Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
h ps://www.jou nals.else ie .com/jou nal-o -inno a ion-and-knowledge
Regula
a icle
Indica o s
used
o
measu e
se ice
inno a ion
and
manu ac u ing
inno a ion
Fe nando
Hen ique
Taquesa,∗,
Manuel
G
Lópezb,
Leona do
F
Bassoc,
Nelson
A eald
aMackenzie
P esby e ian
Uni e si y
PhD
S uden
o
Finance
a
he
School
o
Business
Managemen ,
Consolac¸
ão
S ee ,
896
–
7 h
floo
–
oom
76,
São
Paulo
01302-000,
B azil
bUni e si y
o
San iago
de
Compos ela
Full
Time
PhD
Lec u e
and
Resea che ,
Applied
Economics
in
Facul ad
de
Ciencias
Económicas
y
Emp esa iales,
Facul ad
de
Ciencias
Económicas
y
Emp esa iales,
A enue
do
Bu go,
Campus
No e,
San iago
de
Compos ela,
15782,
Spain
cMackenzie
P esby e ian
Uni e si y,
Full
Time
P o esso
o
Finance
a
he
School
o
Business
Managemen ,
Consolac¸
ão
S ee ,
896
–
7 h
floo
–
oom
76,
São
Paulo,
01302-000,
B azil
dUni e si y
o
Minho,
Associa e
P o esso
o
Finance
a
he
School
o
Economics
and
Managemen ,
Depa amen
o
Managemen ,
Uni e sidade
do
Minho
–
Escola
de
Economia
e
Ges ão,
Campus
de
Gual a
–
O fice
3.29,
B aga,
4710-057,
Po ugal
a
i
c
l
e
i
n
o
A icle
his o y:
Recei ed
14
Decembe
2019
Accep ed
19
Decembe
2019
A ailable
online
10
Janua y
2020
JEL
classifica ion:
O3
O32
O33
Keywo ds:
Inno a ion
Mul idimensional
Indica o s
Se ices
a
b
s
a
c
Inno a ion
can
be
a
sou ce
o
compe i i e
ad an age
o
companies,
ei he
h ough
he
imp o emen
o
me hods
and
echniques
capable
o
gene a ing
new
p oduc s
o
se ices,
o
pe ec ing
exis ing
ones.
Along
hese
lines,
i
is
pa icula ly
impo an
o
measu e
inno a ion
and
discuss
he
esul s
associa ed
he ewi h.
The
aim
o
his
esea ch
is
o
add ess
each
o
he
main
indica o s
o
o ganiza ional
inno a-
ion,
sepa a ely
discussing
he
ad an ages
and
disad an ages
inhe en
o
hei
deploymen .
The
esul s
en ail
a
subs an ial
heo e ical
ad ancemen
by
imp o ing
measu emen
sys ems
om
a ious
pe spec-
i es:
p oduc s
and
p ocesses,
manu ac u ing
and
se ices,
as
well
as
inpu
indica o s,
in e media ies
and
ou pu s.
Howe e ,
di ficul ies
and
limi a ions
a e
s ill
appa en ,
including
he
so
o
dis o ing
biases
po en ially
a ec ing
esea che
es ima es.
Fu he mo e,
mul idimensional
indica o s
p o ide
a
b oade
and
mo e
p ecise
iew
o
he
inno a ion
phenomenon
a
companies,
because
hey
a e
mo e
comp ehen-
si e
in
he
unde s anding
o
such
phenomenon
pe
se,
unlike
he
one-dimensional
choice,
which
ca ies
cons ain s
o
discussing
he
eal
e ec s
in
he
o ganiza ional
con ex ,
especially
in
he
case
o
se ices.
©
2019
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge.
Published
by
Else ie
Espa˜
na,
S.L.U.
This
is
an
open
access
a icle
unde
he
CC
BY-NC-ND
license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
In oduc ion
The
s udy
on
inno a ion
is
di ec ly
linked
o
wo
a eas
close
o
science:
managemen
and
economics.
The
fi s
one
seeks
o
unde -
s and
he
in e nal
dimensions
o
inno a ion,
(i.e.,
i s
gene a ion
wi hin
o ganiza ional
s uc u es)
while
he
second
one
seeks
o
unde s and
he
e ec s
o
i s
e olu ion
wi hin
companies
(Kemp,
Folke inga,
De
Jong,
&
Wubben,
2003).
The
ime
ac o
is
impo an ,
because
an
adap i e
lea ning
cul u e
nu u es
long- e m
com-
pany
inno a ion,
especially
in
dynamic
compe i i e
en i onmen s
(Ko e
&
Heske ,
1992).
The
key
a gumen
he e
is
ha
inno a ion
can
b ing
business-
ela ed
ad an ages,
bo h
in e nal
and
ex e nal,
especially
h ough
mo e
dynamic
and
e ficien
p oduc ion
p ocesses,
he
gene a ion
o
new
p oduc s
and
se ices,
o
imp o emen s
in
he
exis ing
ones.
The
absence
o
app op ia e
moni o ing
sys ems
o
inno a ion
∗Co esponding
au ho .
E-mail
add esses:
[email p o ec ed]
(F.H.
Taques),
[email p o ec ed]
(M.G.
López),
[email p o ec ed]
(L.F.
Basso),
[email p o ec ed]
(N.
A eal).
esou ces
may
es ic
a
sui able
p ojec
analysis,
which
may
imply
non-op imal
alloca ion
(Du s ,
Men ion,
&
Pou anen,
2015).
The e-
o e,
moni o ing
inno a i e
pe o mance
is
ele an
on
se e al
on s:
o
manage s
o
de elop
medium-
and
long- e m
company
s a egies
a
companies;
o
in es o s
o
make
decisions
e ec i ely
inc easing
he
esou ces
in es ed;
o
public
policymake s
in
e ms
o
ax
incen i a ion;
o
esea ch-p omo ion
agencies
o
es ablish
unding- a ge ed
c i e ia;
as
well
as
o
public
and
p i a e
edu-
ca ional
ins i u ions
o
join ly
conduc
echnology-de elopmen
p ojec s
(Bo ins,
1998,
Damanpou ,
Walke ,
&
A ellaneda,
2009).
The e
is
also
a
need
o
dis inguish
he
app op ia e
measu es
o
manu ac u ing
and
se ice
companies
espec i ely,
since
he
e y
design
o
inno a ion
may
esul
in
dis o ed
es ima es.
Se ice
companies
may
p esen
a
so
o
hidden
o
in isible
inno a ion,
hampe ing
he
adi ional
me hod
o
manu ac u ing
indica o s
(Djellal
&
Gallouj,
2010;
Gallouj
&
Sa ona,
2009;
Mo a ,
2014;
Snyde ,
Wi ell,
&
Gus a sson,
2016).
Acco ding
o
Smi h
(2004),
his
is
whe e
a
concep ual
p oblem
lies:
by
defini ion,
inno a ion
means
no el y,
some hing
quali a i ely
new,
c ea ed
h ough
lea ning
p ocesses
and
knowledge.
Pe
se,
commensu abili y
equi es
qual-
i a i e
simila i ies
o
allow
o
quan i a i e
compa ison,
a
ac
ha
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2019.12.001
2444-569X/©
2019
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge.
Published
by
Else ie
Espa˜
na,
S.L.U.
This
is
an
open
access
a icle
unde
he
CC
BY-NC-ND
license
(h p://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
F.H.
Taques,
M.
G.
López,
L.F.
Basso
e
al.
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
may
appea
less
ob ious
in
he
se ices
segmen .
The e o e,
he
inno a ion
p ocess
i sel
is
no
i ial,
and
may
display
high
com-
plexi y
(Gunday,
Ulusoy,
Kilic,
&
Alpkan,
2011;
Kim,
2013;
P ajogo,
2006).
Ne e heless,
Du s
e
al.
(2015)
epo
ha
assessing
he
deg ee
o
homogenei y
among
inno a ion
ypologies
in
e ms
o
sub-
sec o s
and
company
size
may
no
be
he
bes
way
o
measu e
inno a ion
in
se ices.
Company-size
based
nno a ional
di e -
ences
a e
also
epo ed
by
Kemp
e
al.
(2003),
and
Kleinknech
and
Mohnen
(2002),
since
he
abili y
o
inno a e
inc eases
acco ding
o
he
o ganiza ion’s
size.
Consequen ly,
smalle
fi ms
a e
less
likely
o
inno a e,
bu
by
ca ying
ou
inno a ion,
he
sales- ela ed
e ec
ends
o
be
mo e
significan
in
la ge
o ganiza ions.
In
he
ligh
o
he
a o emen ioned,
he
challenge
p oposed
by
he
exis ing
li -
e a u e
is
he e o e
o
adjus
he
indica o s
o
di e en
inno a ion
ypologies,
i.e.,
o
adequa ely
measu e
he
inno a ion
phenomenon
while
allowing
o
compa abili y,
ei he
in
e ms
o
ime,
indus y,
o
e en
egion.
The
goal
o
ou
esea ch
is
buil
upon
h ee
co ne s ones:
iden-
i ying
he
mos
ele an
elemen s
o
he
heo e ical
app oach
o
inno a ion;
lis ing
and
classi ying
he
indica o s
mos
equen ly
used
o
measu e
o ganiza ional
inno a ion;
as
well
as
discussing
he
posi i e
and
nega i e
aspec s
associa ed
he ewi h;
and
las ly,
assessing
he
ideal
con ex
o
adequa e
measu e
implemen a ion,
and
a
po en ial
adhe ence
o
add ess
di e en
company
p ofiles,
ei he
by
indus y,
by
company
size,
o
o e
he
cou se
o
ime.
In
o de
o
ulfill
such
s eps,
ou
p oposed
me hodology
consis s
o
e iewing
s udies
ha
discuss
inno a ion
om
an
o ganiza ional
and
measu emen -c i e ia
pe spec i e,
a ge ing
bo h
heo e ical
and
applied
esea ch.
The
a ionale
o
such
esea ch
ac ually
lies
in
he
ques ion
whe he
he
hus- a
discussed
indica o s
may
su fice
o
accoun
o
he
inno a ion
phenomenon
a
companies,
and
sa is ac o ily
measu e
he
ype
o
inno a ion
in ended.
Secondly,
i
also
aims
a
discussing
whe he
indica o
choice
can
gene a e
some
kind
o
bias
in
he
es ima es,
o
lead
o
he
ex ac ion
o
sec o - ele an
e i-
dence.
In
o he
wo ds,
whe he
choice
can
ca y
some
de e mining
cha ac e is ic,
po en ially
dis o ing
es ima es.
Thi dly,
i
aims
a
e alua ing
whe he
one-dimensional
indica o s
may
be
su ficien
in
o de
o
measu e
he
inno a ion
phenomenon
a
companies.
So
a ,
he
conclusions
he eo
indica e
ha
he
one-dimensional
use
o
an
inno a ion
indica o
is
es ic i e
o
unde s and
he
inno a i e
p ocess.
Fo
example,
Boone,
Lokshin,
Guen e ,
and
Belde bos
(2019)
a gue
ha
pa en s
o e
consis ency
and
objec-
i eness
because
examine s
may
alida e
new
in en ions
on
hei
u ili y,
an
impo an
poin
o
measu e
inno a ion.
In
con as ,
Jin,
Ga cía,
and
Salomon
(2019)
discuss
ha ,
while
pa en s
may
be
ideal
o
some
indus ies,
he
new-p oduc
indica o
migh
be
mo e
app op ia e
o
o he s.
The
use
o
inpu ,
in e media e
and
ou pu
indica o s
ends
o
b ing
be e
analy ical
capaci y,
ega dless
o
he
a ge
indus y.
In
his
line,
a
single-dimension
analysis
may
gene a e
measu e-
men
bias
in
o ganiza ional
inno a ion
when
empi ical
wo k
is
conce ned,
especially
upon
indus y
o
sec o
compa ison,
since
each
has
a
specific
dynamics,
hus
he
inno a i e
e ec
is
nei he
adequa ely
obse ed
no
cap u ed.
The
same
dis o ion
can
be
obse ed
in
e ms
o
company
size.
The
defini ion
o
an
indica o
ha
is
essen ially
cap u ed
in
la ge
companies
can
gene a e
an
inaccu a e
unde s anding
o
o ganiza-
ional
inno a ion
in
mul iple-sized
samples.
This
pe cep ion
should
be
e alua ed
by
he
esea che
in
o de
o
bes
wo k
on
he
use
o
a ailable
indica o s.
Ou
esea ch
findings
a e
consis en
wi h
some
elemen s
o
a
wo k
by
Dziallas
and
Blind
(2019).
He e,
he
au ho s
seek
o
iden-
i y
82
indica o s
ele an
o
accoun
o
o ganiza ional
inno a ion
h ough
a
sys ema ic
e iew
p ocess,
and
subsequen ly
epo
ha
he
exis ence
o
a
limi ed
numbe
o
indica o s
a
he
ea ly
s ages
o
his
p ocess,
as
well
as
di e ences
be ween
ypes
o
inno a ion.
This
esea ch
is
subs an ially
conclusi e
in
discussing
he
ad an-
ages
and
disad an ages
o
a
se
o
26
inno a ion
indica o s,
as
well
as
conside ing
hei
applica ion
in
e ms
o
indus y
ype,
company
size
and
ime
ame.
Such
ea u es
highligh
he
con ibu ion
made
bo h
by
such
s udy
and
ou
own
wo k
o
he
applica ion
o
indi-
ca o s
by
inno a i e
manage s
and
policymake s
in
he
means
o
cap u ing
his
e ec
mo e
specifically
in
he
company
con ex .
This
a icle
is
di ided
in o
h ee
sec ions,
plus
an
in oduc-
ion
and
he
final
conside a ions.
The
fi s
sec ion
discusses
company-inno a ion
ela ed
concep s
and
defini ions.
The
second
one
iden ifies
he
main
inno a ion
indica o s
o
o ganiza ions,
assessing
hei
ad an ages
and
disad an ages.
The
hi d
one
dis-
cusses
he
mos
app op ia e
pe spec i es
o
indica o
deploymen .
Concep ualiza ion
Al hough
inno a ion
is
a
widely
deba ed
no ion,
i
is
impo an
o
poin
ou
ha
he
a gumen s
lis ed
he e
a e
o ien ed
owa ds
he
o ganiza ional
en i onmen .
Addi ionally,
only
a
ew
o
he
heo-
e ical
aspec s
a e
b iefly
iden ified
o
suppo
he
unde s anding
o
inno a ion
indica o s,
ye
he
p esence
o
o he
s udies
is
consid-
e ed
o
b oaden
he
deba e
and
con ibu e
o
di e en
pe spec i es.
Fo
Damanpou
e
al.
(2009),
company
inno a ion
may
be
he
esul
o
new
ideas
being
applied
o
p oduc s,
se ices,
p ocesses
(ope a ional
o
adminis a i e),
o
e en
o
he
ma ke .
The
scope
o
inno a ion,
he e o e,
may
a y
o
accommoda e
ei he
indi-
iduals,
he
o ganiza ion
as
a
whole,
i s
sec o ,
o
he
indus y
in
i s
en i e y.
In
a
ela ed
wo k,
Schumpe e
(1961)
p esen s
widely
employed
concep s
such
as
in en ion
and
inno a ion.
On
i s
pa ,
in en ion
is
unde s ood
as
an
idea
abou
some hing
new,
o
ei he
an
o ganiza ional
imp o emen ,
while
inno a ion
is
seen
as
a
esul
o
in en ion,
i.e.,
he
ealiza ion
o
he
ini ially
p oposed
idea
and
i s
comme cial
implemen a ion.
Since
inno a ion
is
sub-
sequen
o
in en ion,
bo h
can
be
connec ed
o
p oduc s,
se ices,
o
p ocesses.
Howe e ,
no
all
in en ions
ansla e
in o
inno a ion,
he e o e
eaching
he
ma ke
(E ns ,
2001;
F eeman
&
Soe e,
1997;
Giu i,
Ma iani,
&
B usoni,
2007;
Hagedoo n
&
Clood ,
2003).
Hence,
inno a ion
can
cons i u e
some hing
new
o
modified
(imp o ed),
and
s em
om
a
p oduc
o
se ice;
p ocesses;
o gani-
za ional
and
ma ke ing
p ac ices;
o
ex e nal-s akeholde
ela ions
(OECD,
2015).
The
main
goal
he e
is
o
achie e
e ficiency
and
c ea e
business
alue
(ei he
in
financial
o
compe i i e
e ms)
o
cus-
ome s,
employees,
owne s,
pa ne s,
and
consume s,
s emming
om
a
combina ion
o
he
many
ypes
o
inno a ion
ope a ing
on
se e al
on s
o
he
o ganiza ional
s uc u e;
and
influencing
adap i e-change
capaci y
in
he
ma ke
o
ope a ion
(Damanpou
e
al.,
2009;
Os om,
Bi ne ,
&
B own,
2010).
The
ac
o
inno a ion
should
be
conduc ed
con inuously
and
consis en ly
by
companies
in
hei
decision-making
(P ajogo,
2006;
Sub amanian
&
Nilakan a,
1996).
Knowledge
p oduc ion
and
sha -
ing
may
b ing
he
o ganiza ion
a
wide
ange
o
ope a ional
benefi s
h ough
lea ning
p ocesses
(Ba es
&
Khasawneh,
2005).
Kemp
e
al.
(2003)
insis
in
ha
he
e olu ion
o
inno a ion
may
di e ge
be ween
small
and
medium
en e p ises,
since
esou ce
cons ain s
and
g ea e
ulne abili y
–whe he
in e nal
o
ex e nal–
in
a
busi-
ness
en i onmen
may
influence
decision-making.
Addi ionally,
A undel
and
Hollande s
(2008)
sugges
ha
indica o s
should
be
able
o
sus ain
alue
o e
ime,
as
well
as
o
con ibu e
o
medium-
and
long- e m
policies.
Concep ually,
i
should
be
specified
ha
di e en
app oaches
exis
wi hin
he
inno a ion
heo e ical
amewo k.
Classifica ions
a e
di e se,
which
o
some
ex en
hampe s
indica o
compa ison.
One
o
he
mo e
adi ional
app oaches
e e s
o
adical
inno a ion
12
F.H.
Taques,
M.
G.
López,
L.F.
Basso
e
al.
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
Table
1
Types
o
inno a ion
by
indus y.
Type
Manu ac u ing
Se ices
P oduc /Se ice
-
New
p oduc
c ea ion
-
Exis ing-p oduc
Imp o emen
h ough
al e a ion
o
componen s
o
ma e ials,
echnical
condi ions,
o
unc ional
imp o emen s
-
Adding
benefi s
o
exis ing
se ices,
ei he
o
new
o
exis ing
cus ome s
P ocess
-
P oduc ion
me hod
al e a ion
( echniques,
equipmen ,
o
machine y)
o
deli e y
me hod
inno a ion
-
Exis ing-me hod
imp o emen s
(quali y,
lead
ime,
o
cos -p oduc ion
educ ion)
-
Implemen a ion
o
new
o
imp o ed
p ocedu es
ega ding
se ice
dis ibu ion
(applied
o
human
esou ces,
wo king
me hods,
equipmen ,
o
combina ions
he eo )
Ma ke ing
-
Remodeling
in
p oduc
design
o
packaging
-
P omo ions
and
p icing
s a egies
o
ma ke
placing
o
p oduc s
-
In oduc ion
o
new
me hods
implying
changes
in
se ices
(aimed
a
imp o ing
cus ome
needs,
en e ing
new
business
ma ke s,
o
gaining
e enue)
O ganiza ional
-
Business
p ac ices
wi hin
he
o ganiza ion
o
in
ex e nal
ela ionships
-
Physical
composi ion
o
he
company
-
T aining
p ac ices
and
knowledge
gene a ion
-
Imp o emen s
in
employee
sa is ac ion
-
Measu es
aimed
a
educing
adminis a i e
cos s,
supplies
and
ansac ions
-
Changes
in
a
company’s
ac i i ies
-
Mo e
e ficien
uses
o
wo k
asse s
and
esou ces
-
Technical
inno a ions
o
coope a ion
wi h
o he
companies
o
enable
inno a ion
Sou ce:
elabo a ed
by
he
au ho s.
Table
compiled
based
on
s udies
by:
OECD
(2005);
Gunday
e
al.
(2011),
and
Klosiewicz-Gó ecka
(2015).
as
some hing
ac ually
new,
while
he
changes
usually
associa ed
wi h
inc emen al
inno a ion
a e
defined
as
an
imp o emen
o e
p e iously-exis ing
elemen s,
i.e.,
a
con inuous
p ocess
o e
he
cou se
o
ime
(F eeman,
1987;
Kleinknech ,
Mon o ,
&
B ouwe ,
2002).
Kingsland
(2007)
adds
ha
inc emen al
inno a ion
is
usually
associa ed
wi h
a
lowe
isk
and,
o
his
eason,
ela i ely
easie
o
implemen
han
adical
inno a ion.
Ano he
widely
di used
classifica ion
is
segmen ed
in o
ou
pe spec i es:
(a)
p oduc /se ice
inno a ion;
(b)
p ocess
inno a-
ion;
(c)
ma ke ing
inno a ion;
and
(d)
o ganiza ional
inno a ion
(Table
1).
These
seek
o
cla i y
possible
ways
o
gene a ing
inno a-
ion
bo h
in e nally
and
ex e nally.
The e o e,
no
only
is
he
unde s anding
o
inno a ion
as
such
di e se,
bu
also
i s
po en ial
classifica ions
–
al hough
simila
ac oss
indus ies
–,
illus a ing
each
indus y’s
di e gen
concep ions
he eo .
Kemp
e
al.
(2003)
discuss
he
di e ence
be ween
inno a ion
in
p oduc s/se ices
and
p ocesses,
since
hey
unde s and
p oduc
inno a ion
o
be
s imula ed
by
echnologi-
cal
compe i ion
in
e ms
o
he
indus y’s
po en ial
inno a o s;
he
pu sui
o
knowledge;
he
e ec
o
he
R&D
o e flow
on
he
indus y;
inno a ion- ela ed
expe iences
as
such;
he
di e sifica-
ion
po en ial
o
inno a ion;
he
use
o
labo a o y
esea ch;
and
he
in ensi y
o
capi al.
Such
dimensions
appea
o
be
decisi e
in
e ms
o
p ocesses;
knowledge
sou ces;
esea ch
conso ium
con-
s i u ion;
economic
compe i ion;
capi al
owne ship
(domes ic
o
o eign);
economic
s abili y;
and
o ganiza ional
size.
Any
o
he
a o emen ioned
classifica ions
allow
o
he
possi-
bili y
o
bo h
adical
o
inc emen al
ca ego iza ion,
since
hey
may
s em
ei he
om
some hing
new,
o
imp o emen s
on
he
al eady-
exis ing.
In
he
case
o
p oduc s,
modifica ions
ela e
specifically
o
p oduc
ea u es
o
se ice
execu ion.
Fo
p ocesses,
adap a ions
a e
in
place
o
he
echniques,
o
e en
he
equipmen ,
in ol ed
in
he
p oduc ion
p ocess.
Fo
ma ke ing
s a egy,
planning
is
essen ial
o
he
imp o emen
o
p ices,
p oduc s,
ma ke place
condi ions,
p omo ion
o
dis ibu ion
logis ics
channel.
Finally,
he
o ganiza ional
aspec
includes
any
p ac ices
conduc ed
wi hin
he
o ganiza ion’s
in e nal
en i onmen ,
such
as
aining,
o
e en
ex e nal
ela ions
wi h
business
pa ne s
(Bloch,
2005).
Once
he
basic
concep s
ha e
been
lis ed,
pe inen
a gumen s
may
classified
acco dingly
wi h
he
di e en
ypes
o
indus y.
The
causes
o
inno a ion
may
di e
be ween
manu ac u ing
and
se ices
indus ies,
p esen
hough
i
may
be
in
bo h.
While
man-
u ac u ing
depends
on
he
accumula ion
o
capabili ies,
agili y
in
bes
p ac ices
is
p eponde an
in
he
se ices
segmen
(Kane a,
Hollande s,
&
A undel,
2006).
Ano he
di e ence
lies
in
be ween
he
pe spec i es
o
p oduc
and
p ocess
inno a ion,
such
di e ence
being
clea e ,
and
s ic e
in
se ices.
The e
is
a
much
g ea e
cus-
ome
p oximi y
in
se ice
companies,
which
ansla es
in o
a
mo e
accu a e
pe cep ion
o
he
quali y
se ed,
while
a
conside able
di -
ficul y
in
he
pe cep ion
be ween
hese
wo
ypes
o
inno a ion
is
also
acknowledged
(P ajogo,
2006;
Zei haml,
Pa asu aman,
&
Be y,
1990).
Se ices
ha e
hei
own
cha ac e is ics,
which
means
ha
his
pe cep ion
hinde s
concep ual
unde s anding,
consequen ly
dis-
cou aging
he
es ablishmen
o
alid
indica o s.
Th ee
di e en
app oaches
a e
o en
examined
in
he
exis ing
heo e ical
con-
ibu ions
o
se ices
inno a ion:
assimila ion
(subo dina ion),
dema ca ion
(au onomy),
and
in eg a ion
(syn hesis),
as
desc ibed
in
Table
2.
The
pa icula i ies
o
se ices
ep esen
a
cha ac e is ic
o
hei
e y
na u e
–
in angibili y.
Human
esou ces
and
knowledge
a e
undamen al
elemen s
in
hese
o ganiza ions,
because
inno a ion
equi es
c ea i i y,
knowledge,
skills
and
en ep eneu ship
as
a
means
o
achie e
he
end.
The
high
isk
ac o
h ough
unce ain-
ies
is
also
a
cha ac e is ic,
which
may
be
a
a
deg ee
abo e
he
manu ac u ing
sec o ,
and
inno a ions
may
ake
place
in
a
mo e
sub le
way,
wi h
g adual
a ia ions
in
some hing
ha
al eady
exis s
(Damanpou
e
al.,
2009;
Klosiewicz-Gó ecka,
2015;
P ajogo,
2006).
Wi h
an
inc easingly
apid
economic
dynamics,
whe e
he
ime
equi ed
ei he
o
p oduc
de elopmen
and
in oduc ion
o
exis ing-p oduc
imp o emen
is
inc easingly
sho ,
con e gence
occu s
be ween
manu ac u ing
ac i i ies
and
se ice
indus ies
(P ajogo,
2006).
In
se e al
companies
he
in eg a ion
o
se ices
in
hei
main
manu ac u ing
ac i i ies
is
qui e
appa en ,
as
well
as
he
ou sou cing
o
se ices
ac i i ies
in
he
indus ies
hemsel es,
which
con eys
he
idea
o
some
s ages
o
se ices
p oduc ion
p o-
cess
p og essi ely
acqui ing
an
indus ial
na u e
(Kane a
e
al.,
2006;
Mo a ,
2014).
Du s
e
al.
(2015)
illus a e
his
case
h ough
manu ac u ing
companies
selling
se ices
supplemen a y
o
hei
p oduc s,
which
amoun s
o
a
ce ain
deg ee
o
se ices
inno a ion,
while
hei
essen ial
manu ac u ing
dedica ion
emains.
The e o e,
one
may
obse e
whe he
such
con e gence
is
applicable
o
he
measu emen
o
inno a i e
aspec s
wi hin
o ganiza ions.
Inno a ion
indica o s
One
o
he
impo an
poin s
on
inno a ion
conce ns
he
use
o
app op ia e
indica o s
o
i s
measu emen .
Some
indica o s
seek
13
F.H.
Taques,
M.
G.
López,
L.F.
Basso
e
al.
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
Table
2
Classifica ions
o
specific
inno a ions
o
se ices.
Classifica ion
Concep
Cha ac e is ics
Assimila ion
Inno a ion
in
se ices
is
iewed
as
inno a ion
by
manu ac u ing
companies
-
Inno a ion
gene a ed
by
echnology
adop ion
o
usage
-
Visible
inno a ion,
applied
o
p oduc s
and
p ocesses
-
Does
no
conside
in isible
o ms
o
inno a ion
-
May
unde es ima e
he
ac ual
e ec s
o
inno a ion
in
se ices
Dema ca ion
Inno a ion
in
se ices
is
pa icula
and
dis inc
om
inno a ion
in
manu ac u ing
-
Obse es
non- echnological
inno a ion
-
conside s
isible
inno a ion
(new
o ganiza ional
s uc u es,
new
p oblem-sol ing
al e na i es,
inc easing
se ices
pe sonaliza ion)
-
Inno a ion
is
seen
om
an
e olu ional
o
p og essi e
pe spec i e
In eg a ion
Combines
assimila ion
and
dema ca ion
o
build
a
b oad,
c oss-indus y
amewo k
-
Cap u es
a
b oade
unde s anding
o
inno a ion
-
Mo e
accu a e
in
iden i ying
c oss-indus y
inno a ion
(se ices
p esen
a
manu ac u ing
companies,
o
se ices
companies
using
manu ac u ing-applied
echnologies)
-
Cap u es
bo h
angible
and
in angible
inno a ion
Sou ce:
elabo a ed
by
he
au ho s.
Table
compiled
on
he
g ounds
o
he
ollowing
s udies:
Mo a
(2014);
Pa i
(1984);
Gallouj
and
Sa ona
(2009);
Sundbo
and
Gallouj
(2000);
Djellal
and
Gallouj
(2001);
D eje
(2004);
Gallouj
and
Weins ein
(1997);
He og
(2006).
o
e alua e
how
inpu s
gene a e
ou pu s,
while
o he s
a e
linked
o
he
ou comes
hemsel es.
Inpu
indica o s
may
unde go
some
so
o
manipula ion
by
he
company,
while
ou pu
indica o s
end
o
be
uncon ollable
and
unp edic able
(Phan,
2013;
Rose,
Shipp,
Lal,
&
S one,
2009).
Inpu s
illus a e
he
scope,
con ex ,
and
s uc u e
o
inno a ion
(Phan,
2013).
Howe e ,
hey
may
s ill
unde go
a
p ocess
o
ans-
o ma ion,
called
h oughpu s,
whe e
inpu s
become
in e media ies
and
may
finally
ans o m
in o
ou pu s
(Jange ,
Schube ,
And ies,
&
Ramme ,
2017),
o
e en
ou comes.
As
an
example,
a
company
in es s ing
in
R&D
may
ob ain
as
a
esul
a
egis e ed
pa en .
Sub-
sequen ly,
such
pa en
gene a es
a
new
p oduc ,
leading
o
he
egis a ion
o
inc emen al
e enue
figu es
(Hagedoo n
&
Clood ,
2003).
A
pa en ,
acco ding
o
Benei o
(2006),
consis s
o
he
g an
o
exclusi e
igh s
by
a
compe en
au ho i y
o
a
pa icula
in en ion,
whe eby
he
applican
eques s
p o ec ion
o
a
ce ain
ime
pe iod,
ansla ing
in o
compe i o
impossibili y
o
make
comme cial
use
o
i .
The
exis ing
empi ical
li e a u e
lis s
a
wide
ange
o
indica o s
used
o
measu e
inno a ion,
ci ing
pa en s,
published
pa en s,
R&D
in es men ,
and
new
p oduc
launches,
among
o he s.
Rega dless
o
he
choice,
he e
a e
significan
limi a ions
and
di e ences
in
he
aspec
o
be
measu ed,
hus
i
is
impo an
o
p ope ly
iden i y
i s
ea u es
o
an
app op ia e
use
in
empi ical
esea ch.
Rega ding
inpu
indica o s,
Benei o
(2006)
defines
knowledge
p oduc ion
as
hei
poin
o
depa u e.
Such
unc ion
may
be
achie ed,
o
ins ance,
h ough
R&D
in es men
o
expendi u e.
He e,
he e
is
a
di e ence
in
he
ac
ha
expendi u e
amoun s
o
he
esou ces
alloca ed
o
c ea i e
wo k
in
o de
o
inc ease
he
knowledge
in en o y,
which
will
consequen ly
be
subjec
o
new
applica ions
(OECD,
2012).
F om
an
accoun ing
pe spec i e,
in es -
men s
a e
may
be
s uc u ally
o ien ed,
a ge ing
elemen s
such
as
machine y,
equipmen ,
and
buildings,
bu
can
also
be
associa ed
wi h
employee
aining.
F om
an
o ganiza ion’s
financial
pe spec-
i e,
majo
di e ences
a ec
he
equi y
amewo k,
since
expenses
a e
conside ed
P/L
accoun s
and
he e o e
dec ease
ne
e enue,
while
in es men
de e mines
he
esou ces
alloca ed
in
in angible
asse s
and
comp ise
asse s.
Fo
example,
a
success ul
in es men ,
such
as
a
new
b anded
p oduc ,
may
be
alloca ed
no
o
he
P/L
accoun ,
bu
o
he
o ganiza ion’s
balance
shee .
Along
hese
lines,
i
is
possible
o
place
R&D
expendi u es
in
accoun s
ypically
inap-
p op ia e
a
p io i
(e.g.,
ma ke ing
ac i i ies),
in
o de
o
gene a e
in o ma ion
o
in es o s
o
sha eholde s
(Chen,
Ga ious,
&
Le ,
2015;
Hun e ,
Webs e ,
&
Wya ,
2012;
Lhuille y,
Ra o,
&
Hamdan-
Li amen o,
2016).
Among
inpu
indica o s,
he
esou ces
in es ed
ei he
wi h
R&D,
o
wi h
he
company’s
numbe
o
R&D-specialized
employees
a e
p ominen .
Thei
ele ance
o
ou
pu pose
is
subs an ial,
since
hey
eflec
he
company’s
inno a i e
e o s.
In
some
cases,
his
p ocess
o
R&D
inpu s
may
no
be
planned,
gi en
some
compa-
nies’
lack
o
a
specific
R&D
depa men .
The e o e,
he e
is
po en ial
o
he
occasional
o
e en
in o mal
conduc ion
o
R&D
ac i i ies
(Lhuille y
e
al.,
2016;
OECD,
2015).
Acco ding
o
his,
i
is
also
possible
o
con end
ha
hese
inpu
indica o s
can
be
applied
in
bo h
manu ac u ing
and
se ice
fi ms.
The
olume
o
R&D
expendi u e
has
g own
o
he
se ices
seg-
men ,
bu
s ill
emains
ela i ely
below
he
manu ac u ing
one.
This
does
no
necessa ily
imply
ha
R&D
in es men s
a e
lowe
in
he
se ices
ecosys em,
bu
a he
ha
hey
end
o
be
less
o mal,
and
he e o e
di ficul
o
ack
down
(Kane a
e
al.,
2006;
Miles,
2004).
Along
he
same
lines,
Sal e
and
Te he
(2006)
a gue
ha ,
compa ed
o
manu ac u ing,
he
lowe
R&D
o
pa en
olumes
sco ed
in
he
se ices
sec o
a e
ma ginal.
Kleinknech
e
al.
(2002)
a gue
ha
R&D
expendi u es
can
come
om
holding
companies,
al hough
simila
ac i i ies
may
be
con-
duc ed
in
he
g oup’s
fi ms,
so
ha
he
low
R&D-in ensi y
ones
may
ake
ad an age
o
in o ma ion
om
o he s
belonging
o
he
same
conglome a e.
They
also
inc ease
he
chances
o
a
’Singa-
po e
e ec ’,
whe e
mul ina ional
a filia es
make
use
o
he
R&D
in o ma ion
o
ei he
he
g oup’s
pa en
o
sis e
companies,
e en
hose
loca ed
in
o he
coun ies.
F om
his
a gumen
by
he
au ho s,
one
can
in e
he
possibili y
ha
a
holding
company
ac ing
in
a
spe-
cific
sec o
may
p ofi
om
inno a ion- ela ed
in o ma ion
wi hin
i s
company
ne wo k
e en
i
i
has
o igina ed
om
o he
eco-
nomic
ac i i ies.
This
may
en ail
ano he
di ficul y
o
wo ks
o
an
empi ical
na u e.
Indeed,
he
au ho s
a gue
ha
he
e y
defini-
ion
and
in e p e a ion
o
he
e m
’R&D’
may
be
p oblema ic
o
measu emen
pu poses,
since
ques ionnai es
o
inqui ies
may
lead
o
complex
o
long
ques ions,
po en ially
gene a ing
esponden
discou agemen
o
e en
lack
o
unde s anding.
In e media e
indica o s
a e
especially
in ended
o
p o ec
p op-
e y
igh s.
Benei o
(2006)
poin s
ou
ha
pa en s
a e
aimed
a
p o ec ing
new
p oduc s
o
p ocesses,
while
indus ial
designs,
adema ks,
and
copy igh s
also
cons i u e
p ope y
igh s,
ye
o
a
di e en
na u e.
On
he
o he
hand,
Handke
(2011)
insis s
on
he
lack
o
e idence
p o ided
by
he
exis ing
s udies
on
’copy igh s
e sus
pa en s’,
mainly
explained
by
he
di ficul y
in
measu ing
in ellec ual-p ope y
p o ec ion
and
inno a ion,
as
well
as
he
legal
aspec s
ela ed.
Addi ionally,
he
ele ance
o
iden i ying
comme -
cial
inno a ion
is
unde sco ed.
In
many
coun ies,
pa en s
ollow
he
In e na ional
Pa en
Clas-
sifica ion
(IPT),
de eloped
since
1968
in
o de
o
s anda dize
pa en
documen a ion
h ough
a
se
o
uni o m
s anda ds.
In
his
way,
da a
sea ch
has
been
inc easingly
acili a ed,
simpli ying
he
assessmen
14
F.H.
Taques,
M.
G.
López,
L.F.
Basso
e
al.
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
o
echnological
ad ances
in
many
a eas
(WIPO,
2017).
IPT
p o ides
a
ele an
se
o
pa en -o ien ed
c i e ia,
oge he
wi h
he
USPTO
(Uni ed
S a es
Pa en
and
T adema k
O fice)
in
he
USA,
he
EPO
(Eu opean
Pa en
O fice)
in
Eu ope,
and
he
INPI
(Na ional
Ins i u e
o
Indus ial
P ope y)
in
B azil,
among
many
o he s.
The
IPI
classifica ion
acili a es
documen
iden ifica ion
h ough
he
conside a ion
o
la ge
a eas
(sec ions),
app op ia ely
cons i-
u ing
each
field
o
knowledge.
Nex ,
class,
sub-class,
g oup,
and
sub-g oup
a e
defined.
The e o e,
a
hie a chy
is
imposed
on
he
o ganiza ion
o
echnical
knowledge,
which
may
be
subjec
o
mo e
han
one
classifica ion.
Th ough
his
sys em,
i
is
possible
o
iden i y
adequa ely
and
specifically
he
na u e
delimi ed
o
he
pa en
(WIPO,
2017).
Howe e ,
in
o de
o
s anda dize
sys ems
and
ha monize
pa en
classifica ions
be ween
he
Uni ed
S a es
and
Eu ope,
in
2010
he
USPTO
and
he
EPO
c ea ed
he
Coope -
a i e
Pa en
Classifica ion
(CPC),
in
o de
o
align
pu poses
and
e e ence
amewo ks
be ween
pa en
agencies,
while
defining
a
s uc u e
simila
o
he
IPC
model,
bu
wi h
a
conside ably
mo e
de ailed
hie a chical
sys em
displaying
highe
complexi y,
in e -
na ional
upda ing,
and
compa abili y
(CPC,
2017).
Pa en
da abases
can
be
pa icula ly
use ul
o
esea ch
p ojec s
seeking
o
unde s and
he
c oss-coun y
impac
o
inno a ion
(62
membe s
associa ed
wi h
he
IPC)
and
o e
ime
(NBER
has
com-
piled
da a
be ween
1963
and
1999;
USPTO,
since
1790,
ull- ex
display
a ailable
since
1976;
and
he
EPO
da a
a e
a ailable
since
1875).
Se e al
au ho s
classi y
pa en
indica o s
as
ou pu
indica o s,
especially
when
he
concep
o
in e media e
indica o
is
no
con-
side ed.
Mo is
(2008)
poin s
ou
ha
ou pu
indica o s
should
gene a e
economic
esul s
in
e ms
o
inno a ion- ela ed
ac i i y
(inpu s).
On
such
g ounds,
i
may
be
s a ed
ha
a
pa en
does
no
necessa ily
gene a e
economic
p ofi ,
in
he
same
way
ha
inno-
a i e
ac i i ies
do
no
necessa ily
esul
om
specific
financial
esou ce
alloca ions,
inno a ion-o ien ed
hough
hey
may
be.
As
Benei o
s a es
(2006),
o ganiza ions
o en
ail
o
conside
pa en s
as
indica o s
o
he
inno a ion
ou come,
gi en
hei
impossibili y
o
co e
o
bo h
imi a i e
and
inc emen al
inno a ion,
Taking
his
in o
accoun ,
he
classifica ion
ollowed
by
his
esea ch
is
suppo ed
by
Jange
e
al.
(2017),
and
Kleinknech
(1996),
in
hei
suppo
o
in e media e
inno a ion.
Ano he
cha ac e is ic
o
pa en s
conce ns
in en ions
and
inno a ions.
Since
in en ions
ep esen
ideas,
hey
some imes
emain
non-pa en ed,
ei he
because
o
hei
ailu e
o
mee
he
pa en abili y
c i e ia
se
ou
by
compe en
agencies,
o
because
o
he
p ocedu al
cos s.
Howe e ,
pa en s
may
occasionally
no
be
exploi ed
o
economic
p ofi ,
in
which
case,
he
o ganiza ion
will
deploy
a
s a egical
use
he eo
(Cohen,
Nelson,
&
Walsh,
1996;
Giu i
e
al.,
2007;
Lhuille y
e
al.,
2016).
Many
op ions
exis
in
o de
o
measu e
an
o ganiza ion’s
inno-
a ion.
In
his
sense,
Table
3
shows
some
indica o s
o
inpu -,
h oughou -,
and
ou pu -
indica o s
men ioned
in
he
ela ed
li -
e a u e.
A
o al
o
wen y-six,
belonging
o
he
h ee
ca ego ies
ha e
been
discussed
wi h
he
aim
o
conside ing
bo h
posi i e
and
nega i e
aspec s.
I
should
be
emphasized
ha
a
wide
ange
o
al e na i es
may
ound
ou side
schola ly
wo k.
Indeed,
a ia-
ions
o
p opo ions
o
hese
indica o s
a e
also
p esen
in
se e al
non-academic
su eys.
Inno a ional
esul s
may
be
ei he
isible
(new-p oduc
de elopmen ,
o
exis ing-p oduc
imp o emen ),
o
in isible
(p o-
cessual
imp o emen s
o
inc easing
e ficiency).
Howe e ,
ou pu
indica o s
end
o
poin
ou
o
p oduc
a he
han
p ocess
inno-
a ion
(Kemp
e
al.,
2003).
In
he
se ices
segmen ,
p ocess
inno a ions
a e
unde s andably
di ficul
o
dissocia e
om
he
se -
ice
gene a ed,
which
makes
measu emen
mo e
complex
(De
Jong,
B uins,
Dol sma,
&
Meijaa d,
2003).
Ou pu
indica o s
may
hus
supplemen
inpu
ones,
o e ing
a
eplicable
measu emen
sys em
o
inno a ion
ou comes,
o
consequen ly
eliable
sou ces
(i
does
no
depend
on
company
disclosu e),
and
e u ning
easily
quan-
ifiable,
diach onically
compa able
alues
(Link,
1995).
Howe e ,
his
las
obse a ion
p io i izes
applicabili y
o
manu ac u es,
since
some
se ice
indica o s
do
no
sha e
his
cha ac e iza ion.
The
ou pu s
o
se ice
companies
he e o e
show
pa icula -
i ies
s emming
om
a
wide
ange
o
o he
cha ac e is ics,
such
as:
imma e iali y/in angibili y;
simul anei y;
pe ishabili y;
he e o-
genei y;
in e ac i i y;
and
co-p oduc ion.
The
poin s
add essed
in
he
able
can
be
summa ized
in
some
aspec s:
(a)
Inpu
indica o s
ep esen
he
company’s
inno a-
ion
e o s,
ha
is,
hey
comp ise
he
a ailable
in o ma ion
on
expenses,
human
capi al
alloca ion,
o
inno a i e
ini ia i es;
(b)
On
hei
pa ,
in e media e
indica o s
sha e
ea u es
such
as
public
a ailabili y
o
in o ma ion,
and
he
highes
le el
o
de ail
ega d-
ing
inno a ion
ypes;
(c)
ou pu
indica o s
can
measu e
di e en
aspec s
o
he
inno a i e
ou come,
ha
is,
hey
de e mine
he
deg ee
o
inno a ion
gene a ed,
and
o en
he
depa men
linked
o
he
ou come.
A
combina ion
o
he
h ee
ypes
o
inno a ion
is
app op ia e
inso a
as
one
se
o
indica o s
cap u es
di e en
ac o s
om
he
o he s,
and
hei
combina ion
in ol es
a
b oade
pe spec i e
o
o ganiza ional
inno a ion.
Howe e ,
combining
he
h ee
indica o
pe spec i es
o e
a
ela i ely
long
ime
pe iod
amoun s
o
a
challenge.
Indica o s
depending
on
ques ionnai es
end
o
be
empo ally
mo e
es ic-
i e,
al hough
b oade
in
hei
o ganiza ional
inno a ion
bias.
In
ac ,
he
choice
o
only
one
ype,
whe he
an
indica o
o
inpu ,
in e media e
o
ou pu ,
appea s
as
insu ficien
and
may
en ail
unde es ima ion
o
inno a ion
in
he
o ganiza ion.
Imma e iali y/in angibili y
e e s
o
i ems
ha
canno
be
app e-
hended
by
he
physical
senses.
Simul anei y
conce ns
he
ac
o
concu en ly
p oducing
and
consuming
he
se ice,
i.e.,
no
seg-
men a ion
exis s
be ween
means
o
p oduc ion
and
consump ion.
Pe ishabili y
ensu es
ha
se ices
a e
used
as
o e ed,
i.e.,
he e
is
no
possibili y
o
s o age,
e u n,
sale
o
e en
subsequen
use.
He -
e ogenei y
e e s
o
a
po en ial
a iabili y
in
he
quali y
pa ame e s
o
he
se ices,
since
hey
a e
ansmi ed
om
people
o
peo-
ple
(Au ich,
Mannweile ,
&
Schwei ze ,
2010).
In e ac i i y
is
he
ela ionship
be ween
consume s
and
supplie s,
which
can
ans-
la e
in o
di e en
modali ies,
especially
he
in o ma ion
exchanges
ega ding
he
issue
in
ques ion,
as
well
as
he
compila ion
o
consume -app o ed
guidelines
and
ecommenda ions
(Djellal
&
Gallouj,
2016;
Miles,
2010).
Co-p oduc ion
is
ela ed
o
in e ac i -
i y,
as
illus a ed
by
he
scena io
in
which
supplie s
and
cus ome s
in e ac
and
coope a e
o
gene a e
he
bes
ou come
(Miles,
2010).
The
lis
o
indica o s
comp ises:
ad-hoc
inno a ion
(new
solu ions
o
exis ing
p oblems,
such
as
echnological
pla -
o ms);
ma ke ing
inno a ion
(cons i u ion
o
alliances,
b and
s eng hening,
pa ne
ela ions);
and
o ganiza ional
inno a ion
(o ganiza ional
me hods
co-p oduce
cus ome s,
new
se ices
combina ions,
o
manage ial
con ol
s anda diza ion)
(Gallouj,
2002;
Miles,
2004;
Mo a ,
2014).
Rega dless
o
he
so
o
indica o ,
ano he
impo an
consid-
e a ion
conce ns
in o ma ion
confiden iali y
(Kleinknech
e
al.,
2002).
Because
o
i s
s a egic,
i
is
a ely
conduc ed
in
de ail,
which
hinde s
a
be e
unde s anding
o
he
phenomenon.
Rega ding
ques ionnai es,
examples
o
ypical
di ficul ies
a e
e o s
du ing
he
comple ing
p ocess;
he
p o ision
o
inco ec
in o ma ion
( e -
i ying
he
da a
is
impossible);
o
he
esponden ’s
subjec i i y,
especially
in
closed-end
ques ions
wi h
scale
le els.
Rega ding
he
choice
o
a
single
indica o
o
measu e
inno a ion,
Hagedoo n
and
Clood
(2003)
a gue
ha
se e al
s udies
op
o
a
specific
one,
e en
conside ing
he
limi a ions
his
may
en ail.
Along
he
same
lines,
A undel
and
Hollande s
(2005),
and
Kim
(2013),
speci y
ha
indica o
choices
may
no
adequa ely
ep esen
com-
pany
inno a ion,
e en
i
es ic ed
o
a
specific
sec o
o
coun y,
as
15

F.H.
Taques,
M.
G.
López,
L.F.
Basso
e
al.
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
Table
3
Inno a ion
indica o s.
Type
Indica o
Ad an ages
Disad an ages
Inpu
a)
R&D
Expenses
b)
Numbe
o
employees
conduc ing
R&Db
-
Rep esen s
a
company’s
inno a i e
e o s
-
Success ul
R&D
expendi u es
a
ime
gene ally
en ail
new
expendi u e
a
+
1
-
Allows
he
amoun s
o
be
subdi ided
by
ype
(p oduc
o
p ocess)
-
Allows
segmen a ion
o
he
ype
o
esea ch
ca ied
ou
by
he
o ganiza ion
(basic,
applied,
and
de elopmen
wo k)
-
Does
no
ac
as
an
indica o
o
he
ac ual
in oduc ion
o
new
p oduc s,
se ices,
o
p ocesses
-
Does
no
measu e
o he
inpu s,
such
as:
p oduc
design,
ma ke
analysis,
aining,
fixed-asse
in es men s
o
inno a ion,
o
e en
p oduc ion
on
an
expe imen al
basis
-
P opensi y
o
unde es ima e
R&D
a
small
companies
in
s anda dized
su eys
(mo e
igo ous
concep
in
o ficial
su eys)
Inpu
Non-R&D
expendi u e
on
ex e nal
inno a ion
-
Allows
addi ional
in es men s
in
inno a ion
measu emen ,
such
as:
equipmen
and
machine y,
pa en
and
license
acquisi ion,
non-pa en ed
in en ion
pu chase,
know-how,
adema ks,
so wa e,
sp eading
o
new
echnologies
and
p oduc ion
ideas.
-
Iden ifies
expenses
po en ially
p eponde an
a
he
se ices
sec o
-
Tendency
o
concen a e
in o ma ion
in
he
financial
in e media ion
sec o
-
Inclina ion
o
unde es ima e
he
amoun
in
small
businesses
-
Does
no
pinpoin
he
ype
o
inno a ion
associa ed
-
Does
no
indica e
whe he
he e
was
inc emen al
inno a ion,
o
in oduc ion
o
a
new
p oduc
o
se ice
Inpu
a)
Employees
wi h
highe
educa ion,
mas e ’s
deg ee
and
PhDb
b)
T aining
o
de elop
skillsb
c)
Lack
o
qualified
pe sonnelb
-
A es s
he
le el
o
employee
qualifica ion,
indica i e
o
inno a i e
po en ial
-
Iden ifies
whe he
he
non-a ailabili y
o
skilled
labo
is
a
limi ing
ac o
o
inno a ion
a
he
o ganiza ion
-
The
composi ion
o
high
qualifica ion
and
aining
ends
o
gene a e
knowledge
o
o he
employees
and
a
lea ning
cu e
o
he
company
-
Allows
o
compa abili y
be ween
indus ies
and
companies
o
he
same
sec o
-
Can
be
moni o ed
o e
ime
in
bo h
absolu e
and
ela i e
e ms
-
Qualifica ion
le el
does
no
necessa ily
imply
e ec i e
inno a ion
Small
businesses
end
o
show
his
indica o
in
lowe
quan i y
o
lowe
p opo ion
Indica o
composi ion
a
ime
ends
o
esul
in
inno a ions
only
in
la e
pe iods
-
Suscep ible
o
a ia ions
in
he
collec ion
cycle
(lack
o
pe sonnel
may
be
a
a
low
le el
in
he
collec ion,
and
in
subsequen
mon hs
inc ease
conside ably,
e u ning
o
he
ini ial
le el
a e
he
end
o
he
cycle)
-
Quan i y
o
aining
cou ses
o
aining
hou s
does
no
an amoun
o
he
ac ual
de elopmen
o
he
a ge ed
skills
Inpu
Quan i y
o
non- echnological
changesb
-
Indica es
inc emen al
and
adical
inno a ion
o
bo h
p oduc s
and
p ocesses
-
Add esses
c ea ions
and
changes
connec ed
o
ma ke ing,
s a egy,
managemen ,
and
o ganiza ional
s uc u e
-
Se ices
companies
end
o
ela e
a
subs an ial
pa
o
hei
inno a ion
wi h
non- echnological
changes
-
Subjec i i y
o
iden i y
a
significan ,
non- echnological
change
-
Iden ifies
only
whe he
he e
was
inno a ion,
bu
does
no
quan i y
i s
ac ual
ele ance
-
Po en ial
di ficul ies
o
esponden s
o
dis inguish
and
define
s a egic
inno a ion,
managemen
inno a ion,
and
o ganiza ional
inno a ion
Inpu
Quan i y
o
knowledge
sou cesb
-
Focuses
on
ela ionship
be ween
cus ome
and
se ice
p o ide
o
gene a e
inno a ion
-
Coope a ion
and
knowledge
di usion
be ween
se ices
companies
and
manu ac u ing
ones
ends
o
di e
-
Measu es
a ious
sou ces
ega ding
he
p o enance
o
inno a ion- ela ed
in o ma ion:
coope a ion
ag eemen s
be ween
companies,
ins i u es,
uni e si ies,
supplie s,
cus ome s,
compe i o s
-
Does
no
measu e
he
ele ance
o
each
knowledge
sou ce
-
Limi ed
in
he
iden ifica ion
o
how
much
was
con ibu ed
by
each
knowledge
sou ce
-
Coope a ion
and
di usion
a e
likely
o
ansla e
in o
inno a ion
o e
he
cou se
o
ime
-
Does
no
iden i y
cos s
associa ed
wi h
inno a ion
knowledge
sou ces
Inpu
Expenses
on
ICT
(in o ma ion
and
communica ion
echnology) b
-
Co e s
mode n
echnologies,
p esen
a
high- ech
companies
-
Includes
in o ma ion
ega ding
expenses
on
o fice
machine y,
equipmen
(da a
p ocessing,
communica ion
and
elecommunica ions)
and
se ices
and
elecommunica ions
so wa e
-
Cap u es
inno a ion
esul ing
om
he
widesp ead
use
o
new
IT
equipmen ,
se ices,
and
so wa e
-
E o s
a
ime
only
end
o
co ela e
esul s
a
+
1,
o
e en
la e
pe iods
-
The e
may
be
di ficul y
in
concep ual
design
(classi ying
as
ICT
when
i
does
no
all
unde
such
ca ego y)
-
Expense
co ela ion
in
he
pa en
company
may
dis o
he
in o ma ion
ecei ed
by
o he
companies
in
he
g oup
Inpu
a)
Lack
o
cus ome
esponsi enessb
b)
Lack
o
app op ia e
sou ces
o
undingb
-
Iden ifies
inno a i e
demand
ac o s
-
Indica es
cus ome
le el
o
commi men
o
new
p oduc s
o
se ices
ia
esponsi eness
-
Repo s
a
common
p oblem
in
he
se ice
s
sec o ,
bu
also
p esen
in
manu ac u ing
-
E alua es
whe he
he
absence
o
financing
is
a
limi ing
ac o
o
inno a ion
p og ess
wi hin
he
o ganiza ion
-
Subjec i i y
in
iden i ying
commi men
-
Does
no
measu e
he
deg ee
o
commi men
-
Does
no
classi y
in e media e
esponse
op ions
(de o ing
a
po ion
o
financials
o
inno a ion)
Tendency
o
p esen
inc easingly
p onounced
alues
upon
company
size
dec ease
Di ficul y
in
compa ing
companies
o
di e en
sizes
In e -media y
Pa en
publica ion
-
Allows
compa ison
o
company
pe o mance
-
Rega dless
o
he
ype
o
inno a ion,
can
lead
o
he
pa en ing
p ocess
-
Rele an
in
high- ech
sec o s
-
Gene ally,
da abases
include
a
conside able
ime
se iesa
-
Dis u bances
occu
only
h ough
legal
decisionsa
-
Public
A ailabili ya
-
De ailing
by
ype
o
pa en a
-
No
all
pa en able
inno a ions
a e
ac ually
pa en ed,
and
no
all
inno a ions
a e
pa en ablea
-
Companies
may
p e e
no
o
comme cialize
hei
pa en
o
p e en
i s
use
by
compe i o s
-
The e
can
be
a
significan
di e ence
be ween
pa en ed
inno a ions
in
e ms
o
quali y
-
Pa en
beha io
ac oss
coun ies
and
sec o s
may
be
di e en
-
Di e ences
be ween
la ge
and
small
companies
a e
no
acknowledged
-
Pa en s
co e
only
pa
o
he
inno a ion
e olu ional
pa e n
16
F.H.
Taques,
M.
G.
López,
L.F.
Basso
e
al.
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
Table
3
(Con inued)
Type
Indica o
Ad an ages
Disad an ages
In e -media y
a)
Pa en
eques s
b)
Pa en
applica ion
-
App op ia ely
measu es
ideas
o
new
p oduc s
o
p ocesses
-
Indica es
he
ele ance
o
he
pa en
-
Indica es
he
deg ee
o
which
a
pa en
is
ci ed
in
subsequen
pa en s
( o
pa en
egis a ion,
p e ious
pa en s
mus
be
men ioned)
-
Con ibu ions
a e
egis e ed
in
public
o
p i a e
o ganiza ions,
and
he e o e
aceable
-
Technical
e alua ion
o
defining
he
pa en ,
his
is
no
educ ion
o
subjec i i y
-
Ex ensi e
coope a ion
be ween
coun ies
o
make
da a
a ailable
-
A
p oxy
o
he
knowledge
indica o ,
pa icula ly
linked
o
he
I&D
a iable,
and
no
o
he
p oduc ion
o
inno a ion
-
May
o e es ima e
inno a ion,
since
pa en ed
echnologies
a e
no
always
used
-
Requi es
specific
knowledge
o
in e p e
ci a ions
gene a ed
by
egis e ed
pa en s
-
Iden ical
weigh
be ween
pa en s,
does
no
cap u e
pa en
impo ance
-
S a egic
use
by
companies
o
mislead
compe i o s
-
The
same
pa en
may
be
filed
in
mo e
han
one
ju isdic ion,
which
may
dis o
o al
pa en
numbe s
In e -media y
a)
Numbe
o
adema ks
b)
Numbe
o
adema ks
applied
c)
Numbe
o
designs
applied
-
Regis a ion
wi h
public
o
p i a e
o ganiza ions,
bu
wi h
no
acking
-
Public
a ailabili y
-
Measu es
design
egis a ions:
packaging,
g aphic
symbols
and
g aphic
ypes
-
Iden ifies
inno a ion
associa ed
wi h
disassembled
and
eassembled
p oduc s
-
Iden ifies
ac o s
o
in oducing
a
new
se ice
on
he
ma ke ,
which
can
be
p esen
a
small
companies
-
Indica o
simila
o
pa en s,
bu
widely
used
o
se ice
companies
-
A
b and
may
be
p o ec ed
by
se e al
adema ks,
he e o e
linked
o
se e al
ypes
o
adema ks
-
Plain
coun ing
as
an
indica o
may
o e es ima e
a
company’s
adema k
egis a ion
-
T adema ks
classifica ion
may
be
di e en
om
he
sec o
classifica ion
model,
which
may
esul
in
some
dis o ion
-
Di ficul ies
o
compa abili y
a
an
in e na ional
le el
Ou pu
a)
Sales
o
inno a i e
o
imi a ed
p oduc sb
b)
Sales
o
inno a i e
and
imi a ed
p oduc sb
-
Inco po a es
p oduc s
wi h
new
echnologies
o
applica ion
o
c ea i i y
o
a
gi en
exis ing
echnology
(a
ac o
ha
con ibu ed
owa d
measu ing
inno a ion
in
se ices)
-
Allows
o
iden ifica ion
o
new
p oduc s
o
he
company,
bu
ha
exis
a
compe i o s
(imi a ion),
h ough
a
p ocess
o
inc emen al
imp o emen
-
The e
is
a
way
o
e i y
he
in oduc ion
o
new
p oduc s
o
he
company’s
ma ke
o
ope a ions
(inno a ion)
-
The
combined
indica o
measu es
bo h
he
c ea ion
o
echnologies
(new
p oduc s
on
he
ma ke )
and
he
di usion
he eo
(new
p oduc s
o
companies)
-
Dependen
on
app oxima e
company
es ima es
-
Sensi i i y
o
he
economic
cycle,
which
can
dis o
pe cep ions
ega ding
he
indica o
-
Complex
compa ison
o
echnology
be ween
sec o s
(p oduc /se ice
li e
cycle
di e en
be ween
sec o s
in
a
mo e
p onounced
way)
-
By
defini ion,
i
is
impo an
o
specifically
conside
he
concep
o
a
new
ma ke
Ou pu
New
p oduc
announcemen
-
Easy
o
collec
-
No
need
o
fill
ou
ques ionnai es
-
Possibili y
o
segmen ing
he
ype
o
inno a ion
(new
p oduc s,
imp o emen s
in
exis ing
p oduc s
o
di e en ia ion
o
p oduc s)
-
The
deg ee
o
inno a ion
complexi y
can
be
measu ed
acco ding
o
a
pa icula
c i e ion
-
Allows
one
o
inco po a e
inno a ions
o
small
companies
wi h
ela i ely
low
cos
o
in o ma ion
-
Allows
ime-based
acking
o
in o ma ion
-
A
wide
ange
o
sec o s
can
be
inco po a ed
-
Da a
can
be
disagg ega ed
a
a
egional
le el
-
New
announcemen s
a e
gi en
by
companies,
wi hou
any
kind
o
ballas
-
In o ma ion
is
gene a ed
by
he
numbe
o
jou nals
co e ing
he
in o ma ion
-
C oss-coun y
compa ison
is
linked
o
he
p opo ion
gene a ed
in
a
gi en
scope
in
ela ion
o
he
o al
-
Limi a ions
o
adop
s a is ical
p ocedu es
o
sampling
and
popula ion
-
C i e ia
o
da a
collec ion
and
p ocessing
by
jou nals
may
influence
ou come
-
Only
published
p oduc s
and
se ices
inno a ions
a e
measu ed,
i.e.,
no
p ocess
inno a ions
a e
epo ed
-
Companies
may
adop
o he
channels
o
dissemina ion/publica ion
Ou pu
People
engaged
in
knowledge-in ensi e
ac i i iesb
-
In o ma ion
on
human
capi al
alloca ion
gene a ing
knowledge
in
he
business
scope,
ega dless
o
hei
educa ional
le el
-
Sou ces
o
in ensi e
ac i i ies
include:
a)
se ices
p o ision
o
di ec ly
o
consume s,
b)
p o ision
o
he
inno a i e
ac i i ies
by
o he
companies
-
Allows
confi ma ion
whe he
whe he
knowledge
is
dis ibu ed
be ween
he
o ganiza ion’s
a eas/depa men s
-
Does
no
measu e
he
deg ee
o
con ibu ion
o
he
knowledge
-
Subjec i i y
in
he
iden ifica ion
o
he
knowledge
gene a ed
o
he
o ganiza ion
-
Di ficul y
in
indica ing
which
ype
o
inno a ion
i
e e s
o
-
Complexi y
o
measu e
ac i i ies
exclusi ely
o
consume s
and
o
o he
companies,
in
he
case
o
a
single
depa men
in
he
o ganiza ion
Ou pu
P o ec ion
o
inno a ion
du ing
he
esea ch
pe iodb
-
Measu es
company
ini ia i es
o
p o ec
inno a ion
du ing
i s
de elopmen
-
Co e s
bo h
se ices
and
manu ac u ing
companies
when
conside ing
he
applica ion
o
pa en s,
adema ks,
copy igh s,
o
o he
measu es
seeking
o
p o ec
inno a i e
ideas
-
Allows
p o ec ion
ini ia i es
a
small
companies
o
be
iden ified
-
Iden ifies
only
he
ini ia i e,
bu
no
he
ou come
o
he
applica ion
o
inno a ion
p o ec ion
-
Mo e
han
one
p o ec ion
mechanism
can
be
linked
o
he
same
inno a ion
-
Possibili y
o
cen alizing
in o ma ion
a
he
pa en
company
-
Possible
dis o ion
in
c oss-coun y
compa ison
by
he
inno a ion
p o ec ing
sys ems
exis ing
in
each
o
hem
17
F.H.
Taques,
M.
G.
López,
L.F.
Basso
e
al.
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
Table
3
(Con inued)
Type
Indica o
Ad an ages
Disad an ages
Ou pu
In oduc ion
o
inno a ionb-
Iden ifies
he
o
inno a ion
achie emen s
unde
di e en
o ms,
o
se ices
as
well
as
o
manu ac u es,
and
ac oss
sec o s
-
Confi ms
inno a ion
in
ou
dimensions:
p oduc s,
p ocesses,
ma ke ing,
o
o ganiza ion
-
Cap u es
bo h
new
and
inc emen al
inno a ions
-
Allows
iden ifica ion
o
he
ype
o
inno a ion
associa ed
wi h
each
o
he
o ganiza ion’s
depa men s
-
Does
no
measu e
inno a ion
ele ance
-
Subjec i i y
when
defining
inc emen al
inno a ion
-
Depends
on
ques ionnai es
-
Res ic ed
compa abili y
be ween
indica o s
o
inno a ion
in oduc ion
( o
example,
whe he
p ocessual
inno a ion
was
mo e
ele an
han
he
o ganiza ional
one)
-
The e
is
no
in o ma ion
ballas
because
he
in o man
is
he
company
i sel
Sou ce:
elabo a ed
by
he
au ho s.
Table
compiled
wi h
he
aid
o
he
ollowing
wo ks:
A chibugi
(1992);
A undel
and
Kabla
(1998);
Benei o
(2006);
Blind
e
al.
(2003);
B ouwe
and
Kleinknech
(1996);
Eu opean
Commission
(2017);
G iliches
(1998);
G iliches
and
Pakes
(1980);
Hagedoo n
and
Clood
(2003);
Hipp
and
G upp
(2005);
Hollande s
and
Janz
(2013);
Jange
e
al.
(2017);
Kane a
e
al.
(2006);
Kemp
e
al.
(2003);
Kleinknech
(1993);
Kleinknech
e
al.
(2002);
Mansfield
(1986);
Mendonc¸
a,
Pe ei a,
and
Godinho
(2004));
Michel
and
Be els
(2001);
Na in
and
Oli as o
(1988);
Ra o
and
Lhuille y
(2008);
Nelson
and
Win e
(1982);
OECD
(2015);
Velling
(2002).
aAlso
alid
o
pa en
eques s
and
applica ions.
bIncludes
indica o s
ob ained
h ough
ques ionnai es.
well
as
c oss-coun y
compa isons.
Phan
(2013)
ponde s
ano he
ele an
a gumen
abou
he
use
o
inpu
indica o s
only,
since
he
inc ease
he eo
does
no
necessa ily
imply
ou pu s,
ha
i.e.,
expendi u es
will
no
necessa ily
p oduce
ou comes
in
e ms
o
ou pu .
I
he
choice
o
a
single
indica o
can
be
a
limi ing
ac o
o
assess
he
eal
e ec
o
business
inno a ion,
i
is
also
possible
o
dis inguish
ad an ages
and
disad an ages
in
he
case
o
mul-
idimensional
indica o s.
Among
he
posi i e
aspec s,
one
may
highligh
he
mi iga ion
o
dis o ions
esul ing
om
he
use
o
a
single
indica o ,
which
esul s
in
a
b oade
unde s anding
o
he
concep
o
inno a ion.
Mo eo e ,
i
iden ifies
he
con ibu ion
asso-
cia ed
o
each
o
he
indica o s
comp ised
by
he
mul idimensional
a iable.
Howe e ,
among
he
nega i e
aspec s
a e
he
s uc u al
complexi y
and
po en ial
limi a ions
in
e ms
o
da a
compa abili y
wi h
o he
da abases
(Ama a,
Land y,
&
Dolo eux,
2009;
Hagedoo n
&
Clood ,
2003).
Unde
his
amewo k,
he
cons uc ion
o
specific
measu e-
men s
wi h
wo
o
mo e
indica o s
seems
easible,
h ough
conside a ion
o
he
sample
ea u es,
he
pa icula i ies
o
each
coun y
and
indus y,
among
o he
ac o s.
Ne e heless,
his
con-
s uc ion
may
limi
ou
unde s anding
o
he
phenomenon
i sel .
In
o he
wo ds,
s udies
may
p esen
cases
so
pa icula
ha
any
gen-
e aliza ions
ega ding
he
me hod
o
inno a ion
measu emen
o
diach onic
da a
collec ion
seem
di ficul .
Discussion
Phan
(2013)
assu es
ha
mos
o
he
exis ing
esea ch
in
ou
field
o
in e es
in ol es
a
combina ion
o
inpu
and
ou pu
indi-
ca o s,
ocusing
on
specific
a eas,
i.e.,
segmen s,
such
as
high
echnology
o
se ices,
among
o he s.
Mo a
(2014)
also
a gues
ha ,
un il
ecen ly,
he
se ices
indus y
was
seen
as
a
segmen
o
non-inno a i e
na u e,
o
inno a i e
only
ega ding
echnol-
ogy
use,
as
a
esul
o
i s
concep ual
app oach
o
assimila ion.
Despi e
he
impo ance
o
he
se ices
sec o
o
wo ldwide
econ-
omy,
he e
is
a
ce ain
limi a ion
in
he
exis ing
s udies
seeking
o
unde s and
inno a ion
in
se ices.
Measu emen
o
indus ial
inno a ion
is
he e o e
mo e
consolida ed
in
economic
li e a u e
han
he
one
ega ding
se ices
inno a ion
(De
Jong
&
Ve meulen,
2003).
F om
a
sec o al
pe spec i e,
schola ly
wo k
acknowledges
di e ences
be ween
he
ac i i ies
pe o med
by
manu ac u ing
and
se ices
companies,
which
also
equi es
pa icula i ies
in
he
ea men
o
c oss-sec o
inno a ion
(Miles,
2001).
Howe e ,
he
essen ial
app oach
o
inno a ion
is
he
indus ial
segmen ,
wi h
a
ocus
on
bo h
p ocess
and
p oduc
inno a ion,
esul ing
in
a
p i-
ma y
unde s anding
o
manu ac u ing
wi hin
se ices
companies
(Mo a ,
2014).
Rega ding
manu ac u ing
companie,
he e
is
a
na u al,
e ol -
ing
endency
in
e ms
o
inno a ion,
whe eas
se ice
companies
do
no
necessa ily
display
such
cha ac e is ic,
so
ha
he
logic
o
inno a ion
can
be
conside ably
di e en
(Damanpou
e
al.,
2009).
Acco dingly,
a
compa ison
exclusi ely
in ol ing
indica o s
o
he
flow
be ween
he
se ices
and
manu ac u ing
indus ies
may
lead
o
dis o ions,
since
in en o y
inno a ion
a
manu ac u ing
compa-
nies
ends
o
be
an
impo an
inno a i e
componen .
Discussions
a
a
sec o al
le el
a e
pa icula ly
ele an
o
indica o
choice,
since,
acco ding
o
some
au ho s,
a
la ge
pa
o
he
ou comes
gene a ed
by
inno a ion
a e
no
pa en able
–
a
scena io
implying
dis o ions,
pa icula ly
in
he
se ices
indus y
(A undel
&
Kabla,
1998;
Jange
e
al.,
2017).
This
s ems
om
he
ac
ha
pa en s
a e
mo e
sui able
o
indus ies,
while
egis e ed
adema ks
a e
mo e
equen
among
se ices
companies,
because
o
hei
di e ing
ea u es.
Technical
and
scien ific
knowledge,
a
long-pe iod
p o-
cess,
is
a
p e equisi e
o
pa en
de elopmen ,
whe eas
adema k
in oduc ion
does
no
equi e
as
much
knowledge
o
his
na u e;
i
may
be
as e
o
ma ke
inse ion
and
does
no
necessa ily
in ol e
pa en ing
(Kane a
e
al.,
2006).
On
he
o he
hand,
pa en s
may
also
exhibi
significan ly
di -
e en
p opensi ies
ac oss
di e en
indus ies
o
sec o s,
especially
hose
posi ioned
in
high- ech
segmen s.
Hence,
hese
sec o s
end
o
include
a
conside able
numbe
o
pa en s
in
ela ion
o
he
o he s,
and
measu ing
di ficul ies
may
hampe
sec o al
analysis,
possibly
gene a ing
bias
in
empi ical
e idence
(Jange
e
al.,
2017).
Simila ly,
in
he
case
o
R&D
expendi u e,
his
being
he
only
indica o
in ol ed,
he
eal
e ec
o
inno a ion
may
be
dis o ed.
Since
his
indica o
comp ises
a
sca ce
po ion
o
he
o al
inno a-
ion
expendi u e,
fixed-asse
in es men s
by
o ganiza ions
end
o
sco e
significan
alues
o
his
a iable,
cha ac e ized
by
p oduc
inno a ion.
Such
c i e ion
a o s
he
indus ial
segmen
o e
he
se ices
one,
unde es ima ing
i s
e ec
on
he
la e
(B ouwe
&
Kleinknech ,
1997;
Kleinknech
e
al.,
2002).
Table
4
lis s
he
p esen
cons ain s
o
some
g oups
o
o ga-
niza ional
inno a ion
indica o s,
and
ponde s
a o able
ac o s
o
hei
compa a i e
use.
As
can
be
obse ed
in
ou
able,
an
ex emely
small
numbe
o
indica o s
ely
on
he
gene al
public
o
ob ain
hei
da a,
occasion-
ally
o
o ficial
na u e,
collec ed
by
he
means
o
special
acking
sys ems,
and
subjec
o
hi d-pa y
e ifica ion
(consul an s,
accoun ing
fi ms,
o
o he s).
Indica o s
wi h
hese
cha ac e is ics
a e
use ul
because
hey
ha e
an
e ec i e
in o ma ion
e ifica ion
ballas .
Indeed,
i
collec ed
h ough
manage -dis ibu ed
ques ion-
nai es,
he
in o ma ional
ou come
may
con ain
some
bias
gi en
18
F.H.
Taques,
M.
G.
López,
L.F.
Basso
e
al.
Jou nal
o
Inno a ion
&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
Table
4
Cons ain s
o
g oups
o
indica o s.
Indica o
Sou ce
o
da a
collec ed
/
disclosed
Can
segmen
by
ype
o
inno a ion
Collec ion
A ailable
by
Indus y
Type
Company
Size
Applica ion Possible
o
build
ime
se ies
Compa ison
be ween
scope
companies
a)
R&D
Expenses
b)
Numbe
o
people
conduc ing
R&D
(
)
Public
(
)
P i a e
-
Thi d
Pa ies
(X)
Company
-
O ficial
Publica ion
(X)
Company
-
Manage :
Ques ionnai e
(
)
P oduc
(
)
Se ice
(
)
P ocess
(
)
Ma ke ing
(
)
O ganiza ional
(X)
None
(X)
Manu ac u ing(X)
Se ices(X)
Mic o
businesses
(X)
Small
Business
(X)
Medium
sized
companies
(X)
La ge
companies
(
)
Sho
e m
(
)
Medium
e m
(X)
Long
e m
(X)
Coun ies
(X)
Sec o s
(
)
Only
in
own
coun y
(
)
In
own
sec o
only
Expendi u e
on
ex e nal
inno a ion
no
ela ed
o
R&D
(
)
Public
(
)
P i a e
-
Thi d
Pa ies
(
)
Company
-
O ficial
Publica ion
(X)
Company
-
Manage :
Ques ionnai e
(
)
P oduc
(
)
Se ice
(
)
P ocess
(
)
Ma ke ing
(
)
O ganiza ional
(X)
None
(X)
Manu ac u ing
(X)
Se ices
(
)
Mic o
businesses
(
)
Small
Business
(X)
Medium
sized
companies
(X)
La ge
companies
(X)
Sho
e m
(
)
Medium
e m
(
)
Long
e m
(X)
Coun ies
(X)
Sec o s
(
)
Only
in
own
coun y
(
)
In
own
sec o
only
a)
Employees
wi h
highe
educa ion,
mas e ’s
deg ee
and
PhD
b)
T aining
o
de elop
skills
c)
Lack
o
qualified
pe sonnel
(
)
Public
(
)
P i a e
-
Thi d
Pa ies
(
)
Company
-
O ficial
Publica ion
(X)
Company
-
Manage :
Ques ionnai e
(
)
P oduc
(
)
Se ice
(
)
P ocess
(
)
Ma ke ing
(
)
O ganiza ional
(X)
None
(X)
Manu ac u ing
(X)
Se ices
(
)
Mic o
businesses
(X)
Small
Business
(X)
Medium
sized
companies
(X)
La ge
companies
(X)
Sho
e m
(
)
Medium
e m
(
)
Long
e m
(X)
Coun ies
(X)
Sec o s
(
)
Only
in
own
coun y
(
)
In
own
sec o
only
Quan i y
o
non- echnological
changes
(
)
Public
(
)
P i a e
-
Thi d
Pa ies
(
)
Company
-
O ficial
Publica ion
(X)
Company
-
Manage :
Ques ionnai e
(
)
P oduc
(
)
Se ice
(
)
P ocess
(
)
Ma ke ing
(
)
O ganiza ional
(X)
None
(X)
Manu ac u ing
(X)
Se ices
(
)
Mic o
businesses
(
)
Small
Business
(X)
Medium
sized
companies
(X)
La ge
companies
(X)
Sho
e m
(
)
Medium
e m
(
)
Long
e m
(X)
Coun ies
(X)
Sec o s
(
)
Only
in
own
coun y
(
)
In
own
sec o
only
Quan i y
o
knowledge
sou ces
(
)
Public
(
)
P i a e
-
Thi d
Pa ies
(
)
Company
-
O ficial
Publica ion
(X)
Company
-
Manage :
Ques ionnai e
(
)
P oduc
(
)
Se ice
(
)
P ocess
(
)
Ma ke ing
(
)
O ganiza ional
(X)
None
(X)
Manu ac u ing
(X)
Se ices
(
)
Mic o
businesses
(
)
Small
Business
(X)
Medium
sized
companies
(X)
La ge
companies
(X)
Sho
e m
(
)
Medium
e m
(
)
Long
e m
(X)
Coun ies
(X)
Sec o s
(
)
Only
in
own
coun y
(
)
In
own
sec o
only
Expenses
on
ICT
(in o ma ion
and
communica ion
echnology)
(
)
Public
(
)
P i a e
-
Thi d
Pa ies
(
)
Company
-
O ficial
Publica ion
(X)
Company
-
Manage :
Ques ionnai e
(
)
P oduc
(
)
Se ice
(
)
P ocess
(
)
Ma ke ing
(
)
O ganiza ional
(X)
None
(X)
Manu ac u ing
(X)
Se ices
(
)
Mic o
businesses
(
)
Small
Business
(X)
Medium
sized
companies
(X)
La ge
companies
(X)
Sho
e m
(
)
Medium
e m
(
)
Long
e m
(X)
Coun ies
(X)
Sec o s
(
)
Only
in
own
coun y
(
)
In
own
sec o
only
a)
Lack
o
cus ome
esponsi eness
b)
Lack
o
app op ia e
sou ces
o
unding
(
)
Public
(
)
P i a e
-
Thi d
Pa ies
(
)
Company
-
O ficial
Publica ion
(X)
Company
-
Manage :
Ques ionnai e
(
)
P oduc
(
)
Se ice
(
)
P ocess
(
)
Ma ke ing
(
)
O ganiza ional
(X)
None
(X)
Manu ac u ing
(X)
Se ices
(
)
Mic o
businesses
(
)
Small
Business
(X)
Medium
sized
companies
(X)
La ge
companies
(X)
Sho
e m
(
)
Medium
e m
(
)
Long
e m
(X)
Coun ies
(X)
Sec o s
(
)
Only
in
own
coun y
(
)
In
own
sec o
only
19
F.H.
Taques,
M.
G.
López,
L.F.
Basso
e
al.
Jou nal
o
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&
Knowledge
6
(2021)
11–26
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