Vi ual A chaeology Re iew, 7(14): 53-60, 2016
h p://dx.doi.o g/ a .2016.4481
© UPV, SEAV, 2015
Recei ed: Janua y 4, 2016
Accep ed: Ma ch 31, 2016
* Co esponding Au ho : Ped o T ape o Fe nández, ped o. ape o [email protected]
DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ a .2016.4481
53
ROMAN VITICULTURE ANALYSIS BASED ON LATIN AGRONOMISTS
AND THE APPLICATION OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN
LOWER GUADALQUIVIR
ANÁLISIS DE LA VITICULTURA ROMANA A TRAVÉS DE LOS AGRONOMOS LATINOS Y LA APLICACIÓN DE UN
SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA EN EL BAJO GUADALQUIVIR
Ped o T ape o Fe nández*
Semina io Agus ín de Ho ozco, Uni e si y o Cádiz, Facul ad de Filoso ía y Le as, A . Doc o Gómez Ulla, 1, 11003 Cádiz, Spain.
ped o. ape o [email protected]
Abs ac :
The ad ancemen in he his o ical esea ch o business ac i i ies, such as ancien ag icul u e and speci ically Roman
i icul u e, equi es he knowledge o he p oduc i e si es. This esea ch will p opose a way o in e connec he
in o ma ion con ained in La in ag onomic adi ion, in o de o choose he placemen o a p oduc ion uni , using a
geog aphical in o ma ion sys em (GIS). The La in ag onomis in o ma ion, oge he wi h cu en ag icul u al knowledge,
may lead o a se o measu able, geo e e encing c i e ia o u u e p ospec ing, such as land o ien a ion o he winds and
insola ion, he soil ypes and he slope. Also, he p oximi y o e es ial, lu ial and ma i ime communica ion ou es, as
well as ci ies and wa e supply will be assessed. This me hodology is applied in he e i o y o he lowe Guadalqui i
(sou hwes Spain) achie ing measu able c i e ia on a geo e e enced map, being able o classi y he da a and c ea e
ca og aphy ha shows he bes places o u u e a chaeological p ospec ing.
Key wo ds: GIS, lowe Guadalqui i , i icul u e, Columella, Roman ag icul u e.
Resumen:
El a ance en la in es igación his ó ica de ac i idades económicas, como e a la ag icul u a an igua y más conc e amen e
la i icul u a omana, equie e del conocimien o de los luga es p oduc i os. Es e a ículo p opone una mane a de
ans e i los conocimien os que apo an los ag ónomos la inos a la ho a de elegi el emplazamien o de una unidad
p oduc i a median e un sis ema de in o mación geog á ica (SIG). La in o mación ag onómica la ina, jun o con el
conocimien o ag ícola ac ual, puede da luga a una se ie de c i e ios medibles y geo e e enciables pa a u u as
p ospecciones, como son la o ien ación del e eno en e a los ien os y la insolación, el ipo de suelo y la pendien e.
También se alo a á la ce canía a las ías de comunicación e es e, lu ial y ma í ima, así como a las ciudades y al
abas ecimien o de agua. La me odología que se p esen a se aplica en el espacio del bajo Guadalqui i (su oes e de
España) consiguiendo medi es os c i e ios sob e un mapa geo e e enciado, pudiendo clasi ica los da os y gene ando
una ca og a ía que mues e los mejo es luga es de ca a a unas u u as p ospecciones a queológicas.
Palab as cla e: SIG, bajo Guadalqui i , i icul u a, Columela, ag icul u a omana.
1. In oduc ion
When in es iga ing Roman ag icul u e, i is necessa y o
conside he en i onmen and he e i o y o he chosen
si e i s . I is necessa y o ca y ou some p ospec ions i
we wan o know whe e he mos p oduc i e places a e.
Al e na i ely, nowadays wi h he use o a geog aphic
in o ma ion sys em (GIS) such as A cGIS, i is possible
o simpli y his p ospec ion wo k. GIS use s a e able o
ind he co ec geo e e ence o si es and s udy hei
en i onmen , as well as o look o po en ial si es whe e
his kind o exploi a ion can be ca ied ou (Goodchild,
2013; Van Joolen, 2003).
Fo his pu pose, i is necessa y o ha e he co ec
ag icul u al in o ma ion included in ancien sou ces. Fo
example, in he La in ag onomis s, we can ind quo es
abou some en i onmen al ac o s o conside o an
ag icul u al holding.
The i s s ep is o choose he s udy a ea. One o he
ideas o his a icle is o show ha his can be applied o
any loca ion, and he only hing ha would change would
be he c i e ion. The ame chosen o his expe imen is
he ma shland o he Guadalqui i , whe e in Roman
imes, he e was an es ua y. The e was also an
impo an Roman colony, Has a Regia (Ma ín-A oyo,
2013), in he speci ic e i o y o he ci y o Je ez (Fig. 1).
The Semina io Agus ín de Ho ozco, Uni e si y o Cádiz,
has abundan a chaeological and geog aphical
in o ma ion abou his a ea o land.
TRAPERO, 2016
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Vi ual A chaeology Re iew, 7(14): 53-60, 2016
Figu e 1: Spa ial s udy a ea: Has a Regia colony. Po us
Gadi anus is loca ed in he Spain’s sou hwes . I co esponds o
oday’s Pue o de San a Ma ía.
The e a e ce ain limi a ions wi hin his s udy, as he eal
e i o ia o Has a Regia is unknown. The land o he
ancien Guadalqui i ’s es ua y was called Lacus
Ligus inus by he Romans. This na igable space allowed
hem o each places which nowadays a e no e en nea
he coas . Fo he e i o y we conside he limi s o be
he p esumed si e o lacus Ligus inus, i.e. he ac ual
coas and Guadale e Ri e o he eas (Lagós ena,
2014).
Columella’s quo es se he s udy a ea o his e i o y. He
is he mos comple e La in ag onomis , who was bo n in
Gades (Cádiz). Wi h some o his quo es, i is possible o
ex apola e his ancien in o ma ion o a map, especially
in he case o ineya ds. This ype o exploi a ion could
be signi ican in he e i o y o supplying Rome o he
a my, and p obably pa o he annonae sys em.
The ineya d ag icul u e in he Ul e io Bae ica p o ince
is one o he mos impo an ac i i ies, bu i is no well
s udied. O he p oduc s such as oli es o oli e oil a e
be e esea ched and in es iga ed. In he Be ic
p o ince, he p oblem wi h ineya ds and wine is ha we
do no know he p oduc ion loca ions. In he same way,
he po e ies iglinae whe e he Be ic wine ampho as
we e p oduced (Ca e as, 2001) a e unknown, and his
his o ical p oblem will be a p io i y in he u u e esea ch
o he colony o Has a (Lagós ena, 2001).
To ad ance in he know-how o his wo k, we p opose a
numbe o c i e ia o condi ions ha Roman a me s
conside ed when choosing a place o a m. I is
impo an o emembe ha his a ea was a colony,
ounded in he imes o Caesa . The e o e, land would
be dis ibu ed and di ided in o cen u iae.
The condi ions used o know he po en ial si es mus be
based on bo h ancien sou ces and na u al necessi ies.
The e a e so many c i e ia ha can be conside ed o
his wo k ha we selec ed he land o ien a ion, soil ype,
land slope and he p oximi y, as sugges ed by Vii anen
(2010).
2. Land o ien a ion
2.1. Winds
Land o ien a ion is one o he mos impo an conce ns
by Roman ag onomis s o choose he place o plan ing
c ops, especially ineya ds (Ca o. Ag i. 8.2. Va o R.R.
1.4.4. Ve g. G. 2.185., G. 2.295.)
Nobis in uni e sum p aecipe e op imum isum es u in
locis igidis me idiano ine a subician u , epidis o ien i
ad e an u ; si amen non in es abun u Aus is
Eu isque, elu o ae ma i imae in Bae ica. Sin au em
egiones p aedic is en is ue in obnoxiae, melius
Aquiloni el Fa onio commi en u .
“We belie e i bes o ineya ds o ace sou hwa ds in
cold egions, and in wa m egions hey su e om he
sou he ly and sou h-eas e ly winds, such as he coas al
a eas o Bae ica. I , howe e , he land is subjec o he
a o emen ioned winds, i will be be e o hem o ace
no he ly o wes e ly winds” (Col. 3.12.6.).
Columella in his passage w o e abou he bad winds in
he a ea, in he Be ic p o ince and mo e p obably nea
Gades. The na u al condi ions such as winds, os s o
d ough s we e p oblems o sol e in o de o plan ines.
In ou pa icula wo king a ea, he sou h winds a e ho
and d y in summe . The eas wind, called ‘le an e’, is
simila o he sou h wind only s onge , an a e age o 60-
70 km/h and is e y common o las o a numbe o
days. I is necessa y o coun e his condi ion which is
why Columella chose his no h-wes o ien a ion unlike in
he es o he Roman Empi e.
O ien a ion o p o ec om winds could be s udied using
some A cGIS ools, because he bes place o g ow a
ineya d is a shel e ed place, away and p o ec ed om
he eas e n and sou he ly winds, meaning e ain acing
no h and wes .
Fo ha , i is necessa y o c ea e a digi al e ain model
(DTM) in as e o ma , using he in o ma ion in
h p://www.jun adeandalucia.es/medioambien e/si e/ edi
am/ we can download a .xyz ile, ha mus be con e ed
in o a TIN ile wi h he ool “c ea e a TIN” and
ans o med o a as e o ma . Wi h his 3D map o eal
ele a ions, A cGIS allowed us, h ough he ool in Spa ial
Analysis Tools/Su ace/aspec , o gene a e an
o ien a ion map wi h ega ds he compass poin s.
Then he only condi ion is o selec he op ions, which, in
his case a e no h and wes o ien a ion in g een, eas
and sou h in ed and an in e media e zone in he land
o ien a ed o no h-eas and sou h-wes in yellow (Fig.
2).
Figu e 2: Te ain o ien a ion.
ROMAN VITICULTURE ANALYSIS BASED ON LATIN AGRONOMISTS AND THE APPLICATION OF A GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM IN LOWER GUADALQUIVIR
Vi ual A chaeology Re iew, 7(14): 53-60, 2016
55
2.2. Insola ion
Fu he mo e, he e a e o he condi ions o conside in
he case o o ien a ion, he insola ion he e ain-g ound
ecei es:
Loci po o i ia sun , quae e e ad in e necionem ine a
pe ducun , macies e s e ili as e ae, salsa el ama a
uligo, p aeceps e p ae up a posi io, nimium opaca e
soli a e sa allis…
“Fu he mo e, he poo quali ies o a place ha usually
b ing des uc ion o ineya ds a e ha shness and ba en
soil, sal y o bi e ma shes, s eep, ugged e ain, da k
alleys ha a e no exposed o he sun” (Col. 4.22.8.)
The places a ec ed by shadow o shade a e bad o
ag icul u e. This is logical, as we can p edic ha no h
acing moun ain hillside would be mo e exposed o
da kness han a hillside acing sou h. The ex says ha
he ineya ds ha we e plan ed ei he in a eas
con aining plen y o sal y wa e o in sloping a eas would
su e . These a e some decisi e plan ing c i e ia ha
needed o be aken in o accoun when choosing a
loca ion. In ou analyses we shall conside hese e ec s
o choosing he a eas.
In A cGIS we could use he ool Su ace/hillshade wi h
he same as e DTM as be o e. This ool could show he
po en ial si es ha could be in da kness. As esul s we
could conside ha he opog aphy is no e y s eep, and
ha he e a e ew bad places in da kness. In yellow,
he e a e he loca ions wi h be e insola ion and in da k
colou , he wo se ones (Fig. 3).
These h ee c i e ia o he o ien a ion, winds and
insola ion, seem o be con adic o y a i s and in ac
hey a e, because he bes exposu e o he sun is in he
sou he ly di ec ion, bu in his case i could be bad o
he winds in he a ea. This con adic ion is only seen in
ou pa icula e i o y due o he special condi ions in
espec o he land di ec ions e e ed o in Columella
(Fig. 4). He knew his p oblem and maybe because o
ha , he quo ed his uncle’s echnique, abou co e ing he
ines wi h palm lea es in o de o educe he e ec s o
he bad wind (Col. 5.5.15.).
3. Soil Types
The second c i e ion o be conside ed is he soil ype,
p obably he mos impo an one when selec ing a place
o g owing c ops. In ou s udy a ea (Fig. 5), nowadays
he e is la ge p oduc ion o wine and a la ge ine c op as
well. The soils a e good enough, and in he pas his ac
was p obably he same.
All he ag onomis s w o e abou soils, bu wi hou g ea
in e es o speci y which he be e ones a e (Ca o Ag .
1.1. Va o R.R. 1.6.). The case o Columella is
meaning ul, no only because he w o e speci ically abou
ou esea ch a ea, bu also because he w o e abou his
uncle, na u al o Gades, p o iding a lo o in o ma ion
abou he ma e in Be ic p o ince.
Ma cum Columellam pa uum meum, doc issimum e
diligen issimum ag icolam, saepe nume o usu passe
memo ia epe o, u sabulosis locis c e am inge e e ,
c e osis ac nimium densis sabulu, a que... ligone
succiden , im op imae s e eo a ionis exhibebi . Succidi
au em lupinum sabulosis locis opo e , cum secundum
lo em, lub icosis, eum e ium ege i .
“Ma cus Columella, a e y lea ned and pains aking
a me , equen ly employed: ha is, o heap clay on
g a elly g ound, and g a el on g ound ha was clayey
and oo s i , and in his way o g ow no only luxu ian
c ops o g ain bu also e y ine ineya ds” (Col. 2.15.4.).
His uncle used hese wo ypes o soils, bo h logical
choices, abou he exchange o his g ound ype, in o de
o imp o e he quali y o he land. Speci ically he said
ha he e a e wo good ypes o soils in he zone o
ineya ds, he i s one is u sabulosis locis c e am
inge e e , sandy land whe e hey add loam. We
conside ed his, be e han he ansla ion be o e,
because sabulosis is sandy a he han heap clay. The
o he c e osis ac nimium densis sabulu, which means
adding sand o loam soil. These wo op ions, sandy and
loam soil a e in gene al bad o c ops, i hey a e alone,
bu good i hey a e mixed, as was o en he case in
Roman ag icul u e (Sáez, 1995).
Those wo bes soils in he ex look simila o wo o he
common and be e soils in he p o ince, (Regosoles)
“alba izas” and (Lu isoles) “a enas” (Sáez, 1987). Bo h
ha e he same cha ac e is ics, i you mix hem oge he ,
he esul ing soil would be be e o ines, as he
p e ious ex men ioned. In a ecen a chaeological
su ey, he e a e some ancien holes ha co espond o
ines in sand (López and Ruiz, 2007).
The o he c i e ion is Columella’s e e ence o ma shland
ines:
Figu e 4: Bad wind o ien a ion and good insola ion ma ch in
mos o he a ea.
Figu e 3: Land insola ion s udy.
TRAPERO, 2016
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Vi ual A chaeology Re iew, 7(14): 53-60, 2016
Hac condi u a Columella pa uus meus, inlus is
ag icola, u i soli us es in his undis, in quibus palus es
ineas habeba …
“My pa e nal uncle Columella, he dis inguished
ag icul u is , used o employ his me hod o p ese a ion
on he a ms whe e he had ineya ds on ma shy
g ound…” (Col. 12.21.4.).
The adjec i e palus es in ancien sou ces a e
associa ed wi h we lands. Vines do no o en wan we
soils and o ha eason he was p obably e e ing o a
soil cha ac e is ic, a ype o g ound ha could be looded
in some mon hs o he yea , such as he e isols “bujeo”
(De Ca a, 2010).
We could conside ha because Columella spoke in his
book abou a p ac ice o ines, i consis ed o making a
hole o he plan in o de o main ain he soil mois u e,
and ha could be done in no h A ica bu no in a we o
ainy a ea, because he excess o wa e could damage
he ine (Col. 5.5.4.).
The e a e o he soil ypes in he wo king a ea. The
lu isols a e common soils nea a i e , o med by
allu ial deposi s ha could also be used o plan ines,
as long as he ines we e no co e ed by wa e o some
mon hs o he yea .
Some soils a e no sui able o ines such as li osols,
ypically in he moun ains o planosols which a e
common in ma shland soils; bo h used o li es ock
a ming and o he uses. The in o ma ion on hese kinds
o soils and hei cha ac e is ics can be ound in he
classi ica ion sys em p oposed by he FAO Soils Po al
(2016).
The las ype o soils a e cambisols and o he simila
ypes, ha a e good enough o e e y ype o c op and
he e o e we canno disce n whe he Romans used hem
o ines o no .
The analysis o his in o ma ion by A cGIS could be done
using he se e Spa ial Da a In as uc u e o Andalusia
(IDEAndalucia, 2016), whe e i is possible o iew he
soil cha ac e is ics o he land. Then he only s ep is o
geo e e ence he da a in o a polygon laye and eclassi y
he new shape in numbe s, anging om 10 i he soil is
good down o 0 i i is bad.
4. Land Slopes
Ano he c i e ion o conside is he land slope. The
e ain slope is p esen in Va o (Va . R.R. 1.6.5.):
P op e haec ia as igia o mae disc imina quaedam
iun sa ionum, quod sege es melio es exis iman u esse
campes es, ineae collinae, sil ae mon anae
“Owing o hese h ee ypes o con igu a ion di e en
c ops a e plan ed, g ain being conside ed bes adap ed
o he plains, ines o he hills, and o es s o he
moun ains”.
This summa ises he main idea ha Columella had
al eady w i en (Col. 3.1.8.).
A medium slope is app op ia e o plan ing ineya ds,
and e en oday i is he same. We can assign he plain
soil o o he c ops such as whea . A s eep slope would
be mo e use ul o li es ock a ming o o he ac i i ies,
as he soil is ai ly shallow and s ony.
The s udy o his c i e ion could be done by he use o
he su ace/slope ool (Fig. 7). I is challenging o know
he alue o an a e age slope, because by esea ching
he sou ces we do no ha e he measu ing alues o
la ge and small slopes. The slope ool shows whe e he
e ain makes an ab up change, e en i i is in a
dep ession. In he s udy, we could see ha he e i o y
is gene ally la , wi h ele a ions in he Cádiz moun ain
ange and all he e i o y has plen y o small changes
which a e shown in g een. The e a e occasional high
slopes in he a ea (Fig. 6).
We ha e e iewed he na u al cha ac e is ics o he
e ain, despi e he ac he e could be o he s.
Ne e heless, hese a e he mos impo an o
Columella. In he same way, i is ob ious ha Columella
is ep esen a i e and he bes sou ce o lea n whe e he
po en ial places o Roman ineya ds we e.
5. P oximi y
F om now on he c i e ia will be mo e his o ical, based
on human ac o s a he han na u al c i e ia. The ac o s
we conside in his sec ion a e summa ised by Ca o
(Ca o Ag i. 1.3.):
Figu e 5: Soil ypes
Figu e 6: Slope o he s udy a ea.
ROMAN VITICULTURE ANALYSIS BASED ON LATIN AGRONOMISTS AND THE APPLICATION OF A GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM IN LOWER GUADALQUIVIR
Vi ual A chaeology Re iew, 7(14): 53-60, 2016
57
Si po e is, sub adice mon is sie , in me idiemspec e ,
loco salub i; ope a ío um copia sie , bonumque
aqua ium, oppidum ualidum p ope sie au ma e au
amnisqua ñaues ambulan , au uia bona ceíeb isque…
“Take ca e o choose a good clima e, no subjec o
des uc i e s o ms, and a soil ha is na u ally s ong. I
possible, you a m should be a he oo o a moun ain,
acing Sou h, in a heal hy si ua ion, whe e labou and
ca le can be had, well wa e ed, nea a good sized own,
and ei he on he sea o a na igable i e , o else on a
good and much equen ed oad”.
When he Romans chose a place o build a illa i was
impo an o loca e i nea o a ci y, oad o a lu ial poin ,
such as i e s and seas. Also he ex e e s o he need
o a wa e supply and he p oximi y o wo ke s. These
wo las condi ions a e less impo an in ou s udy,
because he wa e supply o uni iga ed a mland is no
necessa y o ines and he manpowe c i e ion is
ela ed wi h he p oximi y o a ci y.
I is possible o know he p oximi y using A cGIS. The
i s hing is o make some changes in he DTM. By
eclassi ying he as e we could show classi ica ion
abou opog aphy in o ma ion, and by using he ool
cos /cos dis ance, i is possible o calcula e he dis ance
o a p e iously chosen poin (Lagos ena, 2011; Mignone,
2013).
5.1. Loca ion
The i s p oximi y c i e ion is he case o being loca ed
nea o a ci y o o he se lemen . I is ele an in his
case o know whe e he ci ies o se lemen s a e. We
can loca e some la ge ci ies in he e i o y; he mos
impo an one is Has a Regia colony. T he e a e o he
poin s nea by ha could be ci ies co esponding o
indings o complex a chaeological si es, such as “Ce o
de las Vacas” o “Gibalbin” (González, 2014). O he s
such as Tu is Caepionis o Lux Dubia a e no ci ies, bu
a e ele an o ou s udy, because hey a e co es, o
example a owe and a eligious sanc ua y (Ga cía e al.,
2008).
Anyway he knowledge o hese kinds o loca ions is
necessa y as a as being nea a illage o ci y is
conce ned. In his case Columella old us:
Censeo igi u in p opinquo ag um me ca i, quo e
equen e dominus enia e equen ius en u um se…
“I am o he opinion, he e o e, ha land should be
pu chased nea by, so ha he owne may isi i o en
and announce ha his isi s will be mo e equen han
he eally in ends hem o be…” (Col. 1.2.1)
I is some hing signi ican o be nea a ci y, no only o
he ma ke oppo uni ies p o ided he e, bu also o
good managemen by an owne . This las poin can be a
li le con o e sial because o he aim o Columella’s
books. He aims o each con empo a ies how o be a
good a me (Col. P ae .) Fo ha eason, we could
conside whe he he owne needed o be nea a ci y o
i ha was he idea ha Columella ied o each, bu was
no ul illed by he majo i y (Ma ín, 1971).
Anyway, he p oximi y o a ci y is an impo an c i e ion
o place a plan a ion, because o he icini y o he
ma ke . This would no be especially necessa y o ines
bu o he sale o esh g apes and o he esh p oduce
o be sold.
Fig. 7 shows he cos dis ance o se lemen s. In
pa icula , he a eas pain ed in g een a e he close ones
o se lemen s. This me hod does no only conside he
s aigh -line dis ance bu also he di icul y o mo emen
in he opog aphy o he e ain.
Figu e 7: Cos dis ance o se lemen s.
5.2. Sea and i e
In he same way, he p oximi y o ei he a oad o a
wa e way is an impo an c i e ion because
anspo a ion was one o he ac i i ies ha would mos
a ec he p ice o he inal p oduc , which would be
cheape o e sho e dis ances:
Quod si o o o una subsc ibi ,ag um habebimus salub i
caelo, ube i glaeba, pa e campes i, pa e alia collibus
el ad o ien em el ad me idiem molli e de exis;
e enisque aliis a que aliis sil es ibus e aspe is, nec
p ocul a ma i el na igabili lumine, quo depo a i uc us
e pe quod me ces in ehi possin .
“Bu i o une a ends ou p aye , we shall ha e a a m in
a heal hy clima e, wi h e ile soil, pa ly le el, pa ly hilly
wi h a gen le eas e n o sou he n slope; wi h some pa s
o he land cul i a ed, and o he pa s wooded and
ough; no a om he sea o a wa e way, by which i s
p oduc s may be ca ied o and supplies b ough in”
(Col. 1.2.3.)
Na igable communica ions seem o be signi ican ,
pa icula ly o expo ing hese p oduc s o o he
p o inces. Flu ial and ma i ime communica ions could
be a ec ed by he Lacus Ligus inus, he ac ual coas and
he Guadale e Ri e (Fig 8).
The implemen ed me hodology is he same as epo ed
abo e and will be conside ed o he ollowing ones
(Sillie es, 2001).
To know he po en ial o na igable places, in he
analysis we used he econs uc ed es ua y o he
Guadalqui i and he Guadale e laye . The i s was
done by con ou lines o Doñana and he i e by
geo e e encing he hyd og aphy (Ga ala, 1959).
TRAPERO, 2016
58
Vi ual A chaeology Re iew, 7(14): 53-60, 2016
Figu e 8: Cos dis ance o sea and i e .
5.3. Roads
Rega ding o e land communica ions, Columella ad ises
no o be nea an impo an oadway due o he p oblem
o c iminals and passe s-by. He said no o be oo close
o he oad, bu close enough o p oduc anspo a ion
(Fig 9):
Haec au em p ae e eun em ia o um popula ionibus e
adsiduis de e en ium hospi iis in es a em amilia em.
P op e quae censeo eius modi i a e incommoda
illamque nec in ia nec a ia p ocul edi io e si u
conde e, sic u ons eius ad o ien em aequinoc ialem
di ec a si .
“Mo eo e , he highway, impai s an es a e h ough he
dep eda ions by passing a elle s and he cons an
en e ainmen o hose who u n in o lodging. Fo hese
easons my ad ice is o a oid he disad an ages o his
so and o place he illa nei he on a highway no a
om a highway, heighe , and o build in such a way ha
i aces he poin whe e he sun ises a he ime o he
equinox.” (Col. 1.5.7.)
In he spa ial a ea, wo impo an oadways a e known;
he i s one is he Via Augus a and he second is
men ioned by Ra enna Cosmog aphy (Ra . 317.5) a
oad ha wen om Hispalis o Baessipo (Sillie es,
1977).
5.4. Wa e supply
The las ac o o conside is he p oximi y o wa e , no
speci ically o consump ion o li es ock a ming, bu also
o a ming some c ops, plan s like cane, osie and
ushes which a e ela ed o he c op o ineya ds. They
a e necessa y o his kind o cul i a ion and i hey do
no ha e hem, i could inc ease he p ice o he inal
p oduc .
Quoniam cons i uendis colendisque ineis, quae
ideban u u ili e p aecipi posse, disse uimus,
pedaminum iugo umque e iminum p ospiciendo um
adenda a io es . Haec enim quasi quaedam do es
ineis an e p aepa an u . Quibus si de ici u ag icola,
causam aciendi ine a non habe , cum omnia, quae
sun necessa ia, ex a undum quae enda sin ; nec
emp ionis an um.
“In as much as we ha e discussed hose ma e s which
seemed ha could be augh o ake ad an age o o
es ablishing and cul i a ing ineya ds, a me hod mus be
se down o he p o ision o p ops, ames, and wi hes.
Fo hese a e p epa ed be o ehand, as dow ies, so o
speak, o he ineya ds. And i he a me is des i u e o
hese, he has no eason o making ineya ds, since
e e y hing ha is needed will ha e o be sough ou side
he a m; and, jus as A icus says, no only does he
cos o pu chase pu a bu den upon he accoun s o he
o e see , bu also he p ocu ing o hem is a e y g ea
annoyance.” (Col. 4.30.1.)
I is ocussed on ineya ds because o he ma e ial
equi ed o cul i a e hem. As al eady men ioned,
Romans had a ious ypes o ines ha all needed
wooden ma e ials o suppo hem. Mos o he wood-
p oducing plan s we e needed o suppo ing s icks and
we e ound in looded a eas, such as i e s, lakes,
s eams and ma shland. A coas al a ea could ha e
supplied hose kinds o needed ma e ials. The e o e, he
con enien a ea o si ing a ineya d would be nea o a
coas line.
Fo his map we use he hyd og aphical in o ma ion o
Andalusia o c ea e a laye wi h s eams, lakes, i e s
and he p esump ion o he ancien es ua y o
Guadalqui i .
Figu e 10: P oximi y o s eams, i e s and sea.
Figu e 9: Cos dis ance o oads.
ROMAN VITICULTURE ANALYSIS BASED ON LATIN AGRONOMISTS AND THE APPLICATION OF A GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM IN LOWER GUADALQUIVIR
Vi ual A chaeology Re iew, 7(14): 53-60, 2016
59
6. Discussion
The condi ions we a e discussing he e, a e no he only
ones ha could be conside ed, bu hey a e he mos
impo an ones o his s udy. Uni ying he condi ions on
a map could help o loca e and isualize he po en ial
places suscep ible o be su icien ly sui able o
ineya ds.
The e a e eigh condi ions (c i e ia) ha we ha e
conside ed, wi h he associa ed geog aphical map.
Using he ool weigh ed o e lay can combine all in o a
single map ha shows he bes and wo s places o
ineya ds (Fig. 11).
These esul s could help o loca e a illa, no only on he
main la ge map, bu also in a pa icula place. I his
model we e used in a smalle a ea, i could con ibu e o
p o iding eliable esul s. This model ies o be
p edic i e, looking o po en ial places o be p ospe ous.
The eigh c i e ia o he s udy a e weigh ed wi h he
same alue, 12.5%, adding up o a o al o 100%. We
ga e hem he same impo ance because none o hem
a e comple ely de e mined. We use he same weigh ing
o each c i e ion, because he mos e icien way is o
balance hei alues in o de o disc imina e none o
hem and because he in o ma ion o ancien sou ces do
no gi e us he impo ance ha ag onomis s conside o
e e y case. Tha could be he subjec o a u u e s udy.
The esul s shown indica e some a eas ha we e bad o
ineya ds. I is wo h no icing ha he s udy could be
ca ied ou wi h o he pa ame e s, such as wa e
consump ion necessa y o he illae (bu no speci ically
o he ineya d).
I we compa e he esul s wi h he cu en ag icul u al
land use, he b own colo on he map is he cu en c op
o ines and he g een a eas deno e he bes places
acco ding o he esea ch (Fig. 12).
We can obse e ha he e a e some a eas whe e he
condi ions a e in he same loca ions as c ops oday
whe eas o he s a e no . In he la e case we mus
conside why. Fi s ly, mos o he b own a eas o cu en
ineya ds a e in a ligh g een o yellow, which a e no
bad o cul i a ion wi h he pa ame e s o he Roman
ag onomis s. The second is ha he logic o he loca ions
a e no he same, because oday he impo ance o
i icul u e is in Je ez and he majo i y o he cul i a ion is
nea his ci y. The o he poin s a e nea Sanlúca , Pue o
de San a Ma ía and T ebujena, hese ci ies ha ing a
signi ican ineya d cul u e oo.
7. Conclusion
The use o his his o ical in o ma ion o c ea ing a map
using a GIS, allows us o es ima e he po en ial places
o ineya ds. Howe e , i could be unde aken no only
o ines, bu also o addi ional economic ac i i ies such
as li es ock a ming, oli e oil p oduc ion and maybe
mining and ishing.
Wi h o he pa ame e s, i is possible o econs uc
ca og aphy using condi ions adap ed o he s udy a ea
designed o esea ch and in es iga ion. Fo example, in
o he places, wind p oblems should be di e en .
The main idea o his wo k was no o each a o mal
conclusion ha closes his issue, bu o ind whe e he
a eas would be loca ed. The main pu pose was o show
he applica ion o GIS o es ima e land loca ion in o de
o ca y ou u u e p ospec ion.
The nea es egion o Has a Regia, ac ually no h o
Je ez, in he weigh ed map was a good esul , p obably
because in ancien imes wine p oduc ion would be
close o he wa e , whe e he p oduc s migh ha e been
expo ed, due o cheape wa e way anspo a ion and
he p oximi y o a big ci y such as he Has a Regia
colony, o Gades (Ma ín-A oyo, 2013).
The ideal s udy a eas (highligh ed in g een in Fig. 9) a e
loca ed in he Je ez a ea called “Ma co del Je ez”, which
is cu en ly an impo an wine-g owing egion. As i is
demons a ed he ein, i seems o be ha cul i a ing
ineya ds was also impo an in he Roman age.
Figu e 11: Final weigh ed map. G een: be e places o
ineya ds.
Figu e 12: Resul s in he cu en land use.
TRAPERO, 2016
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Vi ual A chaeology Re iew, 7(14): 53-60, 2016
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