Vol.:(0123456789)
En i onmen , De elopmen and Sus ainabili y
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10668-024-05194-0
1 3
Ha monious en i onmen al passion and olun a y
p o‑en i onmen al beha io a home anda wo k:
amode a ed media ion model oexamine he ole o cul u al
eminini y
NailyaSai ulina2 · Adol oCa ballo‑Penela1,2 · EmilioRuzo‑Sanma ín2
Recei ed: 1 Augus 2023 / Accep ed: 26 June 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac
Employees’ p o-en i onmen al beha io can con ibu e o educe o ganiza ions en i on-
men al impac , imp o ing o ganiza ional sus ainabili y. The p ima y objec i e o his wo k
is o highligh he mechanisms ha s imula e employees’ olun a y p o-en i onmen al
beha io a wo k (Wpeb), paying a en ion o he ole o ha monious en i onmen al pas-
sion, p i a e li e olun a y p o-en i onmen al beha io (PLpeb) and con ex ual ac o s as
na ional cul u e. The model was analysed empi ically by collec ing da a om 331 Kazakh-
s ani and Ecuado ian bank employees. Co a iance-based s uc u al equa ion modelling
(CB_SEM)is used o es he p oposed ela ionships. Ou indings demons a e ha ha -
monious en i onmen al passion is posi i ely ela ed o Wpeb, and his ela ionship is medi-
a ed by PLpeb. In addi ion, he esul s show ha cul u al eminini y s eng hens he di ec
e ec s o ha monious en i onmen al passion on PLpeb and Wpeb. These indings will help
manage s o p omo e such p o-en i onmen al beha io s a wo k in di e en cul u al con-
ex s h ough he implemen a ion o a ious p ac ices inducing he a mosphe e ha s imu-
la es he de elopmen o en i onmen al passion.
Keywo ds O ganiza ional g eening· Sus ainabili y· Ha monious en i onmen al passion·
Employees’ olun a y p o-en i onmen al beha io a wo k· P i a e li e olun a y p o-
en i onmen al beha io · Cul u al eminini y
* Nailya Sai ulina
nail[email p o ec ed]
1 ECOBAS-Uni e sidade de San iago de Compos ela, San iagodeCompos ela, Spain
2 Depa men o Business Managemen andMa ke ing, Facul ade de CC Económicas
e Emp esa iais, Uni e sidade de San iago de Compos ela, A da. do Bu go, s/n,
15782San iagodeCompos ela, Spain
N.Sai ulina e al.
1 3
1 In oduc ion
Since en i onmen al p oblems s em in human ac ions (Co al-Ve dugo e al., 2020), he
in e es in s udying he p o-en i onmen al beha io (PEB) o indi iduals is inc easing
(Tian & Liu, 2022). F om he o ganiza ional pe spec i e, employee’ PEB can posi i ely
con ibu e o sus ainabili y and he minimiza ion o en i onmen al o ganiza ional oo -
p in o o ganiza ions (Sai ulina e al., 2020). PEB can be desc ibed as ac o ’s inclina-
ion o engage in ac ions aimed a en i onmen al p o ec ion o educ ion o de imen al
e ec s on na u e (Liao & Yang, 2022). The e m was examined in p io li e a u e basi-
cally in wo p ima y domains: a wo k and in p i a e li e (Ones e al., 2018).
Employee PEB a wo k can be classi ied as ex a- ole and in- ole (Boi al e al., 2015).
Volun a y PEB a wo k (Wpeb) would be included in ex a- ole beha io (Boi al, 2009;
Sai ulina e al., 2020) because o : ha ing a connec ion o he job, bu wi hou a equi e-
men o be execu ed; being pe o med because o he in insic willingness o imp o e
he o ganiza ion; and being o ien ed owa ds he u u e and di ec ly no bene i ing he
pe son engaged in such a beha io (Lül s & Hahn, 2013; Yu ie e al., 2018).
Al hough he e is an in ui i e link be ween Wpeb and PLpeb, he ela ionship
be ween olun a y PEB in he di e en domains is no exhaus i ely explo ed (Paillé
e al., 2017). P i a e li e beha io is o med h ough es ablishing he model o li ing
(Mus e & Sch ade , 2011) by means o sel -iden i y, which de ines human being (Whi -
ma sh & O’Neill, 2010). Hence, olun a y PEB in eg a ed o p i a e li e will p obably
be epea ed in any domains a pe son is ac ing in (Tudo e  al., 2007). Some au ho s
(Mus e & Sch ade , 2011) also indica e ha home-wo k domains a e in e dependen
and pe o ming PLpeb a home can be a key o pe o m same pa e ns a wo k, con ib-
u ing o o ganiza ional sus ainabili y.
Passion is a s ong eeling ha , due o upwa d spi al o posi i e emo ions, causes s ong
a achmen o he ac i i y o passion and willingness o engage in a pe o med ac i i y
epea edly. Posi i e emo ions esul ing om passion p omo e c ea i e hinking when sol -
ing p oblems ela ed o passion ac i i y (Valle and, 2015). As such, ha monious en i on-
men al passion (HEP) may con ibu e o mo e espec ul a i ude owa ds na u e, emphasiz-
ing he impo ance o en i onmen al p oblems (Juno e al., 2017). HEP may play a c ucial
ole on p omo ing Wpeb (Sai ulina e al., 2020). Ne e heless, esea ch examining he ole
o HEP o p omo e Wpeb is s ill e y sca ce, wi h limi ed a en ion in p e ious esea ch
(e.g., Luu, 2022).
Demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he popula ion such as age, sex, o cul u al backg ound,
ha e d awn he a en ion o he schola s o unde s and hei ole o p omo e PEB. Many
au ho s a gue ha cul u al a iances need o be conside ed when s udying Wpeb (F änkel
e al., 2019). Howe e , s udies on how he cul u al con ex can a ec he engagemen in
PEB a e s ill limi ed (Wang e al., 2016). Coun y cul u e includes alues, symbols, i u-
als, s anda ds ha a e passed om gene a ion o gene a ion ha can de e mine he ex en
o p o-en i onmen alism (F änkel e  al., 2019). P io li e a u e no es ha masculini y-
eminini y dimension o na ional cul u e can be c ucial o unde s anding he ex en o
employee engagemen in olun a y PEB (Sa ace ic e al., 2022).
High eminine cul u es a e dis inguished o hei coope a ion, nu u ing and o e all
ca e o well-being (Ho s ede & Bond, 1984), p io i izing aking ca e o he g ea e good
and highe li ing s anda ds ha bene i e e y membe o he cul u e. Feminine socie ies
may be mo e aligned o os e p o-en i onmen alism and sus ainabili y han masculine
ones (Zelezny e al., 2000), since aking ca e o he en i onmen leads o be e li ing
Ha monious en i onmen al passion and olun a y…
1 3
condi ions such as cleane ai and be e ood. Ne e heless, p e ious s udies ha e dis e-
ga ded he impac o na ional cul u al a ia ions on PEB, speci ically masculini y- eminin-
i y dimension (Yu ie e al., 2018).
Fu he mo e, he e is a conside able gap on examining he an eceden s o olun a y
PEB ac oss di e en coun ies (Yu ie e  al., 2018). Exis ing esea ch also ep esen s
low geog aphical dispe sion, being ca ied ou mos ly in de eloped and English-speaking
coun ies, such as Uni ed S a es (Kang e al., 2017), Canada (Boi al e al., 2018), Wes -
e n Eu opean coun ies (Paillé e al., 2017). Cen al Asian coun ies and Sou h Ame ican
egion we e almos neglec ed by managemen esea ch.
The p ima y aim o his wo k is o examine he in ica e mechanisms ha p omo e
Wpeb, paying a en ion o he ela ionships be ween HEP, PLpeb, and Wpeb. The po en ial
mode a ing impac o he masculini y- eminini y dimension o na ional cul u e on he p o-
posed ela ionships is also examined. The e o e, ou esea ch is ocused on he ollowing
esea ch ques ions:
1. Wha is he ela ionship be ween HEP and olun a y PEB, di e en ia ing be ween p i-
a e and wo k sphe es?
2. To wha ex en he ole o cul u al eminini y is impo an in he p oposed ela ionships
be ween HEP and olun a y PEB, di e en ia ing be ween such beha io in p i a e li e
and a wo k?
Hence, cu en a icle con ibu es o p io esea ch as ollows. Fi s , we examine he
ela ionship be ween olun a y PEB in p i a e li e and a wo k, which was o e looked by
p io s udies. Second, we analyse he in luence o HEP on olun a y PEB, bo h a wo k
and a home. While p io s udies ha e paid a en ion o o ganiza ional an eceden s o ol-
un a y PEB, he ole o indi idual an eceden s as HEP has been la gely igno ed. Thi d, we
add knowledge on media ing mechanisms in HEP-Wpeb ela ionship, examining he ole
o PLpeb. Since human beha io is mos ly o med in p i a e li e by es ablishing models
o li ing, i is in e es ing o ace whe he he in luence o HEP on home beha io is lead-
ing o epea i a wo k in case o olun a y PEB. Fou h, by collec ing da a om di e -
en coun ies, we con ibu e o p io li e a u e highligh ing how ce ain aspec s o na ional
cul u e, speci ically, masculini y- eminini y, ein o ce he ela ionship be ween passion and
bo h Wpeb and PLpeb.
Finally, we answe a call o examine an eceden s o olun a y PEB in di e en domains
conside ing he se ing o eme ging economies, whe e he s udies on such beha io is mea-
g e. Conside ing ha p io esea ch has highligh ed he con ibu ion o bank ac i i ies o
global en i onmen al deg ada ion (Ali e al., 2023), we ha e ga he ed su eys om bank
employees.
2 Li e a u e e iew
2.1 Empi ical s udies
Wpeb includes p ac ices such as ecycling pape , helping colleagues esol e eco-ques ions
(Bissing‐Olson e  al., 2013), con ibu ing o he o ganiza ional sus ainabili y (Mahmud
e al., 2023), minimizing o ganiza ional impac on nega i e en i onmen al changes (Sal-
eem e al., 2021), and b inging a ious p o-en i onmen al bene i s o he o ganiza ion in
N.Sai ulina e al.
1 3
gene al (Zhang e al., 2024), such as a ec e icien use o o ganiza ional esou ces di ec ly
(e.g., educ ion in ene gy consump ion), and indi ec ly (e.g., changing eco-ha m ul com-
pany p ac ices) (Lül s & Hahn, 2013).
Volun a y PEB pe o med in p i a e li e, include eco-consump ion pa e ns, sus ainable
models o li ing and ecycling habi s (Mus e & Sch ade , 2011; Whi ma sh e al., 2018),
esul ing in speci ic ai s o buying ecological p oduc s (Abbaszadeh, 2017), such as p io -
i izing pu chases wi h eco-labeled packaging (Higue as-Cas illo e al., 2019). Also, selec-
ion o mo e sus ainable anspo a ion op ions (Sode holm, 2013), ecycling cans, bo -
les, pape and plas ic (Robe son & Ba ling, 2013), using elec ici y and wa e e icien ly
(Mweemba & Wu, 2010) can be some examples o PLpeb. I can posi i ely in luence en i-
onmen al si ua ion, since he e y na u e o consump ion beha io lies in esou ce usage
(Mus e & Sch ade , 2011).
Ve y ew s udies ha e ocused on speci ic p i a e li e beha io , such as ecycling, a ec -
ing same beha io al pa e ns a wo k (McDonald, 2011). In his ein, a s udy pe o med
among he wo ke s om an o ice o ganiza ion in Taiwan showed how PLpeb wi h ega d
o ecycling posi i ely in luences simila beha io a wo k (Ma ans & Lee, 1993). Also,
Tudo e al. (2007) ound ha employees ecycling a home we e mo e likely o do he
same a wo k. Howe e , he link be ween olun a y PEB in p i a e li e and a wo k is no
exhaus i ely s udied by p io li e a u e.
Rega ding he posi i e in luence o HEP on PEB in p i a e li e and a wo k, p io
esea ch suppo s he ela ionship showing ha HEP esul s in pe o mance o olun a y
PEB a wo k (Sai ulina & Ca ballo-Penela, 2017), and in less ex en PLpeb. In his line,
Gousse-Lessa d e al. (2013) ound ha HEP can lead o he de elopmen o PLpeb as
mains eam en i onmen al ac i ism.
2.2 Theo e ical backg ound
2.2.1 B oaden‑and‑build heo y o posi i e emo ions
B oaden-and-build heo y (BABT) is based on he concep o posi i e emo ions (F e-
d ickson, 2001). The BABT was c ea ed o explain he indi idual engagemen in ce ain
beha io h ough unde s anding o posi i e emo ions (Juno e al., 2017). Acco ding o he
heo y, posi i e emo ions c ea e upwa d spi al lows, ha mo i a e indi iduals o engage in
ac ion once mo e o eel hose emo ions again, esul ing in imp o ed well-being (F ed ick-
son, 2001).
Acco ding o BABT, posi i e emo ions b oaden ou awa eness o he su ounding
wo ld, emphasizing he impo ance o in insic goals o e ex insic ones such as unde lin-
ing he signi icance o en i onmen al p o ec ion (Juno e al., 2017). Conside ed as a posi-
i e emo ion (Valle and, 2015), HEP may lead o he beha io ha pe mi s he indi idual
o con inue expe iencing hose posi i e emo ions (F ed ickson, 2001). Hence, an indi id-
ual wi h HEP would beha e p o-en i onmen ally o expe ience posi i e emo ions esul ing
om hei g een beha io .
2.2.2 Cogni i e dissonance heo y
Cogni i e dissonance amewo k (Fes inge , 1957) explains dissonance as a s a e whe e
an indi idual holds wo comple ely inconsis en and con o e sial ideas simul aneously
Ha monious en i onmen al passion and olun a y…
1 3
(A onson, 1969). Since people eel com o able in a s a e o psychological consis ency,
he solu ion o he dissonance could be he change o cogni ion o make bo h o hem i
(A onson, 1969).
The indi idual oles in li e come om a ious domains, p i a e li e domain being mo e
impo an han wo king one (Lamm e al., 2015). Some wo k oles may be dissonan wi h
p i a e ones c ea ing disc epancy and ole con lic , ha is ied o be a oided (Mus e &
Sch ade , 2011). Con adic ing PEB a wo k and a home would lead o he eeling o dis-
c epancy and discom o , p o oking an indi idual o emo e he si ua ion immedia ely by
being p o-en i onmen al a wo k oo, in his case.
2.2.3 Social iden i y heo y
Social iden i y heo y (Taj el, 1974) is de ined as “social psychological analysis o he ole
o sel -concep ion in g oup membe ship, g oup p ocesses, and in e g oup ela ions” (Hogg,
2006, p. 111). The heo y was de eloped o de ine in e g oup beha io h ough he ela-
ionship be ween sel and g oup p ocesses (Hogg e al., 1995).
Expec a ions o socie y ma k human beha io (Zelezny e al., 2000). In gene al, social
beha io o indi iduals is shaped by ole expec a ions wi hin he con ex o cul u al di e -
ences (Zelezny e al., 2000). This heo y would help o unde s and he beha io o indi-
iduals conside ing di e en cul u al dimensions desc ibed by Ho s ede.
2.2.4 Theo y o planned beha io
Acco ding o he heo y o planned beha io (TPB) (Ajzen, 1985), he engagemen in
ce ain beha io al ai s depends on he app aisal o he beha io as posi i e, pe cep ion
o social impo ance o such, and pe cep ion o he sel -abili y o pe o mance o ce ain
ac ions (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980).
As such, he gene al a i ude owa ds ha beha io s is o med (Bambe g & Möse , 2007;
Tongle e al., 2004; Willuwei , 2009). Some p io li e a u e highligh s ha hose a i udes
may di ec ly impac he pe o mance o he beha io (Bissing‐Olson e al., 2013), showing
ha posi i e a i udes owa ds he en i onmen esul in p o-en i onmen al beha io (Bam-
be g & Möse , 2007; Kaise e al., 1999).
2.3 Hypo heses de elopmen
2.3.1 Di ec e ec s
Ha monious passion is a passion ype ha is gene a ed h ough olun a ily in e nalized
alues. Tha means ha he p ocess o expe imen ing ac i i ies-objec o passion gene a es
posi i e emo ions (Valle and, 2015). Acco ding o BABT, posi i e emo ions c ea e upwa d
spi als (F ed ickson, 2001), which p oduce a sense o con en men , esul ing in well-being,
willingness o lea n mo e abou he ac ion being pe o med h ough c ea i i y and engage-
men in ela ed ini ia i es. Posi i e emo ions om people wi h HEP would esul in ene gy
and posi i i y, encou aging a pe son o engage mo e in en i onmen al ac i i ies and PEB
(Gousse-Lessa d e al., 2013; Robe son & Ba ling, 2013).
PEB pe o med as a esul o HEP can be implemen ed in any se ing com o able o
he indi idual, including p i a e li e and wo king se ing (Gousse-Lessa d e  al., 2013).

N.Sai ulina e al.
1 3
Because en i onmen al passion is ha monious and no obsessi e, he PEB esul ing om i
would be olun a y (Valle and, 2015).
Some au ho s in p io li e a u e suppo he hypo hesized ela ionship o some ex en
(Gousse-Lessa d e  al., 2013; Sai ulina & Ca ballo-Penela, 2017). Howe e , he s ud-
ies examining he in luence o HEP on PLpeb and Wpeb a e sca ce. In his ein, we add
knowledge o he ield o p o-en i onmen al beha io an eceden s.
Based on hose a gumen s, we p opose nex hypo heses:
Hypo hesis 1 HEP is posi i ely ela ed o PLpeb.
Hypo hesis 2 HEP is posi i ely ela ed o Wpeb.
Indi iduals in li e a e assigned di e en oles de i ed om a ious domains (Lamm
e al., 2015). PLpeb and Wpeb a e beha io al ai s o common na u e. The ela ionship
be ween hose beha io al ypes can be explained h ough cogni i e dissonance heo y
(Fes inge , 1957). Acco ding o he heo y, indi iduals by na u e y o minimize disso-
nance be ween wo king and p i a e se ings. Being p o-en i onmen al a home and no
doing so a wo k can ep esen a dissonance, which is needed o be elimina ed o eel com-
o able (Fes inge , 1957). Because p i a e li e se ing ends o in luence indi idual beha -
io a wo k (P oshansky e al., 1983), pe o ming PEB a wo k would be a way o elimina e
cogni i e dissonance (Mus e & Sch ade , 2011).
Pe o ming olun a y PEB a home can also be a alue ep esen a ion o a pe son. F om
alue cong uence pe spec i e (Tudo e al., 2007), engaging in he same beha io a wo k
would esul in such a alue cong uence (Lamm e al., 2015). Because o alues, a i udes,
and belie s ha encou age indi iduals o pe o m PEB a home, same beha io can also be
pe o med a wo k (Tudo e al., 2007).
Also, he ela ionship be ween p i a e li e and wo kplace beha io can be conside ed
om TPB pe spec i e (Ajzen, 1991) ha explains beha io al choices o indi iduals.
Acco ding o his heo y, i a pe son pe o ms ce ain beha io al pa e ns a home ha a e
posi i ely alued, same beha io al pa e ns would be o a choice a wo k.
P io li e a u e a gues ha he o e all a mosphe e o he communi y could in luence
indi idual beha io a wo k (P oshansky e  al., 1983) encou aging he epe i ion o he
same ac ions when he e a e acili ies a wo k a ailable o he pe o mance o such beha -
io (McDonald, 2015). Volun a y beha io pa e ns a e s onge a a home han a wo k
(Mus e & Sch ade , 2011), due o connec i i y wi h na u e (Du che e al., 2007), sel -
iden i y, he pe o mance o such beha io eely (Fazio e al., 1992), and he in luence
o p o-en i onmen al models o li ing (Robe s & Bacon, 1997). The exis ence o hose
elemen s o ms a clea pe cep ion o beha io al ai s in p i a e li e, which can be la e pe -
o med a wo k (Mus e & Sch ade , 2011).
Some p io s udies ha e con i med he posi i e in luence o ecycling in p i a e li e on
he same beha io al pa e ns a wo k (Ma ans & Lee, 1993; McDonald, 2011). Howe e ,
p io li e a u e la gely igno ed he ela ionship be ween named beha io al ai s, which is
co e ed by cu en esea ch, con ibu ing o he exis ing li e a u e on PEB.
Based on hose a gumen s, we p opose nex hypo heses:
Hypo hesis 3 PLpeb is posi i ely ela ed o Wpeb.
Ha monious en i onmen al passion and olun a y…
1 3
2.3.2 Media ing e ec s
P i a e li e PEB can also media e he ela ionship be ween HEP and Wpeb. Since HEP
mo i a es indi iduals o pe o m he ac i i ies o suppo he passion ocus (Robe son
& Ba ling, 2013), HEP can p omo e olun a y PEB in p i a e li e, which is in line wi h
BABT (F ed ickson, 2001).
A home indi iduals may ha e mo e eedom and less limi s when sol ing complica ions
ela ed o engagemen in PEB: he absence o adequa e acili ies nea by may be sol ed
by d i ing ecyclable esiduals o he closes ecycling poin . These issues a wo k can be
mo e complica ed o wo k ou , because o insu icien in as uc u e, gene al o ganiza ional
cul u e o company goals ha a e no in line wi h sus ainabili y (McDonald, 2011). Also,
li e habi s a e o en o med p ecisely in p i a e li e h ough a i udes, alues and o he indi-
idual ac o s, o ming pe son’s sel -iden i y ha may es ablish gene al beha io al pa e ns
in li e (Paillé e al., 2017).
Such p i a e li e beha io can in luence wo k beha io (Lamm e al., 2015). Acco ding
o TPB and he li e- o-wo k in e en ions, employees “b ing in and de elop hei en i on-
men al alues, ideas and p i a e expe iences o he wo kplace” (Mus e & Sch ade , 2011,
p. 150), because li e habi s a e o en o med p ecisely in p i a e li e. Values o med in p i-
a e expe iences con ibu e o o m a beha io al base, ep esen habi s and guide o beha -
io a wo k (Mus e & Sch ade , 2011; Paillé e al., 2017). P io li e a u e did no men ion
p oposed ela ionships, which highligh he impo ance o ou s udy.
Based on hose a gumen s, we p opose nex hypo heses:
Hypo hesis 4 PLpeb media es posi i ely he ela ionship be ween HEP and Wpeb.
2.3.3 Mode a ing e ec s
Beha io o human beings, including PEB, is condi ioned by expec a ions induced by
socie y on males and emales and he cul u al con ex whe e an indi iduals a e socialized
(Zelezny e al., 2000). I an indi idual is iden i ied wi h he socie y, communi y cul u e
would dic a e oles o pe o m, shaping he beha io , as explains social iden i y heo y
(Hogg e al., 1995; Taj el, 1974).
Ho s ede’s masculini y- eminini y dimension is o a pa icula signi icance o o gani-
za ional s udies in he con ex o p o-en i onmen alism due o i s abili y o explain ela-
ionships be ween co-wo ke s om he pe spec i e o e hics and espec , and he ex en o
engagemen in PEB a wo k (Ca ballo-Penela e al., 2023; Ho man & Newman, 2014).
Masculini y and eminini y desc ibe emo ional oles o indi iduals in he socie y, indi-
ca ing i s dominan alues (Li & Li, 2023). Masculine socie ies a e de ined in gene al as
mo e sel -de e mining and compe i i e (Ho s ede & Bond, 1984; Zelezny e  al., 2000),
ca ing abou sel -gain and no paying a en ion o he gene al good and enjoying pe sonal
challenges (Li & Li, 2023).
On he con a y, eminine cul u es a e ound o be mo e help ul and empa he ic dem-
ons a ing he signi icance o he cul u e o ca e o o he s (e.g., amily membe s, iends,
en i onmen ) and inc ease he quali y o li e. Feminine socie ies a e mo e conce ned abou
heal h, sa e y, and en i onmen al deg ada ion han he masculine socie ies (Da idson &
F eudenbu g, 1996), because women s a is ically end o be mo e coope a i e and ca ing
abou he en i onmen due o hei oles o ca egi e s in gene al. As a esul , eminine
N.Sai ulina e al.
1 3
socie ies acqui e simila cha ac e is ics, ca ing mo e abou hei su oundings, including
he en i onmen (Ho s ede & Bond, 1984).
In line wi h p io a gumen s, passion owa ds he en i onmen may be easie de eloped
and s onge mani es ed in eminine cul u es due o he exis ence o p o-en i onmen al
alues and ca ing owa ds na u e (Da idson & F eudenbu g, 1996) as a basic p inciple
o socie y. Consequen ly, HEP- olun a y PEB ela ionship may also be s onge in such
cul u es.
Despi e he impo ance o cul u al con ex o PEB s udies (Ca ballo-Penela e al., 2023;
Ho man & Newman, 2014), in acco dance o ou knowledge, p io li e a u e does no dem-
ons a e exhaus i e s udies in his ein, which highligh s he signi icance o including i o
he cu en wo k.
In his ein, we p opose nex hypo heses:
Hypo hesis 5a The cul u al masculini y- eminini y mode a es he ela ionship be ween
HEP and PLpeb. Speci ically, he posi i e ela ionship be ween HEP and PLpeb is highe
in coun ies wi h cul u al eminini y.
Hypo hesis 5b The cul u al masculini y- eminini y mode a es he ela ionship be ween
HEP and Wpeb. Speci ically, he posi i e ela ionship be ween HEP and Wpeb is highe in
coun ies wi h cul u al eminini y.
The esea ch model is shown in Fig.1.
3 Me hodology
3.1 Da a andsample
The su ey was conduc ed h ough online ques ionnai e among employees o banking sec-
o in Ecuado and Kazakhs an. We ob ained 331 alid answe s. A p e es was implemen ed
Fig. 1 Resea ch model Sou ce: Au ho s’ own elabo a ion
Ha monious en i onmen al passion and olun a y…
1 3
among expe s and academics wi h esea ch in e es in sus ainabili y and g een beha io
wi h he aim o imp o ing con en alidi y.
The ecommenda ions o A ms ong and O e on (1977) and Weiss and Heide (1993)
we e ollowed o es non- esponse bias by obse ing di e ences among 75% o ea ly and
25% la e esponden s. The - es esul ed in ollowing pa ame e s: age (p = 0.227), gende
(p = 0.232), educa ion le el (p = 0.411) and yea s wo ked in he o ganiza ion (p = 0.160),
ejec ing possibili y o non- esponse bias in his s udy.
The ecommenda ions o Kock e  al. (2021) and Podsako e  al. (2003) we e ol-
lowed o limi ing common me hod bias, including p ocedu es such as clea ecom-
menda ions o comple ing he su ey, anonymi y o esponses and a oidance o long
incomp ehensible scales. Addi ionally, Ha man one- ac o es (Podsako & O gan,
1986) and Podsako e al. (2003) echnique esul s demons a ed ha common me hod
bias was no an issue in his s udy.
3.2 Measu es
Exhaus i e li e a u e e iew was pe o med oge he wi h consul ing expe s and aca-
demics in he ield wi h he aim o es ablishing con en alidi y. The e o e, p e iously
alida ed scales we e used o measu e selec ed a iables. Se en-poin Like - ype
scales we e applied in his s udy. Fou -i em scale adap ed om Robe son and Ba ling
(2013) was chosen o measu e HEP. PLpeb was ope a ionalized and measu ed adap ing
h ee i ems om a ious sou ces (Bogne & Wilhelm, 1996; Mweemba & Wu, 2010;
Whi ma sh & O’Neill, 2010). Wpeb was measu ed by h ee i ems om Robe son and
Ba ling (2013). Cul u al eminini y (FEM) was measu ed based on Ho s ede insigh s
coun y compa isons. S udied coun ies we e ca ego ized wi h high cul u al eminin-
i y i hey sco e 50 o less poin s in Ho s ede’s masculini y dimension index (Ho s ede
Insigh s, 2023).
3.3 Da a analysis app oach
Da a analysis was pe o med using Con i ma o y Fac o Analysis (CFA), Co a iance-
Based S uc u al Equa ion Modelling (CB-SEM) and Condi ional P ocess Analy-
sis (PROCESS). CFA es ima ion ollowing Ge bing and Ande son (1988), Hai e al.
(2022), and Hu and Ben le (1999) guidelines we e applied o assess scale eliabili y,
disc iminan alidi y, and con e gen alidi y. CB-SEM was used o es hypo hesized
ela ionships o di ec and media ing e ec s using he guidelines o Kline (2015) and
Hai e al. (2022) o di ec and media ing hypo heses. Zhao e al. (2010) and Hayes
(2022) ecommenda ions we e applied o mode a ion and mode a ed media ion analy-
sis using boo s apping.
Fo CFA and CB-SEM, we ollowed he ecommended app oach o conside ing a com-
bina ion o key indices, he ecommended h esholds o goodness o i a e CFI ≥ 0.90,
IFI ≥ 0.95, TLI ≥ 0.95, NFI ≥ 0.95, and RMSEA ≤ 0.080 (By ne, 2016; Hai e al., 2022).
Fo CFA analysis, i s ly, wi h he aim o e alua ing eliabili y, he ecommended h eshold
alues conside ed we e he C onbach’s alpha coe icien (CA > 0.70), composi e eliabili y
(CR > 0.60), and a e age a iance ex ac ed (AVE > 0.50) o all he cons uc s (Bagozzi
& Yi, 1988). Secondly, o assess con e gen alidi y, all e ained i ems should be ela ed
N.Sai ulina e al.
1 3
(Zhou e al., 2022). This s udy spo ligh s he impo ance o he olun a y PEB in he con-
ex o banks, and highligh s he ole o he HEP o bank manage s in e es ed in educ-
ing hei en i onmen al impac . Some p o-en i onmen al p og ams and ini ia i es such as
en i onmen al educa ion and aining (Minelgai ė & Liobikienė, 2021) may aise employee
awa eness on eco-deg ada ion h ough, o ins ance, educa ional speeches on en i onmen-
al issues (Saulick e al., 2023). Such awa eness inc eases en i onmen al knowledge, which
is a key o os e HEP and imp o e exis ing PEB (Saulick e al., 2023).
These indings can be conside ed ele an o Ecuado ian and Kazakhs ani banking sec-
o p o iding ein o cemen o he p io li e a u e e idence.
As o policy implica ions o he cu en s udy, in o de o os e HEP, which leads o
Wpeb, and, as a consequence, PLpeb and Wpeb, implemen ing g een policies and p ac ices
should help o ganiza ions s i ing o sus ainabili y. Some p ac ices such as g een ec ui -
men , g een aining, g een pe o mance managemen , and g een ewa ds may be consid-
e ed an op ion (Li e al., 2023). Th ough hose policies he p ocess o os e ing a g een
wo k clima e may be achie ed whe e employee Wpeb will be suppo ed and encou aged by
manage s (No on e al., 2014).
Howe e , o ganiza ions wan ing o p omo e olun a y PEB should be ca e ul. Some
obliga o y policies o di ec incen i es o pe o mance o ce ain beha io , may lead o
nega i e spillo e be ween PLpeb and Wpeb, because obliged beha io may lead o he
unwillingness o pe o m PEB when no wa ched and con olled, o e en unwillingness o
ha e in ol ed such beha io in sel -iden i y (Valle and, 2015).
In addi ion, o ganiza ion can es ablish a policy o p o ision o psychological suppo o
hei employees o engagemen in en i onmen al sus ainabili y (Li e al., 2023). O ganiza-
ions s i ing o sus ainabili y should ensu e co ec p o ision o all necessa y suppo and
esou ces o hei employees a wo k in o de o achie e sus ainable goals.
5.3 Limi a ions and u u e esea ch lines
Fi s ly, since ga he ed da a is sel - epo ed, he esul s may also cap u e a ia ion in social
desi abili y bias ac oss s udied cul u es due o he desi e o gi e answe s ha a e socially
accep able (Ce i e al., 2019). Secondly, u u e esea ch may include o he Ho s ede cul-
u al dimensions (e.g., collec i ism) and na ional ac o s as mode a o s in he p oposed
ela ionships. The indings ega ding cul u al eminini y sugges ha a mo e comple e
analysis o di e en mode a o s on he ela ionships be ween HEP and bo h PLpeb and
Wpeb could p o ide in e es ing knowledge o unde s and how hose ela ionships a e ein-
o ced. Thi dly, mo e a iables om en i onmen al li e a u e could be added o he p o-
posed model, such as en i onmen al conce n o he New En i onmen al Pa adigm as he
an eceden s o HEP. Fou hly, since his esea ch is ocused on wo coun ies and one sec-
o o he economy, he gene alizabili y o indings is po en ially limi ed. Fu u e esea ch
should collec da a in mo e coun ies and sec o s. Finally, c oss-sec ional na u e o his
wo k does no allow o d awing causal insigh s. Fu u e esea ch should pe o m longi u-
dinal o expe imen al designs o gain a be e unde s anding o causali y in he con ex o
his s udy. No wi hs anding a o emen ioned limi a ions, gi en he sca ci y o esea ch in
he a ea o olun a y PEB, he indings o cu en s udy a e hoped o con ibu e o be e
unde s anding he ela ionship be ween HEP and olun a y PEB bo h a home and a wo k.
Funding Open Access unding p o ided hanks o he CRUE-CSIC ag eemen wi h Sp inge Na u e.

Ha monious en i onmen al passion and olun a y…
1 3
Da a a ailabili y The da ase s gene a ed by he su ey esea ch du ing and/o analyzed du ing he cu en
s udy a e a ailable upon easonable eques .
Decla a ions
Con ic o in e es All au ho s ce i y ha hey ha e no a ilia ions wi h o in ol emen in any o ganiza ion
o en i y wi h any inancial in e es o non- inancial in e es in he subjec ma e o ma e ials discussed in
his manusc ip .
Open Access This a icle is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License,
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