen u y and he i up ion and implemen a ion o digi al ools,
cul u al he i age da a bases (CHDBs) ha e eme ged as he main sys ems in accoun ing o and
moni o ing he i age. In he amewo k o cul u e p ese a ion, as a d i ing o ce o sus ainable
de elopmen , his a icle aims o analyse he o igins and de elopmen o CHDBs in o de o c i ically
obse e he cu en si ua ion and ou line u u e challenges o sys ems o ca aloguing he i age wi h
he g owing ele ance o i s g aphical documen a ion. In his con ex , a his o ical o e iew o he
o igin and de elopmen o he Eu opean in en o ies since he 18 h cen u y o he p esen is key
o ace he de elopmen o ca alogue sys ems and he impac o IT in his ield. The s udy hen
ocuses on immo able cul u al he i age da a bases (ICHDBs); wi h Spain as case s udy, i de elops
an app oach o he cu en pano ama, wi h a special ocus on he concep ual e olu ion o ca alogues.
In conclusion, ICHDBs need o anscend bo h ins umen al and ins i u ional oles and, suppo ed
in new digi al sys ems, become in e ac i e and lexible ools ha espond o cu en needs and
encou age he i age educa ion, knowledge, and e lec ion.
Keywo ds:
Immo able Cul u al He i age Da a Bases (ICHDBs); his o y o he i age ca aloguing;
cul u al he i age g aphical documen a ion
1. In oduc ion
Since he end o he 18 h Cen u y, he lis ing and ca aloguing o he i age asse s ha e
been consolida ed in o one o he main b anches o he i age s udies. Al hough he da es
p o ided o he o igins o he cu en concep ualisa ion o he i age a y and di e en
in e p e a ions ha e been pu o wa d, i was in he 20 h cen u y when he in e ac ion
be ween he i age and p o ec ion became i mly es ablished as an ine i able social esponsi-
bili y. In his con ex , cul u al he i age da a bases (CHDBs) ha e eme ged om among he
di e en disciplines as he main elemen in accoun ing o and moni o ing he i age.
This a icle aims o analyse he o igins and de elopmen o immo able cul u al
he i age da a bases (ICHDBs) in o de o c i ically obse e he cu en si ua ion and ou line
u u e challenges o sys ems o ca aloguing he i age, ocusing on i s g aphical dimension
and i s in ol emen in sus ainabili y. In his con ex , a his o ical app oach is undamen al
o ace he de elopmen o adi ional ca alogue sys ems and he impac o IT in his ield.
Thus, as Ha ey pu o wa d e e ing o he i age, “we should supply” ca aloguing “wi h
a his o y o i s own” [
1
]; and unde s and he ca aloguing as a pa o he complex p ocess
o he i age.
In he amewo k o he new demands and implica ion o sus ainabili y aised by
di e en in e na ional publica ions o e he las yea s and mainly by he 2030 Agenda o
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su131911043 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 2 o 25
Sus ainable De elopmen , cul u al he i age mus become a d i ing o ce o sus ainabili y. The
Gene al Assembly o Uni ed Na ions in he esolu ion 72/229 “emphasizes he impo an
con ibu ion o cul u e o he h ee dimensions o sus ainable de elopmen —en i onmen al,
social and economic—and o he achie emen o na ional de elopmen objec i es and he
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals and o he in e na ionally ag eed de elopmen goals” [
2
].
In his con ex , di e en publica ions ecognised cul u e and pa icula ly cul u al he i age
as a c i ical asse o sus ainable de elopmen .
Bea ing in o mind he signi ican ad ances in ca aloguing achie ed in Andalusia, he
impo ance o in en o ies as he main ool o p o ec ion in Spain, he implemen a ion
o new echnologies such as he geog aphic in o ma ion sys em (GIS), and a he same
ime, he clea p ojec ion o his ield in o he coun ies, makes i necessa y o e lec on he
o igin, de elopmen and p esen o ICHDBs.
Thus, his a icle ocuses on he his o y o he ca aloguing concep , conside ing his
his o y as a base o unde s and cu en ca aloguing sys ems and e lec on hei u u e
de elopmen . To ease comp ehension o hei cu en si ua ion, a gene al o e iew o
digi al ools mus be p o ided.
Ne e heless, he aim o his esea ch is o unde s and he use and in eg a ion o hese
digi al ools in he amewo k o ha e olu ion; he a icle add esses he necessa y dialogue
and in eg a ion o cul u al he i age and new echnologies. Mo e p ecisely i is ocused on
digi al ools sys ema iza ion, seeking a concep ual con ibu ion om he pe spec i e o
expe s in buil en i onmen he i age. Resea ch p ojec s and a icles wi h a mo e echnical
scope endo se au ho s’ capaci y o del e in o his dialogue and in eg a ion, al hough i
is no he aim o his a icle o o e an explici ly echnical con ibu ion in his ield. This
esea ch, he e o e, cen es on he e olu ion o ca aloguing and o e s an o e iew o he
echnological ools in ol ed.
This s udy p esen s a his o ical app oach o he i age ca alogues and he ci cums ances
ha led o hei de elopmen , acing he e olu ion o he i age in en o ies in Eu ope om
i s beginning o he p esen day; wi h especial emphasis on he inc easing ele ance o
g aphical documen a ion and i s di e en media. A discussion based on he de elopmen
o in en o ies o immo able he i age is p esen ed, concluding wi h an o e iew o he
cu en pano ama in he ield o he i age ca aloguing.
O e he his o ic discou se, g aphical documen a ion u ned in o a undamen al com-
ponen o he ep esen a ion, de ini ion, and localiza ion o asse s in he i age ca aloguing.
F om he o iginal use o ca og aphy and d awings, passing h ough he ou b eak o
pho og aphy, o he de elopmen and consolida ion o GISs, g aphical documen a ion
has become a s o e o knowledge ha o e comes he accesso y unc ion and de elops
alue i sel .
Since he dawn o he i age p o ec ion, he p oduc ion o in en o ies lis ing cul u al
asse s is a p ac ice ha has g adually consolida ed in o a g owing end adop ed by a
numbe o coun ies. The de elopmen o he i age and global socie y concep s (in he
in e na ional con ex es ablished by UNESCO) has led o he c ea ion o gene alized c oss-
bo de policies o he p o ec ion o cul u al he i age wo ldwide.
Da a bases alongside new sys ems o digi al in o ma ion and in e ac ion, he in o ma-
ion and communica ion echnologies (ICTs), ha e o ged a new pano ama whe e he i age
and new echnologies ine i ably coalesce. As Giacca di and Palen highligh : “ he encoun e
be ween he complex eali y o he i age and ICT is no only an oppo uni y bu also a
need” [3].
The wo k ou lined he e pu sues a line o esea ch ins iga ed by he au ho s conce ned
wi h he ela ionship be ween he cu en in e p e a ion o he i age and he con igu a ion
o da a bases able o mee he new needs [
4
]. I o e s a pionee ing ocus ha goes beyond
he ins umen al dimension o echnology by add essing he backg ound ha p omp ed
he i age ca alogues as he main subjec o e lec ion.
This esea ch is based on he au ho s’ expe ience and expe ise in he i age ca aloguing.
Thei pa icipa ion in he cons uc ion o a ious da a bases bo h a egional and s a e le el
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 3 o 25
culmina ed in he de elopmen o he N-340 oadway co ido p ojec (h ps://n-340.o g/
Accessed on 25 July 2021), inanced by Eu opean unds. The p ojec de eloped he i s
online geo-spa ial ICHDB applied o his o ical oadway co ido s, wi h he N-340 na ional
oad se ing as a case s udy. Re lec ing he cu en openness in he ield o he i age s udies,
he esea ch p oposes an in e disciplina y app oach ha e ames ICHDBs, bo h concep-
ually and echnologically. Accessibili y, lexibili y, and ease o use do no p eclude igo :
he da a base wo ks in conjunc ion wi h a GIS suppo sys em, subs an ia ed by a biblio-
g aphical a chi e. A hie a chical mul i-scala he i age cha ac e iza ion was implemen ed
o include a ange o e i o ial scales and o acili a e he c ea ion o i ine a ies. This da a
base, and he de eloped me hodology we e awa ded na ionally.
He i age conce n has become a social issue, and as such, equi es a esponse ha
en ails aising awa eness and ci izen pa icipa ion. As exp essed abo e, his collec i e
unde s anding o he i age cons i u es a undamen al pa o sus ainable de elopmen .
Ca alogues and ICHDBs as p incipal ins i u ional ools o he i age p ese a ion, ha e
begun o di e si y and widen in scope, e en esul ing in a pe sonal p oposal o ca alogu-
ing. Reading, p oduc ion, and use o he i age ca alogues can no longe be in e p e ed
solely om an ins i u ional poin o iew. To imp o e cul u al sus ainabili y, he i age
cha ac e iza ion has hus pe mea ed socie y, and i is ou du y o cons ue i oge he .
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
Due o he di e si y and he complexi y en ailed in he he i age concep and he
ac ha each cul u e in e p e s i in di e en ways, i is wo h no ing ha he esea ch
p esen ed he e is amed wi hin a wes e n app oach o he concep o he i age, wi h
sys ema ic analysis and classi ica ion as he main channels o in e p e ing he wo ld. Mo e
p ecisely, he classi ica ion o immo able he i age is e iewed, wi h he inclusion o cases
and ends o global ele ance.
Da a Bases ha e become a main ool o he i age managemen , bu a om being ully
de eloped, his ield is in cons an e olu ion esponding o he new needs and possibili ies
o e ed by echnology. “Tools and me hods de eloped o app op ia e p ese a ion should
be adap ed o he e ol ing si ua ions, which a e subjec o a p ocess o con inual change” [
5
].
In his con ex , he a icle p oposes a concep ual amewo k a ound he i age da a bases
suppo ed by he cu en s a e-o - he-a sys ems.
This esea ch app oaches he i age ca aloguing om i s o igins by ca ying ou a his o -
ical analysis ha spans om i s an eceden s, mainly concen a ed in he 18 h cen u y, o he
consolida ion o he in en o ying and ca aloguing sys ems o he i age in he 20 h cen u y.
Th ough he e iew o p ima y and seconda y sou ces, he a icle shapes a his o ical ac-
coun ha helps o unde s and he si ua ions and unc ions ha began he i age ca aloguing.
In his analysis, England, F ance, and Spain s and ou as he main p ecu so s o
ca aloguing sys ems in Eu ope. O hese h ee coun ies, Spain is de eloped as he key case
s udy. Focusing on he Spanish si ua ion, a mo e de ailed his o ical s udy is ca ied ou ,
allowing us o link i wi h he cu en si ua ion, o e ing a e iew o he p oli ic Spanish
p oduc ion in his line. I is wo h no ing ha in Spain, since he 1956 Land Law (Ley de 12
de mayo de 1956 sob e el égimen de suelo y o denanza u bana), he c ea ion o ca alogues
by each municipali y has been manda o y o he conse a ion o he i age.
Thus, his a icle p oposes esea ch necessa ily placed be ween he i age s udies,
and he echnical de elopmen o digi al ools, wi h ca alogues as he cen al pa o
i s sys ema iza ion.
Since a de ailed e iew o he o igin and de elopmen o he i age ca alogues o
immo able asse s has no been made so a , he main me hod applied o he esea ch is
he his o ical me hod; he ans e sali y ha his o y p esen s o e e y ield o knowledge
in his esea ch is suppo ed speci ically in he his o y o a chi ec u e. The men ioned
me hodology he e o e s a s om he s udy and c i ical e iew o bibliog aphical sou ces
ela ed o he i age ca aloguing as he main subjec . In his p ocess, wo phases can be
iden i ied: he i s , e e ing o he e olu ion o ca alogues om a concep ual pe spec i e
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 4 o 25
(Sec ion 3.1), and he second, cen ed on he cu en si ua ion whe e he implemen a ion
o new IT ools s ands ou as he main subjec o disciplina y e lec ion (Sec ion 3.2).
Al hough, o easons o me hodological cla i y we speak o wo phases, bo h s udies we e
ca ied ou a he same ime, wi h he aim o always placing he c i ical e lec ion o he i age
ca aloguing a he cen e o he s udy.
Rega ding he sea ch o bibliog aphic sou ces, we s a ed wi h a wide se o pla o ms
ha assu e he implemen a ion o impac sou ces in he s udy: Scopus, Web o Science,
Google Schola , RIBA, A e y, na ional and in e na ional lib a ies ca alogues, and web
p ojec s and ca alogues a ailable online. In o de o achie e a gene al pe spec i e o he
esea ch co pus, he au ho s consul ed a o al o 272 e e ences, al hough only 60 o hem a e
di ec ly e e enced in he a icle. In ela ion wi h he his o ical e olu ion, he me hodology
signi ican ly b oadens he na u e o he sou ces consul ed, bo h p ima y and seconda y,
including: 29 a icles, 44 books, 1 hesis, 2 web sou ces and 23 legal ex s be ween 1792 and
1985. In e e ence o he cu en pano ama, 109 a icles, 5 cong esses, 16 books, 4 heses,
3 web sou ces and 36 epo s and in e na ional esolu ions we e consul ed.
E en i he wo phases bibliog aphical e iew a e used as he main me hodological
bases, he e a e di e ences ega ding he weigh and na u e o he sou ces in each case.
P ima y sou ces, o example legal documen s and his o ical publica ions in book o ma ,
a e he sou ces wi h he g ea es impac in his o ical e olu ion. While he cu en si ua ion,
as a mo e published ield, has a icles as he main sou ce wi h epo s and in e na ional
esolu ions as p ima y sou ces in his phase.
To add ess he si ua ion and challenges on he concep ualiza ion o ICHDBs, he
au ho s complemen ed he his o ical app oach wi h a c i ical e lec ion in he ield o
he i age s udies, and i s changing goals in he speci ic ield o he i age ca aloguing.
To unde s and he unc ional e olu ion o ca alogues, he his o ical e iew was de-
eloped wi h special a en ion o he objec i es and ma e ials used in di e en his o ical
in en o ies. In his line, he a icle samples di e en cases o con o m a comp ehensi e
o e iew whe e g aphic documen a ion become a main componen wi h an exponen ial
de elopmen h oughou his o y.
Suppo ed on he his o ical accoun and he e iew o li e a u e, an o e iew o he
cu en pano ama ha allows us o app oach he subsequen e lec ion and p ojec ion
o he ICHDBs owa ds he u u e is p esen ed. Linked o his discou se, wo e iews
o con empo a y ma e ial a e ca ied ou , one ocused on he ecogni ion o he main
ins i u ional ICHDBs and he o he on he new ends applied o his ield o knowledge.
3. Resul s
Following he de elopmen o he esea ch, and based on he me hodological p ocess
ollowed, h ee sec ions ha e been iden i ied o ease comp ehension o he e olu ion and
cu en si ua ion o ca aloguing:
Sec ion 3.1. A his o ical-concep ual app oach o he o igins o ca aloguing, cen ed in
Eu ope and exempli ied in he case o Spain. Re e ing o his o ical e olu ion, he 19 h cen-
u y s ands ou as a u ning poin o ca aloguing, indica ing h ee pe iods: he p eceden s
o ca aloguing (p io o he 19 h cen u y), he dawning o ca aloguing (beginnings o 19 h
cen u y) and he consolida ion o ca alogues (du ing he 20 h cen u y).
Sec ion 3.2. A gene al pano ama o he cu en si ua ion wi h special a en ion o
ICHDBs; in his cu en pano ama h ee blocks o con en s ha e been de eloped:
•The i s one is cen ed in an in e na ional amewo k;
•The second one is add essed om exis ing ins i u ional da a bases;
•
Las ly, a join analysis ha ela es his o y wi h he concep ion and goals o ICHDBs as
he main ins umen o he i age sa egua ding;
Sec ion 3.3. The las one as a summa y o he ela ion be ween new IT sys ems and
ICHDBs in he 21s cen u y.
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 5 o 25
3.1. He i age Cha ac e iza ion and De elopmen o Ca alogues in Eu ope in he Case o Spain
Al hough conce n o he i age is deeply oo ed in Eu opean socie y, a guably he
b anches o knowledge wi h he g ea es social impac , such he i age awa eness, did no
always exis . The o igins o he p o ec ion o cul u al asse s can be aced back o he
Renaissance, a his o ical pe iod which placed a g owing sense o alue on he p esence o
ancien uins da ing om he classical e a.
While in en o ies o he i age asse s om o me imes had al eady been ca ied ou ,
o ins ance by he Romans in he moni o ing o uins om Ancien G eece, he sys ema ic
p ocess o ca aloguing he i age as an ins i u ional moni o ing ool only s a ed owa ds
he end o he mode n e a. An ea ly he i age p o ec ion measu e wo h highligh ing is
he c ea ion in 1534, unde he auspices o Pope Paul III, o he pos o Comisa io delle
An ichi á(Cu a o o An iqui ies), esponsible o he p o ec ion o classical monumen s
and con ol o e o he objec s o alue, including an iqui ies [6].
In he mid-16 h cen u y, amed wi h he eme gence o an a las as a collec ion o
g aphic ma e ial, di e en mona chs and nobles ga he ed g aphical documen a ion o
ci ies. In his con ex wo ac ions had an impo an impac in Spain: he publica ion o he
six olumes o Ci i a es O bis Te a um (1572–1617) and he de elopmen o d awings o
di e en Spanish ci ies by A. Wyngae de [
7
]. These documen a ions, while no ocused
conc e ely on he i age in en o ies, spo ligh he mos signi ican building o an u ban
en i onmen o he au ho , and cons i u e impo an his o ic ma e ial (Figu e 1).
Figu e 1.
Views o Se ille, Malaga and Cadiz. B aun, G., Hogenbe g, F., Galle, P., and Kempen, G. (1577).
The g and ou a ou ed by Eu ope’s eli e classes om he end o he 17 h cen u y
and h oughou he 18 h, alongside a el books ha such jou neys gene a ed, indica es a
p o ound in e es in o eign cul u es. These oyages had an educa ional ambi ion, based on
he desi e o knowledge o o he peoples and hei idiosync asies. Inside hese jou neys,
d awings we e pa o he u he aining bu did no ha e a sys ema ic unc ion (
Figu e 2
).
The igu e o he u o ook on g ea signi icance in he planning s ages o he ip as hey
we e esponsible o selec ing ou es and, as e lec ed in 1625 by F ancis Bacon, “wha
hings a e wo hy o be seen” [
8
]. Tu o s es ablished sys emiza ion in he selec ion o
places o isi and he s ages o he ip acco ding o hei own knowledge and pe sonal
pe spec i e, amed by Enligh enmen ideas and he new app ecia ion o he G eco-La in
in Neoclassicism.
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 6 o 25
Figu e 2. “In he Villa Mond agone”, A Ca alogue Raisonnéo F ancis Towne (1739–1816).
In his his o ical con ex , Spain ecei ed a elle s om di e en pa s o Eu ope and
some o hem p oduced hei espec i e books o d awing se ies. In he la e 17 h cen u y,
Pie Ma ia Baldi ca ied ou a se ies o 130 d awings, such as pa o he en ou age o
Cosme de Medici in his a el o Spain and Po ugal [7].
Along he 18 h cen u y, se e al a el books we e de eloped, among hem can be
ou lined: Les delices de l’Espagne & du Po ugal (Ál a ez de Colema , 1707); Viage de España
(Ponz, 1772–1794); A lan e Español (Espinal y Ga cía, 1778–1795); T a els h ough Spain, in
he Yea s 1775 and 1776 (Swinbu ne, 1779); A Jou ney om Gib al a o Malaga (Ca e , 1780).
Rega ding g aphical documen a ion, hese books used di e en d awings o suppo he
na a i e, a b oad ange o scales we e add essed going om na ional maps o conc e e
de ails. U ban pe spec i es and a chi ec u al d awings o monumen s a e he mos used
ep esen a ion; howe e , ci y plans and ep oduc ions o objec s o de ails we e also
included (Figu e 3).
The eme gence o Roman icism, a mo emen in opposi ion o he a ional cha ac e
o he Enligh enmen , gene a ed esh poin s o iew: global pe cep ions, subjec i i y,
emo ions, landscape, and uins acqui ed alue in hei own igh , and con igu ed some
o he majo hemes which o a g ea e o lesse deg ee would e en ually a ec he con-
cep ualiza ion o he i age. Pe sonal expe ience, empi ical in na u e, and he e inemen
o as e, and a ional in cha ac e , would come o de ine his new ision o a is ic and
his o ical asse s.
A c i ical app oach in he selec ion o he i age i ems is seen o eme ge a his ime
wi h bo h he Roman ic a elle s and he g and ou u o s able o disce n wi h a iable
g ades o expe ise which elemen s held g ea e me i o ecogni ion o e o he s. Subse-
quen ly, new anspo acili ies and he incipien gene aliza ion o ou ism, wi h he i s
women a elle s, led o he consolida ion o a lis o he i age asse s now accessible o a
wide public.
The i s highly ega ded ou is guidebooks we e c ea ed almos concu en ly in
England by J. Mu ay and in Ge many by J.A. Klein and he subsequen wo k o K. Baedeke
(Figu e 4) [
9
,
10
]. In ended as ins uc ional, de ini i e lis s o he i age i ems we e p oduced
based on pe sonal c i e ia, di ec ing ou is s o si es and monumen s deemed wo h isi ing.
F om i s beginning, hese books included g aphical documen a ion e en i i was no a
undamen al pa o he publica ion. Th oughou he yea s, he g aphic ma e ial became
mo e ele an , ca og aphy and d awing wen om a supplemen a y use, suppo ing he
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 7 o 25
ex , o an indispensable posi ion, iden i ying and loca ing he asse s. The e o e, hese
guides can be unde s ood as he incep ion o he logic o ca aloguing linked wi h he
expe ience o he e i o y.
Figu e 3.
Wes iew o he Ci y o Ronda aken om he Moun ains and d aw by F a Ca e in he
Yea 1771. Ca e , F. (1780).
Figu e 4.
Plan o Se ille. Baedeke , K. Espagne e Po ugal Manuel Du Voyageu : A ec 7 Ca es e
47 Plans; Leipzig: Ka l Baedeke ; Pa is: Paul Ollendo : Leipzig/Pa is, 1900.
T a el li e a u e con inued o g ow o e he yea s wi h he expansion o ou ism and
was consolida ed in he 19 h cen u y alongside oman icism. Main samples o his line
a e he Voyages pi o esques e oman iques dans l’Ancienne F ance by C. Nodie , J. Taylo
and A. Cailleux. Rega ding Spain, he publica ions se ies o Recue dos y Bellezas de España
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 8 o 25
and he wo ks o A. Labo de I iné ai e desc ip i e de l’Espagne and he Voyage pi o esque e
his o ique en Espagne can be highligh ed [11].
In acco dance wi h I. González-Va as, he concep o “cul u al he i age” would no
ind o m un il he 19 h cen u y when “na ional monumen s” we e de ined, inco po a ing
a c i ical discussion on he his o ical alue o such asse s, esul ing in an app ecia ion o
hei he i age cha ac e iza ion [
11
]. These ini ial e lec ions on he i age and i s concep ual
dimension e eal ce ain limi a ions. The assessmen o speci ic cha ac e is ics, such as
s yle, ma e iali y, age, o le el o an iqui y, was based on knowledge ecei ed om o he
epochs. The in luence o he Enligh enmen and Classicism as well as he i s ins i u ional
in e en ions owa ds p o ec ing he i age, based on he use o in en o ies, would se
clea p eceden s.
3.1.1. The Dawning o He i age Ca alogue in Eu ope
The de elopmen o he i age in en o ies o igina ed owa ds he end o he 18 h
cen u y, and was igge ed by a ious ac o s ela ing o cul u al, economic, and social
change including: he disco e y o he ci ies o Pompey and He culaneum, as well as o he
a chaeological si es om an iqui y, he de elopmen o he Enligh enmen mo emen , and
he F ench Re olu ion.
Following he na ionaliza ion o ecclesias ical and oyal asse s du ing he F ench Re o-
lu ion, a conce n o he F ench S a e Assembly was he inancial con ol o i s new he i age
asse s. The Commission des Monumen s (Commission o Monumen s) was c ea ed in
1790 in esponse o his conce n, i was commissioned o ca y ou : an in en o y ha
would enable he a ious na ional asse s o be ca alogued, and ules o he managemen o
hese asse s. This ca alogue ea ed immo able asse s and mo able asse s a he same ime,
ocusing on hei economic alue [
12
]. One o he i s ea ies on in en o ies appea ed a
his ime w i en by Vicq-d’Azy and Linde [
13
]; in i , g aphic documen a ion was pa o
he in en o y p ocess o di e en asse s. In acco dance wi h F. Rücke , his speci ic momen
in his o y ep esen s he o igin o he conse a ion o his o ical monumen s in F ance [
14
].
In addi ion, he iabili y o e-pu posing buil asse s o c ea e spaces o educa ion
was s udied du ing his pe iod, bu he idea was e en ually modi ied, esul ing ins ead in
he con e sion o con en s and chu ches in o muni ions s o es o p isons [12].
The en husiasm shown o o de ing and con olling he wo ld as well as he ad ances
ini ia ed in F ance, especially he c ea ion o he Commission o Monumen s, se ed as
p ecu so s ha led o he ex ension o ins i u ional he i age ca aloguing ac oss bo de s and
u he de elopmen s in o he Eu opean na ions.
In he mean ime, in England, by he beginning o he 18 h cen u y he Socie y o
An iqua ies o London (1707) had al eady been o med, publishing images o a e ac s
and si es o an iqua ian in e es in he publica ion Ve us a Monumen a since 1718 (
Figu e 5
).
“The objec s selec ed o inclusion in Ve us a Monumen a o m a la ge and a ied se ,
anging om a i ac s such as a Romano-B i ish ma ble bus and medie al monas ic seals
o a chi ec u al monumen s including Foun ains Abbey” [
15
]. This publica ion signi ies he
alue o he his o ic g aphical documen a ion eplica ing o iginals d awing in o eng a ings
a he beginnings o 18 h cen u y. A key momen in he ollowing cen u y was he c ea ion
in 1882 o he Na ional He i age Lis o England, de eloped by he His o ic Building and
Monumen s Commissions o England leading o he i s he i age p o ec ion law enac ed
he same yea , he Ancien Monumen s P o ec ion Ac .
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 9 o 25
Figu e 5.
Pla e 1.39 o Ve us a Monumen a depic s Tu bu y Cas le as i appea ed in he six een h cen u y. Eng a ing by
Geo ge Ve ue a e a d awing o iginally p oduced o a su ey o he p ope ies o he Duchy o Lancas e conduc ed by
he Chancello o he Duchy, Amb ose Ca e, in 1561. Fu he d awings om his cache we e eng a ed as Pla es 1.40, 1.41,
1.42, 1.44, 1.46, 2.11, and 2.13. 304
×
467 mm. Published by he Socie y o An iqua ies o London in 1733. Cu en loca ion:
Tu bu y, S a o dshi e, UK.
In he 18 h cen u y, unde he in luence o he Enligh enmen , he Spanish c own
sponso ed he de elopmen o a chaeological emains exca a ions, on which a ce ain
common p o ec ion p ocedu e was de eloped, which included he iden i ica ion and
desc ip ion o he pieces h ough d awings. Acco ding o Gaba dón de la Banda, he
academicians o San Fe nando “made d awings o he pieces, in he o m o in en o ies;
and inally, a selec ion o wo ks was ans e ed o swell he oyal collec ions” [
16
]. In hese
yea s, he academic commissions en us ed he d awing o g ea na ional monumen s o
p es igious academics such as he a chi ec J. He mosilla, who d ew up he plans o he
Alhamb a in G anada. Toge he wi h D. Sánchez Sa abia, J. P. A nal and J. Villanue a,
J. He mosilla p oduced he g aphical documen a ion o An igüedades A abes de España,
published be ween 1778 and 1804 [
17
,
18
]. Acco ding o O. Schube “ his was a guably he
i s a emp o make an in en o y o he a is ic monumen s o he kingdom” [19].
The i s glimme o an in en o y eme ged wi h he c ea ion, in 1792, o he Comisión
de An igüedades de la Real Academia de la His o ia (Royal Academy o His o y Commis-
sion o An iqui ies) [
20
]. In 1803, he need o ca y ou an in en o y o asse s was di ec ly
p oposed, leading o wha can be conside ed he i s he i age law enac ed in Spain, he Real
Cédula del 6 de julio de 1803 (Royal Cha e o he 6 July 1803), ha egula ed he means
o eco ding and p ese ing ancien monumen s ha ha e been o will be disco e ed in
he kingdom. The de elopmen o he ca alogue as a mean o managing he i age was hus
p omo ed ia he new law and he di ec in e en ion o he Real Academia de la His o ia.
Despi e he a emp s o c ea e an in en o y, i was no un il 1835 ha undamen al
de elopmen s occu ed, p ecisely on accoun o wo majo e en s ha led o a signi ican
loss o his o ical he i age: he in asion o Spain by Napoleonic oops and he disen ailmen
o Mendizábal; in di e en pe iods he Spanish s a e by means o o ced exp op ia ion,
acqui ed asse s belonging o he chu ch and/o eligious o de s. Unde he auspices o
he s a e, an inc ease in in en o ied asse s conside ed a isk was gene a ed [
11
]. The
Real O den del 29 de julio de 1835 (Royal O de o 29 July 1835) was d awn up in o de
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 16 o 25
A he same ime, he ise o sus ainable de elopmen om he epo Ou Common
Fu u e and he ul e io p og ess ha led o he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen
suppose a ounda ional change in hough s owa ds he u u e [
34
,
35
]. In his con ex ,
cul u e ela ion wi h sus ainabili y g ows in ele ance, e en i conside a ion is no clea [
36
].
Rega dless o i s conside a ion such as he ou pilla s o sus ainable de elopmen
o a ans e sal aspec , cul u e, and acco dingly he i age has become a main elemen in
sus ainable de elopmen as shown he nume ous publica ions abo ding his idea [
37
–
40
].
The esolu ion 72/229 “ ea i ms he ole o cul u e as an enable o sus ainable de elop-
men ” [
2
]. “F om cul u al he i age o cul u al and c ea i e indus ies, om sus ainable
ou ism o cul u al in as uc u e, cul u e os e s and d i es he social, en i onmen al and
economic dimensions o sus ainable de elopmen ” [41].
In pa allel wi h he concep ual de elopmen o he i age, he ad ances in IT ha e
led o a new si ua ion whe e pe cep ion, in e ac ion and managemen o he i age should
be unde s ood as linked wi h he digi al en i onmen . Rega ding he i age in en o ies,
he de elopmen o da a bases in oduced new me hods o ca aloguing and he i age
cha ac e iza ion allowing o a mo e complex ela ional ne wo k.
In addi ion, he po en ial o he geo-localiza ion o asse s ia sa elli e localiza ion
sys ems as well as geog aphic in o ma ion sys ems (GIS), ha e led o esh ou comes and
allowed o new g ounds o e lec ion. F om i s ea ly days in he 1960s, wi h i s o iginal
ocus on en i onmen al managemen , GISs ha e since de eloped hei po en ial in di e en
a eas [42], and impac ed con empo a y sys ems o p o ec ion and ca aloguing.
Wi hin he amewo k se by UNESCO, each coun y o mula es i s own sys ems o
managing immo able he i age oge he wi h a knowledge ne wo k ha , in luenced by
hese sys ems, con inues in cons an expansion and singula isa ion a he same ime. In his
con ex , coun ies such as F ance, Spain, and England, ha ing a longe his o y o he i age
in en o ies, ha e become e e ence poin s o eme ging sys ems.
Fa om eaching ull de elopmen in he 20 h cen u y, he applica ion o sys ems
o he i age ca alogues is in cons an e olu ion. The ise o new echnologies and hei
gene alized use combined wi h he cons an ongoing de elopmen o he con empo a y
concep o he i age, ha e been pi o al in aising public conce n o he i age and inc easing
public access o in o ma ion s o ed in ca alogues and in en o ies.
The design o he i age ca alogues has become an in e na ional end. He i age in en-
o ies lis a wide a ay o i ems, om he local managemen o speci ic a eas o la ge-scale
in e na ional p oposals. Mo e speci ically, he immo able cul u al he i age da a bases
(ICHDBs), wi h hei da a s o age and documen a ion capaci y, s and ou as he new ool
mos used in he i age managemen . Because o he ex ension o his ield whe e di e -
en app oaches, en i onmen s and e en objec i es a e de eloping, only a gene al and
ine i ably syn he ic e iew can be p o ided he e.
In seeking o colla e esul s, documen a ion, and c i e ia, a numbe o in e na ional
s anda ds eme ge. Those ha a e mo e widesp ead in he ield o he i age include: MIDAS
He i age; ISO 21127:2014; and he co e da a s anda d (CDS), de eloped by he In e na ional
Commi ee o Documen a ion o he In e na ional Council o Museums. Despi e being
designed wi h a deg ee o ma gin o adjus men , and as e e ence o bo h new and
exis ing ca alogues, none o hem ha e been widely adop ed o applied. The a ying
eali ies and equi emen s o ICHDBs and, a imes, he ci cums ances o hei de elopmen
do no always allow sys emiza ion and adap a ion o a se o in e na ional c i e ia o
conside able complexi y.
Two main classi ica ion c i e ia can be p oposed o cu en ICHDBs, bo h using digi al
index ca ds as he main ool o sea ches and he geo-localiza ion o asse s.
Fi s ly, acco ding he unc ional le el, ICHDBs can be simpli ied in o wo ends:
in ospec i e in cha ac e , seeking o manage a speci ic he i age i em and suppo ed by
p i a e se e pla o ms and; open in cha ac e , allowing public access, con igu ed wi h a
iew o inc easing public awa eness and ans e ence o knowledge and, in ce ain cases,
ci izen pa icipa ion.
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 17 o 25
Secondly, ega ding he me hod o p omo ion o de elopmen : o indi iduals o
p i a e en i ies, ICHDBs a e no mally concei ed as sys ems o aising cul u al awa eness;
while o he public sec o , he p o ec ion o he i age is es ablished as he main, hough no
he only, objec i e. In he case o Eu ope, hese la e ICHDBs o public cha ac e ha e had
g ea e impac .
Be o e ocusing on Eu ope, h ee ICHDBs o wide di usion and global impac should
be highligh ed: he UNESCO wo ld he i age lis (h ps://whc.unesco.o g/en/lis / Ac-
cessed on 26 July 2021), A chINFORM (h ps://www.a chin o m.ne /index.h m Accessed
on 26 July 2021), and he A ches P ojec (h ps://www.a chesp ojec .o g/ Accessed on
2
6 July 20
21), bo h o p i a e cha ac e . UNESCO c ea ed he wo ld he i age lis in 1977
and en e ed he 12 i s p ope ies in he second session o he Wo ld He i age Commi ee
o 1978 [
43
,
44
]. This lis has become he mos no iced he i age in en o y a an in e na ional
le el including he mos ele an cul u al o na u al si es om he di e en coun ies
belonging o UNESCO. A chINFORM is a web pla o m ha s ands ou o i s openness
and in e connec i i y o concep s. The A ches P ojec , de eloped join ly by he Ge y
Conse a ion Ins i u e y la Wo ld Monumen s Fund p oposes o se e as a p og amming
base o he c ea ion o a ious ca alogues, applying ce ain key in e na ional s anda ds
such as MIDAS He i age.
3.2.1. Ins i u ional Da a Bases o Immo able Cul u al He i age
The Eu opean con inen is he his o ical epicen e o he p o ec ion o he i age,
o e ing a wide ange o da a bases o i s ca aloguing and p ese a ion. Each coun y
has, howe e , c ea ed di e en sys ems o managing and ca aloguing: some coun ies,
such as England, F ance o Po ugal, a e o ganized a ound a cen alized sys em while
o he s, such as Spain and Ge many, manage he i age on a egional basis. In o de o gain
an unde s anding o he si ua ion in Eu ope, a gene al o e iew o sys ems o ca aloguing
in hose coun ies wi h he g ea es expe ience is p o ided. Las ly, he e is special men ion
o Spain, speci ically Andalusia, gi en i s p oli ic p oduc ion in he ield.
In F ance, managemen o he CHDBs A chi ec u e e Pa imoine (A chi ec u e
and He i age) is esponsibili y o he Minis y o Cul u e. Al hough he beginnings
o ca aloguing in his coun y can be aced back o he F ench Re olu ion, he adop-
ion o ca alogues as a ool o go e ning sys ems da es om And éMal aux’s 1964
p oposal [
45
]. A public sys em o ca aloguing was pu o wa d, ini ially as a me hod
o esea ching he i age ha would subsequen ly acqui e signi icance a go e nmen
le el. The de e mina ion o asse s is ca ied ou a he egional le el while a cen al
commission e iews he in en o ies as a whole. Two CHDBs we e gene a ed om
he esul s, one dedica ed o mo able asse s (Palissy) and he o he based on buil he -
i age (Me imée); bo h we e combined in o a single online sys em eely accessible o all
(h p://www2.cul u e.gou . /cul u e/in en ai/pa imoine/
Accessed on 26 July 2021).
I o e s a wide ange o possible sea ches wi h links o a media cen e mainly consis ing o
his o ical images. Rega ding he adop ion o new ools, a geo- e e en ial sys em is o e ed
ha is suppo ed by he géopo ail (h ps://www.geopo ail.gou . / Accessed on 26 July
2021) ini ia i e and allows as sea ches h ough maps om a he i age and cul u al a las.
In England, he 1882 Na ional He i age Lis o England (h ps://his o icengland.o g.uk/
lis ing/ he-lis / Accessed on 26 July 2021) is cons an ly upda ed and unde de elopmen
by he Depa men o Digi al, Cul u al, Media and Spo ; linked o His o ic England,
he public o ganiza ion esponsible o he i age managemen . S a ing ou as a lis , i
ans o med in o an ICHDB wi h desc ip i e index ca ds as he main ool o ee online
sea ches, and also includes an op ion o ci izen pa icipa ion allowing new asse s o be
p oposed o inclusion (subjec o sc u iny be o e accep ance). In addi ion, a sys em o geo-
e e encing is included ha enables sea ches and he localiza ion o asse s h ough maps.
I exis s in pa allel o he web page managed by His o ic England ha allows access o
his o ical in o ma ion and esou ces ela ed o he di e en egions and councils (His o ic
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 18 o 25
En i onmen Reco d (HER)) compiled om a ious public sou ces called He i age Ga eway
(h p://www.he i agega eway.o g.uk/ga eway/de aul .aspx Accessed on 26 July 2021).
As p e iously men ioned, Spain is o ganized on a egional basis whe e, despi e he
exis ence o he na ional Regis o Gene al de Bienes de In e és Cul u al (Gene al Regis e
o Asse s o Cul u al In e es ), p omulga ed by he 1985 he i age law, i is he au onomous
communi ies’ go e nmen s ha a e esponsible o de eloping in en o ies and p o ec ing
hei he i age. A s a e le el, he IPCE is he main o ganiza ion esponsible o he i age. A
he egional au onomous le el, howe e , o ganiza ions and ins i u ions ha also p oduced
hei own ICHDBs: he Andalusia Ins i u e o His o ical He i age, he Basque Cul u al
Ins i u e, o he Ca alan Ins i u e o Resea ch on Cul u al He i age.
The de elopmen o he i age p o ec ion a a egional le el, while acili a ing he
con ol and managemen o egion-speci ic si ua ions, has also widened he gap be ween
he di e en egional a eas, adding complexi y o he s a e’s handling o po en ial he i age
ne wo ks. Howe e , p i a e ICHDB ini ia i es exis , cus om-made o sui speci ic he i age
ypologies, p oposing a peninsula -wide o s a e eading o he i age, such as he Mode n
Mo emen Regis e o he Fundación DoCoMOMO Ibé ico; o he In en o y o De ence
A chi ec u e o he Asociación Española de Amigos de los Cas illos (AEAC) (Spanish
Associa ion o F iends o Cas les).
The c ea ion o ICHDBs hus consolida ed in o a end in Spanish socie y, seeking o
sa egua d he i age as a p ima y objec i e. To his end, mos ICHDBs o e a igid sys em o
ca aloguing and da a inpu , possibly de i ed om he necessa y o ganiza ional cha ac e
o he o me physical ca alogues.
The alue o he i age ca aloguing de eloped o e he las ew yea s in Andalusia
using a ious CHDBs and wo king in collabo a ion wi h in e na ional p ojec s such as he
ARCH XX SUDOE ca alogue ep esen a end o na ional and in e na ional e e ence. I
is wo h no ing no only he quali y o he consolida ed sys ems bu also he c i ical and
cons uc i e app oach a he ICHDBs, suppo ing he con inuous e olu ion and adap a ion
o he new IT ools.
3.2.2. T ends and Re lec ions on Immo able Cul u al He i age Da a Bases in he
21s Cen u y
The his o ical analysis showed ha , in he coun ies s udied, he c ea ion and use
o ce ain in en o ies we e and a e ocused on adminis a i e objec i es o on inancial
con ol. Al hough necessa y, his app oach leads o he p oduc ion o a se o s agnan
da a o li le alue o he de elopmen o p o ec ion. As is commen ed upon in he Regis o
Andaluz de A qui ec u a Con empo ánea (Andalusian Regis e o Con empo a y A chi ec u e)
e iew, in en o ies o egis e s should ne e be an end in hemsel es, bu he means o be
used by he Adminis a ion o he p o ec ion and conse a ion o he i age [46].
ICHDBs espond o a ied objec i es: mos equen ly o he pu poses o he i age
p o ec ion and in en o ies, and, s emming om his, new si ua ions based on uni e sal
access ha e aken shape. Online access o ICHDBs acili a es new uses: such as a sea ch
ool, a pla o m o educa ional s udies in he i age, and e en, in he case o he N-340
oadway co ido , as a ool o esea ch and collabo a i e wo k [4,47].
Pa icipa i e sys ems o assessmen and cha ac e iza ion o he i age exempli y di ec
in e ac ion and iden i ica ion be ween ci izens and cul u al asse s. Ci izen pa icipa ion is
an achie emen a bo h a social and emo ional le el and can se e as backup o subsequen
ins i u ional de elopmen s. In 1904 and du ing he IV In e na ional Cong ess o A chi ec s
in Mad id, he c ea ion o F iends o Monumen s Associa ions was solici ed o acili a e he
s a e managemen o he i age [11].
In Spain, he Associa ion o F iends o Cas les c ea ed he In en a io de A qui ec u a
De ensi a de la AEAC using he sys em o c owdsou cing in 2012. In his case, he imple-
men a ion o a pa icipa i e model sough o de elop ICHDB h ough he con ibu ions o
socie y as a whole, while os e ing a g ea e sense o social commi men o he i age [48].
The use o IT sys ems ep esen s a seminal change in he unc ioning and o ganiza ion
o ICHDBs. Along wi h he implan a ion o he SQL sys em, he use o GISs ep esen s
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 19 o 25
a u ning poin in he cons uc ion o he i age ca alogues. In his con ex , he di e se
unc ions and capabili ies ha ICHDBs can encompass he applica ion o s anda ds and he
singula isa ion and adap a ion o speci ic si ua ions con e hem in o ools ha become
complex o c ea e, equi ing he collabo a ion o a mul i-disciplina y eam. To deal wi h
such complexi y, he A ches P ojec p esen s an open-code base sys em, applying in e na-
ional s anda ds, which educes he olume o wo k equi ed in he p ocess o c ea ing he
ICHDB, no wi hs anding he compu e p og amming expe ise equi ed o be able o build
a comple e sys em. Howe e , he applica ion o s anda ds can be challenging when he
singula isa ion and adap a ion o a speci ic si ua ion may be necessa y.
Da a s o age associa ed wi h a geo- e e enced loca ion, hus connec ing g aphic and
alphanume ic in o ma ion o he posi ion o he he i age asse , may lead o a pa adigma ic
change in o ganiza ion and modali ies o sea ches. The capaci ies o GISs alongside
hei po en ial o analysis and c oss- e e encing, has ensu ed ha he inclusion o geo-
e e encing is one o main conce ns in he c ea ion o he i age ca alogues. Howe e , his
sys em is s ill a om being open o esea che s and he gene al public: ha ing been p o-
duced wi h a specialized so wa e, i is mos ly accessible only o expe s [
4
]. Ca og aphy,
o he loca ion o asse s, s ands ou as one o he main cha ac e is ics o in en o ies; mos
upda ed ICHDBs allow di ec sea ches ia localiza ion, gi ing an o e iew o he posi ion
o an asse in ela ion o o he he i age asse s in he a ea. A he same ime, he inclusion o
GPS in mobile phones allows he localiza ion o geo- e e enced he i age in eal ime. The
capaci y o GISs o analysis and c oss- e e encing in ela ion o e i o y alongside he
pa allel de elopmen o open-access ICHDBs, allows complex sea ches on he i age o be
ca ied ou wi hou oo much e o on he pa o any use [49].
Alongside he GISs, he use o new sys ems o ep esen a ion, such as 3-D imaging
and he cons uc ion o i ual eali y en i onmen s, a e huge ma e s o e lec ion wi h
ega d o he i age applica ions. Th ee-dimensional scanne s, pho og amme y, and poin
cloud imaging a e ools which ha e esul ed in a se ies o e lec ions and esea ch lines
o e he las ew yea s, as seen by published a icles and he In e na ional Commi ee o
Documen a ion o Cul u al He i age (ICOM) documen a ion ac i i ies [50–52].
In ela ion wi h hese new echnologies, he He i age Building In o ma ion Modelling
(HBIM) s ands ou as one o he mos powe ul and p omising ools. Se e al pape s
discuss abou he applica ion o BIM o he i age and acco ding o M. Cas ellan-Román
and F. Pin o-Pue o, h ee ocuses can be iden i ied in ela ion wi h HBIM: modelling o
his o ical buildings as a pa icula case, high geome ic accu acy modelling, and analysis
and gene a ion o knowledge [
53
]. In he las yea s, di e en a icles highligh he po en ial
and applica ion o HBIM mainly used o buil he i age bu also o mo able he i age
inside i [
54
–
58
]. O he au ho s, while unde s anding he impac o HBIM, also men ion
ha his ool does no o e a signi ica i e imp o emen in he ield o dissemina ion o
cul u al he i age [59].
The de elopmen and ise o hese digi al ools led o an una oidable e lec ion
ega ding hei ela ion wi h digi al he i age. In his ield, UNESCO has es ablished
di e en publica ions and o eseen di e en ac ions and needs, “digi al ile o ma s, s o age
media, and sys ems a e e e e ol ing, jeopa dizing he u u e eadabili y and in eg i y o
digi al he i age o e much sho e ime ames han does he de e io a ion o pape and
physical objec s, and i s a ailabili y o cap u e is lee ing” [
60
]. This guideline ecommends
ha , on long- e m p ese a ion, p io i y should be p o ided o bo n digi al i ems and
digi al o digi ized in o ma ion, lea ing he digi al ep esen a ions o physical a e ac s in
he second line.
3.3. Concep ual Founda ion o ICHDB ac oss Time
As esea ch demons a es, he e olu ion and de elopmen o he i age ca aloguing
is pa icula in each coun y, and e en egion, equi ing hus pa icula ized s udies ha
conside he di e en ways o add essing he i age and also he di e ences o he ca alogued
he i age i sel . Despi e hose speci ic s udies being equi ed, he con ibu ion o he case o
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 20 o 25
Spain, unde s ood in he gene al amewo k de eloped in he a icle, has pe mi ed us o
ex ac a se o gene al esul s.
Cu en ICHDBs can be unde s ood as he esul o he e olu ion o he o iginal
in en o ies o he i age and he e o e as he main ield o e lec ion o add ess in he ques
o a be e u u e o p esen he i age ca aloguing.
F om he dawning o he i age in en o ies o he i up ion and consolida ion o
ICHDBs, he uses and app oaches o ca aloguing ha e been mainly he managemen
and p o ec ion o he i age. Howe e , o he pe spec i es such as hose aimed a he eco-
nomic con ol o he asse s o he s a e, ha e coexis ed. Al hough hey inally did no ha e
a eal impac , among he p eceden s o ca aloguing and he i s in en o ies he e we e
ini ia i es in pu sui o o e he i age o socie y o educa ion and leisu e.
The i s in en o ies, p e iously men ioned, p omo ed om he 19 h cen u y and
whose objec i es we e he con ol and eco d o asse s ha belonged o he di e en
s a es, a e he base o cu en ICHDBs o each s udied coun y. F om he conside a ion o
monumen s and an iqui ies p oposed a he beginning, hese ca alogues adap ed o he
e olu ion and b oadening o he concep o he i age, mainly du ing he las decades.
Rega ding ca alogue p oduc ion, he i s in en o ies we e c ea ed by people indi id-
ually o in a educed g oup. This app oach was p o en insu icien and poo ly e ec i e
in he case o he monumen al ca alogue o 1900 ha e ealed he need o a eam and a
me hodological amewo k o i s de elopmen . A p esen , p og ess has been made in he
in e na ional ecogni ion o he s anda ds and he ag eemen on ansdisciplina y cha ac e
o he eams o he design and de elopmen o ca alogues. Howe e , we s ill ha e a long
way o go in he equi ed pa icipa ion o non-expe s: new sys ems ocused on his new
challenge o he i age need o con inue de eloping.
The appea ance o new IT ools and he possibili ies ha emana e om hem p omo ed
he subs i u ion o pape ca alogues o digi al ones. Concep ually, ICHDBs con inue he
p oposal o p e-exis ing in en o ies and, some imes, p ese e hei cha ac e and ocus.
While his app oach can be en iching as in he case o he he i age lis o England, ha
p ese es e en i s o iginal name, i may also esul in an unsui ed use o new echnologies.
He i age s akeholde s mus suppo he use o echnological de elopmen s ha imp o e
he ela ionship wi h he i age.
New echnological ools ha e a key ole in he u u e o he i age ca aloguing and
expe s mus p omo e hei op imiza ion; howe e , i is impe a i e o espond o he needs
o he i age. The con inuous changes in he i age s udies, hei complexi y, and he cons an
b oadening o wha we conside he i age, make i di icul o add ess in a gene al app oach,
and equi es lexibili y and con inuous adap a ion o he pa icula i ies o each he i age.
In en o ies, ca alogues, and da a bases can hus be unde s ood as he e olu ion
o he same ool o he main asks o documen a ion and cha ac e iza ion o he i age.
Th oughou his o y he in en o y o he i age had o adap i s goals ha ha e passed
om con ol and eco d o a g owing he i age o he p o ec ion aimed a a oiding i s
disappea ance. He i age ca alogues a e lexible ools adap able o di e en si ua ions, bu
esponding o a eali y whe e e e y change has been accele a ed, can be a challenge.
As can be obse ed in his o ical e olu ion, g aphic documen a ion has had and
s ill has a main ole in ela ion wi h he i age ca aloguing. The i s uses ocused on he
iden i ica ion and localiza ion o he asse s we e su passed wi h he appea ance o new
me hods and ools o ep esen a ion. Fo i s pa , g aphic documen a ion pu sues new
objec i es such as he dissemina ion o knowledge o he implemen a ion o new esea ch
p ocesses. In a socie y whe e images s and ou as one o he main means o communica ion,
hei o iginali y and igou can be challenging. In he same way, in he ace o he expansion
o social ne wo ks, new me hods o connec ion and con ol mus be add essed be ween
scien i ic da a bases and hese means o communica ion.
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 21 o 25
4. Discussion and Conclusions
A e his his o ical e iew we can conclude ha he de elopmen o he i age in en o y
p ocedu es has h ee gene alised lines: aims, echnology and he i age e olu ion.
Fi s ly, he e has been a change in objec i es ha anscends he ini ial con ol and
p o ec ion app oaches, o he cu en ones o dissemina ion, educa ion, and esea ch. F om
he end o 18 h cen u y he e ha e been ini ia i es linked o ca aloguing p ocesses ha
sea ched o he ela ion be ween he i age and socie y; howe e , i was no un il he 21s
cen u y when ca alogues s a ed se ing as suppo o hese ini ia i es.
Secondly, he de elopmen o echnology has been a ca alys o he i age ca aloguing
along his o y. Al hough echnological ad ances did no imply a di ec u ning poin , hei
p og essi e implemen a ion o he discipline caused subs an ial changes. F om he i s
in en o ies, whe e w i en desc ip ions and d awings we e he main componen s, he ap-
pea ance o pho og aphy implied a u ning poin in he documen a ion sys em, p o iding
a mo e objec i e cha ac e . In he same way, changes such as: he c ea ion o ela ional
da a bases, he use o GISs associa ed o he i age, and he implemen a ion o HBIM, im-
ply a echnological ou b eak ha has caused and will cause impo an modi ica ions in
ca aloguing ools.
Thi dly, he e has been changes in s akeholde s and he i age concep ion. The e olu ion
o he concep o he i age, pa icula ly du ing he las decades, has caused an expansion
owa ds a mo e di e se and complex eali y. Ca alogues cons uc ion has e ol ed om he
mino commissions o he 19 h cen u y ocused on monumen al he i age, o collabo a i e
wo k be ween mul idisciplina y expe s and ci ic pa icipa ion on eme gen he i age.
The cons uc ion o immo able he i age ca alogues has always shown, since he
beginning, an ins umen al na u e ha o iginally ocused on he egis a ion o he newly
acqui ed p ope y by he s a es o economic pu pose. The in e es shown in o he cul u es
du ing he imes o he g and ou and oman icism, oge he wi h he appea ance o he
i s a el guides, e eals a connec ion be ween he ca aloguing o he i age and cul u al
ou ism which ha e become signi ican oday.
G aphical documen a ion s ands ou as a undamen al componen in he i age ca a-
loguing. The use o maps, pla es and d awings o he managemen and sa egua ding o
he i age has been a ecu en issue since he 18 h cen u y. Th ough his o y, he e olu ion
o ca aloguing sys ems has in ol ed an inc easing signi icance o g aphical documen a-
ion becoming a medium o he iden i ica ion, de ini ion, and localiza ion o he i age in
his ield.
In he 19 h cen u y, he in e na ionalisa ion o he p o ec ion o cul u al he i age began
o ake shape and, a he same ime, he e was an opening in he concep o he i age, which
would be comple ed in he ollowing cen u y. The singula objec ad anced o conside a ion
o an a ea o su ounding ensemble, and hen o an unde s anding associa ed wi h e i o y.
Toge he wi h his e i o ial app oach, eme ging he i age, such as e hnological, indus ial
and con empo a y he i age, joined monumen al he i age. This g owing complica ion was
inc eased by he eme gence o echnologies such as ITs and GISs: he e i o ial componen
and in eg al alues o he di e en he i age elemen s mean ha immo able he i age
ca alogues a e bound o e ol e owa ds he ICHDBs.
Rega dless o he in e nal o e i o ial managemen sys ems, mos coun ies ha e
ICHDBs, whe he public o p i a e, as p o ec ion sys ems. This si ua ion, combined wi h
in e na ional s anda ds, p ojec s and in en o ies such as MIDAS He i age, A ches P ojec
o he UNESCO wo ld he i age lis , shows e idence o a global in e es in ICHDBs.
Online a ailabili y and use o geo- e e encing o asse s, s ands ou as he cen al
end in he mos ecen ca aloguing sys ems. As a consequence o his si ua ion, wo
main changes a e pe cei ed ha should be conside ed in ligh o he de elopmen o
new sys ems: uni e salisa ion o access o he i age in o ma ion and es ablishmen o
ca og aphy as he main me hod o iewing and enqui ing abou asse s.
Since he 20 h cen u y, he eme gence o iends o monumen s associa ions and o he
social g oups commi ed o he i age ha e esponded o a necessa y unde s anding o he -
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 22 o 25
i age om he poin o iew o socie y and on an indi idual le el. ICHDBs based on ac i e
collabo a i e ca aloguing p ocesses such as c owdsou cing o de eloped indi idually,
should be unde s ood as pa o he p ocess o democ a ising he i age wi hin socie y.
The po en ial o he wo k o GISs in conjunc ion wi h ixed localisa ion in insic o
immo able he i age, o e s he possible implemen a ion o a new o ganisa ional pa adigm
in he cons uc ion o he ICHDBs. Thanks o his ITs suppo , cha ac e is ics such as
scale, o ien a ion o isibili y may become c i e ia o analysis and ac i e classi ica ion,
whe e que ies can b ing di e en insigh s acco ding o he use . The iew o he i age
linked o e i o y p o ides he oppo uni y o ca y ou a ne wo ked ead which, oge he
wi h he geo- e e encing o he his o ical mapping, may aise new lines o in es iga ion,
in e p e a ion, and ep esen a ion. To ake his idea u he , e en h ough accessible
applica ions, he ela ionship be ween ci izens and he i age can be s eng hened, no
only by means o occasional que y capaci y, bu h ough he selec ion and gene a ion o
indi idual in e p e a ions and i ine a ies.
In he las ew yea s, he ou b eak o new echnologies and especially he uni e salisa-
ion o digi al images and geoloca ion has os e ed he u iliza ion o maps and pho og aphy
as he main sys em o dissemina ion o in o ma ion. In his con ex , o achie e a g ea e
impac and ex end o he maximum numbe o people, he i age ca aloguing should adap
hese new ools and use he g aphical documen a ion no only o s o e, manage and sa e-
gua d he i age bu also o sp ead i s knowledge. Ne e heless, his ield has isks and mus
add ess he u u e challenges o o e a speci ic way o lea e his digi al documen a ion o
nex gene a ions [
60
]. Rega ding ICHDBs, digi al ep esen a ion shapes a he same ime,
as an i em wi h alue i sel ha ace an unce ain u u e, and as a necessa y and use ul ool.
The ascina ion b ough abou by echnological ad ances should be challenged when
hey cause a concep ual e og ession in he concep o he i age. The su eys, using poin
clouds in ela ion o a chi ec u al he i age, ocused exclusi ely on cap u ing buildings,
occasionally show e idence o a shi in he concep o monumen al he i age, whe e
he ela ionship wi h socie y and su oundings a e o go en. Al hough he capaci y o
que y and wo k on i ual models is e iden , i s inclusion as a cha ac e isa ion ool mus
con empla e he cu en limi a ions o hose p ocesses. Though he u u e p ojec ion
is p omising, i is impo an o unde s and he cu en si ua ion and be awa e o i s
p esen limi a ions.
In iew o he ins umen al concep ion o he p o ec ion and ins i u ional manage-
men o ICHDBs he i age, a necessa y e lec ion on i s concep ual cons uc ion and he
inclusion o new app oaches is e iden . In pu sui o sus ainable de elopmen , all ca a-
logues, bo h new and exis ing, mus add ess he new he i age eali y whe e e sa ili y,
lexibili y and in e connec ion become essen ial.
Challenges and Needs o ICHDB
He i age has become a di e se concep in cons an e olu ion whe e new ela ions
and in e p e a ions a e necessa y. ICHDBs mus mee his need and make i possible o
ead he i age om di e en poin s o iew, allowing o building ne wo ks and sys ems o
asse s ela ion.
New ca aloguing sys ems mus anscend egis y unc ion. ICHDBs should become
a ool beyond in en o y and add ess new objec i es such as educa ion o dissemina ion.
Ca aloguing sys ems can become a ool o ela ion wi h he i age a a ious le els, se ing
a he same ime o esea ch p ocesses and o public consul a ion.
Due o he impo ance ha g aphic documen a ion has p o en o ha e, ICHDBs
should suppo cu en di e en me hods o ep esen a ion. GISs, BIM models, and digi al
documen a ion will become an essen ial pa o immo able he i age and he e o e should
be able o be in eg a ed in he i age ca aloguing and managemen sys ems.
Ca aloguing sys ems should mo e away om a speci ic in e p e a ion o he i age
and allow di e en disciplines and e en social g oups o b ing hei pe spec i e. ICHDBs
Sus ainabili y 2021,13, 11043 23 o 25
should add ess he social and ansdisciplina y dimension o he i age, p omo ing pa ici-
pa ion o di e en b anches o knowledge as well as non-expe s.
F om i s his o ical o igins h ough con inuous de elopmen , ca aloguing sys ems
a e con igu ed as pa o he he i age discou se cons uc o e di e en pe iods. ICHDBs
can become a sys em o connec ion wi h he i age whe e expe s, ins i u ions and socie y
con e ge in an accessible and in e ac i e ool. The espec and iden i ica ion o he i age
by socie y a e he pilla s ha suppo i s socio-cul u al sus ainabili y and he e o e he
ICHDBs mus espond o cu en needs, suppo ing knowledge, educa ion, and e lec ion
in his ield. In o de o p o ec he i age e ec i ely, ca alogues mus anscend he legal
and manage ial cha ac e and y o help achie e social acknowledgemen o he i age.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, R.F.A.-J. and M.L.-M.; me hodology, R.F.A.-J., M.L.-M.
and D.P.-A.; alida ion, R.F.A.-J., D.P.-A., M.L.-M. and F.O.-L.; in es iga ion, R.F.A.-J.; esou ces,
R.F.A.-J., D.P.-A., M.L.-M. and F.O.-L.; da a cu a ion, R.F.A.-J..; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion,
R.F.A.-J., M.L.-M. and D.P.-A.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, R.F.A.-J., M.L.-M., D.P.-A. and F.O.-L.;
isualiza ion, R.F.A.-J.; supe ision, M.L.-M., D.P.-A. and F.O.-L.; unding acquisi ion, M.L.-M. All
au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding:
This esea ch was pa ially unded by Ins i u o Uni e si a io de A qui ec u a y Ciencias
de la Cons ucción, Escuela Técnica Supe io de A qui ec u a, Uni e sidad de Se illa, by he VII
Ayudas a la In e nacionalización de la In es igación Modalidad B.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Con lic s o In e es : Au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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