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DOI: 10.2478/danb-2014-0012
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METHODOLOGY FOR THE SELECTION OF COMPENSATION TRADE
TOOLS IN SMES
F an išek Milicho ský1, Jiří Koleňák2
Abs ac
The main aim o his pape is o de e mine which ac o s o business ools a e impo an
in Czech companies. To ind hese ac o s, heo e ical in o ma ion om he a ea o ade
ools and da a om p ima y esea ch (ob ained ia ques ionnai e) we e used. These da a
a e applied by a s a is ical e alua ion o selec ed indica o s which could help de e mine
he signi icance o he indica o s in he a ea being moni o ed. Ac i i ies conce ning he
managemen o company inances a e also pa ially inco po a ed, as due o hei close co-
hesion wi h business, hey canno be excluded om he ield o u na ound managemen .
The business ools desc ibed in he pape see excellen usage no only du ing imes o c isis
bu also in pe iods o p ospe i y, when hei applica ion p o ides companies wi h unique
compe i i e ad an ages as a way o inc easing GDP. The esul s o he pape con i m he
necessi y o compensa ion ools in he business en i onmen and p o ide he signi icance
le el o he compensa ion ools used. Accu a e usage could c ea e an ad an age in a global
ma ke cha ac e ised by high compe i ion.
Keywo ds
Compensa ion T ades, T ading Tools, C isis Managemen , SMEs
I. In oduc ion
The opic o his pape is compensa ion ade ools ha can help a company o ganize day-
o-day ac i i ies in o de o achie e s a egic goals du ing an economic c isis. The ools
ha a e used can be aken as kinds o pe o mance indica o s. The pe o mance o hese
ools has become c ucial in compe i i e s uggles; hey p o ide a compe i i e ad an age
and i should he e o e be in he in e es o en e p ises o moni o hese key indica o s and
ac o s.
1B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Business and Managemen , Kolejní 2906/4, 612 00 B no, Czech
Republic. E-mail: milicho[email p o ec ed].cz.
2New on College, Poli ických ězňů 912/10, 110 00 P aha, Czech Republic, E-mail: kolenak@new oncollege.cz.
214 F an išek Milicho ský, Jiří Koleňák: Me hodology o he Selec ion
o Compensa ion T ade Tools in SMEs
Each economic c isis which has a ec ed he Eu opean egion aises impo an ques ions
abou he necessi y o inno a ion o deal wi h he si ua ion. This in u n c ea es oppo -
uni ies o a company o be mo e e ec i e in he moni o ing o i s own p oduc ion and
p ocesses (Klímko á, Ho nungo á, 2012).
The cu en hype -compe i i e business en i onmen equi es con inuous e o on he pa
o manage s esponsible o co po a e go e nance o seek ou new compe i i e ad an ages.
In he ecen pas , inspi a ion has been ound in he economic c isis, which o ced he
examina ion o he iabili y o p ojec s and en i e companies, and c ea ed a need o es
managemen p ocedu es and me hods in he con ex o new ci cums ances.
Pe iods o c isis ha e gi en companies an oppo uni y o adap o he business en i on-
men . Common p ac ices include (1) educing deb s o he minimum (minimizing he
isk o de aul ) and (2) cos minimiza ion and he s abiliza ion o ope a ing cash low,
me hods which a e commonly used by co po a e op managemen . Financial and business
ins umen s we e applied alongside hese ools.
Thispape alsodeals wi hse so business ools ha helpcompanies o ealise hei business
and s a egic objec i es by means o compensa ion ools. The use o hese is possible a
any ime, no only du ing pe iods o c isis. The aim o his pape is o ind ends indica ing
imp o emen h ough he use o business ools du ing pe iods o economic c isis.
Wi h ega d o he s a e’s p o isions o deal wi h he c isis, small and middle companies a e
o en on he edge o in e es , e en hough hey ep esen mo e han 99% o all companies
and hey make up mo e han wo- hi ds o all wo kplaces in he EU. They a e he engine
o inno a ion in lowe o de s and a pla o m o he de elopmen o he en ep eneu ial
spi i . Thei ob ious lexibili y is pe haps he eason o he expec a ion ha hey will
help hemsel es. The mos impo an ask o managemen is hus o ind and ealise
p o isions o s abiliza ion and, i possible, o use he si ua ion o imp o e he si ua ion
o he company. The ools a ailable o manage s in hese condi ions could be gene ally
classi ied as c isis-managemen ools, bu ul ima ely as u na ound-managemen ools.
II. Theo e ical backg ound
Du ing any c isis, c ea i e and inno a i e hinking become mo e impo an . Acco ding o
Čicho ský e al. (2012) and Vlček (2011), inno a i e hinking is c ea ed ou o indi idual
expe iences and he ambi ion o imp o e abili ies, skills o knowledge. Th ee ac o s a e
impo an o his c ea i e p ocess:
1) accep ance (usage o new and inno a i e indings in human hinking),
2) applica ion (adop ion o imi a ion o new and inno a i e indings),
3) adap a ion (ac i i y o ans o m indings in o new o iginal a eas o expand know-
ledge).
The e o e, he e exis s a equi emen o change he app oach and hinking o en ep eneu s
in o de o hem o be e ec i e and inno a i e.
The e ec i e implemen a ion o inno a ion helps o inc ease compe i i eness. I in ol es
using in e en ion p og ams compa ed o ee de elopmen and inno a ion unde p essu e.
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In each o ganisa ion, he implemen a ion o inno a ion is accompanied by a lack o con-
nec i i y be ween indi idual a eas and non-linea i y. This is usually caused by a sho age
o need ul skills, sca ce esou ces, low lexibili y o poo educa ion le els (McAdam,
2005).
Accep able solu ions could be used by so-called inno a i e hinking. In o de o an
implemen a ion p ocess o be success ul wi h inno a i e hinking, an app op ia e suppo -
i e o ganiza ional s uc u e is equi ed (Hump eys, McAdam, Leckey, 2005; Paul, Elde ,
2002).
Fo many companies, ha d imes a e a cons an o he p esen pe iod. The di icul si ua ion
on he ma ke indispu ably has a s ong in luence upon hese companies. Bu i does no
ha e o b ing hem o he b ink o su i al. The e a e many ools o he iden i ica ion o
app oaching oubles and, i po en ial p oblems a e disco e ed in ime, app op ia e ools
can be used o mas e he si ua ion.
The e a e many indica o s which allow companies o ecognise app oaching di icul ies.
The ele ance o he indica o s di e s be ween a ious ields and also be ween a ious
companies. The basis should be ools o he s a egic analysis o co po a e su oundings:
(1) PEST analysis o en i onmen al in luences, (2) i e o ces analysis, (3) he li e cycle
model (Johnson, Scholes, Whi ing on, 2008) and also o in e nal o ces and en i onmen
alue chain, alue sys em, compe i i e ad an ages (Po e , 2008). Many sui able indica o s
could also be selec ed om models o company p ocesses and om s a egic and ope a i e
con olling (S eins öcke , 1998).
In addi ion o he lis ing o single indica o s, i is also necessa y o conside hei quan i y-
ing abili y (some indica o s a e so-called so indica o s) and also wi h “decon amina ion”
om ela ions o o he s, un ela ed ends, cyclic and seasonal de ia ions, e c.
Fo he pu poses o his pape , indica o s o economic c isis s a us we e mainly selec ed
om hebusiness ield whichmoni o changes indemand olumeands uc u e, a ailabili y
o esou ces a he inpu (ma e ials and aw ma e ial) and basic associa ed se ices. In he
inancial ield, da a we e in es iga ed abou he a ailabili y o ex e nal inancial esou ces,
he paymen discipline o cus ome s and he abili y o co e hei obliga ions.
Fo he equi emen s o he esea ch, ools we e selec ed which help he exe cise o con ol
o e cash low (Cas o and Newcomb, 2006), o example, p o isions o he quicke eco-
e y o deb s, pos ponemen o obliga ions ma u i y, he use o compensa ion businesses
and also many exclusi e business ools om he ields o ma ke ing, p omo ion, ela i-
onships wi h cus ome s o he de elopmen o business channels (MacPhe son, Mille ,
2010).
Many o he ools desc ibed can ac in con a y ways and i depends only on he gi en
si ua ion and managemen a i ude i he pa h ou o he c isis will be, o example, he
limi a ion o loyal y ac ions o cons an cus ome s o hei de elopmen . F om he poin
o iew o c isis managemen , i is essen ial o ake his si ua ion in o conside a ion and
e alua e he p os and cons o bo h a i udes.
F om he poin o iew o hose ac i i ies ealised du ing a c isis, s a egic pa ne ship
enables companies, wi h minimal e o and as di e si ica ion o hei po olio, o ex end
hei se ices o dis ibu ion channels and hus should also be men ioned (Somna h,
216 F an išek Milicho ský, Jiří Koleňák: Me hodology o he Selec ion
o Compensa ion T ade Tools in SMEs
P adyo , Sanji , 2003; Koleňák, 2008; Oli e , Mpinganji a, 2011a). Bu he basic ole o
so-called u na ound managemen is played by compensa ion ade o ms, especially ba e
and mul ila e al ba e . In ac , ba e ade is a gene al ool, applied in a ious coun ies
(Oli e , Mpinganji a, 2011b).
Pu e ba e is he di ec exchange o goods o goods, whe e one con ac is signed o bo h
supply and coun e -supply. The e is no in oicing in ei he he supplie ’s o he cus ome ’s
cu ency, and he e is no mo emen o money. Mul ila e al ba e is qui e a mode n o m
o ba e ade in ol ing many pa ies. The undamen al basis o mul ila e al ba e is ha
a clien buys om ano he clien goods o se ices only acco ding o cus ome needs and
pays by supplying his p oduc s o o he clien s. Indi idual businesses a e no bound by
a ime ame; i is possible o pu chase and sell con inuously acco ding o hei needs.
Each ansac ion is made by means o , and wi h suppo om, some ba e cen e. These
subjec s – ade companies o a ying legal o m and size, coun o clien s, u no e , and
ield o ac i i y – egis e and book single ansac ions and a e suppo ed by he mu ual
business o hei clien s, pa icipan s in he co esponding ba e chain wi h a ious means
(Gu ie , Ickes, 1999; Oli e , Mpinganji a, 2011a; Kaika i, Kaika i, 2013).
The main eason o use coun e ade ools is in cases whe e companies a e in a posi ion
whe e hey mus o e goods in e u n o an uns able local cu ency. Coun e ades hus
become a kind o gua an ee o he alue o he goods (Ha en, 2012; Ma in, Schni ze ,
2002).
In imes o c isis, a s ong co ela ion exis s be ween ba e ades and business cycles,
caused by he amoun o ba e ansac ions. Ma as i and Smy h (2011) and C es i (2003)
ca ied ou s udies in he U.S. egion ocusing on beha iou in ba e exchanges be ween
comme cial ba e and co po a e ba e . Bo h o hese ba e ypes a e posi i ely co ela ed
wi h business in en o ies. Tha means companies usually use ba e ades in almos 30%
o all wo ld ade cases (Oli e , Mpinganji a, 2011a).
In he Czech Republic, mo e han en ba e companies a e ac i e. Pa icipa ion in he
ba e sys em can, o many en ep eneu s, be an in e es ing way o inance he o e heads
connec ed wi h he ope a ion o ex ension o a company – especially in he cu en di icul
pe iod, when nea ly e e y company is s uggling wi h unbalanced cash low. In he Czech
Republic, ewe han 2,000 companies a e ac i ely o ganized in mul ila e al ba e sys ems.
In spi e o all he a gumen s suppo ing he use o ba e , he e a e many opponen s
decla ing ha he e a e no ha many business cases whe ein ba e could subs i u e o
classical paymen wi h money. In eali y, he e is a p oblem wi h his claim, in ha mos
o he ansac ions made ia ba e ade would no be made o he wise, o would only be
o incompa ably small olume o include o he limi a ions.
One o he bigges p oblems en ep eneu s ha e o sol e oday is edundan capaci y in
he o m o unused p oduc ion acili ies o he ga he ing o goods in s o es (Uij enb oek,
2004). These su plus p oduc s mean dead money, which is hus lacking om cash low and
which could be used by ba e ade o he u he de elopmen o he company. Ba e
ade hus helps o b ing he ac ual s a e o asse s in line wi h he desi ed s a e. When
used, compensa ion ools con ibu e o imp o ing co po a e e ec i eness. Ho nungo á
(2014) men ioned possible sys ems by which managemen could measu e he e ec i eness
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o co po a e ac i i ies in connec ion o na ional and in e na ional compe i i eness and
economic pe o mance.
III. Me hodology
The objec i e o his pape is ind ends o imp o emen in he use o business ools
in he cou se o , and a e , pe iods o economic c isis. A ques ionnai e was used which
ocused on small and medium companies a e he economic c isis (in 2013). Zbo ko á
(2014) and Bishop (2013) supposed ha he economic c isis inish be o e 2013, due o he
inc easing end o he wo ld economy.
The esponden s o he ques ionnai e we e mainly owne s and manage s. Companies o
he su ey which ope a e in he Czech Republic. The condi ions o selec ion we e as
ollows:
•Czech companies,
•co po a e size o up o 250 employees.
Co po a e size is based on he de ini ions in he use guide o he Eu opean communi y.
This use guide includes limi s on which companies can be di ided in o speci ic size g oups
(E opské společens í, 2006). The main limi s o indi idual g oups a e men ioned in
Table 1.
Table 1: Limi s o di iding companies
Numbe o employee Annual u no e Annual balance
Mic o company <10 ≤2 mil. eo ≤2 mil. e
Small company <50 ≤10 mil. eo ≤10 mil. e
Medium company <250 ≤50 mil. eo ≤43 mil. e
Sou ce: E opské společens í, 2006
Ques ions we e included as o how manage s o SMEs a e p epa ed o adap hei compa-
nies acco ding o he impac o a c isis. The base p emise was ha manage s ha e a low
le el o knowledge abou ading ools.
Addi ional esea ch me hods we e used o answe he p ima y objec i e o he esea ch.
F om he poin o iew o seconda y esea ch, cu en in o ma ion sou ces published
in specialised li e a u e we e used, wi h a ocus on ools om he ield o business. In
he p ima y esea ch, we asked ques ions o he manage s o Czech small and middle
companies in he ques ionnai e and in some cases h ough con olled in e iews.
The ques ionnai e used o p ima y in es iga ion was di ided in o ou ca ego ies:
1) Iden i ica ion o he company
2) Impac s o he c isis on he business ield
3) Impac s o he c isis on he inancial ield
4) Knowledge and usage o he ools o company managemen in imes o c isis, wi h
a s ess upon p o ec ing business ac i i ies ( o mo e de ails, see he heo e ical
ou comes sec ion).

218 F an išek Milicho ský, Jiří Koleňák: Me hodology o he Selec ion
o Compensa ion T ade Tools in SMEs
I was independen ly in es iga ed as o whe he he manage s o small and middle com-
panies ha e enough in o ma ion and knowledge in his ield and how hey ha e acqui ed
his knowledge. In acco dance wi h he de ined esea ch, pa o he p ima y esea ch was
ocused on de e mining he de elopmen o knowledge in he ield o compensa ion ade
ools.
The ques ionnai e was ca ied ou in he second hal o 2013 and was ocused on analysing
he possible impac s o he economic c isis on companies. This explo a ion was execu ed
on a sample o 242 esponden s. The esponden s we e manage s om a ious le els o
co po a e managemen .
The ield o ac i i y o each company can be placed in o he ields o se ices, p oduc ion,
and he cons uc ion indus y. I was impo an o ou own esea ch o de e mine whe he
he esponden s use ading ools. Speci ic in o ma ion abou indi idual companies and
hei indus y was no he essence o he esea ch.
F om he o al coun , he bigges g oup (mo e han 69% o e all) included owne s o chie
execu i es. Almos 15% o he es o he esponden s we e loca ed in lowe managemen
le els, and only 16% o esponden s we e in medium managemen .
IV. Resul s
I is ob ious om an analysis o he esul s ha companies commonly use compensa ion
ade ools as a po en ial business suppo . Based on he analysis o he s a is ical cha ac-
e is ics o he examined g oup, we will p esen ou conclusions as an app oxima e esul ,
limi ed by he esul ing eliabili y. In he esul s o he pape he e a e cha ac e is ics o
esea ch ba ie s and u u e esea ch possibili ies.
Table 2 includes undamen al da a which shows ha i is clea ha companies mainly use
he ollowing me hods ou o he g oup o compensa ion ade ools: Reducing he cos
o p ocu ing inpu s; Minimiza ion o wa ehouse s ock. The conclusions a e gi en by he
cha ac e is ics o he limi s o he esea ch and i s possible u u e di ec ion.
Based on he analyses o desc ip i e s a is ical cha ac e is ics o he sample, ou conclusi-
ons will be p esen ed as an explo a i e esul limi ed by he esul an eliabili y.
F om an analysis o he basic desc ip i e s a is ics, i is clea ha companies mainly use
he ollowing compensa ion ade ools:
•Reducing he cos o p ocu ing inpu s
•Minimiza ion o wa ehouse s ock
•Sale o su plus p ope y
•Inc easing awa eness o p oduc ion
Fac o analysis e eals he educ ion o su eyed co po a e pe o mance indica o s which
companies use in hei own measu emen p ocesses. The main inpu in o ac o analysis
was a co ela ion ma ix which showed he indi idual co ela ion alues o he chosen
indica o s (see Table 3).
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Based on he alues lis ed in Table 3, i is possible o say ha co ela ions exis only in he
h ee highligh ed ela ions. These ela ions a e:
•Minimiza ion o wa ehouse s ock and Equal u iliza ion o p oduc ion capaci ies
(0,441),
•Inc easing awa eness o p oduc ion and Equal u iliza ion o p oduc ion capaci ies
(0,419),
•Inc easing awa eness o p oduc ion and Reducing he cos o p ocu ing inpu s
(0,430),
Thus only he ollowing can be de e mined o be key ools: (1) Minimiza ion o wa e-
house s ock, (2) Equal u iliza ion o p oduc ion capaci ies, (3) Inc easing awa eness o
p oduc ion, and (4) Reducing he cos o p ocu ing inpu s.
Table 2: Basic desc ip i e s a is ics
Mean S anda d de ia ion Va iance
Equal u iliza ion o p oduc ion capaci ies 0.47 0.676 0.457
Minimiza ion o wa ehouse s ock 0.58 0.711 0.505
Sale o su plus p ope y 0.51 0.665 0.442
Reducing he cos o p ocu ing inpu s 0.85 0.731 0.534
Dele e aging o company 0.39 0.639 0.408
Inc easing awa eness o p oduc ion 0.52 0.677 0.458
Sou ce: Own wo k
Table 3: Co ela ion ma ix
Equal u ili-
za ion o p o-
duc ion ca-
paci ies
Minimiza ion
o wa ehouse
s ock
Sale o su -
plus p ope y
Reducing he
cos o p o-
cu ing inpu s
Dele e aging
o company
Inc easing
awa eness o
p oduc ion
Equal u iliza-
ion o p o-
duc ion capa-
ci ies
1 0.441** 0.188** 0.382** 0.130* 0.419**
Minimiza ion
o wa ehouse
s ock
0.441** 1 0.347** 0.354** 0.044 0.311**
Sale o su -
plus p ope y
0.188** 0.347** 1 0.323** 0.193** 0.283**
Reducing he
cos o p o-
cu ing inpu s
0.382** 0.354** 0.323** 1 0.173** 0.430**
Dele e aging
o company
0.130* 0.044 0.193** 0.173** 1 0.221**
Inc easing
awa eness o
p oduc ion
0.419** 0.311** 0.283** 0.430** 0.221** 1
No es: * Co ela ion is signi ican a he 0.05 le el
** Co ela ion is signi ican a he 0.01 le el
Sou ce: Own wo k
220 F an išek Milicho ský, Jiří Koleňák: Me hodology o he Selec ion
o Compensa ion T ade Tools in SMEs
Table 4: Ro a ed componen ma ix
Fac o o p oduc ion Fac o o inance
Equal u iliza ion o p oduc ion capaci ies 0.763 0.020
Minimiza ion o wa ehouse s ock 0.781 −0.085
Sale o su plus p ope y 0.455 0.462
Reducing he cos o p ocu ing inpu s 0.670 0.281
Dele e aging o company −0.016 0.918
Inc easing awa eness o p oduc ion 0.636 0.358
C onbach’s alpha 0.718 0.323
Ex ac ion Me hod: P incipal Componen Analysis.
Ro a ion Me hod: Va imax wi h Kaise No maliza ion. Ro a ion con e ged in 3 i e a ions.
Sou ce: Own wo k
The o al a iance o inpu sin he ac o analysis can be explainedby means o a desc ip ion
o he p ocess o ex ac ion. The beginning o ex ac ion (Ini ial Eigen alues) includes
whole componen s which we e pu in o he ex ac ion. In he second s ep (Ex ac ion
Sums o Squa ed Loadings), acco ding o he key (Eigen alue ≤1), he e is a educ ion o
he ou s onges componen s which a e used in he nex s ep o p ocessing. The las s ep
(Ro a ion Sums o Squa ed Loadings) shows he di e ences in indi idual componen s.
F om his poin o iew, Ex ac ion Sums o Squa ed Loadings wi h cumula i e pe cen age
is impo an . Fac o analysis ex ac ed only wo ac o s, which explains almos 60% o he
a iance ( he exac amoun was 58.12%). This esul con i ms he good ac o esul o he
in e p e ed a iance.
The o al a iance o he compensa ion ade ools a e explained due o eigen alues, which
ep esen s he o al a iance explained by each ac o . In ex ac ion, all componen s we e
di ided in o wo new s onges componen g oups. These new componen g oups ha e
di e se dep h wi h he p e ious ou componen s (see Table 4). The eigen alues we e
de e mined by ou own igu es and only wo componen s ha e igu es o e o e y close
o 1. Tha means only wo componen s make up almos 60% o he o al a iance o all
ou componen s, and ha e a iabili y as o iginal ac o s.
V. Discussion
In o de o assess whe he i is possible o use ac o analysis, he Kaise -Meye -Olkin
me hod (KMO) and Ba le ’s es o sphe ici y we e used. The KMO me hod is based
on selec i e co ela ion and pa ial co ela ion coe icien s. The alue ange o KMO is
be ween 0 and 1 (Hin on, B ownlow, McMu ay, Cozens, 2004). Each a iable co ela es
pe ec ly wi h i sel (app oxima e o 1), bu has no co ela ion wi h he o he a iables
(app oxima e o 0). In ou case KMO eached a alue o 0.752, which means ha he
pe o med le el o use ulness o ac o analysis is a an a e age le el.
Ba le ’s es o sphe ici y is a s a is ic es ha is used o examine he hypo hesis ha he
a iables a e co ela ed o unco ela ed. No co ela ion was ound wi h o he a iables
(Sig = 0.000). Ne e heless, Ba le ’s es o sphe ici y is signi ican because o he alue,
which is lowe han 0.05.
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Fo he co ec ness o he ac o analysis and accep ance he esul s, i is impo an o ge
a C onbach’s alpha alue o o e 0.7. O he wise, he e a e equi emen s o imp o e he
sample, o he ques ionnai e. C onbach’s alpha is a measu e o in e nal consis ency ha is
closely ela ed o a se o i ems as a g oup. A “high” alue o alpha is o en used (along
wi h subs an i e a gumen s and possibly o he s a is ical measu es) as e idence ha he
i ems measu e an unde lying (o la en ) cons uc .
Howe e , a high C onbach’s alpha does no imply ha he measu e is unidimensional. I ,
in addi ion o measu ing in e nal consis ency, you wish o p o ide e idence ha he scale
in ques ion is unidimensional, addi ional analyses can be pe o med. Explo a o y ac o
analysis is one me hod o checking dimensionali y. C onbach’s alpha is no a s a is ical
es ; i is a coe icien o eliabili y (o consis ency).
I could be w i en as a unc ion o he numbe o es i ems and he a e age in e -co ela ion
among he i ems. Below, o concep ual pu poses, we show he o mula o he s anda dized
C onbach’s alpha:
α=Nׯc
¯ + (N−1) ׯc(1)
whe e
Nis equal o he numbe o i ems,
¯cis he a e age in e -i em co a iance among he i ems,
¯ equals he a e age a iance.
I he alues we e o inc ease he numbe o i ems (N), i is possible o inc ease C onbach’s
alpha. Mo eo e , i he a e age in e -i em co ela ion is low, he alpha will be low. As he
a e age in e -i em co ela ion inc eases, C onbach’s alpha inc eases as well. The alues
o C onbach’s alpha could be om 0 o 1. I he alues we e close o 0.5, i signi ies a bad
le el o in e nal consis ency. O e 0.7 means ha he alue is accep able and alues close
o 1 a e excellen (Hin on, B ownlow, McMu ay, Cozens, 2004).
Acco ding o ou esul s, he alues o C onbach’s alpha we e:
•Fac o o p oduc ion is a a good le el
•Fac o o inance is unaccep able.
Calcula ing he inal alue o accep able ac o s needs he ans o ma ion o indi idual
coe icien s. These coe icien s ha e become he signi icance o used elemen s. Thei sum
o al has o be 1. The index o he ac o o p oduc ion was de ined by his p ocedu e.
index o p oduc ion ac o =(2)
0,268 ×E+ 0,274 ×M+ 0,235 ×R+ 0,2223 ×I
whe e
E– Equals u iliza ion o p oduc ion capaci ies
M– Minimiza ion o wa ehouse s ock
R– Reducing cos o p ocu ing inpu s
I– Inc easing awa eness o p oduc ion